Você está na página 1de 8

Iranian J Publ Health, Vol. 42, Supple.

1, 2013, pp: 1-8 National Report

The Code of Ethics for Nurses


F Zahedi 1,2, M Sanjari 1, M Aala 1, M Peymani 1, K Aramesh 2, A Parsapour 2,
SS Bagher Maddah 3, MA Cheraghi 4, GH Mirzabeigi 5, *B Larijani 1,2, *M Vahid Dastgerdi 6,7
1. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2. Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3. University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4. Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
5. Iranian Nursing Organization, Tehran, Iran
6. Minister, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Iran
7. Dept. of Gynecology & Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
*Corresponding Authors: Email: emrc@sina.tums.ac.ir; mvahid@tums.ac.ir

(Received 18 Feb 2012; accepted 21 Oct 2012)

Abstract
Nurses are ever-increasingly confronted with complex concerns in their practice. Codes of ethics are fundamental
guidance for nursing as many other professions. Although there are authentic international codes of ethics for nurses,
the national code would be the additional assistance provided for clinical nurses in their complex roles in care of
patients, education, research and management of some parts of health care system in the country. A national code can
provide nurses with culturally-adapted guidance and help them to make ethical decisions more closely to the Iranian-
Islamic background. Given the general acknowledgement of the need, the National Code of Ethics for Nurses was
compiled as a joint project (2009-2011). The Code was approved by the Health Policy Council of the Ministry of
Health and Medical Education and communicated to all universities, healthcare centers, hospitals and research centers
early in 2011. The focus of this article is on the course of action through which the Code was compiled, amended and
approved. The main concepts of the code will be also presented here. No doubt, development of the codes should be
considered as an ongoing process. This is an overall responsibility to keep the codes current, updated with the new
progresses of science and emerging challenges, and pertinent to the nursing practice.

Keywords: Nursing ethics, Ethical code, Healthcare ethics, Professionalism, Patient’s right

Introduction
Nurses are responsible to provide their international code of ethics for nurses was
clients/patients with the high-quality care. They adopted by the International Council of Nurses
are undoubtedly confronted with various ethical (ICN) in 1953 (1). The two codes prepared by
challenges in their professional practice, so they American Nurses Association (ANA) (2) and
should be familiar with ethical codes of conduct Canadian Nurse Association (CAN) (3) are the
and the essentials of ethical decision making. examples of national codes of ethics for nurses.
The codes of ethics have been adopted for many The codes outline how the nurses should behave
professions in recent decades. In nursing, as one ethically as a profession, and how they should de-
the most-trusted professions, the ethical codes cide when encounter barriers preventing them
have been also published by nearly every recog- from fulfilling their professional obligations. The
nized professional group worldwide. The first

1 Available at: http://ijph.tums.ac.ir


Zahedi et al.: The Code of Ethics …

codes can also support nurses in their practice and with Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Re-
reduce their moral distress. search Center (MEHRC) of TUMS and the
In Iran, studies have shown nurses’ weaknesses in Secretariat of High Council for Medical Ethics of
the knowledge of ethics and its application in Health Policy Council of MOHME.
practice (4, 5). In a qualitative study carried out by At first, the preliminary draft was presented at
Negarandeh et al, the nurses identified “lack of special discussion secession at MEHRC and was
code of ethics” as a barrier to patient advocacy in challenged by professors, researchers and PhD
Iran (6). Sanjari et al, also, reviewed nursing codes and MPH students of TUMS. According to the
of ethics and emphasized the necessity of compil- discussions held, the draft was revised. Then, a
ing a national code of ethics for nurses in health- Task Force that was appointed by the Secretariat
care setting in 2008 (7). They suggested an of High Council for Medical Ethics of Health Pol-
adapted code considering cultural context and Is- icy Council of MOHME actively engaged in the
lamic background of the country. process of reviewing and modification of the
Considering the growing activities in the field of second draft of the code. The Task Force was
medical and healthcare ethics in Iran (8,9), and in composed of invited supervisors or head-nurses
order to address the needs and help to fulfill goals from main hospitals of TUMS, professors of Fa-
of health care system in the country, the National culty of Nursing and Midwifery of TUMS, special-
Code of Ethics for Nurses was prepared under ists in different fields of ethics, law, religion, and
supervision of the Ministry of Health and Medical the representatives of Iranian Nursing Organiza-
Education (MOHME). It is expected that the tion (INO), Medical Council of Islamic Republic
Code will serve the interests and needs of the of Iran, Office of Nursing Advisor to MOHME,
profession more efficiently, since it illustrate Academy of Medical Sciences and Nursing Board
moral and professional obligations of nurses for of MOHME.
prevention of diseases, promoting health in the Owing to the sincere cooperation of all members
society, communicating with colleagues, manage- of the Task Force, the final code was prepared
ment of health care systems, and research activi- after some discussion sessions. Then, it was pro-
ties. posed to the Health Policy Council of MOHME
The goal of this paper is to provide the nurses for evaluation and approval. The code as the Na-
with the information about the National Code and tional Code of Ethics for Nurses was delivered in
help them to apply the provisions in their profes- the country in early 2011.
sion. The manuscript will introduce the main con-
cepts of the recently published codes. National Code of Ethics for Nurses
Methods The Code is an entirely new document produced
for nursing ethics in the country, which was pub-
The project of “Compiling the National Code of lished in Farsi (10). It is also available through the
Ethics for Nurses” was initiated by the Ethics website of MOHME (11). The English version is
Group of the Endocrinology and Metabolism Re- enclosed here as annex1. The target audience in-
search Center (EMRC) of Tehran University of cludes all nurses in the fields of nursing education,
Medical Sciences (TUMS) in 2009.A working research, administrative, and clinical care, in the
group composed of 3 nurses and one general whole.
practitioner prepared the first draft of the code The National Code defines the values which are
through a study including the wide search of comprehensive and culturally-adapted. Then, it
international and national codes of ethics for classify the ethical responsibilities as five main
nurses in other countries. After compiling the parts of “Nurses and People”, “Nurses and the
draft, the project was continued as a joint project Profession”, “Nurses and Practice”, “Nurses and

Available at: http://ijph.tums.ac.ir 2


Iranian J Publ Health, Vol. 42, Supple.1, 2013, pp: 1-8
Iran's Health System; a Step Toward the 2025 Outlook

Co-workers”, and “Nursing, Education and Re- Code of Ethics for Nurses is developed as a guide
search”, including 71 provisions in total. for performing nursing responsibilities and the
The code sets out the required elements for ethi- ethical obligations of the profession. Although
cal conduct and empowers nurses to make ethical there are authentic international codes of ethics
decisions more perfectly as they perform as clini- for nurses, the national code would be the addi-
cal nurses, researchers, administrators and policy- tional assistance provided for clinical nurses in
makers. It also reminds the nurses of the valuable their complex roles in care of patients, education,
state of their profession and what they should at- research and management of some parts of health
tempt to uphold as a nurse in providing direct care system in the country. Most nurses may be
care to clients/patients, teaching nursing students, either too busy or exhausted to think about their
performing research, and the supervision and behavior in practice. However, accountability
management. through meeting the obligations is essential in
As a main general conceptual background of the nursing which is one the most-trusted professions
National code, the patients are not considered as in all societies.
only people who receive the nursing care, and oth- Development of the codes should be considered
ers including the patients’ family and healthy as an ongoing process, so it is expected that
people in the society are considered in the plans nurses reflect their ideas when they deal with the
and services. Another essence of the Code is that shortcomings of the codes in their practice. The
the individual dignity should be respected, regard- inputs will enable authorities to improve the code
less of who is receiving the care, or from which and pave the way for its effective implementation.
nationality, ethnicity, religion, culture, socio-eco- The codes should be revised and updated in regu-
nomic class, gender, etc the patient/client is. lar intervals considering reflections from nurses
Meanwhile, under the provisions of the National across the country. This is an overall responsibility
Code, nurses must recognize and respect cultural to keep the codes current, updated with the new
sensitivity in everyday practice, even in this era of progresses of science and emerging challenges,
globalization. and pertinent to the nursing practice.
According the Code, the nurses should be sensi-
tive to the ethical challenges and do their best to Ethical considerations
fulfill their moral duties. It also emphasizes the
importance of informed consent, and addresses Ethical issues (Including plagiarism, Informed
main ethical issues in everyday practice such as Consent, misconduct, data fabrication and/or
respect to privacy and confidentiality of pa- falsification, double publication and/or submis-
tients/clients, relationship with colleagues, effi- sion, redundancy, etc) have been completely ob-
cient performance of the professional duties, con- served by the authors.
flicts of interests, ethics in educational activities
and protection of participants in research.
Acknowledgements
The Code also deals with the administrative duties
of nurses. Moreover, it elucidates the concern of
It is noteworthy that, this could not be accom-
how the nurses should communicate with the hos-
plished without dedication and sincere contribu-
pital ethics committee for decision-making when
tion of university lecturers, researchers, and ex-
are confronted with ethical cases.
perts in the field. The collaborators (excluding the
authors) and members of the Task Force are listed
Conclusion (in alphabetical order) as follows: Adibzade A,
Ajali A, Alipor A Z, AzimiLolati H, Bararpour F,
Considering the experiences in compiling national Biabangardi Z, DehghanNayeri N, Eesazadeh N,
ethical codes and guidelines (12-18), the National Ghadyani MH, Ghasemzadeh N, Ghorbanpour M,

3 Available at: http://ijph.tums.ac.ir


Zahedi et al.: The Code of Ethics …

Hashemi F, Heidari A, Joudaki K, Joulaie S, Ka- Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center
rimi M, Kashaninia Z, Kazemian M, Milanifar AR, of TUMS, Iranian Nursing Organization, Medical
Mobasher M, Namazi HR, NazariEshtehardi M, Council of Islamic Republic of Iran, Office of
Parsayekta Z, Saber S, Sahebjam S, Salemi S, Sho- Nursing Advisors to MOHME, Academy of
jaee AA, Soufizadeh M, Tafti F, VaskooeKh, Medical Sciences and also Nursing Board of
YadavarNikravesh M. Ministry of Health and Medical Education were
The representatives of Health Policy council of among the members of the Task Force. The au-
MOHME, The Institution (Nahad) of Representa- thors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
tive of the Supreme Leaderin TUMS, Medical

ANNEX 1
The Code of Ethics for Nurses in Islamic Republic of Iran

VALUES 10. Mutual respect and appropriate


communication with other health care
Nurses have the responsibility that within their providers
career limit, make decisions and act based on their 11. Respecting autonomy of the patient/client
professional values. Values are intrinsically valua- 12. Compassion and kindness
ble concepts, and can be defined as the basis by
which an individual or community selects the ETHICAL GUIDELINES
criterion of right or wrong. Taking into account
the exalted position of nursing, professional val- 1. Nurses and People
ues are determined by qualified associations and The Nurse should:
organization. In our country, the limits and 1-1. Make effort for: improvement of commu-
boundaries of the actions, in many cases, are nity health, prevention of diseases, restora-
determined by Islam and our Constitution. As tion of health and alleviation of pain and
much as the ethical values are in compliance with suffering of patients; and consider these as
religious principles, they are universal and transna- her/his main mission.
tional. 1-2. Offer the nursing care regardless of race,
The most important principles that should be nationality, religion, culture, gender, age, so-
considered in nursing profession are: cioeconomic status, political conditions,
1. Respecting the patient/client and preserv- physical or mental illness, or any other fac-
ing human dignity tor; and strive to eliminate injustice and in-
2. Altruism and sympathy equality in society.
3. Devotion to professional obligations 1-3. Provide the nursing care to client/patient
4. Accountability, responsibility and con- with respect to the human rights while
science considering; to the extent it is possible; val-
5. Justice in services ues, socio-cultural traditions, and religious
6. Commitment to honesty and loyalty beliefs of patient/client.
7. Maintaining patient’s privacy, and commit- 1-4. Educate the community in term of health
ment to confidentiality, and trust promotion and disease prevention and con-
8. Continuous improvement of scientific and sider it as one of his/her most important re-
practical competence sponsibilities. Nursing care and standard
9. Promote the awareness of professional teaching must be presented in a way to fit
rules and ethical guidelines, and respecting the culture, beliefs, values and individual’s
them needs.

Available at: http://ijph.tums.ac.ir 4


Iranian J Publ Health, Vol. 42, Supple.1, 2013, pp: 1-8
Iran's Health System; a Step Toward the 2025 Outlook

1-5. Be sensitive to the challenges and ethical is- 2-7. Prevent the probable damage to the client /
sues, in both community and workplace, patient by detecting and reporting the
that could undermine the sanctity of the professional errors of medical team.
nursing profession; and offer the appropri- 2-8. In case of mistake in nursing interventions,
ate solution when is necessary. explain honestly to the client / patient, and
1-6. While cooperating and coordinating with proceed with truthfulness and fairness in
other individuals, groups and social institu- any circumstances.
tions, try to address social needs and resolve 2-9. Maintain and enhance his/her physical,
ethical issues raised in the area of health mental, social, and spiritual abilities.
care. 2-10. Keep his /her knowledge and skills up to
1-7. Pay special attention to vulnerable groups date, in order to maintain the professional
and individuals such as children, elderly, competence.
people with physical disability, mental ill- 2-11. Have the capability and knowledge of
ness, and so on. effective and safe nursing care, without di-
1-8. While have attention to the medical health rect supervision, and be accountable for
at the local level, endeavor to achieve the his/her actions.
health goals in national and international le- 2-12. Perform in a way that nobody could ques-
vels. tion his/her professional credibility and dig-
1-9. Perform his/her responsibilities, in crises nity.
and natural disasters such as war, earth- 2-13. Be cautious about misuse of his/her name
quake, flood, and disease epidemic, while and position for commercial advertising of
taking the necessary precautions. products.
2-14. Avoid the acceptance of any gift or benefit
2. Nurses and the Profession from the client / patient or their relatives,
The Nurse should: which may cause any limitation either now
2-1. Take into account ethical responsibilities, as or in the future.
well as the legal and professional liabilities,
when implementing the nursing interven- 3. Nurses and Practice
tions and making the clinical decisions. The Nurse should:
2-2. 2-Whitin the limits of his/her power and 3-1. Introduce him /herself with name, title
duties, attempt to provide a safe and healthy and his/her professional role to the client
environment for the client / patient. / patient.
2-3. Maintain the safety of the client / patient 3-2. Provide all the nursing interventions with
by: being on time, efficient performance of respect to the client / patient and preserv-
the professional duties, and accurate and ing their dignity.
complete recording of the performed care. 3-3. Consider the client / patient’s demands re-
2-4. Provide the best care to the client / patient; gardless of their age, sex, race, economic
based on professional standards which is re- status, lifestyle, culture, religion, political
sulted from valid research and reliable evi- beliefs and physical abilities.
dence. 3-4. Perform the nursing care based on current
2-5. Carry out all the nursing interventions with knowledge and common sense.
respect to the client / patient and his/her 3-5. Produce a gentle behavioral and verbal
family. communication, in a way that with attract-
2-6. Do his/her maximum effort to conserve pa- ing the client/ patient trust, their needs
tient’s confidentiality and privacy, and re- and concerns could be understood.
spect autonomy, and obtain the informed 3-6. Before performing any nursing interven-
consent. tions, obtain the patient or his/her legal

5 Available at: http://ijph.tums.ac.ir


Zahedi et al.: The Code of Ethics …

guardian consent. In this regard, the nurse 3-15. Using the medical information of the
should provide sufficient information client / patient in research or education
about nursing intervention for the patient, should be with their permission. Presenta-
so that she/he could have the possibility tion of the result must be done without
of well-informed acceptance or rejection mentioning the name, address or any other
of the service. information that could lead to identifica-
3-7. When presenting or applying a new prod- tion of the patient.
uct in clinical practice, have a complete 3-16. Respect the patient privacy when perform-
knowledge of its risks. Moreover, provide ing any nursing intervention.
the client / patient with the necessary 3-17. When performing the ideal service is
information about benefits and disadvan- unfeasible, continue the health care, in
tages of the product, hence they could best of his /her ability, until establishment
have the possibility of informed choice. of a new health care program.
3-8. Be aware that no one has the right to con- 3-18. Provide the care for injured or patients in
sent in place of a competent adult. In case emergency situations, even outside the
of children, giving the consent is one of workplace.
the legal guardian’s responsibilities. 3-19. In case of dissatisfaction of the client / pa-
3-9. In order to empower the client / patient, tient or other problem, respect their right
educate him/her and their family; in frame to change the charged nurse or other
of care plan and discharge program. health care providers, and as much as
3-10. As an exception, in case of an emergency, possible, try to satisfy the client / patient
when the immediate therapeutic action is in this matter.
mandatory for saving the client / patient’s 3-20. In case of noticing a violation of standards
life, start the necessary intervention with- of care, inform the authorities who have
out patient’s consent. sufficient power for improvement of
3-11. Perform the appropriate intervention condition.
based on existing standards and patient’s 3-21. Report any objection or problem of pa-
higher interests; when obtaining the in- tient to the ward supervisor.
formed consent or realizing the patient’s 3-22. Avoid any action, even in patient’s request,
wishes is not possible. that requires ethical, legal or religious
3-12. Apply the safety measures to be sure that violation.
nursing interventions are harmless, and 3-23. Assist the patients who spend the last days
when is necessary, consult this matter with of their life for accepting the reality and to
other health team members. appropriately planning of their demands,
3-13. Consider all the information given or ob- including performing the religious prac-
tained during the care process as the tices or recording their wills.
professional secrets, and do not reveal
them without client / patient’s permission 4. Nurses and Co-workers
except in legally permissible cases. The Nurse should
3-14. Employ the medical information of client 4-1. Cooperate with medical team members, the
/ patient only for health related purposes client / patient and their family, for more
(treatment, research) and in patient’s inter- efficient presentation of nursing interven-
est. Inform the client / patient that part of tions.
his/ her medical record might be disclosed 4-2. Contribute the client / patient or legal guar-
to other team members for medical dian in making decision about nursing inter-
consultation. ventions.

Available at: http://ijph.tums.ac.ir 6


Iranian J Publ Health, Vol. 42, Supple.1, 2013, pp: 1-8
Iran's Health System; a Step Toward the 2025 Outlook

4-3. Share his/her professional knowledge and knowledge, and to promote ethical know-
experience with other colleagues. ledge and conduct.
4-4. Establish a good relation based on mutual 5-2. The relationship between professors and
trust, with medical team. students in scientific, educational and re-
4-5. Have a respectable conduct with other search environments should be based on
nurses, professors and students. professional ethics and mutual respect.
4-6. In case of any conflict of interest in the care 5-3. Nursing professors should make effort to
of the client / patient, discuss it with senior improve students’ knowledge and skills, and
colleagues and the principals, while giving promote their ethical and professional
the priority to preserving the clients / pa- performance.
tients’ rights. 5-4. Consider carefully and accurately the pa-
4-7. Establish a respectful professional relation- tient’s rights and ethical concerns, in cases
ship with co-workers in various levels, of using the patients for educational pur-
including the head nurse, supervisor, nurs- poses.
ing director and department heads 5-5. Medical services should not be affected if
4-8. Confronting any ethical challenge, consult client /patient or their family do not wish
the hospital ethics committee for decision- to-cooperate in education of the students.
making. 5-6. To improve the healthcare services, the
quality of nursing training courses, existing
Nursing Director should: guidelines and standards must be conti-
4-9. Act as a role model for other nurses in all nually reviewed and revised.
aspects of professional carrier. 5-7. Nurses, who are involved in research, must
4-10. Put his/her maximum efforts into the pass the specific training courses, have
transfer of legal and ethical information to knowledge about the research regulations,
other nurses. and be familiar with national, general, and
4-11. Provide the necessary conditions for specific ethical guidelines and be pledged to
participation of nurses in continuous train- these regulations.
ing program. 5-8. Nurses should not use their professional
4-12. When required, consult ethicists, in order positions to convince the client / patient to
to resolve the ethical problems occur during participate in the research project.
nursing interventions. 5-9. Refusal of participation in the research
4-13. According to the hierarchy, collaborated project by the patient or his/her family
with other colleagues, act in line with client should not influence the delivery of the
/ patient’s interest. nursing interventions.
4-14. With the aim of improving the service 5-10. Clinical nurses should make effort to en-
quality, do his/her maximum effort to hance the expertise and clinical capacities of
maintain a good working environment and nursing and midwifery students.
increase professional motivation.
4-15. Behave fairly in the process of evaluation References
and promotion of nurses while considering
the professional standards and nursing eth- 1. International Council of Nurses (2006). The
ics code. ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses. Available
from: http://www.icn.ch/images/stories/docu-
5. Nursing, Education and Research ments/about/icncode_english.pdf
5-1. Nursing professors should employ their 2. American Nurses Association (2001). Code of
maximum efforts to update their scientific Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive State-
ments. Available from:

7 Available at: http://ijph.tums.ac.ir


Zahedi et al.: The Code of Ethics …

http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCa- MOHME (2011). The Code of Ethics for


tegories/EthicsStandards/Tools-You-Need/Code- Nurses in Islamic Republic of Iran. Availa-
of-Ethics.pdf
ble from:
3. Canadian Nurse Association (2008). Code of http://siasat.behdasht.gov.ir/index.aspx?siteid=291
Ethics for Registered Nurse. Available: &pageid=36742
http://www.cna-nurses.ca/CNA/documents/pdf/publica-
tions/Code_of_Ethics_2008_e.pdf
12. Zahedi F, Larijani B. National Bioethical
4. Borhani F, Alhani F, Mohammadi I, Abbasza- Legislation and Guidelines for Biomedical
deh A (2009). Professional Nursing Ethics: Research in Iran. Bulletin of the World Health
it’s Development and Challenges. Journal of Organization, 2008, 86: 630-4.
Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 2(3): 13. Larijani B, Zahedi F, Parsapoor A, Mohag-
27-38. hegh-Dolatabadi M, Jafarian A, Kazemeini
5. Hassanpour M, Hosseini MA, Fallahi M, S.M. A Review of compiling and ratifica-
Abbaszadeh A (2011). Evaluation of the tion of Ethical Guideline for Organ and
Impact of Teaching Nursing Ethics on Tissue Transplantation Research in Iran.
Nurses’ Decision Making in Social Security Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences
Hospitals of Kerman Province in 1389. 2006; 8(Suppl.3): 9-21. (In Farsi)
Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 14. Feizzade A, Asghari F, Keshtkar A, Fotouhi A,
4(5): 58-64. Hamed-Barghi G, Sobhani A, et al. Ethical
6. Negarandeh R, Oskouie F, Ahmadi F, Nikra- Guidelines for Clinical Trials. Journal of Ba-
vesh M (2005). Patient Advocacy Barriers bol University of Medical Sciences 2006;
and Facilitators in Nurses’ Experiences. (Suppl.3): 23-32. (In Farsi)
Journal of Iran University of Medical Sciences, 15. Shidfar F, Kaviani A, Parsapoor A, Haghighi
12(47): 175-186. Z, Armesh K, Vashaghani-Farahani A, et al.
7. Sanjari M, Zahedi F, Larijani B (2008). Ethical Ethical guidelines of research on vulnerable
Codes of Nursing and the Practical Neces- groups. Journal of Babol University of Medical
sity in Iran. Iranian J Publ Health, 37(1) Sciences, 2006; 8(Suppl.3): 33-41. (In Farsi)
(Suppl. on Bioethics): 22-27. 16. Ghafourifard S, Sadeghi S, Ramezanzade F,
8. Larijani B, Malek–Afzali H, Zahedi F, Aghahoseini M, Alyasine A, Shariat M, et al.
Motevaseli E (2006). Strengthening Medical A Review of compiling of Ethical Guide-
Ethics by Strategic Plan in Islamic Republic lines for Gamete and Fetus Research in
of Iran. Developing World Bioethics, 6(2): 106– Iran. Journal of Babol University of Medical
110. Sciences, 2006; 8(Suppl.3): 43-47. (In Farsi)
9. Zahedi F, EmamiRazavi SH, Larijani B (2009). 17. Motevasseli E, Akrami M, Zeinali S, Modaresi
A two-decade Review of Medical Ethics in MH, Parsapoor A, Aramesh K, et al. A Re-
Iran. Iranian J Publ Health, 38(Suppl. 1): 40- view of compiling of Ethical Guidelines for
46. Genetic Research in Iran. Journal of Babol
10. SanjariM, ZahediF, AalaM, PeymaniM, Parsa- University of Medical Sciences, 2006; 8(Suppl.3):
pourA, ArameshK, Maddah SSB, Cheraghi 49-54. (In Farsi)
MA, Mirzabeigi GH, Larijani B. The Code 18. Ale-Davoud SJ, Javadzade-bolouri A, Sadeghi
of Ethics for Nurses in Iran. Iranian Journal H, Sabzghabie MAM, Latifi SM, Norouzian
of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2012, R, Larijani B. Preparation of ethic codes for
5(1): 17-28. (In Farsi). studies on laboratory animals. Journal of Ba-
11. The Secretariat of High Council for Medical bol University of Medical Sciences, 2006;
Ethics of Health Policy Council of 8(Suppl.3): 55-64. (In Persian).

Available at: http://ijph.tums.ac.ir 8

Você também pode gostar