Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
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ISBN: 978-0-615-58000-5
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● c+u|]hL sIffx? ● /f]huf/L ● ;dosf] Vofn ug'{ ● lzIff ● cfTdlge{/
● cWofudg sfg'gsf] kfngf ug'{ ● sfuhkq ● k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu awfO{
m m m
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Contents
à Acknowledgments...................................................................xi
à Uses for this Book................................................................xiv
01. The Resettlement Agency......................................................1
● What Is a Resettlement Agency? ● You and the Resettlement Agency
● What Will the Agency Provide ? ● Social Security Card ● Your Responsibilities
● English Classes ● Employment ● Being on Time ● Education ● Self-
Sufficiency ● Adjustment of Status ● Documents ● Congratulations on Your
Resettlement.
02. Housing.....................................................................................7
● Your Home ● Housing Terms ● Before Moving ● Maintaining Your Apartment
● Kitchen ● Kitchen Appliances ● Counter Tops ● Garbage, Trash and
Recycling ● Bed Bugs ● Housing Rights and Responsibilities ● Moving Out
● Heating and Air Conditioning ● Fire Safety
03. Education................................................................................17
● Education ● Child Education ● Public Schools ● Immunizations ● School
Structure ● School Year ● School Meals ● Attendance ● Transportation
● Subjects Taught ● English Language Learning ● Homework ● Report Cards
● Behavior ● Parent Involvement ● Parents’ Responsibilities at Home ● Adult
Education ● ESL and Literacy Classes ● GED ● Higher Education ● Vocational
Training ● Community Colleges ● Colleges and Universities ● Applying
to College ● The Cost of College ● Paying for College ● Foreign Degree/
Certificate Equivalency ● Summary
04. Social Services & Public Assistance...................................33
● Help for Low Income Families ● Private Assistance ● Food Stamps ● WIC
● Medicaid ● Medicare ● SSI ● TANF ● Refugee Cash Assistance ● Matching
Grants ● Housing Assistance ● Energy Assistance ● Public Assistance and
Fraud ● Interpreters ● Keeping Program Information Current ● Goal of Self-
sufficiency
05. Health Care...........................................................................43
● Health Services in the United States ● Scientific Methods ● First Health
Screening ● Private Health Insurance ● Government Assistance for Health Care
● Medicare ● Medicaid ● Applying for Medicaid ● Using Medicaid ● Limits
on Receiving Medicaid ● Refugee Medical Assistance ● Health Coverage
● Doctors and Health Clinics ● Appointments ● Routine Medical Exams
● Seeing a Doctor ● Using an Interpreter ● Informed Consent ● Confidentiality
● Hospitals ● Emergency Care ● Ambulances ● Immunizations ● Medical
Tests ● X-rays, MRI And CT Scans ● Discounts and Financial Assistance
● Prescriptions ● Taking Medicine ● Storing Medicine ● Dental Health and
Dentists ● Mental Health ● Refugees and Mental Health ● Depression ● Other
Types of Mental Illnesses ● Suicide ● Drug and Alcohol Abuse
vi
06. Food Safety and Nutrition...................................................63
● Keeping Your Family Healthy ● Food Preparation ● Keeping Food Safe
● Handling of Raw and Cooked Food ● Refrigerator and Freezer ● Cleaning
of Dishes and Cookware ● Disposal of Garbage ● Eating Healthy ● Basic
Nepali Foods ● Fruit and Vegetables ● Preparing Vegetables ● Whole Grains
● Reduce the Amount of Fat ● Reduce the Amount of Salt ● Limit the Amount
of Sugar ● Healthy Children ● Solid Foods for Babies ● Healthy Meal Time
● Shop for Healthy Foods ● Food Stores ● Farmers' Markets ● Food
Labeling
07. Jobs and Employment............................................................73
● Ready for Work ● Importance of Working ● Types of Jobs ● Finding a Job
● Tips to Finding a Job ● Job Application ● Resume ● How to Prepare for
a Job Interview ● Job Interview ● Post Interview Courtesy ● Starting A Job
● Tips for Success on the Job ● Men and Women in the Workplace ● Work
Schedule ● Employee Rights ● Getting Paid ● Income ● How You May Be
Paid ● Taxes ● Minimum Wage ● Earned Income Tax Credit ● Job Upgrading
● Losing a Job ● Unemployment Benefits
14. Communication.....................................................................153
● Home Telephone ● Cell Phone ● Telephone Numbers ● Telephone Etiquette
● Calling Nepal or Bhutan ● Telephone Bills ● TV ● Cable TV ● Internet
● World Wide Web (WWW) ● Safe Use of Internet ● Newspapers
m m m
ix
s[t1tf
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k|fof]hg ug{ kfPsf]df uj{ u5{ . of] lstfa g]kfnsf ljleGg lzlj/af6 ;g\ @))*
b]lv cd]l/sfdf k'g:yf{lkt u/fOFb} cfPsf g]kfnL–efifL e"6fgL z/0ffyL{x?sf] lxtsf
nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . w]/}hgfsf] k|of; / ;xfotfn] cjwf/0ffaf6 lstfa tof/
x'g Ps jif{eGbf sd ;do nfUof] . n'y/g ;a}k|lt s[t1tf 1fkg ug{ rfxG5 .
of] k':tssf] cjwf/0ff rf/ hgf :jo+;]jsx? M 8u xn, ;tg cfrfo{, tf/f
cfrfo{ / /fh]z sf]O/fnfsf] cg'ejaf6 cfPsf] xf] . 8u xnn] z/0ffyL{x?sf
nflu ;g\ @))* df c sG;fOh O+ulnz–g]kfnL g]kfnL–O+ulnz l8Szg/L (www.
nepalidictionaryproject.org) k|sflzt ug{ yfNg'ePsf] xf] . ;tg cfrfo{, pgsL
kTgL tf/f cfrfo{ / /fh]z sf]O/fnfn] cfrfo{åosf] sDkgL P;\ PG8 6L sDo'lgs];G;af6
;g\ @)!) cu:tb]lv kGw|–lbg] g]kfnL Go'hn]6/ cIfl/sf (www.aksharica.com)
sf] k|sfzg yfNg'ePsf] xf] . pNn]lvt rf/} :jo+;]jsx? Go' XofD;/ /fHosf
afl;Gbf x'g'x'G5 / oxL :jo+;]jL sfo{sf sf/0f Ps–cfk;sf af/]df hfGg'x'GYof] .
rf/hgfsf] e]6kl5 pxfFx?n] cd]l/sfdf a;f]af;sf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ Pp6f g]kfnL
/ c+u|]hL lstfasf] ;+efjgfaf/] 5n©n ug'{eof] . pxfFx?n] n'y/g ;f];n ;le{;]h–
nfO{ ;xfotfsf nflu cfu|x ug'{eof], xfdLn] ;xif{ l:jsf¥of}+ .
Go' XofD;/ Rofl/6]an ©fpG8];g (www.nhcf.org) n] lstfa tof/ kfg]{ nfut
pknAw u/fof] . oL ;a} ;+:yf :yfgLo eP/ klg of] of]hgfnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg k'¥ofPsf]
of]ubfgsf] xfdL w]/} k|z+;f u5f}{+ . of] lstfasf] :yfgLo pTkfbg eP klg ljt/0f
/ k|efj b]ze/ x'g]5 .
lstfa n]Vg'cl3 ;tg, /fh]z / 8un] Go' XofD;/ / gy{ Sof/f]nfOgfdf e"6fgL
z/0ffyL{sf] nlIft ;d"xdf 5n©n cfof]hgf ug'{eof] . 5n©nsf ;xefuLx?nfO{
cd]l/sf cfPnuQ} oxfF a;f]af; ug{ s] s:tf ljifo hfGg cfjZos 5 / lstfadf
s] s:tf hfgsf/L n]lvg'k5{ eg]/ ;f]lwof] . e"6fgL ;d'bfo;Fu sfd u/]sf] cg'ej
ePsf ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx?;Fu klg lstfasf ljleGg ljifoaf/] d+yg ul/of] . oL
5n©naf6 5 ;oeGbf a9L ljifox?df n]Vg] ;'emfj kfOof] . lstfadf ;dfj]z
ljleGg ljifo 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf ;xefuL ;a}nfO{ xfdL wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}+ .
o; lstfadf ;d]l6Psf s]xL c+z lnleª Og b o'gfO6]8 :6]6\; M nfO© l:sN;
©/ a'?G8L /]ˆo'hLhaf6 :jLs[lt;lxt lnOPsf] xf] . ;g\ @))* df o'P; sld6L
©/ /]ˆo'hLh PG8 Oldu|]G6\; -o'P;l;cf/cfO_ åf/f k|sflzt pSt k':ts cgnfOg
(www.refugees.org) pknAw 5 . a'?G8L z/0ffyL{sf] k':tsdf ePsf ;a} ljifo
e"6fgL z/0ffyL{sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] of] lstfadf /flvPsf 5}gg\ . o; lstfadf
;d]l6Psf w]/}h;f] ljifox? ljleGg JolSt / :yfgdf ul/Psf 5n©naf6 lnOPsf
5g\ / e"6fgL z/0ffyL{x?sf nflu dfq dgfl;a 5g\ . k|ltlnlk–clwsf/ k|fKt cfˆgf
;fdu|Lx? k|of]u ug{ lbPsf]df xfdL o'P;l;cf/cfO;Fu w]/} cfef/L 5f}+ .
x
:jo+;]jL ;Dkfbs tyf n]vssf ?kdf 8u xnn] o'P;l;cf/cfOsf] k':tsaf6
lnOPsf ljleGg yk ljifosf c+znfO{ qmddf ldnfpg'eof] . xnn] cltl/Qm ljifo
tyf cWofosf c+u|]hL c+zx? tof/ kfg'{eof] . /fh]z sf]O/fnfn] ;a} g]kfnL c+z
n]Vg'eof] . sf]O/fnfn] 8n xnåf/f ;+of]lht c+u]|hL c+zaf6 cg'jfb ug'{eof] eg]
cIfl/sfsf ljleGg c+sdf k|sflzt s]xL ljifonfO{ klg lng'eof] . /fh]z;Fu
g]kfnL kqsf/ tyf n]vssf ?kdf nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd u/]sf] cg'ej 5 . clg
sf]O/fnf (www.koirala.com.np) of] lstfasf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ jf:tljstfdf kl/0ft
ug]{ sf/s klg x'g\ .
o;/L xfdLn] ljleGg ljifodf n]Vof}+ . clg To;} ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg lj1
JolStnfO{ v];|fx? afF8\of}+ . pxfFx?sf] k|ltlqmof / ;'emfj dfUof}+ . o; k|lqmofdf
klg bh{gf}+ JolStn] ;xfotf ug'{eof] . lstfasf ;fdu|L ;l6s / tYox? ;xL /x'g\
eGgsf vflt/ xfdLn] pxfFx?sf ;'emfj klg ;d]6\of}+ .
c+u|]hL–g]kfnL efiff cg'jfbs tyf cbfntL sfjf{xLx?df g]kfnL–efiff ;xfotfsf]
nfdf] cg'ej ePsf xf]d If]qLn] k':tssf k|To]s cWofosf b'j} efiffsf ;a} ljifo
cIf/zM ;dLIff ug'{eof] . pxfFn] ;a} hfgsf/L / k|:t'ltx?sf ;Gbe{ efiffn] ubf{
©/s k/]÷gk/]sf] s]nfpg'eof] .
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xi
Acknowledgements
Lutheran Social Services (LSS) is proud to have sponsored the efforts
of a dedicated group of volunteers committed to publishing this handbook.
The book is for the benefit of Nepali-speaking Bhutanese refugees who
have been arriving in the United States from the refugee camps in Nepal
since 2008. Transforming the idea for this book into a reality in less than
one year has taken the effort and support of many. LSS would like to
acknowledge all involved.
The idea for the book grew out of the experiences of four volunteers,
Doug Hall, Sattan Acharya, Tara Acharya and Rajesh Koirala. Doug Hall
began publishing A Concise English-Nepali Nepali-English Dictionary for
the refugees in 2008 (www.nepalidictionaryproject.org). Sattan Acharya,
his wife Tara Acharya, and Rajesh Koirala began the publication of a bi-
monthly Nepali-language newsletter, Aksharica, through the Acharyas’
company S&T Communications (www.aksharica.com). All four live
in New Hampshire and had heard about each other’s volunteer efforts.
Shortly after they met, they began discussing the idea of a book that would
provide helpful information about living in the United States in both Nepali
and English. They asked us at Lutheran Social Services if we would be
interested in assisting them, and we agreed.
Funding for the creation of this book was provided by the New
Hampshire Charitable Foundation (www.nhcf.org). We greatly appreciate
their willingness to underwrite this project even though they are a local
community foundation and the distribution and impact of this book will
be nationwide.
Before starting the process of writing the book, Sattan, Rajesh,
and Doug conducted focus groups among Bhutanese refugees in
New Hampshire and in North Carolina. Participants were asked what
information they thought was important to include and what they would
want newly arriving Bhutanese to know about living in the United States.
Brainstorming sessions were also conducted with staff of a variety of
community agencies that had experience working with the Bhutanese.
More than six hundred topics were suggested. We would like to thank
everyone who participated in this process and helped to determine the
topics included in the book.
Some parts of the English content of this book were copied with
permission from Living in the United States: Life Skills for Burundian
Refugees, published in 2008 by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and
xii
Immigrants (USCRI) and available online at (www.refugees.org). Many
of the topics covered in that work had also been suggested by the focus
groups and are just as relevant to Bhutanese refugees as they have been for
Burundian refugees. We are extremely grateful to USCRI for permission
to use their copyrighted material.
As a volunteer editor and writer, Doug Hall organized additional
topics into chapters, adapted the USCRI material, and wrote the English
text for additional sections and chapters. Rajesh Koirala wrote all of the
Nepali for this book. Some of it was translated from Doug Hall’s English
version and the USCRI book, while some was taken from material he had
previously written for Aksharica. Rajesh’s long experience as a Nepali
journalist and writer was also instrumental in turning this book into a
reality. (www.koirala.com.np)
We circulated early drafts of chapters on particular topics to
professionals knowledgeable about the identified subject and asked for
their feedback and suggestions. Dozens of people helped in this regard. We
have incorporated their suggestions to ensure that the material is accurate
and the facts correct.
Homa Chetry, an experienced Nepali court interpreter and English-
Nepali translator, reviewed the combined Nepali and English texts of each
chapter and made suggestions to ensure that the two languages conveyed
both the same information and the same tone.
Amy Marchildon
Director, Services for New Americans
Lutheran Social Services of New England
261 Sheep Davis Road, Suite A-1
Concord, NH 03301
xiii
sf8{ cgfjZos ?kdf s;}nfO{ glbg'xf];\ . cfˆgf] ;f];n ;]So'l/6L gDa/ sG7 ug'{–
xf];\ . of] gDa/ :jf:Yonufot c? w]/} ;/sf/L ;]jf–;'ljwfx? kfpg el/g]
©f/ddf n]Vg' k5{ .
Social Security Card
With the help of your resettlement agency, you and each member of
your family will receive a Social Security number printed on a Social
Security card. The numbers and cards are very important. Your number
will identify you for your life. No other person will have the same number.
You will need your card to obtain a job, to open a bank account, to rent an
apartment, and for many other things. Do not lose your card. Keep all of
your family’s cards in a safe place. Do not give your Social Security card
to anyone else. Memorize your number. You will need to write it on many
forms to receive health care and many government services.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
tkfO{+sf lhDd]jf/L
tkfO{+ / tkfO{+sf] kl/jf/nfO{ ;©n agfpg cd]l/sfdf ug'{kg{] w]/} sfdx?
x'G5g\ . o:tf sfd s'g s'g x'g\ eg]/ Vofn ug{' lgs} cfjZos x'G5 . tL sfddWo]
3/ef8f / lanx? k|To]s dlxgf ltg'{kg]{ x'G5 . tkfO{+ c?sf 3/df a;]jfktsf]
/sd g} 3/ef8f xf] . lanx?df lah'nL, kfgL, 6]ln©f]g, UofF; / cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;
;+u7g -cfOcf]Pd_ sf] ofqf–vr{sf] C0f k5{g\ .
Your Responsibilities
There are many things that are important for you and your family to
do to succeed in the United States. These are very important things to
remember. Pay your rent and bills every month. Your rent pays for your
housing. Your bills may include paying for electricity, water, telephone,
gas, and IOM travel loan.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
c+u|]hL sIffx¿
c+u|]hL sIffx? lng'xf];\ . k'gjf{; ;+:yfn] tkfO{+nfO{ c+u|]hL sIffdf egf{ x'g d2t
u5{g\ . :yfgLo ;d'bfox?n] o:tf sIff lbgsf s'g} ;dodf klg Joj:yf ug{
;S5g\ . k'gjf{; ;+:yfn] tkfO{+sf] ;do;Fu ldNg] c+u|]hL sIff kQfnufpg d2t
u5{g\ . /fd|f] hflu/ kfpg / ;d'bfodf 3'nldn x'g ;lhnf] x'g] ePsfn] c+u|]hL
l;Sg h?/L x'G5 .
English Classes
Take English classes. The resettlement agency can help you enroll in
classes. Classes in local communities are offered at various times of day.
4 The Resettlement Agency
The resettlement agency will do its best to help you find classes that fit
your schedule. Learning English is important because it will help you get a
better job and communicate more easily with people in your community.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
/f]huf/L
tkfO{+n] hflu/ vfg cfjZos x'G5 . sfd u/]kl5 tkfO{+n] 3/ef8f / lanx? ltg'{
x'G5, vfg]s'/f / sk8f lsGg'x'G5 . Psflt/ k'gjf{; ;+:yfn] lbg] ;xfotf ;Lldt
x'G5g\ eg] csf{lt/ ;/sf/L ;'ljwf tkfO{+ / kl/jf/sf nflu sd x'g ;S5g\ . hflu/
vfof] eg] cfTdlge{/ x'g ;lsG5, clg ;Lk l;lsG5 / cg'ej a6'lnG5 .
Employment
You will need to work. Working is necessary so you can pay your
rent and bills, and buy food and clothes. Assistance from the resettlement
agency is limited and public benefits may not provide enough for what you
and your family need. Having a job will help you be self-sufficient and
gain skills and experience.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;dosf] Vofn ug'{
hflu/sf nflu s;}nfO{ e]6\g' 5 eg] jf hflu/ vfg yfNg'eof] eg] hlxn] klg
l7s ;dodf k'Ug'xf];\ . cd]l/sfdf ;dodf k'Ug lgs} h?/L x'G5 . ca]nf ug'{
/fd|f] dflgFb}g . sfddf l9nf] k'Ug' eof] eg] tkfO{+sf xflsd l/;fpF5g\ / o;n] ubf{
tkfO{+sf] hflu/ hfg ;S5 .
:jf:Yo k/LIf0fsf nflu tkfO{+ 8fS6/sxfF l9nf] k'Ug'eof] eg] 8fS6/n] tkfO{+nfO{
ghfFRg ;Sg'x'G5 . pxfF;Fu csf{]k6s hfFRgsf nflu ;do ldnfpg lgs} ufx|f] klg
x'G5 .
Being on Time
Arrive to appointments and work ON TIME. In the United States, being
on time is very important. If you arrive late to work, your boss will not be
happy and it could cause you to lose your job.
If you are late to a doctor’s appointment, your appointment may be
canceled and it may be hard to reschedule it.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lzIff
tkfO{+n] 5f]/f5f]/L :s"n k7fpg' k5{ . cd]l/sfdf sfg'gcg';f/ gfgLx? :s"n
hfg} k5{ . gfgLx? ;dodf :s"n k'Ug}k5{ . gfgL :s"n k'Ug l9nf] jf uon x'g]
eP :s"ndf va/ u/]/ l9nf] x'g' jf ghfg'sf] sf/0f v'n:t kfg'{xf];\ . :s"naf6
k7fOPsf ;a} ;"rgf k9g'xf];\ . To:tf ;"rgf k9\g hfGg' x'Gg jf a'ˇg' ePg eg]
c? s;}nfO{ k9\g cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ .
k'gjf{; ;+:yf 5
Education
Make sure your children attend school. In the United States, all girls
and boys are required by law to go to school. Children must arrive at
school on time. Call the school to explain if your children are going to be
late or absent. Read all notices sent to you by the school. Get assistance if
you cannot read them or do not understand them.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cfTdlge{/
sfd ubf{ cfTdlge{/ x'g / cfˆgf cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 . cfTdlge{/
x'g' eg]sf] ;/sf/, k'gjf{; ;+:yf, :jo+;]jsx? jf c? JolStdfly e/ gkg'{ xf],
h:tf] M tkfO{+n] sfd ug'{eof] eg] cf©"nfO{ vfBfGg / nQfsk8f lsGg ;Sg'x'G5 .
Self-Sufficiency
Work towards being independent and providing for yourself. Being
independent means not relying on the government, the resettlement agency,
volunteers, or other people for assistance. For example, when you have a
job, you can buy your own food and clothing.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cWofudg sfg'gsf] kfngf ug'{
cWofudg sfg'gcGtu{t /xg'xf];\ . cd]l/sf cfPsf] Ps jif{ ePkl5 tkfO{+n]
sfg'gL ?kdf :yfoL afl;Gbfsf ?kdf /xg -jf …lu|g–sf8{Ú_ sf nflu xf]dNof08
;]So'l/6L ljefudf cfj]bg lbg'k5{ . eljiodf cd]l/sL gful/stf k|fKt ug{sf nflu
cWofudg sfg'gsf kfngf ug'{ clgjfo{ x'G5 .
Adjustment of Status
Adjust your immigration status. After you have lived in the United
States for one year, you need to apply for an adjustment of status to legal
permanent resident (or “green card”) with the Department of Homeland
Security. Adjusting your immigration status is an important step to
becoming a U.S. citizen in the future.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sfuhkq
;a} sfuhkqx? htg ug'{xf];\ . tL sfuhkqx? dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . To;}n]
ldnfP/ /fVg'xf];\ . ;'/lIft /fVg'xf];\ . htg ug'{kg]{ To:tf sfuhkqx?– 3/ef8f
lnFbf 3/a]6L / tkfO{+aLrsf] ;Demf}tf–kq, vf]k nufPsf k|df0fx?, cf}ifwf]krf/sf
sfuhkq, cfO– ($ sf8{, ©f]6f];lxtsf] kl/ro–kq tyf ©"8 6\ofDksf] ;"rgf /
d]l8s]8 kfpg of]Uo 7x/fOPsf] sfuh cflb x'g\ . o:tf sfuhkq x/fP eg] k'gjf{;
;+:yfnfO{ tTsfn hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .
6 The Resettlement Agency
Documents
Take care of all of your documents and paperwork. Keep your important
papers organized and in a safe place. These include your apartment lease,
immunization records, medical reports, I-94 card, photo ID, and notices of
food stamp and Medicaid eligibility. Let your resettlement agency know
immediately if your lose any of them.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu awfO{
cd]l/sfdf a:b} hfFbf ;lhnf] dx;'; ug{ ;do nfU5 . z/0ffyL{sf ?kdf tkfO{+
olt 6f9f cfO;Sg'ePsf] 5 / gofF b]zdf a;fOF ;g{] lxDdt klg b]vfpg' eO;s]sf]
5 . cd]l/sfdf ;©n x'g tkfO{+;Fu cfTdan 5 . gofF 7fpFdf ;©n x'g ;Sg'xf];\
/ hLjgofkg ;lhn} ug{ ;Sg'xf];\ – xfd|f] z'esfdgf 5 .
Congratulations on Your Resettlement
As hard as it may be at times to adjust to living in the United States, as a
refugee you have already come far and shown a lot of courage to move to a
new country. You have the resilience and strength to succeed in the United
States. We wish you the best of luck in moving forward and making a life
for you and your family in your new community.
m m m
7
cWofo @ : cfjf;
Chapter 2 : Housing
tkfO{+sf] 3/ jf ckf6{d]G6
tkfO{+ / kl/jf/sf nflu :jR5, ;©f / ;:tf] -cfDbfgLcg';f/sf]_ cfjf;
cTofjZos x'G5 . cf©" a:g] 3/ jf ckf6{d]G6nfO{ ;©f / /fd|f] cj:yfdf /fVg'
tkfO{+sf] lhDd]jf/L xf] .
Your Home
A safe, clean, and affordable home for you and your family is very
important. It is your responsibility to keep your apartment clean and in
good condition.
―――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――—
3/;DaGwL zAbx¿
6]GofG6 -ls/fofbf/÷ef8fjfn_ M c?sf] 3/ jf ckf6{d]G6df a;]jfkt /sd ltg]{
JolSt jf JolStx?nfO{ ls/fofbf/ elgG5 . tkfO{+ ls/fofbf/ x'g'x'G5 .
NofG8nf]8{ -3/a]6L÷3/wgL_ M 3/ jf ckf6{d]G6sf] dflns -3/a]6L_ xf] . pxfFn]
tkfO{+nfO{ ef8f ltg]{ u/L s'g} 7fpF pknAw u/fPsf] x'G5 . pxfF, tkfO{+ a;]sf] 3/sf]
dflns -3/a]6L_ x'g'x'G5 .
lnh -s/f/÷;Demf}tf_ M lnh eg]sf] ls/fofbf/ / 3/a]6LaLr ul/g] sfg'gL sfuh
xf] . ls/fofbf/n] o:tf] sfuhdf ;xL u/]kl5 dlxgf–dlxgfdf ef8f ltg'{k5{ / To;df
n]lvPsf] cjlwe/ dfq To; 3/df a:g ldN5 .
;]So'l/6L l8kf]lh6 -w/f}6L_ M w/f}6Ljfkt s]xL /sd ls/fofbf/n] 3/a]6LnfO{
lt/]sf] x'G5 . ls/fofbf/ a;]s} a]nf s]xL 6'6©'6 eP jf eTs]÷lau|]df oxL /sdaf6
dd{t ul/G5 . slxn]sfxLF 3/ef8fafkt /sd ltg{ afFsL /x] klg oxL /sdaf6
e'Stfg ul/G5 .
Housing Terms
A tenant is the person or persons paying money to live in the apartment
or house. You are a tenant.
A landlord is the person who owns the apartment or house, rents the
space to you, and is in charge of the building.
A lease is a legal document between a tenant and a landlord. When the
tenant signs a lease he or she agrees to pay a monthly rent and live in the
apartment for a certain period of time.
A security deposit is money the tenant pays the landlord. This money
covers damages that may occur while the tenant is renting or covers any
unpaid rent the tenant owes the landlord.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
8 Housing
a:g' jf ;g'{cl3
tkfO{+ s'g} ckf6{d]G6df a:g' jf ;g'{cl3 tkfO{+ jf tkfO{+sf s]; d]g]h/n]
3/a]6L;Fu pSt ckf6{d]G6sf] rf]6f–sf]7f x]g'{kg]{5 . lau|]÷eTs]sf] eP, dd{t
ug'{kg]{ 7fpF jf ;/;fdfg ©]nf kfg'{x'G5 . o;f] ug'{eof] eg] tkfO{+nfO{ 3/ ;g]{
a]nfdf w/f}6L l©tf{ ug{ d2t u5{ .
Before Moving
Before you move in, you or your case manager should walk through the
apartment with your landlord to identify any damage or things that need
fixing. This will help you get your security deposit back when you move
out.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
ckf6{d]G6sf] /]vb]v
sDtLdf xKtfsf] Pslbg cfˆgf] ckf6{d]G6 Eofs'd lSng/n] ;©f ug'{xf];\ .
sfk]{6 gcf]5\ofOPsf] e'OFnfO{ s"rf] / n'F8f]n] ;©f ug'{xf];\ . s]xL kf]lvP t'?Gt ;fa'g
/ kfgLn] ;©f ul/xfNg'xf];\ .
sfk]{6 / e'O“ M sfk]{6 / e'OF ;©f /fVg cfˆgf] ckf6{d]G6leq k:bf h'Qf aflx/}
vf]Ng] ug'{xf];\ . cfˆgf] ckf6{d]G6 ;©f /fVgfn] ls/f -p8';_ / d';f cfpFb}gg\ .
o;af6 tkfO{+sf] kl/jf/ :j:y /xG5 eg] csf]{ 7fpFdf ;bf{ w/f}6L l©tf{ kfOG5 .
afy?dsf] ;/;˚fO M ;ftfsf] Psk6s afy?d ;©f ug}{k5{ . afy?d eGgfn]
o;sf] e'OF, 6\jfOn]6sf] leq–aflx/, xft–d'v w'g] efF8f] -l;Í_, g'xfpg] 8'F8 -afy6a_
/ zfj/ eGg] a'lemG5 . 9n 6flnlbg ;Sg] skfn jf cGo o:tf j:t' kfgL;Fu
gaufpg'xf];\ . afy6a / l;Ídf n'uf gw'g' xf]nf . o;f] ug'{eof] eg] aflx/ kfgL
kf]lvg ;S5 / e'OF lr;f]–lrKnf] x'G5 .
6\jfOn]6sf ;d:ofx¿ M 6\jfOn]6sf] leqL efu ;©f ug{ a'?; k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .
6\jfOn]6 ;©f ug]{ a'?; c? 7fpF ;©f ug{ k|of]u gug'{xf];\ . g5'g] -dlxgfjf/L_
ePsL dlxnfn] nufpg] :oflg6/L 6fjn, vfg]s'/f jf w]/} 6\jfOn]6 k]k/ 6\jfOn]6df
gˆofFSg'xf];\ . o:tf j:t' ˆn; -kfgLn] aufpg]_ gug'{xf];\ . 6\jfOn]6 el/of] jf
6flnof] eg] 3/a]6LnfO{ va/ ug'{xf];\ .
kfgL r'lxP–kf]lvP M zfj/sf] kfgL aflx/ cfpg glbg afy6adf kbf{ -zfj/
s6]{g_ xfNg'xf];\ . e'OFsf] kfgL ;w}F k'5\g'xf];\ . kfgLaflx/ cfpg glbg'xf];\ lsgeg]
o;n] e'OF lrKnf] x'G5 / e'OFdf k|of]u ePsf] sf7 jf cGo j:t' kfgLn] ;8fpF5 .
Maintaining Your Apartment
At least once a week, clean your apartment with a vacuum cleaner. Use
a broom and mop to clean floors that do not have carpet. Clean up spills
with soap and water immediately.
Carpets and Floors: Remove shoes when you enter your apartment to
cfjf; 9
help keep the carpets and floors clean. Keeping your apartment clean will
help prevent attracting bugs and mice. It will also help your family stay
healthy and help you get your security deposit back when you move out.
Cleaning the Bathroom : The bathroom must be cleaned weekly. This
includes the floor, the inside and outside of the toilet, sink, and bathtub
and/or shower. Do not allow hair or other items to go down the drain or
the drain may get clogged. Do not use the bathtub or sink to wash clothes
because water will spill onto the floor.
Toilet Problems: Use a brush to clean inside the toilet. Do not use the
toilet brush for anything else. Never flush female sanitary products, food,
or large amounts of toilet paper down the toilet. If the toilet overflows, call
your landlord immediately.
Water Leaks and Spills : Keep the shower curtain inside the bathtub
and always clean up water on the floor. Do not allow water to escape onto
the floor because it can cause flooding and water damage.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
efG;f
tkfO{+sf] ckf6{d]G6df ;©f /fVg'kg]{ dxTjk"0f{ If]q eg]sf] efG;f xf] . efG;fdf w]/}
;/;fdfgx? x'G5g\ . tLdWo] s'g} tkfO{+sf nflu gofF x'g;S5g\ .
Kitchen
An important area of your apartment to keep clean is the kitchen. The
kitchen has many appliances, some that may be new to you.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
efG;fsf ;/;fdfg
:6f]e / cf]eg -r'nf]_ M :6f]edf vfgf ksfpFbf ;w}F sd jf dWod vfnsf]
tftf]df ksfpg ;'? ug'{xf];\ / clg lj:tf/} rflxFg] tftf] 36L jf a9L u/]/
ldnfpg'xf];\ . ;aeGbf tftf]df vfgf ksfpg' eof] eg] efF8f] jf vfgf 89\g ;S5 .
cf]egdf vfgf, jf df;' jf kfp/f]6L ksfpg' kbf{ tfkqmd #%) b]lv $)) l8u|L ©x/]–
gxfO6 /fVg'xf];\ . …a|fOnÚ ;+s]t eg]sf] rflxF vfgf ksfpFbf Hjfnf k|of]u x'G5 . of]
lgs} tftf] x'G5 / vfgf rfF8f] 89\5 . tkfO{+sf] r'nf] UofF;af6 rNg] vfnsf] 5 eg] of]
/fd|/L an]sf] 5 jf 5}g Vofn ug'{xf];\ . olb UofF; /fd|/L gan]sf] / s'lxPsf] c08f
h:tf] uGxfPsf] 5 eg] c?sf] d2t lng'xf];\ .
:6f]e / cf]egsf] ;/;˚fO M cf]eg / :6f]edf kf]lvPsf vfg]s'/f ;]nfpgf;fy
;©f ul/xfNg'xf];\ . :6f]e lbgx'F ;©f ug'{xf];\ . kf]lvPsf jf 89]sf vfg]s'/f /
lrNnf] vt/gfs x'G5g\ . Ps t g/fd|f] uGxfpF5g\, clg o;}sf sf/0f ls/f, d';f
/ 5'r'Gb|f cfpF5g\ .
/]lk|mlh/]6/÷lk|mh/ M vfg]s'/f lr;f] / tfhf /fVg efG;fdf Pp6f /]lk|mlh/]6/
10 Housing
x'G5 . o;df b"w, t/sf/L, bxL, df;' / c08f /fVg'xf];\ . lk|mh/ rflxF /]lk|mlh–
/]6/sf] Pp6f efu xf], hf] cem lr;f] x'G5, h;df kfgL hd]/ a/© aG5 .
hdfOPsf] cj:yfd} lslgPsf vfg]s'/f lk|mh/df /fVg'xf];\ . olb tkfO{+n] o;df
df;' /fVg' eof] eg] Tof] hD5 / s8f x'G5 . o;nfO{ w]/} ;dosf nflu /fVg
;lsG5 . ksfPsf vfg]s'/f a§fdf jf kf]sf] kf/]/ /fVg'k5{ . klxnf h] vfg]s'/f NofP/
/flvPsf] xf], klxnf ToxL vfg', ksfpg' jf k|of]u ug'{k5{ . emf]n vfg]s'/f kf]lvof]
eg] ;+ej eP;Dd rfF8} ;©f ul/xfNg'k5{ .
l8;jf;/ -ef“8f df‰g] pks/0f_ M l8;jf;/n] sfF6f–rDrf / efF8fjt{gdf
ePsf sL6f0f'x?nfO{ df5{ . o;n] efF8f df‰b}g jf 6fFl;Psf] vfgf ;©f ub}{g .
l8;jf;/df efF8fjt{g xfNg'cl3 yfn–srf}/fdf 5fl8Psf vfgf hlxn] klg ©f]xf]/
xfNg] jt{gdf xfNg'xf];\ / efF8f kvfNg'xf];\ . l8;jf;/sf nflu dfq elgPsf] ;fa'g
o;df k|of]u ug{'xf];\ . xft jf n'uf w'g agfOPsf emf]n–;fa'g l8;jf;/df k6Ss}
k|of]u gug'{xf];\ .
l;° / ˚f]xf]/ Joj:yfkg M efG;fdf x'g] s'g} l;Ídf ;8\g;Sg] ©f]xf]/ ˆofFSg]
Joj:yf -ufa]{h l8:kf]hn_ ul/Psf] x'G5 . of] lah'nLn] rNg] x'G5 . o;leq uPsf
vfgfaf6 lgl:sPsf ©f]xf]/ 6'lqmG5g\ / kfOk x'Fb} hfG5g\ . l;Íglhs} o;nfO{ vf]Ng]
/ aGb ug]{ l:jr x'G5 . kfgL alu/x]sf a]nfdf dfq of] ufa]{h l8:kf]hn vf]Ng'xf]nf .
ufa]{h l8:kf]hndf wft', xf8, c08fsf af]qmf, ©n©"nsf aLp, Kofh, ;]n/L jf vfgf–
afx]s cGoqaf6 cfPsf j:t' gxfNg'xf]nf . ufa]{h l8:kf]hn 6flnof] eg] kfgL
el/P/ l;Í;Dd cfOk'U5 . l8:kf]hnleq xft gxfNg'xf]nf, rf]6 nfU5 . olb efG;fsf]
l;Ísf] ufa]{h l8:kf]hn lah'nLn] rNb}g eg] o;df s'g} ©f]xf]/ xfNg' x'Fb}g .
Kitchen Appliances
Stove and Oven : When cooking food on top of the stove, always
begin on low or medium heat and then adjust. If you begin on high heat,
you may burn the food or pan. To use the oven to cook food, or bake meat
or bread, place the dial on 350 to 400 degrees Fahrenheit. The “broil”
setting uses flames to cook food. It becomes very hot and can quickly
burn your food. If you have a gas stove or oven, be sure that the flame
lights right away. If you smell an odor like rotten eggs, turn off the gas
immediately and seek help.
Cleaning the Oven and Stove : Clean any spilled food in the oven and
on the stove as soon as they have cooled. Clean your stove daily. Spilled
or burned food and grease are dangerous. They smell bad and attract bugs,
rats, and mice.
Refrigerator/Freezer : Your kitchen has a refrigerator to keep food
cold and fresh. Keep milk, vegetables, yogurt, meat, and eggs in the
refrigerator. The freezer is the part of the refrigerator that is much colder
cfjf; 11
and freezes water to ice. Keep in the freezer any foods that are already
frozen when you buy them. If you put meat in the freezer, it will become
hard and frozen and you can keep it longer. Cooked food should be kept
after wrapping tightly. Use the First In, First Out (FIFO) method when
getting food from the refrigerator. Clean any spills as soon as possible.
Dishwasher : A dishwasher kills germs on dishes and silverware. It
does not scrub dishes or take the place of a garbage disposal. Always put
food scraps into the garbage and rinse the dishes before putting them into
the dishwasher. You must use a special soap designed for the dishwasher.
Never use liquid hand soap or laundry detergent in the dishwasher.
Sink and Garbage Disposal : Some kitchen sinks have electric garbage
disposals that shred food waste so it can pass through the plumbing. There
is an on/off switch next to the sink. You should only turn the garbage
disposal on when the water is on. Never put metal, bones, egg shells, fruit
pits, onions, celery, or non-food items down the garbage disposal. If your
garbage disposal becomes stuck, water may back up in the sink. Never put
your hands inside the disposal or you may injure yourself. If your kitchen
sink does not have an electric garbage disposal, do not put garbage down
the drain.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
efG;fsf] l8n
c+u|]hLdf …sfpG6/ 6kÚ eg]sf] r'nf] jf l;Ídf hf]l8Psf] ;tx -vfnL l8n_
xf] . r'nf]sf] vfnL l8ndf tftf] efF8f] ;Lw} g/fVg'xf];\ . l8n 89\g glbg tftf] efF8f]
/fVg agfOPsf Kof8 jf tftf] efF8f]sf nflu agfOPsf tf}lnof k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .
Counter Tops
Never put a hot pan directly on a counter top. Use a hot pad or dish
towel under the hot pan to avoid burning the counter.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
˚f]xf]/
;8\g] ˚f]xf]/ M ;8\g] ©f]xf]/ cfˆgf] ckf6{dG6df ePsf] ©f]xf]/ xfNg]
efF8f]df ©fNg'xf];\ . ©f]xf]/ ©fNg] efF8f]leq Knfl:6ssf] y}nf] xfn]kl5 dfq ToxL y}nf]df
kg]{ u/L ©f]xf]/ ˆofFSg'xf];\ . ©f]xf]/sf] y}nf] lbgx'F 3/aflx/ nfg'xf];\ / ©f]xf]/ xfNg] 7"nf]
efF8f]df ˆofFSg'xf];\ . o;f] ubf{ d';f / ls/f 3/leq cfpgaf6 /f]lsG5g\ . ©f]xf]/nfO{
ckf6{d]G6sf] sl/8/ -;a}sf sf]7faflx/sf] cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ug]{ 7fpF_ df slxNo}
g5f8\g'xf];\ .
g;8\g] ˚f]xf]/ M g;8\g] ©f]xf]/x? h:t}– /2L sfuh, sfuhsf afs;, af]tn
/ 8Aafx?nfO{ tf]lsPsf a]Unfa]Un} efF8f jf 7fpFdf /fVg'k5{ . gu/kflnsfn] o:tf
12 Housing
3/fozL ©f]xf]/ lglZrt lbg / ;dodf p7fpg] u5{g\ . tkfO{+sf 3/a]6Ln] ©f]xf]/
slxn] / sxfF nfg'k5{ eGg] atfpg' x'g]5 .
k'gMk|of]u M w]/}h;f] zx/df ©f]xf]/sf k|sf/sf cfwf/df 5'6\ofP/ ©/s efF8f]df
/fVg] ul/G5 . ;fdfGotofM Knfl:6ssf af]tn, Pn'ldlgodsf 8Aafx?, l;;f, sfuh
/ wft'nfO{ vfgfaf6 cfPsf ©f]xf]/eGbf 5'§} /flvG5 . tkfO{+sf 3/a]6Ln] cfˆgf
;d'bfodf s] ug'{k5{ eGg] l;sfpg' x'g]5 . k'gMk|of]u–ljlwn] o:tf j:t'nfO{ ©]l/
sfddf NofpF5 / jftfj/0fsf] /Iff u5{ .
Garbage, Trash and Recycling
Garbage : Place garbage in the garbage bins in your apartment. Line
garbage bins with plastic garbage bags. Take the garbage out of your
apartment every day to a garbage can or dumpster to prevent attracting
bugs and mice. Never leave garbage in the hallway of the apartment
building.
Trash: Trash such as old papers, boxes, bottles, and cans should also be
placed in designated containers or locations. Usually there is a certain day
and time when the city will take the trash away. Your landlord should tell
you where and when to put your trash and garbage outside for pickup.
Recycling: Many cities require trash to be separated by type and be
placed in special containers. Usually plastic bottles, aluminum cans, glass
containers, paper, and metal are separated from wet food garbage. Your
landlord can tell you what you must do in your community. Recycling helps
the country reuse some of these materials and protects the environment.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
p8';
p8'; ;fgf ls/fx? x'g\ . logLx? tfhf /ut r';]/ afFR5g\ . logLx?
p8\b}gg, s'b\b}gg\ jf pk|mb}gg\ . p8'; w]/}h;f] la:t/f, Dof6«]; -u2fjfn 8;gf_,
l;/fgL, lunf s';L{ / ;f]©fdf n'S5g\ . laxfg p7\bf 5fnfdf st} ;fgf] bfu
b]Vg'eof] eg] of] p8';n] 6f]s]sf] x'g;S5 . la:t/fdf st} ;fgf yf]Knf h:tf b]lvP
eg] oL p8'; x'g;S5g\ . To;}n] af6f]5]pdf /flvPsf k'/fgf Dof6«];, tof/L l;/s
-ANofGs]6_, l;/fgL jf cGo cf]5\ofgdf rflxg] ;/;fdfg gp7fpg'xf]nf . To:tf j:t'
3/ gNofpg'xf]nf . Psk6s p8'; tkfO{+sf] ckf6{d]G6 jf 3/df cfP eg] lognfO{ k"/}
lgd"{n kfg{ lgs} sl7g x'G5 . p8';sf] ;d:of b]lvPdf 3/a]6LnfO{ eGg'xf];\ .
Bed Bugs
Bed bugs are tiny insects and they feed on fresh blood. They do not
fly, hop, or jump. They often live in bedding, mattresses, pillows, and soft
chairs and couches. If you find small bites on your skin in the morning, it
may be from bed bugs. If you see tiny dark spots on your bedding you may
cfjf; 13
have bed bugs. Never bring used mattresses, blankets, pillows, or other
used bedding into your home. Once bed bugs are in your apartment, they
are very difficult to get rid of. Tell your landlord immediately.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
3/ef8f ln“bfsf clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L
e]befj M 3/ef8fdf lng vf]Hbf tkfO{+nfO{ hflt jf /+u, cfPsf] b]z, tkfO{n] dfGg]
wd{, tkfO{+sf] lnª\u, zf/Ll/s ckfª\utf, kfl/jfl/s cj:yf, h:t}– tkfO{+ ljjflxt
xf] jf xf]Og cflb cfwf/df 3/a]6Ln] leGg Jojxf/ u/], To:tf] e]befj cd]l/sL
sfg'glj?4 x'G5 . tkfO{+n] cf©"nfO{ plrt Jojxf/ gu/]sf] kfpg' eof] eg] o:tf
36gf slxn] slxn] eP / To;a]nf s] s] eof] lnlvt ?kdf /fVg'k5{ . k|To]s
/fHo jf sfpG6Ldf o:tf] e]befj x'Fbf d2t ug]{ …©]o/ xfplhªÚ sfof{no x'G5g\ .
cg'/f]w M ckf6{d]G6df s]xL dd{t ug'{k¥of] eg] 3/a]6Ln] tkfO{+nfO{ dd{tsf nflu
cg'/f]w lnlvt ?kdf dfU5g\ . 3/a]6Laf6 dd{t cg'/f]w ©f/d dfu]/ cfˆgf] cg'/f]w
n]Vg'xf];\ . tkfO{+nfO{ ls/f, d';f, 5'r'Gb|f / kfgL lgsf; cflbsf] ;d:of eP t'?Gt
3/a]6LnfO{ va/ ug'{xf];\ .
ef]urngsf] lgod M s'g} Ps ckf6{d]G6df a:g] dflg;sf] ;+Vof lglZrt
/xg] lgod x'G5 . o:tf] lgod–kfngf ug'{ / 3/df a:b} cfPsf dflg;sf] ;+Vofaf/]
3/a]6LnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg' tkfO{+sf] bfloTj xf] . tkfO{+n] lgod–kfngf gu/]sf] v08df
3/a]6Ln] tkfO{+nfO{ …3/ vfnL ug'{xf];\Ú eGg ;S5g\ .
Housing Rights and Responsibilities
Discrimination: It is against the law for a landlord to treat you
differently because of your color, nationality, caste, religion, disability,
sex, or marital status. If you feel you are being treated unfairly, you should
keep a record of what has happened. There is a “fair housing” office in
each state or county that can try to help you.
Request : Landlords often require a written request before they will
make repairs in your apartment. Use a repair request form from your
landlord to write this request. Inform your landlord immediately if you are
having problems with bugs, rats, mice, or plumbing.
Occupancy Rule : There are rules on how many people are allowed
to live in an apartment. It is your responsibility to follow the rules and
let your landlord know how many people are living in your home. The
landlord can tell you to leave your home if you do not follow this rule.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
3/ ;bf{
;do k"/f ug'{xf];\ M s/f/df tf]lsPsf] ;do;Dd ckf6{d]G6÷3/df a:g' dxÎjk"0f{
x'G5 . s'g} 3/÷ckf6{d]G6df sDtLdf Ps jif{ a:g s/f/df ;do–;Ldf tf]lsPsf]
14 Housing
x'G5 . cf©" ;g'{eGbf Ps dlxgfcl3 3/a]6LnfO{ 3/ ;g]{ lnlvt–;"rgf lbg'xf];\ .
s/f/–cjlwsf] cGTodf, olb tkfO{+ a:bf s]xL geTs]÷glau|]sf] / ef8fjfktsf] ;a}
/sd r'Stf ePsf] eP 3/a]6LnfO{ a'emfPsf] w/f}6L l©tf{ kfpg'x'G5 .
7]ufgf abnL M gofF 3/÷ckf6{d]G6df ;/]kl5 w]/} JolSt jf sfof{nodf hfgsf/L
lbg'k5{ . tkfO{+ cd]l/sfsf] gful/s eO;Sg' ePsf] 5}g eg] …o'P;l;cfOP;Ú nfO{
…Pcf/– !!Ú gfds ©f/d e/]/ cf©" 7fpF ;/]sf] hfgsf/L clgjfo{ ?kdf
lbg}k5{ . x'nfs sfof{nosf] …7]ufgf kl/jt{g;DaGwL ©f/dÚ k"/f eg{'kg]{5 . of] ©f/d
glhs}sf] x'nfs sfof{no uP/ jf OG6/g]6df eg{ ;lsG5 . To;kl5 x'nfsn]
tkfO{+sf] gofF 7]ufgfdf kq NofpF5 . dfl;s lan k7fpg] sfof{nox? h:t} M lah'nL,
kfgL, UofF;, 6]ln©f]g, ;]n©f]g, 6]lnlehgsf] s]a'n÷l8; ;]jf lbg] sDkgL cflb
x'g\ . cfˆgf] 7]ufgf ©]l/Psf] hfgsf/L tkfO{+n] sfd ug{] 7fpF÷sfof{no, a}+s,
8fS6/sf] sfof{no / gfgL–afa'x? k9\g] :s"ndf klg lbg'k5{ .
˚lg{r/ M gofF ckf6{d]G6df ;bf{ cfˆgf ©lg{r/ n}hfg'k5{ . 3/a]6Lsf ©lg{r/
jf cGo ;/;fdfg 5f8\g'k5{ . cfˆgf k'/fgf ©lg{r/ To;} 5f8\g'x'Gg . tL ©lg{r/
kG5fpg nfUg] vr{ 3/a]6Ln] lnG5g\ .
Moving Out
Complete your lease : It is important to complete your lease. Most
leases ask that you agree to live in the apartment or house for twelve
months. Give your landlord a month’s notice in writing before moving out.
At the end of the lease, the landlord will return the security deposit only if
the apartment is in good condition and if the rental payments are current.
Change of Address : When you move to a new apartment, you should
inform many people. If you are not yet a citizen of the US, you must
inform the USCIS of your change of address on form AR-11. You should
also complete a form to change your address with the post office. You
can do that at the nearest post office or on the Internet. The post office
will deliver your mail to the new address. You should also change your
address with any company that sends you a monthly bill: electric, water,
gas, telephone, cell phone, cable TV etc. You should also report your new
address to your employer, bank, doctors’ offices, and childrens’ schools.
Furniture : When you move to a new apartment you should take the
furniture that you own. You must leave any furniture or appliances that
belong to the landlord. If you leave any old or broken furniture that you do
not want, the landlord may charge you a fee to take it away.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
3/df tftf]–lr;f]sf] k|aGw
tkfO{+sf] ckf6{d]G6df hf8f]df tfKgsf nflu lx6/ x'G5 . tfk pTkfbg ug{ lah'nL
jf ©g{];sf] k|of]u ul/G5, h;n] tftf] xfjf jf tftf] kfgL ckf6{d]G6sf sf]7fx?df
cfjf; 15
k7fpF5 . tftf] sd–a];L ug{ Pp6f ydf{]:6]6 /flvPsf] x'G5 . hf8f]df tfkqmd ^% b]lv
&@ l8u|L ©x/]gxfO6;Dd /fVg'xf];\ . hlt a9L tftf]sf nflu ydf]{:6]6 3'dfof], Tolt g}
tftf]sf nflu k};f ltg'{k5{ . tkfO{+sf] ckf6{d]G6df Po/–slG8;g klg x'g;S5, h;nfO{
af]nLrfnLsf] efiffdf …P;LÚ elgG5, o;sf] k|of]u udL{df x'G5 . o;df tfkqmd &@
b]lv *) l8u|L ©x/]gxfO6;Dd /fVg'xf];\ . P;Ldf hlt sd tfkqmd /fVg'x'G5, k};f
Tolt g} a9L ltg'{k5{ .
Heating and Air Conditioning
Your apartment has a heater for use during cold weather. The heat may
come from electricity or from a furnace that sends hot air or hot water to
the rooms in the apartment. There should be a thermostat that let’s you set
the temperature for your apartment. In the winter you should set it between
65 and 72 degrees. The higher you set the temperature, the more the heat
will cost. Your apartment may also have air conditioning, sometimes called
AC, for use during hot weather. You should set its temperature between 72
and 80 degrees. The lower you set the AC temperature, the more it will
cost.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cfuf]af6 ;'/Iff
w'jf“;"rs oGq M of] oGqn] tkfO{+sf] 3/df w'jfF cfPsf] yfxf kfpF5 / ;+efljt
cfunfuLsf] ;"rgf lbG5 . o;n] 7"nf] :j/df l;6L ahfpFb} tkfO{+ / kl/jf/nfO{
w'jfFsf] ;"rgf lbP/ ;fjwfg u5{ . o:tf oGq kvf{n jf l;lnªdf h8fg ul/Psf
x'G5g\ .
3/a]6Ln] tkfO{+ a:g] ckf6{d]G6df o:tf w'jfF;"rs oGq pknAw u/fOlbg'k5{ .
o:tf oGq ;w}F rfn" cj:yfdf x'g'k5{ lsgeg] olb cfuf] nfUg nfUof] eg] o;n]
;fjwfgL u/fpF5g\ / Hofg arfpg d2t u5{g\ . o;df Aof6«L xfNg'k5{ . cfjZos
kbf{ o;df Aof6«L ©]g]{ sfd rflxF tkfO{+sf] lhDd]jf/L xf] .
o:tf ;a} oGqx? dlxgfsf] Psk6s hfFRg'xf];\ . o;sf] hfFr ug{, o;sf]
cuf8Lsf] a6g lyRg'xf];\ . olb o;n] l;6L jf ;+s]tsf] 306L lbPg eg] Aof6«L jf
oGq g} tTsfn ©]g]{ a]nf ePsf] x'G5 . of] oGq vf]n]/ g/fVg'xf]nf jf o;sf Aof6«L
glemSg'xf]nf . o;nfO{ Knfl:6s cflbn] g9fSg'xf]nf .
cfunfuLaf6 aRg 9f]sf M s'g} ckf6{d]G6df d"n9f]sfaf6 l5/]kl5 sf]7fx?df
hfg] 7fpF jf e¥ofªsf] 6'Kkf] / ©]bdf wft'sf] Pp6f 9f]sf x'g;S5 . o:tf 9f]sfn]
lalN8ªsf] Pp6f ckf6{d]G6af6 csf{] ckf6{d]G6df cfuf] ©}ng lbFb}gg\ . o:tf 9f]sf
aGb 5g\ eg] dfq cfunfuLdf sfd u5{g\ . tkfO{+ / kl/jf/sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu oL
9f]sf slxNo} v'nf g5f8f}+ . v'nf b]lvof] eg] aGb ul/xfnf}+ .
clUg;"rs oGq M of] oGq cfuf] nfu]sf] ;"rgf lbg] 306L xf] . of] oGq d"n–
9f]sfaf6 l5/]kl5 sf]7fx?df hfg] 7fpF jf s'g} ;lhnf] 7fpFdf h8fg ul/Psf]
16 Housing
x'g;S5 . o:tf oGq ;fdfGotM /ftf /+usf x'G5g\ / ;a} ef8fjfnfn] ahfpg ;Sg]
7fpFdf /flvPsf x'G5g\ . cfunfuL ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq of] oGq ahfP/ c?
ef8fjfnf 5/–l5d]sLnfO{ / cfuf] lgefpg] ljefu -clUg–lgoGq0f ljefu_ nfO{ va/
ug'{xf]nf .
cfuf] lgefpg] pks/0f M oL pks/0fn] cfuf] lgefpg jf cfuf]–lgoGq0f
u5{g\ . 3/a]6L;Fu of] pks/0f k|of]u ug{] tl/sf l;Sg'xf];\ . o:tf pks/0f
ckf6{d]G6 jf 3/sf s'g s'g 7fpFdf /flvPsf 5g\, Vofn ug'{xf];\ .
Fire Safety
Smoke Alarms/smoke detector : A smoke alarm is a device that
detects smoke and a possible fire in your home. It will beep loudly to alert
you and your family if there is smoke or fire. Smoke alarms are usually
mounted on a wall or ceiling. Landlords must provide a smoke alarm in
your apartment. The smoke alarm must always be working because if
there is a fire, it can alert you and save your life. You are responsible for
replacing batteries in your smoke alarm when needed. All smoke alarms
should be tested once a month. To test it, touch the small “test” button
on the front. If it does not make a beep or alarm sound, the batteries or
alarm should be replaced immediately. Never take the smoke alarm down
permanently or leave the battery out of it. Do not cover it in any way.
Fire Doors : Some apartment buildings may have metal doors in the
hallways or at the top and bottom of stairs. These doors help prevent a fire
that might start in one apartment from spreading to other apartments in the
building. But they only help if they are kept closed. For the safety of you
and your family, never leave fire doors open. If you find one open, close
it.
Fire Alarms : An apartment building might have a fire alarm in the
hallway or other convenient location. These are usually painted red and
placed where tenants can sound the alarm. Use the alarm only when there
is a fire and you want to let other tenants know that there is a fire and to
call the fire department.
Fire Extinguishers : A fire extinguisher is a device used to put out or
control fires. Ask your landlord to show you how to use a fire extinguisher.
Know where the fire extinguishers are in your apartment or building.
m m m
17
cWofo # : lzIff
Chapter 3 : Education
lzIff
cd]l/sfdf afnaflnsf / jo:s -pd]/ k'u]sf] JolSt_ b'j}sf nflu lzIff lgs}
dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 . of] cWofodf ePsf hfgsf/Ln] tkfO{+nfO{ cd]l/sfsf] lzIff k4lt /
:s"nsf] jftfj/0f s:tf] x'G5 eg]/ a'ˇg d2t ug]{5g\ . of] cWofon] afnaflnsfsf]
lzIffdf cleefjssf] e"ldsfsf] dxÎjaf/] :ki6 kfg{'sf ;fy} jo:sx?sf] lzIffaf/]
hfgsf/L klg lbg]5 .
Education
Education is very important in the United States for both children
and adults. The information in this topic will help you understand the
educational system in the United States and the school environment
for children. It will also explain the important role parents play in their
children’s education and provide information on adult education.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
afnlzIff
/fHosf] sfg'gcg';f/ k|foMh;f] kfFrb]lv !^ jif{sf] pd]/;Ddsf ;a} afnaflnsf
:s"n hfg} k5{ . kfFrb]lv !* jif{;Ddsf afnaflnsfn] lgMz'Ns ;fj{hlgs lzIff
kfpF5g\ . k|To]s /fHon] slt pd]/ k'u]sf afnaflnsfn] :s"n hfg ;'? ug'{k5{
/ xfO{:s"n hfgsf nflu slt pd]/ rflxF a9L x'G5 eGg] JofVof u/]sf 5g\ .
s]xL /fHon] PSsfO; jif{x'Gh]n ;fj{hlgs :s"n hfg] lgod agfPsf 5g\ . k9\g
;d:of ePsf jf zf/Ll/s ckfª\u afnaflnsf clgjfo{ ?kdf :s"n hfg'k5{ . :yfgLo
:s"nn] tkfO{+;Fu ldn]/ afnaflnsfsf cfjZostfcg';f/ ;a} k|aGw ldnfpF5g\ .
tkfO{+n] cfˆgf gfgLnfO{ s:tf] :s"ndf k9fpg] eg]/ 5fGg ;Sg'x'G5 . ;/sf/L
:s"nx? lgMz'Ns x'G5g\ . s]xL cfly{s ;xfotf pknAw kfP klg lghL :s"nx?df
z'Ns ltg'{k5{ . s]xL lghL :s"nx? wfld{s x'G5g\ .
k'gjf{; ;+:yfn] tkfO{+sf gfgLnfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/L :s"n egf{ ug{ d2t
ug]{5g\ .
Child Education
State laws require that all children go to school, usually between the
ages of five and sixteen. Free public education is available for children
ages five to eighteen. Each state decides how old children must be to
start school and when they are too old to be in high school. Some states
allow students to attend public school until age twenty-one. Children with
learning or physical disabilities must go to school. The local school will
18 Education
work with you to address your child’s needs.
You can choose what kind of school you want your child to attend.
Public schools are free. Private schools cost money, although some
financial assistance may be available. Some private schools are religious.
Your resettlement agency will assist you register your children with
your local public school.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;/sf/L :s"nx¿
;/sf/L :s"nx?sf] Joj:yfkg …:s"n l8l:6«S6;\Ú gfds lgsfon] u5{g\ .
u|fdL0f If]qx?df :s"n l8l:6«S6 w]/} ;fgf x'g;S5g\ / Pp6f dfq :s"n x]/]sf
x'g;S5g\ . 7"nf zx/df :s"n l8l:6«S6n] ;of}+ leGgfleGg} :s"nx?sf] Joj:yfkg
u/]sf x'g;S5g\ . cd]l/sfsf ;/sf/L :s"nx?df ljleGg hflt / wd{sf gfgLx?
Pp6} sIffdf x'G5g\, ;Fu} k9\5g\ / ;fy} v]N5g\ . ;a}h;f] ;/sf/L :s"nx?df 5fq
/ 5fqfnfO{ Pp6} sIffdf /fv]/ k9fOG5 .
Public Schools
Public schools are managed by “school districts.” In rural areas, a school
district may be very small and operate only one school. In a large city the
school district may operate hundreds of different schools. In American
public schools, children from different races and religions attend class,
study, and play sports together. Boys and girls are taught together in almost
all public schools.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
vf]kx¿ -ODo'gfOh];G;\_
gfgLx?n] :s"ndf xflh/ x'g yfNg'cl3 s]xL /f]ulj?4 vf]k nufPsf] x'g'k5{ .
:s"nn] gfgLnfO{ vf]k nufPsf] k|df0fkq jf lrlsT;sn] n]v]sf] sfuh dfU5g\ .
:s"nnfO{ gfgLsf] :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;a} k'/fgf hfgsf/L klg rflxg ;S5 . k'gjf{;
;+:yfn] tkfO{+sf gfgLnfO{ vf]k lbnfpg / :s"nnfO{ lbg'kg{] sfuh–kqsf] aGbf]a:t
ug{ d2t u5{g\ .
Immunizations
Schools require children to be immunized against certain diseases
before they can attend classes. Your child’s school will require a copy
of your child’s immunization records or a doctor’s written statement.
The school may also require other medical history information. Your
resettlement agency will help you arrange the necessary immunizations
and papers to give to the school.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lzIff 19
:s"nsf ljleGg tx
gfgLx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] pd]/ / pgLx?n] kfO;s]sf] lzIffsf cfwf/df Pp6f
lglZrt sIff -u|]8_ df egf{ ul/G5 . s]xL :s"nn] gfgL s'g sIffdf k9\g ;S5
eGg] hfFRgsf nflu k/LIff klg lng ;S5g\ . sd c+u|]hL af]Ng] ;fgf gfgLx?nfO{
;'?df cln tNnf] sIffdf /fVg klg ;lsG5 . ;fdfGotM cd]l/sL :s"nsf txcg';f/
sIff / gfgLx?sf] pd]/ o;k|sf/ x'G5g\ M
• lk|–:s"n -P]lR5s_ – # b]lv $ jif{sf] .
• lsG8/uf6{g – % jif{sf] .
• Plnd]G6/L :s"n, w]/}h;f] sIff ! b]lv % ;Dd, gfgLx?sf] pd]/ ^ b]lv !! jif{ .
• ld8n :s"n, ;fdfGotM sIff ^ b]lv * ;Dd / gfgLx?sf] pd]/ !! jif{b]lv !$
jif{ .
• xfO{:s"n, ;fdfGotM sIff ( b]lv !@ ;Dd / gfgLx?sf] pd]/ !$ jif{b]lv
!* jif{ .
7\ofSs} pd]/ / sIffx? tkfO{+sf] :s"n l8l:6«S6df ©/s kg{ ;S5g\ .
School Structure
Children are placed in a certain grade level depending on their age and
how much education they have already received. Some schools may test a
student to determine what grade level is best. Younger children who speak
little English may be placed in a lower grade level at first. Usually, the
different grade levels and ages are:
• Pre-school (optional) – 3 to 4 years old.
• Kindergarten – 5 years old.
• Elementary School, usually grades 1 to 5; students are usually 6 to 11
years old.
• Middle School, usually grades 6 to 8; students are usually 11 to 14
years old.
• High School, usually grades 9 to 12; students are usually 14 to 18 years
old.
The exact ages and grades may be different in your school district.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
z}lIfs jif{
z}lIfs jif{ cu:t dlxgfsf] cGTolt/ jf ;]K6]Da/ dlxgf nfu] nuQ} ;'? x'G5 /
d] dlxgfsf] cGTo jf h"g dlxgfdf ;lsG5 . gfgLx? ;f]daf/b]lv z'qmaf/;Dd :s"n
hfG5g\ . :s"ndf k9\g] ;do ;f9] kfFr 306fb]lv ;ft 306f;Ddsf] x'G5 . of] ;do
gfgL s'g txsf] :s"ndf k'u]sf] 5, To;}df e/ k5{ . ;fj{hlgs labfx?, udL{ labf
-j;Gt Ct'sf] labf_ / hf8f]sf] 5'§L, / lzIfssf] tflndsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf lbg
gfgLx? :s"n hfFb}gg\ . c+u|]hL ljifodf lgk'0f x'g g;s]sf jf sIffdf sdhf]/
20 Education
dflgPsf ljBfyL{n] cfˆgf] k|ultsf nflu udL{sf] 5'§Ldf klg :s"n hfg'kg]{ x'g–
;S5 . cleefjsn] sIff–lzIfs÷sIff–lzlIfsf jf :s"n;Fu :s"nsf] jflif{s kfqf]
-Sofn]G8/_ dfUg'k5{ .
School Year
School years typically begin in late August or early September and
end in late May or in June. Children are in school Monday to Friday. The
school day is between five and a half to seven hours long, depending on
what school the child attends. Students do not attend school on national
holidays, during spring and winter breaks, and on days reserved for
teacher training. Students who need to improve their English or catch up
academically may have to attend summer school as well. Parents should
ask their child’s teacher or school for a school calendar.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
:s"ndf vfgf
gfgLx?n] lbpF;f]sf] vfgf -nGr_ :s"ndf vfG5g\ . a'af–cfdfn] agfOlbg] eP
gfgLx?n] nGr 3/af6 nfg ;S5g\ jf geP :s"ndf lsGg ;S5g\ . cfˆgf]
cfDbfgL sd eP lgMz'Ns jf ;x'lnot b/df :s"n] nGr kfpg lgj]bg lbg'k5{ .
nGr lgMz'Ns jf ;x'lnot b/df lbnfpg] ljifodf yk a'ˇg' k/] :s"ndf ;Dks{
/fVg'xf];\ . s'g}–s'g} :s"nn] laxfgsf] vfhf -a|]s©f:6_ klg VjfpF5g\ .
School Meals
Children eat lunch at school. Children can bring a lunch from home
that parents prepare for them, or buy lunch at school. Parents can apply
for children to receive free or reduced price school lunches, depending
on the household income. Parents should contact their child’s school for
information on how to apply. Some schools also offer morning breakfast
for students.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
xflh/L
ljBfyL{sf] xflh/L dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 . ljBfyL{n] ;dodf :s"n k'Ug'k5{ . cfˆgf] gfgL
:s"n k'Ug l9nf] x'g] eP jf uon x'g] eP ©f]g u/]/ pm lsg l9nf] jf uon ePsf]
xf] eGg] hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ . w]/} :s"nx?nfO{ gfgL uon x'g] jf ePsf] hfgsf/L
lnlvt ?kdf rflxG5 . cf©" uon ePsf] lbg 5'6]sf] k9fO ljBfyL{n] k"/f u5{g\
eGg] cfzf ul/G5 .
Attendance
School attendance is very important. Students must arrive at school on
time. You should always call the school to explain if your child is going
to be late or absent for any reason. Many schools also require a written
lzIff 21
explanation for any absence. Students are expected to make up any school
work they missed when they were absent.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
oftfoft
tkfO{+sf] a;f]af; :s"nglhs} 5 eg] gfgLx? lxF8]/ hfg–cfpg ;S5g\ . :s"n
6f9f 5 eg] :s"n–l8l:6«S6n] lgMz'Ns a; pknAw u/fpF5 . pSt a;n] gfgLx?nfO{
tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 n}hfG5 / :s"nkl5 NofP/ 5f8\5 . ;fgf gfgLsf cleefjsn]
laxfg a; r9\g] 7fpFdf a; gcfpGh]n a:g'k5{ . gfgLx?nfO{ a; r9fpg'k5{ .
a]n'sf ;'/lIft ?kdf 3/;Dd Nofpg gfgLx? cf]n{g] 7fpFdf cleefjs k'Ug'k5{ .
Transportation
If the school is near to where you live, children can walk to and from
school. If the school is far away, the school district will provide a free bus
that will pick your child up at a designated location and time and then drop
your child off after school. Parents of young children should always wait
with them at the bus stop in the morning and be at the stop to greet them
and take them home safely in the afternoon.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
:s"ndf k9fOg] ljifo
k|To]s /fHo / :s"n l8l:6«S6n] cfˆgf] If]qsf :s"nx?df s'g s'g ljifo
k9fpg] eGg] lg0f{o u5{g\ . ;fdfGo ?kdf ;a}h;f] ljBfyL{n] ul0ft, ;fdflhs lzIff,
c+u|]hL, lj1fg / zf/Ll/s lzIff k9\g'k5{ . rfxg]n] snf, ;ª\uLt / ljb]zL efiffx?
klg k9\g kfpF5g\ . xfO{:s"n / s]xL ld8n :s"nx?n] ljBfyL{x?nfO{ s'g} vf;
ljifosf] uxg cWoog ug{ rfx] w]/} ljsNkx? lbG5g\ . tkfO{+n] cfˆgf 5f]/f–
5f]/L;Fu To:tf ljsNkx?af/] 5n©n ug'{k5{ / pgLx?nfO{ To:tf ljifox? 5fGg
d2t ug'{k5{ . w]/}h;f] :s"ndf :s"n–;dokl5 v]ns'b / Snax? agfO u}/–z}lIfs
lqmofsnfk -k9fOafx]ssf lqmofsnfk_ x'G5g\ .
Subjects Taught
Each state and school district decides what subjects will be taught in
its schools. In general, most students study mathematics, social studies,
English, science, and physical education. Classes in art, music, and foreign
languages are also usually offered. High schools and some middle schools
give students many choices about what classes they will take within the
broad subject areas. You should discuss those choices with your children
and help them decide what subjects to select. Most schools also have non-
academic activities such as sports and clubs after school hours.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
22 Education
pRrlzIff
jo:ssf] lzIffsf nflu tkfO{+n] oxfF lgDg tx k9\g ;Sg'x'G5 -z}lIfs ;+:yf /
tx k"/f ug{ nfUg] cjlw_ M
• k|df0fkq -;l6{l©s]6_ tx M sDo'lg6L sn]h, 6«]8 jf Jofj;flos :s"nx? – 5
dlxgfb]lv b'O{ jif{ .
• Pzf]l;o6\; l8u|L M sDo'lg6L sn]h – b'O{ jif{ .
• :gfts tx -Aofrn;{ l8u|L_ M sn]hdf rf/ jif{ jf ljZjljBfno M rf/ jif{ .
• :gftsf]Q/ tx -df:6;{ l8u|L_ M Aofrn;{ l8u|L ;lsPkl5 Ps jf b'O{ jif{ .
• ljBfjfl/lw -8S6/]6_ M ljZjljBfno – df:6;{ l8u|L ;lsPkl5 b'O{b]lv * jif{ .
Higher Education
These are the different levels of adult education you can receive
(institution and time to complete) :
• Certificate: Community college, trade or vocational school – six months
to two years
• Associate’s degree: Community college - two years
• Bachelor’s degree: Four year college or university - four years
• Master’s degree: University – one or two years after bachelor’s degree
• Doctorate: University - two to eight more years after master’s degree
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
Jofj;flos tflnd
jo:sx?n] Jofj;flos jf k|fljlws :s"nx?df s'g} ljz]if k]zfsf nflu tflnd
lnP/ k|df0f–kq k|fKt ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . o:tf Jofj;flos jf k|fljlws tflnddf
wf/fsf] kfOksf] sfd, l;sdL{, uf8L d]sflgS;, sDKo'6/, lrlsT;f ;xfos / cGo
Jofkf/;DaGwL sfd cflb k5{g\ . s'g} hflu/ kfpg tkfO{+n] /f]huf/bftfnfO{ s'g}
ljz]if If]qdf tflnd lnP/ cf©";Fu k|df0f–kq ePsf] b]vfpg' kg]{ x'g ;S5 .
o:tf ljz]if ;Lksf tflnd– Jofj;flos :s"n, Jofkfl/s :s"n, k|fljlws sn]h jf
sDo'lg6L sn]hx?af6 kfOG5g\ .
Vocational Training
Adults can earn certificates from vocational or technical schools to show
they are trained for particular skilled occupations such as plumbing, carpentry,
auto mechanics, computers, medical assisting, and other trades. For some
jobs you need a certificate to show your employer that you are trained in a
specific skill. Schools that provide training in a specific skill are vocational
schools, trade schools, technical colleges, or community colleges.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
28 Education
;fd'bflos -sDo'lg6L_ sn]hx¿
sDo'lg6L sn]hx? klg :s"nx? x'g\, ToxfF k9]/ tkfO{+n] Pzf]l;o6 l8u|L kfpg
;Sg'x'G5 . pSt l8u|L k"/f ug{ tkfO{+nfO{ ;fdfGotM b'O{ jif{ nfU5 . s]xL sDo'lg6L
sn]hn] /ftL jf ;KtfxfGt -zlgaf/–cfOtaf/_ sIff rnfpg] ePsfn] cfˆgf] lgoldt
sfd u/]/ ljBfyL{ sIffdf xflh/ x'g ;S5g\ . Pzf]l;o6 l8u|Ln] tkfO{+sf] cfDbfgL
a9fpg d2t ug{ ;S5 . of] tx ;lsPkl5 tkfO{+ rf/ jif{sf nflu o'lgel;{6L
-ljZjljBfno_ klg hfg ;Sg'x'G5 .
Community Colleges
Community colleges are also schools where you can earn an Associate’s
degree. It usually takes two years to earn this type of degree. Some
community college courses are offered at night or on weekends so that a
student can work a regular job and attend classes. An Associate’s degree
can help you earn more money in your job. You can also transfer to a four-
year university after earning your Associate’s degree.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sn]h / ljZjljBfnox¿
sn]h jf ljZjljBfnodf :gfts tx -Aofrn;{ l8u|L_ k"/f ug{ rf/ jif{ nfU5 .
of] tx ;'? ubf{ ;a} ljBfyL{n] tf]lsPsf]÷clgjfo{ vfnsf] kf7\oqmd k'/f u/L cfwfl/t
1fg lng'k5{ . To;kl5 pgLx?n] rfx]sf] If]qdf ljz]if1tf xfl;n ug{ k9\g'k5{ .
:gfts txdf ljz]if1tf xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] If]qx? M Joj;fo Joj:yfkg, hLj lj1fg,
Oltxf;, ul0ft, lzIf0f jf OlGhlgol/ª cflb x'g\ . sn]h / ljZjljBfnox?df k9\g
c+u|]hL efiffdf ljz]if Ifdtf x'g'k5{ . s'g} klg pd]/sf] jo:s dflg; sn]h hfg
;S5g\ . sf]xL dflg; xfO{:s"n ;lsg] lalQs} sn]h hfG5g\ eg] sf]xL s]xL jif{
sfd u5{g\, cln kfsf] pd]/sf x'G5g\, clg sn]h hfG5g\ .
Colleges and Universities
At a college or university, you can earn a Bachelor’s degree in four
years. Students are usually required to complete a general curriculum
before specializing in a field such as business management, biology,
history, mathematics, teaching, or engineering. Colleges and universities
require a high level of English ability. Adults of any age can go to college.
Some people go to college right after they graduate from high school and
other people go when they are older and have worked for some years.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sn]hdf cfj]bg
sn]h jf ljZjljBfno egf{sf] cfj]bg lbg tkfO{+n] xfO{:s"n Uo|fh'o6 x'g]–x'g]
a]nf ePsf] jf lhO8L u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . tkfO{+n] Pp6f cfj]bg–©f/d eg'{k5{ / …P;P6LÚ
lzIff 29
jf …Pl;6LÚ h:tf 6]:6dWo] s'g} Ps 6]:6 lbg'kg{] x'g;S5 . of] 6]:6 lng'sf] cy{
Pp6f ljBfyL{;Fu ljleGg ljifodf s], slt / s:tf] 1fg 5 eGg] hfFRg' xf] .
sIff !! df k9\g] ljBfyL{n] xfO{:s"ndf ePsf ;Nnfxsf/;Fu Jofj;flos tflnd /
sn]haf/] 5n©n ug{ yfNg'k5{ . ljBfyL{ / cleefjsn] klg pRrlzIff
-sIff !@ kl5sf] lzIff_ af/] cfk;df 5n©n ug'{k5{ . sn]hsf nflu cfj]bg
k|foMh;f] ljBfyL{ sn]h hfg'eGbf ^ b]lv !@ dlxgfcl3 g} k]z ug]{ ul/G5 . sn]hn]
cfj]bg lbg] ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ egf{ ub}{gg\ . s]xL sn]hn] Psbd} yf]/} dfq ljBfyL{ egf{
lnG5g\ . h'g sn]hx?df cf©"n] egf{ kfpg ;S5' h:tf] nfU5 tL ;a} sn]hdf
cfj]bg lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 .
Applying to College
To apply to a college or university you need to be close to graduating
from high school or have a GED. You will need to fill out an application
and may be required to take a standardized test such as either the “SAT”
or “ACT” test. These tests evaluate your knowledge in several different
subjects. Students in 11th grade should begin to talk about vocational
training and colleges with their high school guidance counselor. Students
and their parents should discuss together the choices for higher education.
College applications must usually be submitted six to twelve months ahead
of the time when the student will enroll. Colleges do not accept all students
that apply. Some accept only a small percentage. It is important to apply to
some colleges that are most likely to accept you.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sn]hsf] k9fO vr{
sn]h jf ljZjljBfnodf k9\g z'Ns ltg'{k5{ . sn]hdf ltg]{ z'NsnfO{ 6\o"Ozg
elgG5 . ©/s sn]hdf 6\o"Ozg ©/s x'G5 . sn]h jf ljZjljBfnocg';f/
Ps jif{sf nflu pSt z'Ns jflif{s $ xhf/ 8n/b]lv *) xhf/;Dd x'G5 .
tkfO{+n] lstfa / cGo z'Ns klg a'emfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . rf/ jif]{ ljZjljBfnoeGbf
Jofj;flos tflnd jf sDo'lg6L sn]hx? ;:tf x'G5g\ . ;/sf/L ljZjljBfnox?
gLlheGbf ;:tf x'G5g\ . tkfO{+ cf©" a;]sf] /fHosf] ;/sf/L ljZjljBfno hfg'eof]
eg] tkfO{+nfO{ ;:tf] k5{ . cGo /fHosf] ljZjljBfnodf k9\g hfg'eof] eg] dxFuf]
x'G5 . 3/af6 sn]h jf ljZjljBfno gwfpg] xf] eg] 5fqfjf;df a:bf sf]7f /
vfgfsf nflu cltl/Qm z'Ns ltg'{k5{ .
The Cost of College
You must pay a fee to attend a college or university. The attendance
fee is called tuition and may be as little as $4,000 per year to as much as
$80,000 per year depending on the college. You also have to pay for books
and other school fees. Vocational training or community colleges cost
30 Education
less than four-year universities. Public universities cost less than private
universities. If you attend a public university in your own state, you pay
less than if you went to a university in a different state. Students who do
not live at home when going to college will have to pay additional fees for
a dormitory room and meals.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sn]hsf nflu e'StfgL
ev{/ k'gjf{; ePsf kl/jf/x?n] sn]hsf] k'/} z'Ns r'Stf ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .
sn]hsf] z'Ns ltg{ slxn]sfxLF tkfO{+n] s]xL ;xfotf kfpg ;Sg'x'G5 . cg'bfg,
5fqj[lQ jf cfly{s ;xfotfsf nflu lgj]bg lbg'k5{ . tkfO{+n] ljBfyL{–C0fsf nflu
klg lgj]bg lbg ;Sg'x'G5 . ljBfyL{–C0fdf lnPsf] /sd cf©" :gfts -Uo|fh'o6_
ePkl5 ltg{ ;'? ug'{k5{ . sn]h–z'Nsdf ykyfk /sd h'6fpgsf nflu lbgsf]
jf xKtfsf] s]xL 306f sfd ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . sn]hsf] cfly{s zfvf / xfO{:s"ndf
ePsf ;Nnfxsf/;Fu z'Ns ltg{] jf 5'6 kfpgsf nflu s] s:tf pkfo x'g;S5g\
eGg] hfGg 5n©n ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
w]/} ljBfyL{nfO{ sn]h z'Ns ltg{ ;+3Lo cg'bfg, C0f, / …sfd ub}{ k9\g]Ú h:tf
cj;/ pknAw 5g\ . …;+3Lo ljBfyL{ ;xfotfsf nflu lgMz'Ns cfj]bgÚ ©fˆ;f
-k|mL clKns];g ©/ ©]8]/n :6\o'8]G6 P8, P©PP©P;P_ df©{t o:tf ;'ljwf
kfOG5g\ . cleefjs / ljBfyL{ ldn]/ o;sf nflu lgj]bg lbg'k5{ . lgj]bg lbP/
dfq k'Ub}g\, cleefjssf] cfDbfgL / hfoh]yf x]/]kl5 dfq ljBfyL{nfO{ k9fO{sf nflu
cfly{s ;xfotf pknAw x'g] jf gx'g] lg0f{o x'G5 .
Paying for College
Most recent immigrant families will not be able to pay the full cost of
college. You can sometimes find assistance to help pay for college. You
can apply for a grant, scholarship, or financial aid. You can also apply for
a student loan, money that you borrow to pay for school and then start
repaying after you graduate. You can also seek part-time jobs to earn
money that will help pay for college. You can talk to the financial office
at the college and to your high school guidance counselor to find out what
options you have to help pay tuition.
Federal grants, loans, and work-study opportunities are available for
many students to help pay for college. These must be applied for using the
Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). Parents and student
must complete this application cooperatively because parents’ incomes
and assets are important in determining whether a student will be eligible
for any type of aid.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lzIff 31
m m m
33
m m m
43
d]l8s]o/
d]l8s]o/ eg]sf] ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] :jf:Yo ladf ;'ljwf xf] . o;n] a"9fkfsf
/ ckfª\unfO{ :jf:Yof]krf/df ;xfotf u5{ . of] ;'ljwf kfpg] JolSt ^% jif{ jf
;f]eGbf a9L pd]/sf] x'g'k5{ . t/ ;a} ^% jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9Lsf] JolSt of] ;'ljwfsf
nflu of]Uo x'Fb}g . cd]l/sfdf sDtLdf bz jif{ sfd u/]sf] / /f]huf/ ePsf a]nf
d]l8s]o/ s/ a'emfPsf] x'g'k5{ . bz jif{ /f]huf/ ePs} x'g'kg]{ ePsfn] ^% jif{ jf
;f]eGbf a9L pd]/sf z/0ffyL{n] k|foMh;f] d]l8s]o/ ;'ljwf kfpFb}gg\ .
Medicare
Medicare is a federal health insurance program for elderly and dis-
abled individuals. Persons who are 65 years old or older are eligible for
Medicare if they have worked at least ten years in jobs and paid Medicare
taxes as part of that employment. Because of the ten year employment
requirement, elderly refugees are not generally able to receive Medicare
benefits.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
d]l8s]8
d]l8s]8 :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;/sf/L ladf sfo{qmd xf], h;n] Go"g cfo ePsf
kl/jf/nfO{ s]xL jf k"/} :jf:Yo ;]jfx? lnPjfkt ltg]{ /sddf ;xfotf u5{ .
afnaRrf;lxt cd]l/sf cfPsf] z/0ffyL{ kl/jf/n] of] ;'ljwf kfpF5 . olb tkfO{+n]
…;lKnd]G6n ;]So'l/6L OGsdÚ -P;P;cfO_ ;'ljwf kfO/xg'ePsf] 5 eg] klg d]l8s]8
kfpg'x'G5 . d]l8s]8 ;'ljwf s;n] kfpF5 eGg] ;DaGwdf k|To]s /fHosf lgodx?
©/s 5g\ .
Medicaid
Medicaid is a government health insurance program that helps low-in-
come families pay for some or all of their medical bills. Refugee families
with children can get Medicaid when they come to the U.S. You can also
get Medicaid if you are receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI).
Every state has different requirements for who can get Medicaid.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
d]l8s]8sf nflu cfj]bg
tkfO{+ cd]l/sf cfPkl5 k'gjf{; ;+:yfn] d]l8s]8 ;'ljwf kfpgsf nflu cfj]bg
lbg d2t u5{ . d]l8s]8 ;'ljwf kfpg] lgod /fHolkR5] ©/s 5g\, To;}n] tkfO{+sf]
/fHodf s] s:tf hfgsf/L rflxG5 eg]/ a'ˇg cfjZos x'G5 . ;fdfGotM tkfO{+n]
kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:osf] hfgsf/L lbg'k5{, ;a}sf] ;f];n ;]So'l/6L sf8{ b]vfpg'k5{,
/ tkfO{+ sfg'gL ?kdf cd]l/sf lelqPsf] k|df0f k]z ug'{k5{ . tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] cfo–
;|f]t v'nfpg'k5{, tkfO{+sf] a}+s–vftfdf ePsf] /sdaf/] atfpg'k5{ tyf 3/ef8f,
46 Health Care
lah'nL, 3/ ttfpg kg]{ vr{ cflbsf] hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ . tkfO{+ ckfª\u x'g'x'G5 eg]
ckfª\utfsf d]l8sn k|df0fx? k]z ug'{k5{ . tkfO{+ of] ;'ljwfsf nflu of]Uo xf] jf
xf]Og x]l/G5 / ;'ljwf kfO/xgsf nflu s]xL dlxgfsf] cGt/df o:tf k|df0fx?
b]vfO/xg' k5{ .
Applying for Medicaid
Your resettlement agency will help you apply for Medicaid after you
first arrive in the U.S. The exact rules are different in each state, so you
will need to learn what information is required in your state. Generally you
will need to provide information about everyone in your family, show their
social security cards, and show that you have been legally admitted to the
U.S. You will also need to show proof of your income, how much money
you have in a bank, the rent you pay for your apartment, electricity, heat,
etc. If you are disabled, you will be required to provide medical records
that show your disability. Your eligibility will be checked and you will
need to prove that you are still eligible every few months.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
d]l8s]8sf] k|of]u
tkfO{+n] d]l8s]8 ;'ljwf kfpg' eof] eg] tkfO{+nfO{ Pp6f ;fgf] sf8{ lbOG5 .
tkfO{+n] pSt sf8{ cfˆgf] cf}ifwf]krf/df ;+nUg 8fS6/, lSnlgs jf c:ktfndf
b]vfpg'k5{ . pSt sf8{n] tkfO{+nfO{ :jf:Yo ;'ljwf lbnfpF5 . s'g}–s'g} c:ktfn /
8fS6/n] eg] d]l8s]8 rnfpFb}gg\ . To;/L sxLF d]l8s]8 rn]g eg] cf}ifwf]krf/sf]
lan cf©}Fn] r'Stf ug'{k5{ .
Using Medicaid
If you are eligible for Medicaid, you will be given a small card that you
must show at the doctor’s office, clinic, or hospital. That card will allow
you to receive health care services. Some hospitals and doctors do not ac-
cept Medicaid. If they do not accept Medicaid, you will be responsible for
paying your bill.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
d]l8s]8 ;'ljwfsf] ;Ldf
z/0ffyL{sf ?kdf cd]l/sf cfPsf] ;ft jif{;Dd tkfO{+n] d]l8s]8 ;'ljwf kfpg'–
x'G5 . s'g} /fHodf ;ft jif{eGbf a9L d]l8s]8 ;'ljwf x'g] rflxF ToxL /fHosf] lgoddf
e/ k5{ . afnaRrf gePsf jf cfDbfgL /fd|f] ePsf z/0ffyL{ d]l8s]8 ;'ljwfsf nflu
of]Uo gx'g ;S5g\ .
Limits on Receiving Medicaid
As a refugee, you can receive Medicaid for up to seven years after you
arrive to the United States. It is optional for states’ Medicaid programs to
:jf:Yo ;]jf 47
cover you more than seven years. Refugees who do not have children or
who make too much money may not qualify for Medicaid.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
z/0ffyL{ d]l8sn ;xfotf
olb tkfO{+ d]l8s]8 ;'ljwf kfpg cof]Uo 7xg'{ eof] eg] tkfO{+sf] cf}ifwf]krf/
vr{ cd]l/sf cfPsf] klxnf] cf7 dlxgf z/0ffyL{ d]l8sn ;xfotf -/]ˆo'hL d]l8sn
Pl;:6]G;_ gfds sfo{qmdn] a]xf]5{ . Tof] cf7 dlxgfkl5 of] ;'ljwf kfpg'x'Gg .
Refugee Medical Assistance
If you are not eligible for regular Medicaid, a program called Refu-
gee Medical Assistance can pay for your medical bills for the first eight
months after you arrive in the United States. After those eight months, you
will no longer be eligible for this program.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
:jf:Yo ;'/Iff
olb tkfO{+sf] lghL :jf:Yo ladf, /]ˆo'hL d]l8sn Pl;:6]G;\, jf d]l8s]8 5}g /
tkfO{+ pkrf/sf nflu 8fS6/sxfF jf c:ktfn hfg'eof] eg] ;a} d]l8sn lanx?
cf©}Fn] r'Stf ug'{k5{ .
Health Coverage
If you do not have private health insurance, Refugee Medical Assis-
tance, or Medicaid and you need to go to the hospital or see a doctor, you
will have to pay all the medical bills yourself.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
8fS6/ jf :jf:Yo;DaGwL lSnlgsx¿
tkfO{+ la/fdL x'g'eof] eg] 8fS6/sf] cl©; -sfof{no_ jf x]Ny lSnlgs hfg'–
x'G5 . tkfO{+nfO{ vf]k lng'k¥of] jf /ut hfFRg'k¥of] jf cfˆgf] :jf:Yo l7s
eP÷gePsf] hfFRg] h:tf :jf:Yo ;'ljwf rflxP klg ToxfF hfg'x'G5 . Psk6s
ToxfF uP/ ;]jf lnPjfkt tkfO{+n] %) b]lv Ps ;o %) 8n/;Dd ltg'{kg]{ x'g–
;S5 . tkfO{+sf] lghL :jf:Yo ladf jf d]l8s]8 5}g eg] :jf:Yo ;]jfjfktsf] lan
cf©}Fn] r'Stf ug'{k5{ .
Doctors and Health Clinics
A doctor’s office or health clinic is where you go if you feel sick, if you
need health services like vaccinations or blood tests, or for check-ups to
make sure your health is good. One visit to a doctor may cost $50 to $150.
Without private health insurance or Medicaid you will be responsible for
payment.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
48 Health Care
hf“Rg] ;do
w]/}h;f] 8fS6/sf] cl©; / lSnlgsaf6 s]xL ;]jf kfpg' 5 eg] klxn] g}
©f]g u/]/ ;do lng'k5{ . tkfO{+nfO{ hfFRg jf k/LIf0f ug{ ldnfOg] ;do s]xL lbg
jf xKtfkl5 x'g ;S5 . o;/L ldnfOPsf] ;do la;{g' x'Gg . Tof] ;dodf k'Ug l9nf]
ug'{x'Gg . lbOPsf] ;doeGbf s]xL klxn] g} 8fS6/sf] cl©; / lSnlgsdf k'Ug'–
xf];\ . !* jif{eGbf ;fgf] pd]/sf afnaRrfsf] k/LIf0f ug{ hfFbf a'af jf cfdf ;fy}
x'g'k5{ .
Appointments
Most doctor’s offices and clinics require you call to make an appoint-
ment. Appointments may be a few days or even weeks after you call. When
you have made an appointment for you or a member of your family, it is
important that you keep the appointment. Do not be late. Arrive at the doc-
tor’s office or clinic before your appointed time. Children under the age of
18 must have their mother or father with them at all appointments.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lgoldt :jf:Yo k/LIf0f
tkfO{+ / kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ jif{sf] Ps k6s 8fS6/n] hfFRg'k5{ . tkfO{+ :j:y
g} eP klg 8fS6/n] tkfO{+sf] k/LIf0f ug'{x'G5 . /f]un] RofKg'eGbf klxn] g} o:tf]
lgoldt k/LIf0f u/] tkfO{+ ladf/ x'g'eGbf klxn] ;d:of eP ©]nf kg{ ;S5 .
Routine Medical Exams
It is important that you and your family go to the doctor once a year
for a “check-up.” The doctor will examine you even if you feel healthy.
By having a check-up, some diseases can be found before they become
serious.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
8fS6/nfO{ e]6\bf
8fS6/sxfF hfFbf cf©"nfO{ s:tf] eO/x]sf] 5 eg]/ ;a} eGg'k5{ . 8fS6/n]
eg]sf] tkfO{+n] a'lem/xg' ePsf] 5÷5}g klg eGg'k5{ . tkfO{+nfO{ yf]/} c+u|]hL
cfpF5 eg] 8fS6/, lSnlgs jf c:ktfnn] bf]efif] ;]jf pknAw u/fpg'k5{ .
8fS6/;Fu s'/f ug{ cf©"nfO{ bf]efif] dfUg' tkfO{+sf] clwsf/ xf] . bf]efif]sf] sfd
ug]{ JolSt tkfO{+n] 8fS6/ e]6]s} 7fpFdf cfpg;S5g\ jf 6]ln©f]gaf6 ;xfotf ug{
;S5g\ .
Seeing a Doctor
When you visit a doctor, it is very important to tell the doctor how you
feel and that you understand what the doctor is saying. If you have limited
English skills, the doctor, clinic, or hospital should provide interpretation
:jf:Yo ;]jf 49
services. It is your right to ask for an interpreter to help you communicate
with the doctor. The interpreter may be a person who will join you at your
appointment or may be on the telephone.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
bf]efif]sf] k|of]u
:jf:Yo ;]jfdf sfd ug]{ bf]efif]x?n] :jf:Yo;DaGwL hfgsf/L cg'jfb ug{] tflnd
lnPsf x'G5g\ . pgLx?n] tkfO{+nfO{ g]kfnLdf a'emfpF5g\ / tkfO{+n] eg]sf] c+u|]hLdf
abn]/ 8fS6/nfO{ ;'gfpF5g\ . olb tkfO{+n] a'ˇg'ePg eg] 8fS6/ jf bf]efif]nfO{
bf]xf]¥ofOlbg cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ . k|Zg ;f]Wg g8/fpg'xf];\ .
bf]efif]x?n] ;a} hfgsf/L lgtfGt / uf]Ko /fVg'k5{ . To;sf] cy{ pgLx?n]
tkfO{+sf] :jf:Yo, cf}ifwf]krf/ jf k/LIf0fsf nflu lbOPsf] ;do;DaGwL hfgsf/L
s;}nfO{ eGg ldNb}g . tkfO{+ 8fS6/;Fu /fd|/L c+u|]hL af]Ng hfGg] geP;Dd
:jf:Yof]krf/sf] ;dosf nflu bf]efif]sf] ;]jf dfUg'xf];\ . afnaflnsfsf] c+u|]hL /fd|}
eP klg o:tf a]nfdf pgLx?nfO{ bf]efif]sf ?kdf k|of]u gug'{xf];\ .
Using an Interpreter
A health care interpreter has been trained to interpret medical informa-
tion so you can understand it in Nepali and to make sure that your doctor
understands what you are saying. If you do not understand the doctor, you
should ask the doctor or interpreter to repeat what they are saying. Do not
be afraid to ask questions.
Interpreters are required to keep all information private and confiden-
tial. This means they cannot speak to anyone else about your health, medi-
cal treatment, or medical appointments. When you make an appointment
you should always ask for a Nepali interpreter until your English is good
enough to talk with the doctor. Never use children as interpreters, even if
their English is very good.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
clu|d :jLs[lt
tkfO{+n] 8fS6/sf] cl©;, lSnlgs jf c:ktfnaf6 :jf:Yo ;]jf rfxg'eof]
eg] pkrf/ ug{ :jLs[lt lbPsf] Pp6f sfuhdf tkfO{+n] x:tfIf/ ug'{k5{ . c7f/
jif{d'lgsf gfgLx?sf] pkrf/ ug'{kbf{ To:tf] sfuhdf tkfO{+n] x:tfIf/ ug'{k5{ .
o;/L cuf8L g} lnOg] :jLs[ltnfO{ …OG©D8{ sG;]G6Ú -clu|d :jLs[lt_ elgG5 . olb
tkfO{+ c+u|]hL a'ˇg'x'Gg eg] Tof] sfuhdf s] n]lvPsf] 5 eg]/ ;f]Wg jf a'ˇg kfpg'
tkfO{+sf] clwsf/ xf] .
Informed Consent
When you seek certain health care services, at a doctor’s office, clinic,
or hospital, you may be asked to sign a paper to give them permission to
50 Health Care
treat you. You will also need to sign a paper for them to treat your children
who are less than 18 years old. This is known as “informed consent.” You
have the right to be told what the paper says if you cannot read English.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
uf]kgLotf
tkfO{+nfO{ csf]{ Pp6f sfuhdf klg x:tfIf/ ug{ nufOG5, To;df :jf:Yo
;]jf pknAw u/fpg] JolStn] tkfO{+sf] :jf:Yo tyf JolStut hfgsf/L s;}nfO{ lbg]
5}gg eg]/ n]lvPsf] x'G5 . tkfO{+n] pSt sfuhdf x:tfIf/ ug'{sf] cy{ tkfO{+n]
pSt sfuhdf n]v]sf] ;a} s'/f a'ˇg' ePsf] 5 eGg] 7x5{ . tkfO{+n] To;df s]xL
JolStsf] gfd n]Vg ;Sg'x'G5, h;nfO{ tkfO{+sf] cj:yf jf pkrf/af/] s'/fsfgL ug{
ldN5 . o:tf gfddf tkfO{+sf] >Ldfg, tkfO{+sL >LdtL, pd]/ k'u]sf] ;Gtfg, jf tkfO{+n]
e/f]zf ug]{ JolSt s;}sf] x'g;S5 . tkfO{+n] pSt sfuhdf s;}sf] gfd pNn]v
ug'{ePg eg] :jf:Yo;]jsn] s;};Fu klg tkfO{+sf] cj:yf jf pkrf/af/] 5n©n ug{
ldNb}g . olt;Dd ls >Ldfg jf >LdtL;Fu klg 5n©n ug{ ldNb}g .
Confidentiality
You will also be asked to sign another paper, one that states that the
health care provider will not share any of your health and personal informa-
tion with anyone else. When you sign the paper, it means that you under-
stand and agree. You may list on the form names of people that you give
the provider permission to discuss your condition or treatment with. This
might include your husband, wife, adult child, or other person that you
trust. If you do not list anyone, then the provider will not be able to discuss
your condition or treatment with anyone, not even your husband or wife.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
c:ktfnx¿
cd]l/sfsf 7"nf zx/x?df w]/} c:ktfnx? x'G5g\ . ;fgf zx/df Pp6fdfq
c:ktfn x'g ;S5 . tkfO{+ la/fdL x'g'eof] eg] 8fS6/n] tkfO{+nfO{ c:ktfn k7fpg'
x'G5 . tkfO{+ c:ktfn egf{ ePkl5 tkfO{+sf] :ofxf/sf nflu Pp6f sf]7f, g;{x?
/ 8fS6/ lbOG5 . ljz]if k/LIf0f ug{ ;lsG5 / cf}ifwLx? klg lbg ;lsG5 .
la/fdL eP/ c:ktfn egf{ x'g' dxFuf] x'G5 . tkfO{+sf] s] s] k/LIf0f ug'{k5{ /
tkfO{+nfO{ s:tf] cf}ifwL rflxG5 To;sf cfwf/df c:ktfn vr{ lbgsf] Ps xhf/
8n/ jf Tof]eGbf a9L nfUg ;S5 . lghL :jf:Yo ladf jf d]l8s]8 5}g eg] :jf:Yo
;]jfjfktsf] lan cf©}Fn] r'Stf ug'{k5{ .
Hospitals
Large cities in the U.S. have many hospitals. Smaller towns may have
only one hospital. Your doctor may send you to a hospital if you are very
:jf:Yo ;]jf 51
sick. If you are “admitted” at a hospital, you will be given a bed in a room,
nurses and doctors will care for you, special tests may be done, and you
may be given medicines. Staying in a hospital is very expensive. It may
cost $1,000 per day or more, depending on what tests and medicines are
required. Without private health insurance or Medicaid you will be re-
sponsible for payment.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cfkftsflng :ofxf/
w]/}h;f] cfkftsflng :jf:Yo ;]jfx? :yfgLo c:ktfnsf] …Odh]{G;L ?dÚ jf
…ch]{G6 s]o/ ;]G6/Ú df pknAw x'G5 . crfgs x'g] :jf:Yo ;d:of, Hofg
hf]lvddf kg]{ cj:yf / r/d :jf:Yo ;d:ofx? ePdf dfq cfkftsflng :jf:Yo
;]jf lng'k5{, h:t} M
• xf8 efFlrP jf v'g axg] h:tf uDeL/ 3fOt] ePdf .
• ;f; ©]g{ sl7gfO ePdf .
• r]tgf u'dfP jf a]xf]z ePdf .
• ljiffSttfsf] z+sf ePdf .
• cfTdxTofsf] k|of; u/]df .
• d'5f{ k/] jf sfFk]df -sfFd]df_ .
• crfgs nfl6P jf xft–uf]8f rnfpg c;dy{ ePdf .
• crfgs uw{g;lxt crfSnL 6fpsf] b'v]df jf r]tgf u'dfPdf .
• ;f; ©]g{ ufx|f], xftx? lr;f eP / kl;gf cfP/ 5ftL, sfFw, jf kfv'/f b'v]df .
cfkftsflng cj:yfafx]s pkrf/sf nflu Odh]{G;L ?ddf slxNo} ghfg'xf];\ .
8fS6/sf] cl©;df ©f]g ug'{xf];\ / hfFRgsf nflu ;do ldnfP/ dfq hfg'xf];\ .
Odh]{G;L ?ddf pkrf/ ug{ hfg'k¥of] eg] tkfO{+sf] /f]u yfxf kfpg ul/g] 6]:6x?
/ /f]u lgsf] kfg{ lbOg] cf}ifwLcg';f/ ToxfFsf] vr{ sDtLdf %)) ;o 8n/ jf a9Ldf
!) xhf/ 8n/eGbf dfly k'Ug ;S5 . lghL :jf:Yo ladf jf d]l8s]8 5}g eg] cfkft–
sflng sIfdf kfPsf] ;]jfsf] lan r'Stf ug{] lhDd]jf/L tkfO{+sf] x'G5 .
Emergency Care
Most emergency health services are provided at a local hospital “emer-
gency room” or “urgent care center.” Using emergency care is only for
sudden, life threatening, and extreme health problems. Examples include:
• Severe injuries including possible broken bones or bleeding.
• Difficulty breathing.
• Loss of consciousness, fainting.
• Suspected poisoning.
• Attempted suicide.
• Seizures or convulsions.
52 Health Care
• Sudden numbness or inability to move an arm or leg.
• Sudden severe headache with neck pain or change in consciousness.
• Pain in chest, shoulder, or arm with shortness of breath, cold hands,
sweating.
Do not go to an emergency room for treatment for something that is
not an emergency. Call your doctor’s office and make an appointment to
see your doctor.
An emergency room visit may cost as little as $500 or more than $10,000
depending on the tests and medicines that they provide you. Without pri-
vate health insurance or Medicaid you will be responsible for payment.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
PDa'n]G;
pkrf/ cfjZos ePsf] cfkftsflng cj:yfdf la/fdLnfO{ ;'/lIft / rfF8f]
c:ktfnsf] Odh]{G;L ?dsf k'¥ofpg sl7g x'g;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf (!!
df ©f]g ug'{xf];\ . ©f]g p7fpg] JolStnfO{ s] ;d:of k/]sf] 5 atfpg'xf];\ /
PDa'n]G; k7fOlbg' eGg'xf];\ . Pp6f PDa'n]G; / cfkftsflng d]l8sn ;d"x tkfO{+
ePsf 7fpFdf cfpF5 . pxfFx?n] la/fdLsf] cj:yf / s;/L o:tf] eof] eg]/
;f]Wg'x'G5 . o:tf k|Zgsf] pQ/ rfF8f] / k"/f lbg'xf];\ . pxfFx?n] la/fdLnfO{
…P:6«]r/Ú df /fv]/ PDa'n]G;df /fVg'x'G5 . pxfFx?n] la/fdLnfO{ c:ktfnsf]
cfkftsflng–sIf -Odh]{G;L ?d_ n}hfg'x'G5 . pSt 6f]nLn] slxn]sfxLF kl/jf/sf]
Ps ;b:onfO{ nfg ;Sg'x'G5 . t/ ;fdfGotM la/fdL nu]kl5 kl/jf/sf ;b:o / cGo
;xof]uLn] uf8Lsf] aGbf]a:t u/L c:ktfnsf] cfkftsflng–sIf k'Ug'k5{ .
PDa'n]G;sf nflu tkfO{+n] % ;o 8n/ jf Tof]eGbf a9L ltg'{kg]{ x'g;S5 .
PDa'n]G; vr{ la/fdLnfO{ c:ktfn k'¥ofpFbf nfUg] ;dodf e/ k5{ . lghL :jf:Yo
ladf jf d]l8s]8 5}g eg] PDa'nG; ;]jfjfktsf] lan cf©}Fn] r'Stf ug'{k5{ .
Ambulances
In a medical emergency, getting safely and quickly to an emergency
room at a hospital can be difficult. Telephone 911. Tell the operator the
problem and ask for an ambulance. An ambulance and emergency medical
team will be sent to your location. They will ask questions about the con-
dition of the patient and the cause of the emergency. Try to answer them
quickly and fully. They may place the patient on a stretcher and then into
the ambulance. They will take the patient to the emergency room at the
hospital. Sometimes they may also be able to take one family member, but
usually family members and others will have to find their own transporta-
tion to the hospital emergency room.
A trip in an ambulance may cost $500 or more depending on the time
:jf:Yo ;]jf 53
it takes. Without private health insurance or Medicaid you will be respon-
sible for payment.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
vf]kx¿
Ps JolStaf6 csf]{df ;g]{ /f]unfO{ ;+qmfds /f]u elgG5 . vf]kx?n] To:tf
/f]u lgoGq0f u5{g\ . :s"n hfg] gfgLx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] pd]/;Dddf nufpg] ;a}
vf]k nufPsf] x'g'k5{ . lu|g–sf8{ kfpgsf nflu cfj]bg lbFbf g} tkfO{+n] ;a} vfnsf
vf]k nufPsf] x'g'k5{ . 8fS6/ jf lSnlgsdf tkfO{+n] s'g s'g vf]k nufO;s]sf] 5
eg]/ x]l/G5 / cfjZos vf]k nufOG5 . tkfO{+n] kl/jf/sf k|To]s ;b:osf] lnlvt
vf]k–ljj/0f lng'k5{ . pSt ljj/0fdf s'g vf]k slxn] nufOPsf] xf] eg]/ n]lvPsf]
x'G5 .
kl/jf/sf ;a}sf] vf]k–ljj/0f ;'/lIft /fVg'xf];\ . s'g}–s'g} a]nf oL ljj/0fsf
k|ltlnlk -©f]6f]skL_ x? tkfO{+ jf afnaRrfsf nflu rflxg ;S5 .
Immunizations
Immunizations are responsible for the control of many infectious dis-
eases, diseases that can be given from one person to another. Your children
must have up-to-date immunizations in order to attend school. You will
need up-to-date immunizations when you apply for your Green Card. Your
doctor or clinic can check your immunization history and give you any
needed immunizations. You should get a written report for each family
member that shows when and what immunizations they have received.
Keep those reports in a safe place as you or your children may need
copies of them.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
d]l8sn k/LIf0fx¿
8fS6/n] tkfO{+nfO{ ljz]if k/LIf0f -6]:6_ x? u/]/ Nofpg'xf];\ eGg ;Sg'x'G5 .
To;a]nf tkfO{+ k|of]uzfnf -Nofaf]/]6/L_ hfg'k5{, ToxfF /ut lbg'k5{ jf cGo 6]:6x?
ul/G5g\ . s]xL 6]:6x? c:ktfnd} klg ul/G5g\, 6]:6 ubf{ tkfO{+nfO{ egf{ ul/Fb}g .
6]:6dfq ul/g] la/fdLnfO{ …cfp6–k];]G6Ú elgG5 . tkfO{+ cfp6–k];]G6 xf] . tkfO{+sf
ljleGg 6]:6 u/]/ ljZn]if0f ubf{ tL Nofaf]/]6/Lx?n] Pp6f 6]:6sf] Ps ;o 8n/ jf
Tof]eGbf a9L lng;S5g\ . lghL :jf:Yo ladf jf d]l8s]8 5}g eg] oL 6]:6x?sf]
lan cf©}Fn] r'Stf ug'{k5{ .
Medical Tests
Your doctor may order special tests to be done. You may need to go to
a laboratory to have blood taken or to have other tests done. Sometimes
the tests will be done at a hospital but you will not be admitted. You will
54 Health Care
be an “outpatient.” Laboratories that do the tests and analysis may charge
$100 or more for each test. Without private health insurance or Medicaid
you will be responsible for payment.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
PS;–/], Pdcf/cfO / l;6L :Sofgx¿
tkfO{+sf leqL c+udf s] eO/x]sf] 5 eg]/ 8fS6/n] cem hfGg vf]Hg ;Sg'x'G5 .
o;sf nflu pxfFn] tkfO{+nfO{ PS;/], Pdcf/cfO :Sofg, jf l;6L :Sofg h:tf 6]:6
u/]/ Nofpg'xf];\ eGg ;Sg'x'G5 . oL cfw'lgs ljlwx? xf8, k]6, 6fpsf]sf] leqL efu,
jf z/L/sf cGo efusf] ©f]6f] lvRg] sfd x'g\ . Pp6f PS;–/]sf] Ps ;o 8n/ jf
;f]eGbf a9L kg{ ;S5, k|To]s Pdcf/cfO jf l;6L :Sofgsf] ! xhf/ % ;o 8n/ jf
;f]eGbf a9L kg{ ;S5 . lghL :jf:Yo ladf jf d]l8s]8 5}g eg] o:tf ;]jfjfktsf]
lan cf©}Fn] r'Stf ug'{k5{ .
X-rays, MRI And CT Scans
Your doctor may want to know more about what is happening inside
your body. To do this, your doctor may order an x-ray, an MRI scan, or
a CT scan. These are all ways that a doctor can get a photograph of your
bones, stomach, inside of your head, or other part of your body. Each x-ray
may cost $100 or more, each MRI or CT scan may cost $1,500 or more.
Without private health insurance or Medicaid you will be responsible for
payment.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
ldgfxf / cfly{s ;xfotf
w]/} 8fS6/, lSnlgs, / c:ktfndf ladf gul/Psf tyf Go"g cfo ePsf
la/fdLnfO{ sxLF s]xL ldgfxf / sxLF lgMz'Ns pkrf/ ul/lbOG5 . olb cfˆgf]
d]l8s]8 jf lghL ladf ul/Psf] 5}g eg] ldgfxf / lgMz'Ns pkrf/ kfpg sxfF, s;/L
/ s:tf] lgj]bg lbg'k5{ egL 8fS6/nfO{, lSnlgs, / c:ktfndf ;f]Wg'xf];\ . lgj]bg
lbFbf tkfO{+sf] cfDbfgL / cGo hfgsf/L dfluG5 . tkfO{+sf] lgj]bg :jLs[t eof] eg]
pkrf/–vr{df lgs} 5'6 x'g ;S5 .
Discounts and Financial Assistance
Many doctors, clinics, and hospitals provide discounts or even free
care to patients who have no insurance and very little income. If you do
not have Medicaid or private health insurance, ask your doctor, clinic, or
hospital how to apply for any discount or free care. They will ask you to
provide proof of your income and other information. If you are approved,
they may make a large reduction in your bill.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
:jf:Yo ;]jf 55
m m m
62
63
cWofo ^ : vfB ;'/Iff tyf kf]if0f
Chapter 6 : Food Safety and Nutrition
:j:y kl/jf/
vfg]s'/f aflx/ v'nf /fVg'eof] eg] oLgsf sf/0f ls/f, d";f, / 5'r'Gb|f
3/leq cfpg ;S5g\ . o:tf ls6 / hLjn] /f]u klg NofpF5g\ . vfgf
tof/Ldf ;©f;'U3/sf] Vofn ugf{n] / vfgf htg;fy yGsfpgfn] b"lift vfgfsf
sf/0f x'g] la/fdLaf6 tkfO{+sf] kl/jf/ ;'/lIft /xG5 . b"lift vfgfaf6 x'g] ladf/x?–
kvfnf, Hj/f], k]6 b'vfO, lbuldu, afGtf x'g\ .
Keeping Your Family Healthy
If you leave food out, it may attract insects, rats, and mice into your
home, all of which can bring diseases. Good hygiene in food preparation
and storing your food correctly helps keep your family from getting sick
from spoiled food. Sickness from spoiled food may include diarrhea, fe-
ver, abdominal cramps, nausea, or vomiting.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
vfgf tof/L
vfgf tof/ kfg'{ jf ksfpg'cl3 ;fa'g–kfgLn] xft w'g'xf];\ . r'Nxf] jf l;Í–
5]psf] ;tx -efG;fsf] l8n– sfpG6/ 6k_ jf 6]a'ndf ;Lw} vfg]s'/f -t/sf/L, df;'
cflb_ /fv]/ rSs'n] gsf6\g'xf];\ jf g6'So|fpg'xf];\ . sf6s'6 ug]{ af]8{, Kn]6 jf
cGo s]xL tx /fv]/ sfpG6/ 6ksf] /Iff ug'{xf];\ . tnf÷e'OFdf /fv]/ klg vfg]s'/f
gsf6\g'xf];\ . vfg]s'/f tof/ ePkl5 sfpG6/ 6k / sf6\g] -6'So|fpg]_ af]8{nfO{
;fa'g–kfgLn] ;©f ug'{xf];\ . o;f] ubf{ l8n ;©f x'G5 / la/fdL kfg{] AofS6]l/of
/f]lsG5g\ .
Food Preparation
Before beginning any meal preparation, wash your hands with soap and
water. Do not chop or slice food with a knife directly on a countertop. Use
a cutting board, plate, or other surface to prevent damaging the countertop.
Never cut food on the floor. After preparing food, wash the counters and
cutting boards with soap and water to keep counters clean and to prevent
bacteria that may cause sickness.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
vfgfsf] ;'/Iff
ksfPsf] vfgfnfO{ Knfl:6sn] g9fsL, kGgL jf sk8fn] g5f]kL nfdf] ;do;Dd
To;} g5f8\g'xf];\ . vfg]s'/f 5f]k]/ /fVg' / /]lk|mlh/]6/ jf lk|mh/leq /fVg' pQd
x'G5 .
64 Food Safety and Nutrition
Keeping Food Safe
Never leave cooked food out on the counter for long without covering
it with plastic wrap, foil, or a cloth. It is better to cover food and keep it in
the refrigerator or freezer.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sf“rf] / ksfPsf] vfgfsf] k|of]u
sfFr} vfg] vfgf, h:t} M ©n©"n / t/sf/Lx?nfO{ vfg'eGbf klxn] kvfNg'–
k5{ . sfFrf] df;'nfO{ ksfpg' / vfg'eGbf klxn] kf]sf] kf/]/ jf aGb a§fdf xfln s]xL
lglZrt ;dosf nflu /]lk|mlh/]6/df /fVg'k5{ . df;', c08f, / t/sf/L ksfpg tof/
kfg'{cl3 xft w'g'xf];\ . kfs]sf] vfgf, ljz]if u/L df;', vfgsf nflu tftf] x'g'k5{ eg]
/]lk|mlh/]6/df yGsfpFbf ;]nfPsf], kf]sf] kfl/Psf] jf a§fdf /flvPsf] x'g'k5{ . laxfg
ksfPsf] vfgf a]n'sfsf] vfgf vfg] a]nf;Dd sf]7fsf] tfkqmddf /fVg'x'Gg .
Handling of Raw and Cooked Food
Foods that are meant to be eaten raw, like fruits and some vegetables,
should be rinsed in water first. Raw meat should be covered and kept in
the refrigerator only a limited time before cooking and eating. Wash your
hands before beginning to prepare meat, eggs, and vegetables for cooking.
Cooked foods, especially meat, should be kept hot for eating or should be
cooled, covered, and then be placed in the refrigerator. Food cooked in the
morning should not be left at room temperature until an evening meal.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
/]lk|mlh/]6/ / lk|mh/
olb ksfPsf] vfg]s'/f kl5 vfgsf nflu /fVg'x'G5 eg] o;nfO{ 5f]k]/ jf
lasf]{ ePsf] Knfl:6ssf] a§fdf xfn]/ dfq /]lk|mlh/]6/df /fVg'k5{ . ha tkfO{+sf] vfg]
a]nf x'G5, ta ttfpg ;Sg'x'G5 . /]lk|mlh/]6/sf v08x? slxn]sfxLF ;fa'g–kfgLn]
;©f ug'{xf];\ .
Refrigerator and Freezer
If you are saving cooked food to eat at a later time you should always
cover it or place it in a plastic container with a cover and then put it in
your refrigerator. When you are ready to eat the food, you can re-heat it
on your stove. Once in a while clean the shelves in the refrigerator with
soap and water.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
ef“8fjt{gsf] ;˚fO
vfgf vfPkl5 efF8f dfˇg] ;fa'gn] ;a} efF8fjt{g d:sfpg' k5{ . d:sfPkl5 ;a}
efF8fjt{g kfgLn] kvfNg'k5{ . csf{]k6s rnfpgsf nflu efF8fjt{g ;'Vvf ePsf] x'g'–
vfB ;'/Iff tyf kf]if0f 65
:j:y afnaflnsf
tkfO{+sf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ kf]l;nf] vfgf lbg' dxÎjk"0f{ xf] . 7"nfnfO{ h:t} ;fgf–
nfO{ klg kf]l;nf vfgf rflxG5, t/ dfqf eg] cfsf/ / pd]/cg';f/ ©/s
x'G5 . gfgLx?sf bfFt / xf8x? alnof agfpg pgLx?n] b"w vfg'k5{ .
afnaflnsfn] lrNnf] a9L ePsf vfg]s'/f h:t}M lrK;, s'lsh -la:s'6_ / tof/L
vfgf -©f:6 ©"8_ vfg' x'Gg . afnaflnsfn] l7Ss dfq ;f]8f vfg'x'G5 . hlt w]/}
;f]8f vfof], Tolt w]/} lrgL vfOG5 . gfgLx?n] kf}li6s vfgf vfP eg] pgLx?n]
k9fO, v]ns'b cflbdf /fd|f] u5{g\ / pgLx? cgfjZos df]6fpFb}gg\ .
Healthy Children
It is important to give your children healthy food. Children need the
same healthy food as adults, but in amounts appropriate to their size and
age. Make sure children drink enough milk to build strong bones and teeth.
Children should not eat a lot of high fat foods, such as cookies, chips, and
fast food. The number of sodas children drink should be limited as most
sodas have high amounts of sugar. When children eat healthy food, they
do better in school and avoid becoming overweight.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;fgf gfgLnfO{ 7f]; vfgf
;fgf gfgLnfO{ 7f]; vfgf v'jfpg] ;do eg]sf] …kf:gL ug]{ a]nfÚ xf] . ;fgf
gfgLnfO{ 7f]; vfgf v'jfpg ta yfNg], ha p –
• kfFrb]lv 5 dlxgfsf] x'G5 .
• c8]; gnfuL a:g yfN5 .
• 6fpsf] / 3fF6L ;lhn} 3'dfpg jf c8fpg ;Sg] x'G5 .
• vfg rf;f] lbG5 / rDrf glhs n}hfFbf d'v vf]N5 .
t/ aRrf Ps jif{sf] gx'Gh]n ©n©"nsf] /; v'jfpg h?/L 5}g . v'jfpg]
ljrf/ ug'{eof] eg] Ps lbgdf $ b]lv * cf}G; v'jfpg'xf];\ . af]tnaf6 ©n©"nsf]
/; gv'jfpg'xf];\ . rDrfn] v'jfpg'xf];\ . ;'Gtnf / 6df6/sf] h'; gv'jfpg' /fd|f]
x'G5 .
Solid Foods for Babies
The traditional “Rice-feeding ceremony” marks the time when a baby
is first fed solid food. You can begin to feed a baby solid food when the
baby:
• is five to six months old.
• no longer needs support to sit up.
• can turn his/her neck and head.
• is hungry and can open his/her mouth if spoon is offered.
It is not urgent to feed fruit juice to a baby that has not reached the age
70 Food Safety and Nutrition
of one year. Feed only four to eight ounces of juice in a day. Do not feed
juice from a bottle. Do not feed orange or tomato juice.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
vfgf vfg] lglZrt ;do
5f]/f5f]/L / cf©" ;fy} a;]/ vfgf vfg] ;dodf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] lbge/sf s] s] u/]
eg]/ hfGg] df}sf ldN5 . To;}n] ;a} ;fy} a;]/ vfgf vfg] ug'{xf];\ . o:tf] a]nfdf
cfˆgf ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f / d"No–dfGotfsf s'/f klg ug{'k5{ . kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:o
Ps};fy a;]/ vfgfn] gfgLx? lg/f]uL x'G5g\ / :s"ndf pgLx?n] /fd|f] u5{g\ . ;fy
a;]/ vfgfn] kl/jf/sf ;a} Ps–cfk;df lgs6 /lxG5 .
Healthy Meal Time
Use family meal time to find out about your children’s day and to share
your culture and values with them. Children who eat with their family on
a regular basis are healthier and do better in school. Eating together also
helps families stay more connected to each other.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
kf]l;nf vfBfGg kfOg] bf]sfg
vfgfdf s] s] vfg] eg]/ of]hgf agfpg'xf];\ / vfBfGg vl/bdf hfg'cl3
lsGg'kg]{ vfBfGgsf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ . t/sf/L / ©n©"n dxFuf kfOP eg]
hdfOPsf jf a§f–aGb t/sf/L / ©n©"n lsGg'xf];\ . b'O{ sDkgLn] agfPsf Pp6}
vfBfGgsf] d"No bfFh]/ x]g'{xf];\ . ;:tf] lsGg'xf];\, k};f art ug'{xf];\ . cf©"nfO{
rflxFg] vfBfGg–dWo] d"No–36fOPsf jf 5'6df /flvPsf x]g'{xf];\ . cf©"nfO{ lgoldt
rflxFg] vfBfGg lsGg] :6f]/ kfPkl5 klxnf] t k};f art x'G5, bf];|f] tkfO{+ /
kl/jf/sf nflu kf]l;nf vfBfGg lsGg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
Shop for Healthy Foods
Plan your meals and make a list before going food shopping. If fresh
fruit and vegetables cost too much, buy frozen or canned ones. Compare
brands and buy the lowest cost brand to save money. Look for sales or
discounts on food you need. By knowing your food store, you can save
money and buy healthy foods for you and your family.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
vfB–:6f]/x¿
vfBfGg lsGgsf nflu oxfF ljleGg vfnsf bf]sfgx? x'G5g\ . ;'k/dfs]{6nfO{
/;b bf]sfg klg eGg] ul/G5 . oL bf]sfg 7"nf x'G5g\ . ;'k/dfs]{6df w]/} k|sf/sf
vfBfGg kfOG5g\ . tkfO{+ a;]sf] ckf6{d]G6af6 o:tf bf]sfg 6f9f x'g;S5g\, ToxfF
k'Ug tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] uf8L lnP/ hfg'k5{ jf a; r9\g' kg]{ x'g;S5 . cf©" a;]glhs}
;fgf bf]sfg x'G5g\, h;nfO{ …;'ljwf bf]sfgÚ elgG5 . o:tf bf]sfgdf tof/L vfgf
vfB ;'/Iff tyf kf]if0f 71
/ k]o kbfy{ h:tf ;Lldt vfg]s'/f dfq a]lrG5g\ . s'g vfBfGgsf] df]n l7Ss xf]
eGg] kQfnufpg a]Unfa]Un} bf]sfgdf kfOg] Pp6} vfg]s'/fsf] df]n bfFh]/ x]g'{k5{ .
7"nf bf]sfgdf eGbf ;fgf bf]sfgdf ToxL s'/f slxn]sfxLF dxFuf] x'G5 .
Food Stores
There are different kinds of stores where you can buy food. Supermar-
kets, also called grocery stores, are large and have many, many kinds of
foods. They may be a long distance from your apartment and you may need
to drive or take a bus to them. In some neighborhoods there are smaller
stores, called “convenience stores,” that sell a limited number of foods,
especially snack foods and drinks. You should compare the prices for the
same foods among different stores to determine which ones generally have
the best prices. Often, but not always, you will discover that the prices at
small stores are higher than at larger supermarkets.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
s[ifssf] ahf/
zx/glhs} ©nfOPsf s[lif–pTkfbgx? s[ifsx?n] zx/df a]Rg NofpF5g\, o:tf
ahf/ …s[ifssf ahf/Ú x'g\ . o:tf ahf/ v'nf 7fpFdf jf 3/leq hxfF klg
nfUg;S5g\ . o:tf ahf/ lbgx'F jf xKtfsf] s'g} lglZrt lbg jf lbgx?df nfUg
;S5g\ . o:tf ahf/sf ©n©"n / t/sf/L tfhf x'G5g\ . s[ifssf] ahf/df uP/
s[lif–pTkfbg lsGg' g]kfn jf e"6fgsf xf6df uP/ lsg]h:t} xf] . o:tf ahf/sf
s[lif–pTkfbg lslglbFbf :yfgLo s[ifs kl/jf/x?nfO{ d2t klg x'G5 .
Farmers' Markets
A “Farmer’s Market” is a location where farmers who live near your
city bring their produce to sell. It may be indoors or outdoors. It may be
every day or only certain days of the week. The fruits and vegetables are
generally very freshly picked. Shopping at a farmer’s market is more like
food shopping in Bhutan or Nepal. When you buy food at a farmer’s mar-
ket you are also helping local farm families.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
vfgfdf ljj/0f
cd]l/sfdf sfg'gtM kf]sf jf a§fdf /fv]/ a]lrg] ;a}h;f] vfg]s'/fsf] aflx/
sfuh -krL{÷af]wkq_ 6fFl;Psf] jf /flvPsf] x'G5 . pSt kf]sf jf a§fdf /flvPsf]
vfgfaf/] krL{df hfgsf/L lbOPsf] x'g'k5{ . krL{df pSt vfg]s'/f tof/ kfbf{
ld;fOPsf vfB–;fdu|Lx?sf] ;"rL ;dfj]z x'G5 . To;}u/L pSt vfg]s'/fdf xfd|f]
z/L/sf nflu cfjZos lrgL, g'g, k|f]l6g, lrNnf] / cGo kf]ifs tÎjsf] dfqf klg
n]lvPsf] x'G5 . tkfO{+ /fd|/L c+u|]hL k9\g hfGg'x'G5 eg] klg krL{df n]lvPsf]
kf]if0f;DaGwL hfgsf/Lsf] cy{ c?af6 a'ˇg ;Sg'x'G5 .
72 Food Safety and Nutrition
Food Labeling
By law, most packaged and processed foods sold in the United States
must have information about the contents printed on the package or con-
tainer. This will include a list of the ingredients in the prepared food. It
will also include information about how much sugar, salt, protein, fat, and
other nutrients the product contains. Even if you can read the English well,
you may want someone to explain the meaning of the nutritional informa-
tion.
m m m
73
/]Ho'd]
s]xL hflu/sf nflu /f]huf/bftf;Fu ;a} vfn] tYo /fVg ldNg] jf dfUg]
vfnsf] lgj]bg gx'g ;S5 . To;sf] ;§f pxfFx?n] tkfO{+nfO{ …/]Ho'd]Ú lbg'xf];\
eGg'x'g]5 . /]Ho'd]n] tkfO{+sf] z}lIfs–of]Uotf, sfdsf] cg'ej / tkfO{+n] rfx]sf]
sfdaf/]df :ki6 kf/]sf] x'g'k5{ . …/]Ho'd]Ú xftn] n]lvPsf] x'g'x'Gg . 6fOk ul/Psf]
x'g'k5{ . cf©"nfO{ /fd|f] …/]Ho'd]Ú tof/ kfg{ cfpFb}g eg] klxn] …/]Ho'd]Ú agfO;s]sf
;fyL;Fu d2t lng'xf];\ .
Resume
For some jobs, employers will not have a standard application. Instead,
they will ask you to give them your resume. Your resume should highlight
your education, work experience, and type of job that you are seeking. It
should be typed, not hand written. If you are unfamiliar with how to write
a good resume, you should ask a friend who has done this to help.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cGtjf{tf{sf] tof/L
cGtjf{tf{df hfFbf o:tf tof/L ug'{xf];\ M
• hfg'kg]{ 7fpF, ;do, ldlt / e]6\g'kg{] JolStsf] gfd hfGg'xf];\ .
• ;doeGbf cl3 k'Ug] Joj:yf ldnfpg'xf];\ .
• skfn sf6\g'xf];\ . ;©f / ;'lsnf] n'uf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
• k]; ug{'kg{] dxÎjk"0f{ sfuhft, h:t} M ;f];n ;]So'l/6L sf8{, kl/ro–kq -cfO8L
sf8{_ jf cGo Nofpg' elgPsf k|df0fkq jf sfuhft cflb tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
• cf©"n] sfd ug]{ ;+:yf, sfof{no cflbsf af/]df k|z:t hfgsf/L vf]Hg'xf]; /
k9\g'xf];\ .
• /]Ho'd]df n]lvPsf ;a} tYo ofb kfg'{xf];\ .
• cf©"n] ;f]Wg] k|Zgx? tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
• cf/fd ug'{xf];\ . ylst cj:yfdf cGtjf{tf{df hfg' gk/f];\ .
• cf©"n] xfl;n u/]sf ;Lk / cg'ejaf/] eGg tof/ x'g'xf];\ .
• vfgf l7Ss vfg'xf];\ . cGtjf{tf{df hfg'cl3 r'/f]6÷/S;L vfPsf] /fd|f] x'Gg .
How to Prepare for a Job Interview
Make these preparations for your interview
• Know the place, time, date, and name of the person who will interview
you.
• Arrange to arrive before the time of the interview.
• Have clean hair and wear neat, clean clothes.
• Bring your social security card, photo ID, and other papers that have
been requested.
• Find and review information about the business.
hflu/ / /f]huf/L 77
o:tf] Od]n jf kqdf cGtjf{tf{ lnFbf eGg la;{]sf ljifodf klg n]Vg ;lsG5 .
• cGtjf{tf{kl5 klg tkfO{+nfO{ ©f]gdf©{t s'/f ug{ vf]Hg] ;+efjgf ePsfn]
sDkgL jf sfof{noaf/] yk hfgsf/L lnP/ a:g'xf];\ .
Post Interview Courtesy
After the interview you should do these things:
• Thank the interviewer at the end of the interview.
• Ask how you will know the result of the interview.
• Send a thank you letter or email to the interviewer 1-3 days after the in-
terview. You can also write about anything you forgot to discuss during
the interview.
• Sometime after your interview, you may be contacted by phone. So col-
lect some more information about the company and be ready.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sfd yfNg'cl3
/f]huf/bftfn] tkfO{+nfO{ hflu/ lbG5g\, pgLx?n] tkfO{+ o:tf s'/f atfpg]5g\ M
• tkfO{+sf] Hofnf jf tna slt x'G5 <
• tkfO{+sf] Hofnf jf tna slxn] lbOG5 <
• tkfO{+sf] sfd ug{] ;do–tflnsf s:tf] x'g]5 <
• tkfO{+n] xKtfdf slt 306f sfd ug'{kg]{5 <
• sfd ubf{ :jf:Yo ;'/Iff, 3/fo;L labf / la/fdL labf h:tf ;'ljwf 5g\ eg]
tkfO{+n] s] slt kfpg'x'G5 <
Starting A Job
When an employer offers you a job, they should tell you:
• How much the wage or salary will be.
• When you will be paid.
• Your work schedule.
• How many hours a week you will need to work.
• If you will receive benefits, like health coverage, vacation days, and
sick days.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sfddf ;˚n /xg] s]xL h'lStx¿
• /f]huf/bftfn] lbPsf] ;do–tflnsfcg';f/ sfd ug'{xf];\ .
• l7s ;dodf sfddf k'Ug'xf];\ .
• sfddf k'Ug l9nf] x'g] eP ;'k/efOh/nfO{ va/ ug'{xf];\ .
• la/fdL eP dfq la/fdL–labf lng'xf];\ .
• sfddf lbg la/fpg] gug'{xf];\ . la/fdL x'Fbf jf 3/–kl/jf/df ckem{6 sfd k/]/
hfg g;s] ;'k/efOh/nfO{ va/ ug'{xf];\ .
hflu/ / /f]huf/L 79
cfo -cfDbfgL_
tkfO{+n] tf]lsPsf] cjlwe/ sfd u/]/ sdfPsf] /sddf s/ jf /f]Ssf /sd
gsfl6Psf] s'n /sd hDdf tna xf] . v'b tna eg]sf] s/ jf :jf:Yo ladf sf6]–
kl5sf] s'n /sd xf] . olx v'b tna tkfO{+n] …e'Stfg r]sÚ df©{t kfpg'x'G5 .
Income
Gross pay is your pay before any deductions have been subtracted
from it. Net pay is your pay after deductions have been subtracted from
it, such as taxes and health insurance. This is the amount you will receive
on your paycheck.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
tkfO{+sf] tna s;/L e'Stfg ul/G5 <
tkfO{+n] tna e'StfgL r]ssf ?kdf, gub jf tkfO{+sf] a}+s–vftfdf hDdf x'g]
u/]/ kfpg ;Sg'x'G5 . tkfO{+nfO{ hlxn] klg e'StfgL ljj/0f ePsf] …e'Stfg /l;bÚ
-k] :6a_ lbOG5 . …e'Stfg /l;bÚ n] tkfO{+n] sdfPsf] /sd / To; /sddf s'g
ljifodf s] s6f}tL u/]/ slt tkfO{+nfO{ lbOof] eGg] :ki6 n]lvPsf] x'G5 . tkfO{+sf]
/f]huf/bftfn] tkfO{+nfO{ sfd u/]jfkt gub lbg'eof] / …e'Stfg /l;bÚ lbg'ePg eg]
tkfO{+x? b'j}n] sfg'g tf]8]sf] 7x5{ .
How You May Be Paid
Your pay may be given to you by check, by cash, or may be directly
deposited in your bank account. You should always be given a pay stub.
The pay stub is a piece of paper that tells you how much you were paid,
how much was deducted and for what purpose. If your employer pays you
in cash and does not give you a pay stub, both you and the employer are
breaking the law.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
s/x¿
cd]l/sL ;/sf/n] s/jfktsf] /sd ;fdflhs ;'/Iff -;f];n ;]So'l/6L_, sfg'g
sfof{Gjog, lzIff / ;fj{hlgs oftfoft cflbsf] nfutdf vr{ u5{ . hf]sf]xL
cd]l/sfdf a:5 / cfDbfgL u5{ eg] sfg'gcg';f/ k|To]s jif{ p;n] s/–l©tL{ ©f/d
eg'{ k5{ / s/ ltg'{k5{ .
Taxes
The U.S. government uses taxes to help pay for things such as social
security, law enforcement, education, and public transportation. Anyone
who lives in the United States and earns an income is required by law to
file a tax return every year and to pay any taxes they owe.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
82 Jobs and Employment
Go"gtd Hofnf
cd]l/sfdf Ps sfdbf/sf] Go"gtd Hofnf p;n] sfd ug]{ /fHocg';f/ ©/s
kg{ ;S5 . tkfO{+sf] /f]huf/bftfn] tkfO{+nfO{ Go"gtd HofnfeGbf sd lbg'
sfg'glj?4 xf] .
Minimum Wage
In the United States, the minimum wage an employer can pay you de-
pends on the state where you work. It is against the law for your employer
to pay you less than the minimum wage.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cflh{t cfo–s/ pwf/f]
cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf] Pp6f ljz]if sfo{qmd 5, h;n] sfd ug]{ s]xL JolStsf
nflu cfly{s ;'ljwf lbg] u5{ . o;nfO{ cflh{t cfo–s/ pwf/f] -cG8{ OGsd–6\ofS;
qm]l86_ elgG5 . olb tkfO{+sf] cfDbfgL sd 5 / kfNg'kg{] 5f]/f5f]/L w]/} 5g\ eg]
cfo–s/ a'emfPkl5 tkfO{+ of] ;'ljwf kfpg of]Uo x'g'x'G5 . of] ;'ljwfdf s/ lt/]kl5
s]xL /sd l©tf{ kfOG5 / Ps jif{df a9Ldf % xhf/ 8n/;Dd x'g;S5 . t/ of]
;'ljwf eg] tkfO{+sf] kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ / cfDbfgLdf e/ k5{ .
Earned Income Tax Credit
The United States has a special program that provides financial benefits
to some people who work. This is the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC).
If your family’s annual income is low and if you have children to support,
when you file your income tax, you may be eligible to receive these ben-
efits. The benefit could be as much as $5,000 for the year, but it depends
on the size of your family and the amount you earn by working.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
hflu/df a9'jf
cd]l/sfdf tkfO{+n] ug{] klxnf] sfd To;cl3 cGt st} u/]sf] sfd;Fu gldNg
;S5 jf sfdaf6 yf]/} cfDbfgL x'g;S5 . t/ oxfF s'g} sfd ug'{eof] eg] To;n]
cem /fd|f] sfd vf]Hg cg'ej lbG5 / ;Lk l;sfpF5 . tkfO{+n] ;f]r]cg';f/sf] sfd
gkfP klg h] sfd u5'{ eg]/ :jLsfg'{ lgs} dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 .
Job Upgrading
Your first job in the United States may not be related to your former
profession or pay a lot of money, but it will give you experience and skills
to find a better job. It is important to accept a job offer even if it is not what
you expected.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
hflu/ / /f]huf/L 83
hflu/af6 al~rt
tkfO{+sf /f]huf/bftfn] tkfO{+nfO{ sfdaf6 x6fpg ;S5g\ . slxn]sfxLF pgsf]
sfdn] ©fObf gsdfO/x]sf] x'g;S5 . slxn]sfxLF tkfO{+sf] sfd c:yfoL klg
x'g;S5 . clg slxn]sfxLF tkfO{+n] uNtL ug'{eof] jf c;'/lIft tl/sfn] ug'{eof]
jf ;'k/efOh/n] tf]s]cg';f/ sfd gu/]sf] x'g;S5 . ha tkfO{+nfO{ /f]huf/bftfn]
hflu/af6 al~rt u5{g\, ta pgn] s] sf/0fn] x6fOof] atfpg'k5{ .
Losing a Job
Your employer may terminate your work. Sometimes the reason is that
the business is not successful. Sometimes it is because your job was only
temporary. Sometimes it may be that you did something incorrectly or
unsafely or did not perform up to the standards of your supervisor. When
your job is being terminated, your employer should tell you why.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
a]/f]huf/ ;'ljwfx¿
a]/f]huf/sf nflu Pp6f ;/sf/L sfo{qmd 5 . o; a]/f]huf/ ladf sfo{qmdaf6
cfˆgf] uNtLlagf hflu/af6 al~rt x'g] sfdbf/nfO{ lglZrt cfly{s ;xfotf lbg]]
ul/G5 . of] ;'ljwf kfpg tkfO{+n] :yfgLo a]/f]huf/ sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg'k5{ .
o;;DaGwL lgod / tkfO{+n] kfpg;Sg] ;'ljwf /fHolkR5] ©/s x'G5g\ .
Unemployment Benefits
The United States has an unemployment insurance program that pro-
vides some limited financial assistance to workers who lose their jobs
through no fault of their own. To receive such assistance you must apply
at a local unemployment office. The rules and amount of benefits differ in
different states.
m m m
84
85
cWofo * : JolStut ;/;˚fO / nQf–sk8f
Chapter 8 : Personal Hygiene and Clothing
JolStut ;/;˚fO
sfddf hfg] 7"nf dflg; x'g\ jf :s"n hfg] gfgLx? x'g\, ;a}n] cfˆgf] z/L/sf]
x]/rfx ug'{ lgs} cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf] x]/rfx ul/of] eg] cf©" / kl/jf/ ladf/
kb}{g . tkfO{+ / kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] z/L/sf] x]/rfx ug{sf nflu ljleGg vfnsf
pTkfbgx? kfOG5g\ .
Personal Hygiene
Taking care of your body is important for work, school, and to keep
you and your family from getting sick. There are many different products
to take care of your body.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
JolStut ;/;˚fOsf pTkfbg
JolStut ;/;©fOsf pTkfbgx?df z/L/sf] uGwgfzs -l8of]8]/]G6_, AofS6]l/of–
gfzs ;fa'g, uGwgfzs ;fa'g, bGtdGhg, ZofDk", slG8;g/, nf];g / c? s}og\ w]/}
5g\ . oLdWo] s'g pTkfbg s] sfdsf nflu k|of]u ug]{ eg]/ cndn x'g ;S5 .
Products for Personal Hygiene
Products include deodorant, antibacterial soap, deodorant soap, tooth-
paste, shampoo, conditioner, lotion, and many more. It can be confusing
what products to use for what purposes.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sL6f0f'
JolStut ;/;©fOsf oL pTkfbgdWo] s'g}–s'g} rflxF xfdLnfO{ sL6f0f'af6 6f9}
/fVgsf nflu k|of]u ul/G5g\ . sL6f0f'x? ;'Id hLj x'g\ . oLgn] xfdLnfO{ ladf/
kf5{g\ . xfd|f cfFvfn] sL6f0f' b]Vb}gg\ .
Germs
Some of these products are used to protect us from germs. Germs are
tiny, living things that can make us sick. Germs are too small for our eyes
to see.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
xft w'g'
sL6f0f' dfg]{ ;aeGbf pQd pkfo AofS6]l/of–gfzs jf uGwgfzs–;fa'gsf]
k|of]u xf] . xft w'g] afgLn] ?3f / Hj/f] h:tf ladf/ kfg{] To:tf ;'Id hLj ;lhn}
©}nb}gg\ .
86 Personal Hygiene and Clothing
day. Conditioner keeps your hair from becoming too dry after washing.
You should use conditioner after shampoo in the shower. Some products
combine shampoo and conditioner in one bottle which can help you save
money.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
z/L/sf] uGwgfzs
z/L/af6 cfpg] uGw sd ug{ sfvLdf nufpg] pTkfbgnfO{ uGwgfzs -l8of]–
8]/]G6_ elgG5 . l8of]8]/]G6– emf]n, h]n -3f]n_, l;sf{ cfpg] -:k|]_ ?kdf kfOG5g\ .
s'g} l8of]8]/]G6 ;]tf] /+usf x'G5g\, o:tf] /+usf] l8of]8]/]G6 k|of]u ubf{ sk8fdf ;]tf
bfu a:5g\ . /+u gePsf l8of]8]/]G6 k|of]u ugf{n] o:tf bfu a:b}gg\ . k'?if / dlxnf
b'j}n] l8of]8]/]G6 k|of]u u5{g\ . k'?if jf dlxnfsf nflu 5'§f5'§} lsl;dsf l8of]–
8]/]G6 agfOPsf x'G5g\ .
Deodorant
Deodorant is applied under your armpits to reduce body odor. Deodor-
ants are available in liquid, gel, or spray. Some deodorants are white and
leave white powder on your clothing. Using a clear gel can help avoid this
problem. Deodorants are used by both men and women and most are made
specifically for either a man or woman.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
bf“t df‰g'
luhf / bfFtsf] x]/ljrf/ ugf{n] bfFt lvOb}gg\ / bfFt b'Vg] ;d:ofn]
;tfpFb}g . dGhg nufP/ lbgx'F tLgk6s bfFt dfˇg'xf];\ . k|To]s tLg dlxgfdf
gofF a'?; lsGg'xf];\ .
Brushing Teeth
Taking care of your teeth and gums prevents tooth decay and tooth-
aches. Brush your teeth three times a day with toothpaste. Buy a new
toothbrush every three months.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
bf“taLrsf] ;˚fO
bfFtsf cGt/s'Gt/df /x]sf vfgfsf 6'qmf6'lqm -n]u|f]_ x6fpg ˆn; -bfFt ;©f
ug]{ wfuf]_ k|of]u ug'x{ f];\ . bfFt /fd|/L ;©f ug{ jif{df b'O{k6s bfFtsf] 8fS6/sxfF
hfg'xf];\ .
Flossing Teeth
Use dental floss to remove food remains in your teeth. Visit a dentist
two times a year to have your teeth professionally cleaned.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
88 Personal Hygiene and Clothing
sk8f w'g]
yf]/} k6s nufPsf jf ©f]xf]/ b]lvPsf n'uf w'g'xf];\ . o;f] ubf{ n'uf ;©f /
af:gfbf/ x'G5g\ . 3fp–vl6/f cfpg glbg xKtfdf Psk6s tGbf / l;/fgLsf]
vf]n w'g'xf];\ . n'uf w'g] sfd 3/wGbf h:tf] lgoldt x'g'k5{ .
Laundry
Wash your clothes after wearing them only a few times or if they have
become visibly dirty. This keeps your clothes clean and smelling good.
Wash your bedding (sheets and pillow covers) at least once a week to pre-
vent skin rashes. Doing the laundry should be a regular chore.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sk8f w'nfO
tkfO{+ a;]sf] ckf6{d]G6df sk8f–w'g] :jrflnt dl;g x'g;S5, h;nfO{
Snf]b\; jf;/ elgG5 . ckf6{d]G6df 5}g eg] tkfO{+ a;]glhs} sk8f w'g] Joj;fo
nG8«f]Dof6 x'g;S5 . sk8f–w'g] dl;g rnfpg l;Ssf rflxFg ;S5 . sk8f lnP/ uP–
kl5 pSt dl;gdf cfˆgf sk8f / sk8f–w'g k|of]u ul/g] ;fa'g xfNg'xf];\ . dl;g
rnfpg'xf];\ . dl;gdf tkfO{+n] w]/} sk8f xfNg'eof] eg] To;n] /fd|/L sfd ub}{g .
sk8f w'g #) ldg]6 jf a9L ;do nfUg ;S5 . sk8f wf]O ;s]kl5 dl;g aGb
x'G5 . wf]Psf ;a} sk8fx? aflx/ lgsfNg'xf];\ . tL sk8f …;'sfpg] dl;gÚdf
xfNg'xf];\ . sk8f ;'sfpg] dl;gnfO{ 8«fo/ elgG5 . …8«fo/Ú df sk8f ;'sfpg 5'§}
k};f rflxg ;S5 .
Doing Laundry
You may have a clothes washer in your own apartment, a machine that
automatically washes clothes. If not, there may be clothes washers nearby
in your apartment building or in a business called a laundromat. Those
nearby will probably require coins to operate. Put clothing and laundry
detergent into the machine. Then start the machine. If you pack too many
clothes into the washing machine it will not work correctly. The wash-
ing cycle may take 30 minutes or more. When the washing machine has
finished washing the clothes, take them out and put them in a different
machine, a dryer. The dryer may also cost money.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sk8f w'g] ;fa'g
dl;gdf n'uf w'g k|of]u ug]{ ;fa'gnfO{ …nG8«L ;f]kÚ elgG5 . nufpg] n'uf /
la5\of}gfsf sk8f w'g dfq …nG8«L ;f]kÚ k|of]u ul/G5 . g'xfpg] ;fa'g -hLp / skfn_
/ …nG8«L ;f]kÚ ©/s pTkfbg x'g\ . …nG8«L ;f]kÚ, 7f]; -w'nf]_ jf emf]n x'g;S5g\ .
o:tf] ;fa'g s'g} :6f]/df jf …nG8«f]Dof6Ú df lsGg kfOG5g\ .
JolStut ;/;kmfO / nQf–sk8f 89
Laundry Soap
Laundry soap is used to wash your clothes and bedding. Laundry soap
is different from the soap you use to wash your body and hair. The laundry
soap for clothes washing machines may be liquid or solid. You can buy
laundry soap in stores or at a laundromat.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
nQf–sk8f
7]6 cd]l/sL klx/geGbf g]kfnL jf e"6fgL klx/g ©/s x'G5g\ . cd]l/sfdf
tkfO{+n] OR5fcg';f/ n'uf nufpg ;Sg'x'G5 . sk8f nufpFbf df};d / cf©" sxfF
hfg] xf] Vofn ug'{k5{ .
Clothing
Typical American clothing is different from traditional Nepali or Bhu-
tanese clothing. In America you are free to wear whatever clothing you
choose. When choosing what to wear, you should consider the weather
and where you will be going.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
k/Dk/fut n'uf
tkfO{+n] rfx]sf a]nf cfˆgf k/Dk/fut n'ufx? M ;f/L–rf]nf], bf}/f–;'?jfn, /
g]kfnL–6f]kL nufpg ;Sg'x'G5 . t/ ;g\ @))! ;]K6]Da/kl5 s]xL cd]l/sLx?
gf}nf] klx/gdf s;}nfO{ b]v] To:tf n'uf nufpg]nfO{ cljZjf; ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ .
t/ yf]/}n] dfq To:tf] z+sf ug{ ;S5g\ . tkfO{+n] nufpg' ePsf] k/Dk/fut klx/g
b]v]kl5 w]/}h;f] cd]l/sLx?n] :jfut ug'{sf ;fy} tkfO{+sf] ;+:s[ltaf/] hfGg OR5f
/fVg ;S5g\ .
Wearing Traditional Clothing
You are free to wear traditional clothing such as a sari, cholo, daur-
suruwal, and topi whenever you choose. However, since September 2001,
some Americans have become distrustful of those who wear clothing that
they are not familiar with. A few people may express suspicion. But most
Americans will welcome you and want to learn about your culture when
they see you wearing traditional clothing.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
:s"n hf“bf nufpg] n'uf
ljz]if u/L s]xL ld8n :s"n / xfO{:s"ndf s'g} vf; lsl;dsf n'uf dgfxL
ul/Psf] x'G5 . :s"ndf s] nufpg kfOG5 jf kfOFb}g eGg] o:tf lgod k9\g'xf];\,
hfGg'xf];\ . lgod pNn3+g gug'{xf];\ . pQfpnf] b]lvg] vfnsf n'uf gnufpg'xf];\ .
:s"n hfFbf rKkn nufpg' x'Gg, h'Qf nufpg' k5{ .
90 Personal Hygiene and Clothing
v]n v]nfpg] jf Jofofd ug{ n}hfg] lbg gfgLx?n] Ps hf]/ hu]8f n'uf :s"n
n}hfg clgjfo{ x'G5 .
Clothing for School
Some schools, especially middle schools and high schools, have rules
that prohibit certain types of clothes. You should learn the school rules and
not violate them. You should dress conservatively with clean clothes. You
should wear shoes that cover your toes, not sandals or flip-flops.
Many schools require children to bring extra clothes for those days
when they will have gym class or for playing sports.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
sfdsf n'uf
©/s vfnsf] sfddf ©/s n'uf nufpg' kg{] x'g;S5, h:tf] M v]t jf au}+rfdf
sfd ubf{ bx|f vfnsf a'6 rflxG5g\ eg] c:ktfn jf gl;{ª xf]ddf sfd ubf{
ljz]if vfnsf ;6{ jf sldh rflxg ;S5g\ . s'g} sDkgLdf sfd ubf{ ToxL
sDkgLn] cfˆgf] ljz]if /+u jf lrGx–clÍt sk8f lbg;S5g\ . To:tf n'uf ;©f
x'g'k5{ / sfd ubf{ xnrn ug{ ;lsg] ;'ljwfhgs x'g'k5{ .
Clothing for Work
Different kinds of work require different kinds of clothing. For exam-
ple, outdoor work on a farm or orchard may require strong hard boots but
work in a hospital or nursing home may require special shirts or smocks.
Some employers may even provide their workers with shirts and blouses
with the company color or company logo. Clothes should always be clean
and not get in the way of your movement and activities on the job.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
hf8f]sf n'uf
cd]l/sfsf ljleGg 7fpFdf Ct'cg';f/ df};d w]/} ©/s x'G5 . cd]l/sfsf s'g}–
s'g} 7fpFx?df lxpFbdf lgs} hf8f] x'G5 . 3/aflx/ hf8f]df lg:sbf 7G8L xfjfaf6
arfpg] afSnf n'uf nufpg'xf];\ . Pp6f afSnf] n'ufsf] ;§f l7s}sf n'uf w]/} tx kf/]/
nufpg'xf];\ . k"/f v'§f 9fSg] u/L h'Qf / afSnf df]hf nufpg'xf];\ . sfg / 6fpsf]
5f]Kg] u/L 6f]kL clg 3fF6L 9fSg] u/L unaGbL nufpg'xf];\ . w]/} hf8f] 5 jf lxpF
k/]sf] 5 eg] k~hf nufpg'xf];\ . 3/aflx/ lg:sg'cl3 slt hf8f] x'G5 eGg] hfGg
df};d–hfgsf/L yfxf kfpg'xf];\ . 5f]/f5f]/L :s"n hfg'cl3 jf v]Ng lg:sg'cl3
Gofgf] x'g] u/L n'uf nufOlbPsf] x'g'k5{ .
Clothing for Cold Weather
Weather is quite different in different places in the United States and in
different seasons. Some parts of the United States get very, very, cold in
JolStut ;/;kmfO / nQf–sk8f 91
the winter. When it is cold outside, you should wear clothes that are thick
and protect you from cold wind. Wear several layers of clothing instead of
one. Wear warm socks and shoes that completely cover your feet. Cover
your head and ears with a hat and your neck with a warm scarf. Wear
gloves on your hands when it is very cold or there is snow. Before you go
outside, listen to the weather report to find out how cold it will be. Make
sure children are dressed warmly before they go to school or go outside
to play.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
udL{sf n'uf
cd]l/sfsf s]xL efux?df avf{df w]/} udL{ x'G5 . 3/aflx/ udL{ 5 eg] xn'sf
jf kftnf n'uf nufpg'xf];\ . udL{df aflx/ hfg' 5 eg] cfwf afx'nf ePsf] ;6{ /
xf©k]G6 nufpg'xf];\ . w]/} sfof{no, :6f]/, :s"n / cGo ejgleq Po/–slG8;g x'G5,
lr;f] nfU5 eg] Gofgf n'uf n}hfg ;Sg'x'G5 . To:tf sfof{no, :6f]/, :s"n / cGo
ejgleq k"/f afx'nfsf ;6{ nufpg ;Sg'x'G5 .
Clothing for Hot Weather
Some parts of the United States get very, very hot in the summer. When
it is hot outside, you should wear light clothing. You can wear short sleeve
shirts and shorts when you will be outside. Because many offices, stores,
schools, and other buildings will be air conditioned, however, you may
want to carry a warmer piece of clothing, such as a long sleeve short, to
wear when you go back inside to shop, work, or for school.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
h'Qf
cd]l/sLx? k"/} uf]8f 9fSg] vfnsf 5fnf jf sk8fsf h'Qf nufpF5g\ .
slxn]sfxLF ljz]ifu/L udL{ df};ddf dfG5]x? cf}+nf aflx/ b]Vg] h'Qf jf rKkn
nufpF5g\ . :jf:Yosf sf/0fn] w]/} zx/sf :6f]/, rd]gf–u[x -/]:6'/fF_, / cGo ejgn]
vfnL v'§f leq k:g gkfOg] lgod agfPsf x'G5g\ . To:tf] a]nfdf c? dfG5] s]
nufpF5g\, s] u5{g\, x]g'{xf]nf .
Shoes
Americans usually wear shoes made of leather or cloth that cover the
entire foot. Sometimes, especially in the summer, some people may wear
open-toe shoes, sandals, or flip-flops. For health reasons, many cities have
laws that prohibit people from entering stores, restaurants, and other build-
ings in their bare feet. Observe what other people are wearing.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
92 Personal Hygiene and Clothing
m m m
93
cWofo ( : :yfgLo oftfoft / cfgf] uf8L
Chapter 9 : Local Transporation and Own Car
:yfgLo oftfoft
tkfO{+ a:g] ckf6{d]G6 zx/sf] Psflt/ x'g;S5 . nQf–sk8f tyf vfBfGg vl/b
ug{] bf]sfg, 8fS6/sf] sfof{no, c+u|]hL efiff sIff / sfd ug{] 7fpF zx/s} csf{lt/
x'g;S5g\ . Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpF ;lhn} k'Ug tkfO{+n] af6f] yfxf kfpg'k5{ .
lxF8]/} k'luG5 eg] t lgs} /fd|f] x'G5, tkfO{+sf] cxf]efUo . k}bnafx]s cfjthfjt
ug]{ ;fwgx?df a;, 6\ofS;L / ;fOsn x'g\ . 7"nf zx/x?df b|'t ultdf ;]jf lbg]
/]n / nf]sn /]nx? x'g ;S5g\ .
7"nf zx/afx]s cGoq clwsf+z cd]l/sLx? sf/df Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpF hfG5g\ .
Local Transportation
Your apartment, stores where you shop for food and clothing, doctors’
offices, English language classes, and work locations may all be in very
different locations in the city or town where you live. You will need to
learn how to get from one location to another as efficiently as possible.
Sometimes, if you are lucky, it will be possible to walk. Other means of
transport include buses, taxis, and bicycles. The largest cities may also
have subways and commuter trains.
Except in the big cities, however, most Americans drive cars to move
from one place to another.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
k}bn
lgs} hf8f] / lgs} udL{afx]s k}bn lxF8\g' :jf:Yosf nflu ©fObfhgs x'g'sf
;fy} Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf k'Ug ;aeGbf ls©fotL x'G5 . k}bn lxF8\bf ;8sdf
glxF8\g'xf];\ . ;w}F kSsL–;8sk]6L, ;8s5]psf] vfnL 7fpF jf 3fF;df lxF8\g'xf];\ .
zx/L ;8ssf rf}af6fx?df k}bnofq'nfO{ af6f] sf6\g jf lxF8\g ;lhnf] xf];\ egL
ljz]if vfnsf lgoGq0f–pkfox? /flvPsf x'G5g\ . To:tf lgoGq0fsf ;xfotfn]
u'l8/x]sf uf8Lx?n] ;+s]t kfpF5g\, uf8Lx? /f]lsG5g\ / tkfO{+nfO{ af6f] sf6\g
;do ldN5 . tkfO{+n] af6f] sfl6 ;s]kl5 dfq uf8Lx? lxF8\5g\ . To:tf lgoGq0fsf
pkfox? k|of]u ug{] tl/sf l;Sg'xf];\ . olb st} To:tf ljz]if pkfox? 5}gg\ eg]
/ftf] aQLdf af6f] gsf6\g'xf];\ . To:tf pkfo ePsf 7fpF jf cGo 7fpFdf af6f]
sf6\bf uf8L cfpFb} 5g\÷5}gg\ eg]/ b'j}t©{ x]g'{xf];\ . b'3{6gfaf6 aRg'xf];\ .
Walking
Except in the very coldest and very hottest weather, walking can be
healthy exercise as well the least expensive way to go from one place to
94 Local Transportation and Own Car
a;x¿
;a}h;f] cd]l/sL zx/x?df :yfgLo ?kdf ;fj{hlgs a;x? rN5g\ . tL
a;x? rNg] af6f] lglZrt x'G5 . ;fgf zx/ / gu/sf a;x? ;a} 7fpFdf gk'Ug
;S5g\ . s'g} If]qx?df a; g} rNb}gg\ . cf©" a:g] zx/sf] a; Joj:yfaf/] k'gjf{;
;+:yfnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
Buses
Almost all American cities have local public buses that travel fixed
routes. In smaller cities and towns the system of routes may not be very
complete and some parts of the community may have no buses at all. Ask
your resettlement agency for information about the bus system in your
town.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
a; la;f}gL
a;x? tf]lsPsf] 7fpFdf dfq /f]lsG5g\ / tL 7fpFx? a;–la;f}gL x'g\ . a;–
la;f}gLx?df ;fdfGotM a; lxF8\g] af6f]sf] gDa/ jf Tof] af6f]df a; sxfF sxfF
k'U5g\ / /f]lsG5g\ eg]/ n]lvPsf] x'G5 . ToxfF a;sf] ;do–tflnsf x'g ;S5,
h;df s'g 7fpFdf slt ah] a; k'U5g\ eg]/ n]lvPsf] x'G5 . To;}n] cfˆgf] 3/ jf
ckf6{d]G6glhs sxfF a; /f]lsG5g\ eg]/ yfxf kfpg'xf];\ .
Bus Stops
Buses stop only at specific locations called bus stops. Bus stops usually
have signs that indicate the route number or route name of the buses that
stop at that location. They may also have schedules that tell what time a
bus is expected to stop there. You should learn the location of the bus stops
that are closest to your home.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
a; rNg] ;do–tflnsf / gSzf
a; rNg] zx/sf] af6f]sf] gSzf / ;do–tflnsf;lxtsf] Pp6f krL{ lgMz'Ns
kfOG5 . o:tf] krL{sf] Ps k|lt cfˆgf] ckf6{d]G6df /fVbf lgs} ;lhnf] x'G5 . a;sf
rfns;Fu To:tf] krL{ sxfF kfOG5 < eg]/ ;f]Wg ;lsG5 . o:tf] krL{ ePkl5 cf©"
hfg'kg]{ 7fpFsf] a; s'g xf] -slt gDa/sf] xf]_ < a; slt a]nf cfpF5 < slt ah]
k'¥ofpF5 < slt ;do nufpF5 < h:tf hfgsf/L ;lhn} kfOG5 .
Bus Schedules and Maps
It is useful in your apartment to have a copy of the map and schedule
of your town’s bus system. Ask the driver of a bus where you can get a
copy of the schedule of buses and a map of the entire system. When you
have a map and schedule you can determine which buses will take you to
96 Local Transportation and Own Car
the locations where you need to go and what time buses will arrive at the
bus stops.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
a; l6s6 / lgMz'Ns ofqf ;'ljwf
a;sf] l6s6–b/ zx/lkR5] ©/s x'G5 . s'g} zx/df a; r9\bf ef8f
nfUb}g, t/ w]/}h;f]df k|To]s JolStnfO{ Ps 8n/, b'O{ 8n/ jf Tof]eGbf cln a9L klg
x'g;S5 . zx/leq lgs} 6f9f;Dd hfg'k¥of] eg] To;a]nf # 8n/ jf sd÷a9L
klg ltg'{ kg]{ x'g;S5 . s'g} zx/df a; r9\g'cl3 l6s6 sf6\g' kg]{ x'G5 .
s'g}df rfns;Fu jf a;leqsf] dl;gaf6 l6s6 lsGg kfOG5 .
clwsf+z zx/x?df w]/} a;df lxFl8/xg] dfG5]nfO{ ;x'lnot b/sf] ef8f ltg]{
Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] x'G5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf r9]lkR5] l6s6 lsGg'eGbf lbge/, Ps
xKtf jf Ps dlxgfsf nflu Psd'i6 l6s6 lsGbf ;:tf] x'G5 . ;x'lnot b/sf]
l6s6 sxfF kfOG5 eg]/ a;–rfns jf l5d]sLnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
Bus Tickets and Passes
The price of a ticket to ride on a bus is different in different cities. In
a few places it may be free, but usually it will cost $1.00, $2.00 or a little
less/more for each person. The cost to go a long distance on a city bus
system may be $3.00 or more. Some city buses require you to have a ticket
before you get on the bus. Other buses may allow you to buy a ticket from
the driver or a machine on the bus.
Most city bus systems also have special fees for people who use the
buses a lot. You may be able to buy tickets that let you ride for a day, a
week, or a month at less cost than buying a new ticket for each ride. Ask a
bus driver or a neighbor where you can buy these kinds of tickets.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
/]n
l;sfuf], Go' of]s{, ;fgk|mflG;:sf], c6\nfG6f, / dfofdL h:tf 7"nf cd]l/sL zx/df
/]n ;]jfx? 5g\ . dflg;x?n] cf©" Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf hfg oLg} /]nx?df
e/ k5{g\ . o:tf /]nx?nfO{ …;a–j]Ú / …sDo'6/Ú /]n elgG5 . oL /]ndf ofqf
ubf{ a;eGbf rfF8f] x'G5 / ;8sdf x'g] le8ef8df kl/b}g . a; h:t} /]n klg
tf]lsPsf 7fpFx?df /f]lsG5g\ / lglZrt ;dodf rN5g\ . To;}u/L Ps lbg, Ps
xKtf jf Ps dlxgfe/ /]n r9\g Psd'i6 ;:tf]df l6s6 vl/b ug{ ;lsG5 .
Subways and Commuter Rail
The biggest American cities, like Chicago, New York, San Francisco,
Atlanta, and Miami, have subways or commuter trains that move people
from one part of town to another faster than buses because they avoid
crowded city streets. Like bus systems, these have designated stops and
:yfgLo oftfoft / cfˆgf] uf8L 97
schedules and may have special passes that allow you to ride for a day, a
week, or a month.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cfgf] uf8L
uf8L -sf/_ lsGg' / cf©" uf8L–wgL x'g' eg]sf] d'Vo / ljrf/0fLo nufgL
xf] . olt 7"nf] nufgL ug{] lg0f{o ug'{cl3 s] ubf{ s;f] x'G5 < ljsNk / tYox?dfly
;f]rljrf/ ug'{xf];\ . uf8L lsGg] lg0f{ocl3 uf8L–wgLsf ?kdf tkfO{+sf w]/} lhDd]jf/L
x'G5g\ . tL lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug'{k5{ . To;}n] uf8L lsGg'cl3 nfO;]G; lng], uf8Lsf]
ladf ug{] / ;'/lIft ?kdf uf8L xfFSg] h:tf lhDd]jf/Laf/] dgg ug'{k5{ .
Buying and Owning a Car
Buying and owning your own car is a major investment. Before making
this financial commitment, learn about the options and factors to consider.
Before deciding to buy a car, know what your responsibilities will be as a
car owner, including being a licensed, insured, and safe driver.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
gof“ jf k'/fgf] uf8L
gofF uf8L -sf/_ x? ;Lw} sf/vfgfaf6 cfPsf x'G5g\, hf] rnfOPsf x'Fb}gg\ .
cd]l/sfdf a]lrg] l7s}sf] gofF uf8Lsf] cf};t d"No sl/a @* xhf/ 8n/ k5{ . gofF
uf8Lx? l8n/x?df a]lrG5g\ . uf8Lsf] bf]sfgnfO{ l8n/lzk elgG5 .
k'/fgf] uf8L eg]sf] c? s;}n] rnfO/x]sf] jf rnfPsf] / a]Rg rfx]sf] uf8L xf] .
kfFr jif{ rnfPsf] uf8LeGbf bz jif{ rnfPsf] uf8L ;:tf] x'G5 . k'/fgf] uf8Ln] w]/}
dfOn b"/L k'/f u/]sf] x'G5, To;}n] To;sf] d"No sd x'G5 . k'/fgf] uf8L 5, lsGbf
;:tf] eof] eg]/ klg x'Fb}g . o:tf] uf8LnfO{ rfF8} / w]/} dd{t ug'{kg{] x'g ;S5 .
dd{tdf w]/} vr{ nfUg ;S5 . k'/fgf uf8Lx? klg l8n/df a]lrG5g\ . k'/fgf] uf8L
a]Rg rfxg]n] cfˆgf] uf8Laf/] ;"rgf OG6/g]6 jf klqsfdf lbG5g\ . l8n/df a]Rg
/flvg] k'/fgf] uf8L x]l/–hfFrL lsGg'k5{ . uf8L hfFRg] sfd dd{t ug]{ k|fljlwsx?n]
g} u5{g\ . pgn] uf8Lsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 < atfpg ;S5g\ . l8n/af6 a]lrg]
s]xL k'/fgf uf8Lsf] klg Uof/]G6L x'G5, eTs]–lau|]df lglZrt lbgleq s]xL dd{t klg
ul/lbOG5 . ;fdfGotM o:tf] Uof/]G6L Ps dlxgfsf] x'G5 .
New or Used
New cars come from the factory and have never been used before. The
average price of a new car sold in the United States is around $28,000.
New cars are sold at dealerships, which are car stores.
Used cars are vehicles that someone has owned before, and wants to
sell. A ten year old used car will generally cost less than a 5 year old
used car. The older a used car is and the more miles it has already been
driven, the less it costs to buy. But older, less expensive cars may need
98 Local Transportation and Own Car
more repairs sooner and repairs can cost hundreds of dollars. Used cars are
sold at dealerships or through people who advertise on the Internet or in
newspapers. Used cars sold by dealerships are usually tested by a service
technician who decides if the car is in good condition. Some used cars sold
by dealers will have a “warranty” that guarantees that the dealer will fix
certain kinds of problems in a certain time period, often 30 days.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
t]n -Uof“;_ vr{
uf8Ln] slt UofF; k|of]u u/]/ slt dfOn bf}8g ;S5, To;nfO{ UofF; dfOn]h
elgG5 . OGwg–ls©fot ug]{ uf8Lx?n] cf};t uf8Lx?eGbf yf]/} UofF; k|of]u u5{g\
/ o:tf uf8Ldf af/Daf/ UofF; xfln/xg' kb}{g . OGwg ©f? ug]{ uf8L zx/–ahf/df
xfFSbf Ps Uofng UofF;n] @)–@% dfOn;Dd s'b\5g\ eg] /fhdfu{df xfFSbf #)–$)
dfOn;Dd s'b\5g\ . OGwg–ls©fotL ug]{ uf8L lsGbf w]/} nufgL ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 /
;do laTb} hfFbf sd UofF; vr{gfn] tkfO{+sf] k};f art x'G5 .
Gas Mileage
Gas mileage is the number of miles a car will travel based on the
amount of gasoline it uses. Fuel-efficient cars use less fuel than the aver-
age car, and need to be refilled with gas less often. A car with good gas
mileage gets around 20-25 miles per gallon (MPG) of gas when driving
in the city, and 30-40 MPG when driving on the highway. You may spend
more money to buy a fuel efficient car, but save money over time by pur-
chasing less gas.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
uf8L vl/b
dgk/]sf] uf8L lsGbf ©/s l8n/x?df jf ©/s lj1fkgx?df n]lvPsf d"No
bfFHg'xf];\ . gofF uf8L x]g{] xf] eg] To;df ljleGg Uof/]G6Lx? lbOPsf x'G5g\ .
To:tf Uof/]G6L s] s]df 5g\ /fd|/L k9\g'xf];\ . uf8L lsg]sf] lglZrt ;doleq uf8L–
pTkfbsn] lglZrt ;]jf jf ;/;fdfg lbg] ;t{ n]lvPsf] sfuh …Uof/]G6LÚ xf] . uf8L
lsGg'cl3 o;sf] cj:yf l7s 5 eGg] hfFRg uf8L xfFs]/ x]g'{xf];\ . o;nfO{ …6]:6
8«fOeÚ ug'{ elgG5 . k'/fgf] uf8L lsGg'cl3 d]sflgsnfO{ hfFRg nufpg'xf];\ . l;kfn'
d]sflgs sxfF e]6\g ;lsG5 eg]/ ;fyLefO jf Oi6ldq;Fu ;f]w] x'G5 . cg'ejL
d]sflgsn] uf8L /fd|f] cj:yfdf 5 jf 5}g eG5g\ . To;kl5 tkfO{+n] Tof] uf8L lsGg]
jf glsGg] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
Buying a Car
Compare prices of cars that you like at different dealerships or in ad-
vertisements. For new cars, read about the different types of warranties
with each car, and ask if there are extended warranties offered. A warranty
:yfgLo oftfoft / cfˆgf] uf8L 99
is a written promise that the car maker will provide certain services or
products for your car for a limited amount of time. Always test drive cars
to make sure they work well. Have a mechanic inspect the car if you are
buying a used car. Ask friends or community members for a good me-
chanic in your neighborhood. An experienced mechanic will tell you if the
car is in good condition or not, then you can decide if you want to buy it.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
d"Nodf df]ntf]n
cd]l/sfdf c? ;fdfg lsGg'eGbf uf8L lsGg' ©/s x'G5 . uf8L–ljqm]tfx?sf]
efpdf tkfO{+n] ;Sbf] df]ntf]n ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . uf8L lsGg hfFbf cln wf}wf} x'G5
/ lgs} cndndf kl/G5 . To;}n] uf8L lslg;s]sf] ;fyLefO jf Oi6ldqnfO{ ;fy}
nfg'xf];\, hf] /fd|/L c+u|]hL af]Ng, a'ˇg / k9\g hfGg] x'g\ . ©';{b lnP/ hfg'xf];\ .
uf8L–ljqm]tfx?n] n6k6 kf/]/ uf8Lsf ;d:of 5n]sf] jf a9L d"No lnPsf] tkfO{+n]
kQf] gkfpg ;Sg'x'G5 . w]/} k|Zgx? ;f]Wg'xf];\ / xtf/ gug'{xf];\ . uf8L lsGg] 6'+uf]
x'G5 . ;xdltsf nflu Pp6f sfuh tof/ x'G5 . To;df tkfO{+n] ;xL ug'{k5{ .
t/ ;xL ug'{cl3 pSt sfuh /fd|/L k9\g'xf];\ . ;xL u/]kl5 s/f/df pNn]v ePsf
;t{x? tkfO{+n] dfGg'k5{ . tL ;t{x? l©tf{ x'Fb}gg\ . ©]g{ klg ldNb}gg\ .
Negotiating the Price
Buying a car in the United States is different from making other pur-
chases. You can bargain with sellers to pay less money than they ask for.
Because buying a car can be stressful and confusing, take someone with
you who speaks, understands, and reads English fluently and has pur-
chased a car in the United States. Take your time. Car salesmen will often
try to rush you so that you do not notice any problems with the car or do
not understand extra costs. Ask lots of questions, and go slowly. Once you
have reached a deal with the seller, read the papers you sign very carefully.
Once you sign these papers, you cannot change your contract.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
uf8Lsf] e'StfgL
uf8L dxFuf x'G5g\ . w]/} dflg;n] uf8L lsGg cfˆgf ;fyLefO–Oi6ldq jf a}+s;Fu
C0f lnG5g\ . s'g}–s'g} l8n/n] klg C0fsf] k|aGw u5{g\ . olb tkfO{+n] a}+s jf
uf8L l8n/af6 C0f lng'eof] eg] s'n d"Nosf] s]xL efu ;'?d} ltg'{k5{ . afFsL /sd
C0fsf ?kdf /xG5 . a}+s jf l8n/nfO{ dlxgflkR5] lglZrt /sd ltg'{k5{ . pSt
/sddf uf8Lsf] d"No -;fFjf_ / Aofh b'j} x'G5 .
a}+sx?n] cfˆgf u|fxsnfO{ C0fsf nflu of]Uo jf cof]Uo eg]/ 5'6\ofpF5g\ .
To;}n] uf8L lsGg'cl3 a}+sn] C0f lbG5 jf lbFb}g eGg] a'ˇg a}+s hfg'k5{ . a}+s–C0f
kfpg tkfO{+n] a}+s;Fu /fd|f] sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] …qm]l86 lx:6«LÚ x'g'k5{ of …qm]l86 lx:6«LÚ
100 Local Transportation and Own Car
/fd|f] ePsf] c? s;}n] C0f lng] sfuhdf x:tfIf/ ul/lbg'k5{ . tkfO{+n] C0f
ltg'{ePg eg] x:tfIf/ ug]{ csf]{ JolStn] ltg'{k5{ . a}+sn] tkfO{{+nfO{ C0f lbg] jf
glbg] / a9Ldf slt /sd lbg] eGg] lg0f{o u5{ .
Paying for a Car
Cars are expensive and some people must get a loan from a family
member or a bank to pay for them. Some car dealers will also make loans.
If you get a loan from a bank or car dealer, you will have to pay a certain
portion of the price in cash and the loan will pay the remainder. You will
then have to pay the bank or car dealer a fixed amount each month for an
agreed number of months to pay back the loan plus interest.
You can go to a bank before you shop for a car to learn if you “prequal-
ify”, or are eligible, for a car loan. To prequalify for a loan, you need to
have a good credit history or you must have a co-signer who has good
credit. A co-signer is someone who is responsible for paying the car loan
if you do not pay. The bank decides whether to give you a loan, and the
maximum amount that they will loan to you.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
uf8Lsf] nfnk'hf{
tkfO{+n] gofF jf k'/fgf] uf8L lsg]kl5 ljqm]tfn] tkfO{+nfO{ Pp6f sfuh pknAw
u/fpg'k5{, h;nfO{ …uf8Lsf] nfnk'hf{Ú -e]OSn 6fO6n_ elgG5 . pSt sfuh g}
tkfO{+ uf8L–wgL xf] eGg] v'nfpg] cf}krfl/s b:tfj]h xf] . pSt sfuhdf uf8Lsf]
k|sf/ / ag]sf] jif{, ljz]if uf8L kl/ro gDa/ -e]OSn cfO8]lG6l©s];g gDa/,
eLcfOPg_ / cGo hfgsf/L x'G5 .
Vehicle Title
When you buy a new or used car, the seller must provide you with a
paper called an “vehicle title.” This is an official document that states that
you are the owner of the car. It will state the type and year of the car, its
special vehicle identification number (VIN), and other information.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
uf8L btf{
;8sdf uf8L xfFSg lgsfNg'eGbf klxn] cf©" a:g] /fHodf tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] uf8L
btf{ ug'{k5{ . ha uf8L lsGg'x'G5, k|foMh;f] ToxL a]nf l8n/n] tkfO{+nfO{ c:yfoL uf8L
btf{ lbPsf x'G5g\ . of] c:yfoL btf{n] Ps jf b'O{ xKtf sfd u5{ . oxL ;dodf
tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] uf8L …l8kf6{d]G6 c© df]6/ e]OsN;Ú -l8PdeL_ df btf{ ug'{xf];\ . uf8L
btf{ ubf{ z'Ns ltg'{k5{ . uf8L btf{ u/]kl5 pSt sfof{non] tkfO{+nfO{ wft'sf Ps jf
b'O{ nfO;]G; kftf -Kn]6_ x? lbG5 . tL kftfx? uf8Ldf 6fF:g'k5{ .
:yfgLo oftfoft / cfˆgf] uf8L 101
Car Registration
In order to drive a car on the roads, you must register your car with
the state where you live. When you buy a car, the dealer will usually give
you a temporary car registration that is good for a week or two. During
that time you must register your car with your state’s Department of Mo-
tor Vehicles (DMV) and pay a registration fee. When you have registered
your car and paid the fee, the DMV will give you one or two metal license
plates that must be attached to the car.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
uf8L ladf
sfg'gL ?kdf uf8L xfFSg tkfO{+n] uf8Lsf] ladf u/fPsf] x'g'k5{ . tkfO{+n] ltg'{–
kg]{ cfjZos Go"gtd ladf slt x'G5 eg]/ a'ˇg /fHosf] l8PdeLdf hfg'xf];\ .
s'g} /fHodf ladf u/] jf gu/]sf] gvf]h] klg C0f lbg] a}+ssf nflu ladf cfjZos
x'G5 . b'3{6gf eO{ cfˆgf] uf8Ldf jf c?nfO{ Iflt k'u] ladfn] s]xL cfly{s ;+/If0f
k|bfg u5{ . ladf gLltcg';f/ tkfO{+n] lgoldt ?kdf lglZrt s]xL /sd a'emfpg'
k5{ . o:tf] /sdnfO{ ladfsf] ls:tf -OG:of]/G; lk|ldod_ elgG5 . tkfO{+sf] b'3{6gf
eof] eg] ladfn] cfjZos s]xL /sdsf] lx:;f a]xf]5{ . uf8L dd{t ubf{ tkfO{+n] s6f}tL
/sd ltg'{k5{ / afFsL /sd ladf sDkgLn] a]xf]5{ . ladf ePg eg] ;a} vr{ tkfO{+n]
a]xf]g'{k5{ . Tof] dd{t vr{ xhf/f}+ 8n/ x'g ;S5 / tkfO{+ C0fdf 8'Ag ;Sg'x'G5 .
c?n] tkfO{+sf] uf8L c?n] rnfP/ jf tkfO{+n] c?sf] uf8L rnfP/ Iflt k'¥ofP
jf b'3{6gf ePdf ladf sDkgLn] vr{ ga]xf]g{ klg ;S5 .
Car Insurance
Almost all states require you to have insurance to drive legally. You
should check with your state’s DMV to learn what the minimum insurance
requirements are in your state. Even if your state does not require insurance,
banks will require you to have insurance if you buy your car with a loan.
Car insurance gives you some financial protection if your car is damaged
or someone is hurt in an accident. You must pay a certain amount of money
(called the “insurance premium”) periodically for the insurance policy.
If you are in an accident, insurance may cover some of the related
costs. There is a “deductible” amount that you will have to pay before the
insurance will cover the remaining costs. Without insurance, you have to
pay all of the costs on your own, which could be many thousands of dol-
lars and put you into debt.
Insurance may not cover other people who drive your car or you when
you drive someone else’s car.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
102 Local Transportation and Own Car
uf8L lg/LIf0f
s]xL /fHodf ;'/Iffsf nflu ;a} uf8Lx? Ps jf b'O{ jif{df Ps k6s lg/LIf0f
u/fpg'k5{ . cGo s]xL /fHodf k'/fgf uf8Lsf] dfq lg/LIf0f ul/G5 . s]xL
/fHodf o:tf] lg/LIf0faf6 uf8Ln] ˆofFSg] w'Fjfn] xfjfdf k|b"if0f ©}nfPsf] 5 jf 5}g
hfFlrG5 . tkfO{+sf] uf8Lsf] w'Fjfn] pSt /fHodf tf]lsPsf] …jfo'sf] u'0f:t/ dfkb08Ú
gfF£g' x'Fb}g . cfˆgf] /fHosf] ;jf/L lg/LIf0fsf cfjZostfx? cf©"n] kfngf u/]sf]
;'lglZrt x'g'k5{ . To;sf nflu l8PdeLsf lgod x]g'{xf];\ .
Vehicle Inspection
Some states require all cars to be inspected for safety every year or
every two years. Other states require safety inspections only for older cars.
Some states also require cars to be inspected to be sure they meet air qual-
ity standards. Check with your state’s DMV and make sure that you have
complied with your state’s vehicle inspection requirements.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lhDd]jf/Lx¿
OlGhgsf] t]n ©]g]{ / 6fo/df xfjf sd–a];L ePsf] hfFRg] h:tf lgoldt /]v–
b]v ugf{n] tkfO{+sf] uf8Ln] /fd|f] / w]/} ;do sfd u5{ . uf8L;Fu} lbOPsf] ;fg' k':ts
k9\g'xf];\ . o; k':tsnfO{ …Dofg'cnÚ elgG5 . pSt k':tsdf uf8Lsf] s'g efu /
slxn] s:tf] dd{t ug'{k5{ eg]/ n]lvPsf] x'G5 . l;kfn' d]sflgsnfO{ cfˆgf] uf8L
b]vfpg'xf];\ . pgn] /fHosf] cfjZostfcg';f/ lg/LIf0f / cGo s'g} klg cfjZos
dd{t u5{g\ .
Responsibilities
Regular maintenance, such as changing the oil and checking tire air
pressure, will keep your car working for better and longer. Read the own-
er’s manual to learn about your car’s maintenance needs and schedule.
Take your car to a good auto mechanic to have them perform state required
inspections and any necessary maintenance.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
rfns cg'dlt–kq
;fj{hlgs af6f]df uf8L rnfpg tkfO{+;Fu /fHon] lbPsf] dfGotf–k|fKt rfns
cg'dlt–kq -nfO;]G;_ x'g'k5{ . cg'dlt–kq;DaGwL lgod / ljlgod /fHolkR5]
©/s x'G5g\ . tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] /fHosf] l8PdeLaf6 klxnf] rfns cg'dlt–kq k|fKt
ug{ s] s] ug'{k5{ eGg] yfxf kfpg'xf];\ . ;fwf/0ftofM cfFvfsf] Ifdtf hfFRg] k/LIff,
rfns;DaGwL lgodaf/] k/LIff / k|x/L jf l8PeLsf sd{rf/L;Fu ;8sdf uf8L xfFSg]
k/LIff kf; ug'{k5{ . tkfO{+ a;]sf] /fHon] k|bfg u/]sf] pSt cg'dlt–kq ePkl5
tkfO{+n] c? ;a} /fHodf uf8L rnfpg kfpg'x'G5 .
:yfgLo oftfoft / cfˆgf] uf8L 103
Driver’s License
You must have a valid driver’s license issued by your state to legally
drive on public roads. The laws and regulations regarding licenses differ
in different states. You should check with your state’s DMV (Department
of Motor Vehicles) about what you must do to obtain your first driving
license. Generally, however, you must be able to pass an eye test, a written
test on driving laws, and a practical road test given by a police officer or
DMV official. The license issued by your state allows you to drive in all
other states as well.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;jf/L rfnssf lgod
;Demg'kg]{ slx dxÎjk"0f{ lgod–sfg'g o:tf 5g\ M
• uf8L rnfpg tkfO{+;Fu dfGotf–k|fKt rfns cg'dlt–kq -nfO;]G;_ x'g'k5{ .
• w]/}h;f] /fHodf uf8L rnfpFbf jf ofqf ubf{ tkfO{+n] l;6–a]N6 afFWg'k5{ .
• ;fdfGotM s'g} lglZrt pd]/ jf tf}nsf gfgLx?nfO{ uf8Ldf lx8fpFbf pgLx?sf
nflu agfOPsf sf/–l;6df pgLx?nfO{ /fVg}k5{ .
• w]/}h;f] /fHodf df]afOn ©f]gdf s'/f ub}{ jf 6]S:6 -Dof;]h_ k7fpFb} uf8L
rnfpg ldNb}g .
• /S;L jf nfu'kbfy{ ;]jg u/]sf] cj:yfdf slxNo} uf8L grnfpg' xf];\ .
Driving Laws
Some important laws to remember are:
• You must have a valid driver’s license to drive a car.
• In most states, you must wear a seat belt while driving or riding in a
car.
• Generally, children under a certain age or weight must ride in a special
car seat.
• In many states, you may not drive while texting or talking on a phone.
• NEVER DRIVE WHILE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL
OR DRUGS.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
uf8L b'3{6gf
tkfO{+sf sf/0f ;jf/L b'3{6gf eof] eg] To;} 5f8]/ efUg' u}/sfg'gL x'G5 .
tkfO{+ y'gfdf kg{ ;Sg'x'G5 / z/0ffyL{sf] kl/ro vf]l;g ;S5 . olb tkfO{+ jf c?
s;}af6 b'3{6gf eof] eg] ;xof]usf nflu (!! df ©f]g ug'{xf];\ . (!! df ©f]g ubf{
k|x/LnfO{ klg b'3{6gfsf] hfgsf/L lng af]nfpg'xf];\ . b'3{6gfdf k/]sf] csf{] uf8Lsf
rfnsnfO{ cfˆgf] gfd, 7]ufgf, 6]ln©f]g gDa/ / ladf;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .
To;}u/L csf{] uf8Lsf rfns;Fu pgsf] gfd, 7]ufgf, 6]ln©f]g gDa/ / ladf;DaGwL
104 Local Transportation and Own Car
hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ . st} /f]ls/fv]sf] uf8Ldf tkfO{+sf] uf8Ln] 7Ss/ lbof] eg] pSt
uf8L–wgLn] tkfO{+nfO{ ;Dks{ ug{ ;lhnf] xf];\ eGgsf nflu Pp6f sfuhdf ;Dks{
hfgsf/L -tkfO{+sf] gfd, 7]ufgf, ©f]g gDa/_ 5f8\g'xf];\ . cfˆgf] ladf sDkgLnfO{
b'3{6gfaf/] atfpg k6Ss} l9nf] gug'{xf];\ .
Car Accidents
If you are in an automobile accident, it is illegal to leave an accident
that you caused; you could go to jail and possibly lose your refugee status.
If you or anyone else is hurt, call 911 for an ambulance. Also call 911 and
have the police officer come to document the accident. Give your name,
address, telephone number and insurance information to other drivers. Get
their names, addresses, telephone numbers, and insurance information. If
you hit a parked car, leave a note with your contact information so the
other driver can contact you. Call your insurance company as soon as pos-
sible to let them know what happened.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
gfgLx¿sf nflu sf/–l;6
cjZo klg tkfO{+ cfˆgf] gfgLnfO{ uf8Ldf ;'/lIft ofqf u/fpg rfxg'x'G5 .
sl/a # jif{;Ddsf gfgLnfO{ k5fl8 ©ls{Psf] sf/–l;6df /fv]/ dfq ofqf u/fpg'–
k5{ . To:t} $ b]lv & jif{sf gfgLnfO{ Ps 7fpFdf 6dSs afFw]/ /fVg ldNg] cufl8
©ls{Psf] sf/–l;6df /fVg'k5{ . o:tf sf/–l;6af/] ;Nnfx dfUg'xf];\ . k'gjf{;
;+:yfnfO{ eGg'xf];\ . k'gjf{; ;+:yfsf] ;Dks{df s'g} ;fd'bflos ;+:yf x'g;S5, h;n]
;fk6df jf ;:tf] d"Nodf sf/–l;6 lbnfpg ;S5g\ .
Child Car Seats
Of course you want to keep young children safe when they ride in your
car. Infants and children up to about age 3 should ride in special rear-
facing child seats. Children who are from 4 to 7 years old should ride in
forward-facing child seats with special harness that holds them in place.
Ask for advice about car seats. Your resettlement agency may know of a
community agency that loans car seats or provides used seats at low cost.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;jf/L / k|x/L
tkfO{+n] tf]lsPsf] ulteGbf a9Ldf uf8L xfFSg'eof] eg] jf /ftf] aQL x'Fbfx'Fb} c6]/
u/L 6«fl©s lgod pNn3+g ug'{eof] eg] k|x/Ln] tkfO{+sf] uf8L /f]Sg ;S5g\ . tkfO{+sf]
uf8Lk5fl8 lemldSs–lemldSs aQL afNb} jf ;fO/g ahfpFb} k|x/Lsf] uf8L cfO–
/x]sf] 5 eg] cfˆgf] uf8LnfO{ lj:tf/} 5]p nufP/ ;'/lIft 7fpFdf /f]Sg'xf];\ . k|x/Ln]
cfˆgf] uf8L tkfO{+sf] k5f8L /f]s] eg] tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] uf8Lsf] OlGhg aGb ug'{xf];\
/ cf©" uf8Lleq a:g'xf];\ . ha k|x/L tkfO{+sf] uf8Lglhs cfpF5g\, pgL cfPkl§sf]
:yfgLo oftfoft / cfˆgf] uf8L 105
l;;f vf]Ng'xf];\ / cfˆgf b'j} xftn] :6]ol/ªsf] dflyNnf] efu ;dft]/ a:g'xf];\ . xft
vNtLlt/ xfNg] jf otf–ptf ug]{ gug'{xf];\ . zfGt x'g'xf];\ . pgn] tkfO{+sf] rfns
cg'dlt–kq -nfO;]G;_ / uf8L–btf{sf] sfuh dfu] eg] b]vfpg'k5{ . pgn] tkfO{+sf]
uf8L vfgtnf;L ug'{k5{ eg] tkfO{+n] …x'GgÚ eGg kfpg' x'G5 . of] tkfO{+sf] clwsf/
xf] . k|x/Ln] tkfO{+nfO{ 6«fl©s lgod pNn3+g ug'{eof] eGg ;S5g\ / l6s6
lbg;S5g\ . w]/}h;f] l6s6df hl/jfgf n]lvPsf] x'G5 . pSt hl/jfgf tkfO{+n]
ltg'{k5{ . t/ hl/jfgflj?4 clkn ug{ ;Sg'x'G5, cbfnt hfg ;Sg'x'G5 / tkfO{+sf]
clkndf GofofwLzn] ©};nf ug'{x'G5 .
Driving and the Police
The police may want to stop your car if they believe you have broken
a law like driving faster than the speed limit or going through a red traffic
light. If you see a police car behind you with flashing lights or hear sirens,
steer your car to the side of the road and stop in a safe place. If the police
car stops behind you, turn off your car and stay inside. When the police
officer approaches your car, roll down your window and keep your hands
on the steering wheel. Be calm. You must show your driver’s license and
car registration if the officer asks for them. If a police officer asks to search
your car, you have the right to say no. The officer may say that you vio-
lated a law and give you a “ticket.” Most tickets state a fine that you must
pay. However, you can appeal a ticket, go to court, and a judge will decide
your case.
m m m
106
107
cfo–Joosf] cg'dfg
tkfO{+ cfˆgf] cfDbfgL s] ug'{x'G5 < slt vr{ ug'{x'G5 / slt arfpg'–
x'G5 < gub Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{] / vr{ s] s]df ug'{k5{ jf ul/G5 eg]/ Psk6s
l;Sg'eof] eg] art ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . tkfO{+sf] cfjZostfsf cfwf/df /sd vr{g]
/ art ug]{ of]hgfnfO{ ah]6 -cfo–Joosf] cg'dflgt n]vf_ elgG5 . dfl;s ah]6
tof/ kfgf{n] tkfO{+nfO{ k|To]s dlxgf s;/L vr{ ug'{k5{ eGg] :ki6 x'G5 .
Pp6f sfuhdf kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:osf] dfl;s cfDbfgL n]Vg'xf];\ . s'n
cfDbfgLdf sfdjfktsf] Hofnf÷tna, ©"8 6\ofDk, 6\ofg© -vfFrf] k/]sf kl/jf/–
nfO{ c:yfoL ;xfotf, 6]Dkf]//L Pl;:6]G; ©/ lg8L k]mldlnh_ / cGo ;/sf/L
;xfotf÷;'ljwfx? k5{g\ . To;};Fu dlxgfe/ s'g s'g sfdsf nflu slt vr{ nfU5
n]Vg'xf];\ . vr{df 3/ef8f, lah'nL, 3/ ttfpg] tfksf] vr{, vfBfGg, nQfsk8f, a;–
ef8f, sf/sf] dfl;s C0f, sf/nfO{ UofF;, cf}ifwL, 6]ln©f]g, s]a'n l6eL, cGt/f{li6«o
cfk|jf; ;+u7g -cfOcf]Pd_ sf] ofqf–C0f cflb k5{g\ . oL j:t' / ;'ljwf tkfO{+sf
cfjZostf x'g\, tkfO{+sf OR5f xf]Ogg\ .
cfˆgf] s'n cfDbfgL / s'n vr{ t'ngf ug'{xf];\ . tkfO{+sf] vr{eGbf cfDbfgL a9L
eof] eg] tkfO{+n] art ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 jf rfx]sf] s]xL ;fdfg lsGg ;Sg'x'G5 .
Creating A Budget
What do you do with your money? How much do you spend and save?
Once you learn how to manage money and track spending, saving money
will be easier. A budget is a plan for spending and saving money based on
your goals. Creating a monthly budget will help you see how you spend
your money each month.
On a piece of paper, write down each of your family’s sources of income
for a month. These may include wages from jobs, food stamps, TANF, and
other public assistance. Next write down each of the things you will spend
money on during the month. These may include, rent, electricity, heat,
food, clothing, bus fares, car loans, gasoline for a car, medicine, telephone,
cable TV, repaying the IOM travel loan, etc. These expenses should be
only the things you need, not things you want.
Compare the total of income and the total of expenses. The amount of
income that is greater than your expenses can be saved or can be used to
buy some things that you want.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
108 Money Management and Banking
vr{sf] af“8˚f“6
ah]6nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ tkfO{+ k|To]s dlxgf ug{] vr{ cg'dfg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
clg ls©fotL k;ndf ;/;fdfg lsGg] jf sd lah'nL rnfpg] h:tf afgL ug]{af/]
;f]Rg'xf];\ . eljiosf nflu k|To]s dlxgf s]xL art ug{] sf]lzz ug'{xf];\ . o:tf] art–
nfO{ k9fO vr{, sf/ jf 3/ lsGg cyjf cfkftsflng cj:yfdf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'–
x'G5 . dflg;x? sfd ug{ g;Sg] ePkl5 a'9]; sfndf ;'v;Fu afFRg o:tf art
k|of]u u5{g\ . art ug{ a}+s vftfdf k};f /fVg yfNg'xf];\ .
Using Your Budget
Using your budget, you can see what you spend money on every month.
Think about how you might change your spending by shopping at cheaper
stores or using less electricity, for example. Try to set aside some money
every month for your financial future. Use these savings to pay for school,
to buy a car or house, or in an emergency. People also use savings to live
comfortably when they are too old to work. To start saving, put money in
a bank account.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lan e'StfgL
tkfO{+n] k|To]s dlxgf 3/ef8f, 3/]n' k|of]hgsf ;'ljwfx?sf] vr{ / cGo lanx?
ltg'{k5{ . 3/]n' k|of]hgsf ;'ljwf eGgfn] 3/ ttfpg] tfk–z'Ns, lah'nL, 6]ln©f]g,
s]a'n / Po/–slG8;g a'lemG5 . o:tf ;'ljwfx?sf] z'Ns Hofb} dxFuf] x'g;S5 .
s'g} ckf6{d]G6df 3/]n' k|of]hgsf ;'ljwfx?sf nflu ltg{] k};f 3/ef8fd} hf]l8Psf]
x'G5 . tkfO{+n] s'g s'g 3/]n' k|of]hgsf ;'ljwfsf nflu k};f ltg'{k5{ eg]/ 3/a]6L;Fu
;f]Wg'k5{ / a'ˇg'k5{ .
Paying Your Bills
You must pay your rent, utilities, and other bills on time every month.
Utilities usually include heat, electricity, telephone, cable, and air con-
ditioning. Utilities can be very expensive. The amount of rent for some
apartments may include some utilities. You should ask your landlord and
understand what utilities you must pay.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
pmhf{ / k};fsf] art
3/ ttfpg] ©g]{;, lx6/ jf Po/–slG8;g/ rln/x]sf] 5 eg] 9f]sf / ˇofnx?
aGb ug'{xf];\ . ydf]{:6]6 gfdsf] pks/0fn] tkfO{+sf] ckf6{d]G6sf] tfkqmd sd–a];L
u5{ . hf8f]df ydf]{:6]6nfO{ ^% b]lv &) l8u|LaLrdf ldnfP/ /fVg'k5{ . udL{df
tkfO{+sf] ckf6{d]G6df Po/–slG8;g 5 eg] ydf]{:6]6nfO{ &) b]lv &% l8u|LaLrdf
ldnfpg' k5{ . cf©" 3/aflx/ hfFbf an]sf aQL lgefpg' xf];\, o;af6 lah'nLsf] k};f
/sd Joj:yfkg / a}+lsª 109
sd ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf xf]l;of/L ckgfpg' eof] eg] 3/]n' k|of]hgsf ;'ljwfsf] lan
sd cfpF5 / vr{ sd x'G5 .
Conserve Energy and Save Money
If the furnace, heater, or air conditioner is running, keep the windows
and doors closed. The thermostat controls the temperature in your apart-
ment. In the winter, the thermostat should be set between 65 and 70 de-
grees. In the summer, if you have air conditioning, it should be set between
70 and 75 degrees. Turn off the lights when you leave your apartment to
save money on electricity. When you do these things, your utility bills will
be lower.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;x'lnotdf lsgd]n
vfgf / cGo j:t'sf] d"No :6f]/lkR5] ©/s x'g;S5 . vl/bbf/Ldf lg:sFbf sd
d"Nodf rfdn, b"w, bfnx? h:tf vfBfGg sxfF kfOG5 eGg] tkfO{+n] kQf nufpg'
k5{ . w]/} dflg;x? w]/} dxFuf ;fdfg lsGg'sf] ;§f d"Nodf 5'6 kfOg] s'kg rnfP/
/ ;'k/dfs{6s} lrGx–c+lst ;fdfg lsg]/ vfBfGgsf] vr{ 36fpF5g\ . slxn]sfxLF
s[ifssf] ahf/df ;x'lnotdf tfhf vfBfGg kfOG5g\ . ly|ˆ6 zk -art bf]sfg_ n]
;©f t/ k|of]u ul/Psf n'uf, ©lg{r/ / 3/fozL ;fdfg gofFeGbf ;:tf]df a]R5g\ .
cfˆg} 3/–cfFugdf of8{ ;]n / u/fh ;]n /fv]/ dflg;x?n] cf©"n] rnfPsf ;fdfg
w]/} ;:tf]df a]R5g\ . of8{ ;]n / u/fh ;]n x''g] ;"rgf af6f] cf;kf; 6fFl;Psf jf
;"rL agfP/ klqsfdf 5flkPsf x'G5g\ .
Save Money Shopping
Prices for food any other items can be different at different stores. As
you shop, you should discover where you can get rice, milk, and lentils
for your meals at the lowest cost. Many people reduce their food costs by
using discount coupons and purchasing supermarket store brands instead
of more expensive items. Sometimes a farmer’s market will have fresh
food at a fair price. Thrift shops sell clean used clothing, furniture, and
household items at much lower prices than similar new items. Yard sales
and garage sales are where people sell used items from their homes at very
low prices. You may find signs for them in your neighborhood or they may
be listed in a newspaper.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
a}+ssf] k|of]u lsg ug]{ <
• ;'/Iff M a}+sdf /fv]sf] k};f cfuf], b'3{6gf / rf]/Laf6 ;'/lIft x'G5 .
• ;:tf] M c? tl/sfeGbf a}+saf6 r]s ;f6]/ k};f lng, lanx? ltg{ jf c?nfO{
k};f lbg ;:tf] x'G5 .
110 Money Management and Banking
• ;'ljwf M lan e'Stfg ug{, r]s ;f6\g / k};f s] s:tf] sfddf k|of]u eO/x]sf]
5 eGg] yfxf x'G5 .
• eljiosf nflu cfly{s M eljiosf nflu rflxg] k};f art x'g'sf ;fy} tkfO{+sf
nflu pkof]uL cfly{s ljj/0f tof/ x'G5 .
Why Use a Bank?
• Safety: In a bank, money is safe from fire, accidents, and theft.
• Cost: Cashing checks, paying bills, and sending money to someone is
usually less expensive at a bank than at other kinds of businesses.
• Convenience: It is easy to pay bills, cash checks, and track your mon-
ey.
• Financial Future: Banks help you save for the future and provide
useful financial records.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
a}+s vftfx¿
a}+s vftf ePkl5 tkfO{+sf] k};f ;'/lIft x'G5 . k};f rnfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
d'VotofM b'O{ vfn] a}+s vftfx? x'G5g\ M rNtL / art . tkfO{+n] Pp6f rNtL /
Pp6f art vftf vf]Ng ;Sg'x'G5 .
rNtL vftf -r]lsª csfpG6_ vf;u/L lan e'Stfg ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 lsgeg] of]
vftfaf6 ehfpg' c? rNtL gub sf/f]jf/x?af6 ehfpg'eGbf ;:tf] x'G5 . tkfO{+n]
cfˆgf] vftfdf gub hDdf ug'{eof] eg] Tof] lgIf]k -l8kf]lh6_ xf] . tkfO{+n] cfˆgf]
vftfaf6 gub lgsfNg' eof] eg] Tof] e'StfgL -ljb8«n_ xf] . tkfO{+sf] vftfdf /x]sf]
/sdnfO{ df}Hbft -Aofn]G;_ elgG5 . gub lemSg jf lan e'Stfg ug{ r]s sf6\g'xf];\,
To;kl5 a}+sn] tkfO{+sf] vftfaf6 /sd e'Stfg u5{ . t/ r]s sf6\bf cf©"n] e'Stfg
ug{ k'Ug] /sd vftfdf x'g'k5{ .
art vftf -;]leª csfpG6_ rNtL vftfeGbf ©/s vfnsf] vftf xf] . art
vftfdf /flvPsf] gubn] Aofh sdfpF5 . vftfdf gub /fv]jfkt a}+sn] lbg] /sd
Aofh xf] . pbfx/0f M tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] art vftfdf Ps ;o 8n/ /fVg'eof] eg] Ps
jif{kl5 b'O{ 8n/ Aofh kfpg ;Sg'x'G5 . art vftfdf gub hDdf ug'{xf];\ . pSt
/sd eljiodf sfd nfU5 / cfOkbf{ sfd nfUg] k};f vftfdf hDdf x'G5 .
Bank Accounts
With a bank account, your money is protected and still easy to use.
There are two main types of bank accounts: checking and savings. You can
have one of each kind.
A checking account is mainly used to pay bills because it is cheaper
than using other check cashing businesses. A deposit is when you put
money put into your account. A withdrawal is when you take money out
/sd Joj:yfkg / a}+lsª 111
of the account. The total amount in the account is the balance. To with-
draw money or pay bills, write a check so your bank will pay money from
your account. Make sure there is enough money in your account to pay the
check amount.
A savings account is different from a checking account. Money in
savings accounts earns interest. Interest is money the bank pays you for
keeping your money there. For example, if you put $100 in a savings ac-
count, after a year you might earn $2 in interest. Try to put some money
in a savings account each month so you can use it in the future and have
money saved for emergencies.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
a}+s vftf vf]Ng]
a}+s vftf vf]Ng cfˆgf nflu ;lhnf] a}+s /f]Hg'xf];\ . sfd ug]{ 7fpF jf
3/glhs} a}+s eP cf©"nfO{ vfFrf] kbf{ hfg ;lhnf] x'G5 . a}+s vftf vf]Ng'cl3
a}+ssf sd{rf/L;Fu o:tf s'/f a'ˇg ;lsG5 M
• s] tkfO{+sf] a}+sdf art / rNtL vftfx? vf]Nbf z'Ns nfU5 <
• vftf vf]Nbf Go"gtd /sd slt rflxG5 <
• vftfdf slteGbf sd /sd x'g] u/L k};f lgsfNg' x'Fb}g <
• d}n] Ps dlxgfdf sltj6f r]s;Dd sf6]/ lbg ;S5' <
• d}n] Ps dlxgfdf d}n] sltk6s;Dd k};f lgsfNg ;S5' <
vftf vf]Ng a}+s hfg'xf];\ . a}+ssf sd{rf/LnfO{ cf©"n] s:tf] vftf vf]Ng
rfx]sf] eGg'xf];\ . pxfFn] tkfO{+;Fu tkfO{+sf] ;f];n ;]So'l/6L sf8{ / ©f]6f];lxtsf]
kl/ro–kq -h:tf] M uf8Lrfns cg'dlt–kq jf lu|g–sf8{_ dfUg' x'g]5 . pxfFn]
tkfO{+sf] hGd–ldlt, 3/sf] 7]ufgf, / 6]ln©f]g gDa/ h:tf JolStut hfgsf/L
klg dfUg' x'g]5 . vftf vf]Ng a}+s hfFbf vftf vf]Ng k'Ug] kof{Kt /sd af]s]/
hfg'xf];\ . vftf vf]Ng ;fdfGotM %) jf !)) 8n/ rflxG5 .
Opening a Bank Account
To open a bank account, pick the bank that best meets your needs. It
should be a bank near your home or your work so you can go there easily
when you need to. Here are some questions to ask the bank worker before
you open an account:
• Are there free checking and savings accounts?
• Do I need a minimum deposit to open an account?
• Is there a minimum balance required?
• How many checks can I write each month?
• How many withdrawals can I make each month?
Go to the bank you choose and tell a bank worker what kind of account
112 Money Management and Banking
you want. The worker will ask to see your Social Security card and a photo
ID card (like a driver’s license or Green Card). The worker will also ask
for personal information, including your date of birth, home address, and
telephone number. Take enough money to deposit to open the account,
usually $50 or $100.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
a}+s vftf z'Ns
w]/} a}+sn] ljleGg ;]jfsf nflu z'Ns lnG5g\ . tkfO{+n] o:tf z'Nsaf/] s'/f
a'ˇg' ePg eg] a}+ssf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . tkfO{+sf] vftfdf df}Hbft lgs} sd
ePdf a}+sn] dfl;s ;]jf z'Ns lng ;S5g\ . o:tf] z'Ns sd lng] a}+sdf vftf
vf]Ng'xf];\ . art vftfaf6 Ps dlxgfdf lglZrt k6s dfq gub lgsfNg ldN5 .
a}+sn] tf]s]eGbf a9L k6s gub lgsfNg' eof] eg] cltl/Qm z'Ns ltg'{k5{ . vftfdf
df}HbfteGbf a9L /sd lgsfNbf tkfO{+n] ltg'{kg{] z'Ns eg]sf] r]sx? l©tf{ x'Fbf jf
a9L k};f lgsfn]jfktsf] z'Ns xf] . pbfx/0f– tkfO{+sf] vftfdf &% 8n/dfq 5 / ;o
8n/sf] r]s sf6\g'eof] eg] tkfO{+n] w]/} z'Ns ltg'{k5{ .
Bank Account Fees
Many banks charge you money (fees) for different services. Ask a bank
worker if you do not understand any fees. A bank might charge you a
monthly service charge for having an account if the balance is too small.
Use a bank with a low service charge. There may be a limit to the number
of withdrawals you can make each month from a savings account. You will
have to pay a fee if you take out money more times than allowed. Bounced
or overdraft check fees are fees charged for taking out more money than
you have in your account. For example, if you write a check for $100, but
you only have $75 in your account, you will be charged a large fee.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
dfl;s a}+s–ljj/0f
tkfO{+sf] a}+sn] tkfO{+nfO{ k|To]s dlxgf ljj/0f k7fpF5 . pSt ljj/0fdf slxn]–
slxn] vftfdf slt gub hDdf ul/of] / slxn]–slxn] vftfaf6 slt lgsflnof] eGg]
n]lvPsf] x'G5 . pSt kqn] dlxgfsf] cGTodf tkfO{+sf] vftfdf slt df}Hbft 5 /
s] s] z'Ns nufOof] eGg] klg b]vfpF5 . pSt dlxg] ljj/0f tkfO{n] ;'/lIft
/fVg'k5{ . tkfO{+;Fu ;a} vr{ k'Ug] u/L /sd 5 eg] ©"8 :6\ofDk, 6\ofg©,
;lKnd]G6n ;]So'l/6L OGsd -P;P;cfO_ / klAns xfplhª h:tf s]xL ;fd'bflos
;xfotf sfo{qmdn] tkfO{+nfO{ ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOFb}gg\ . tkfO{+;Fu cfˆgf] a}+s
vftfdf slt gub 5 eGg] b]vfpg pSt ljj/0fx? To:tf] ;xfotf lbg] sfof{nodf
a'emfpg'k5{ .
/sd Joj:yfkg / a}+lsª 113
Monthly Statements
Your bank will send you a statement each month. The statement is a
report that shows the date and amount of each deposit made into your ac-
count and the date and amount of each withdrawal from the account. It will
also show the balance at the end of each month and any fees that have been
charged. You should save each monthly statement. Some public assistance
programs such as food stamps, TANF, SSI, and public housing will not
provide benefits if you have enough money to pay for all of your expenses.
They will require you submit copies of your bank statements to show how
much money you have in the bank.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
vftfdf ;Lw} tna hDdf
w]/}h;f] /f]huf/bftfn] tkfO{+sf] tna ;Lw} a}+s–vftfdf hDdf ug{ rfxG5g\ .
o;f] ubf{ cf©"n] r]s a'em]/ vftfdf hDdf ug'{ jf gub ;f6\g'eGbf ;'/lIft x'G5 .
tkfO{+sf] ;do aR5 .
/f]huf/bftfn] tkfO{+sf] a}+s–vftfdf tna hDdf ul/lbG5g\ eg] pgn] vftfdf
slt /sd hDdf ul/of] eGg] :ki6 n]lvPsf] e'Stfg /l;b -k] :6a_ lbG5g\ .
Direct Deposit
Many employers are willing to deposit your pay directly into your bank
account. This may save you time and be safer than being given a pay check
that you have to take to your bank to deposit or cash.
If your employer does this, they will still give you a pay stub that
shows how much money was deposited into your account.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
8]la6 sf8{
tkfO{+sf] vftf ePsf] a}+sn] tkfO{+nfO{ Pp6f 8]la6 sf8{ pknAw u/fpg ;S5 .
w]/} :6f]/df ;fdfg lsGbf of] sf8{ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . 8]la6 sf8{af6 tkfO{+n] vr{
ub}{ hfg'eof] eg] tkfO{+sf] rNtL vftfaf6 /sd lemlsG5 . tkfO{+sf] vftfdf ePsf]
/sdeGbf a9L /sd slxNo} vr{ gug'{xf]nf .
Debit Card
Your bank may provide you with a debit card. You can use it in many
stores to buy things. Money you spend with your debit card is automati-
cally taken out of your checking account. Do not spend more money than
you have in your account.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
114 Money Management and Banking
Pl6Pd
Pl6Pdsf] k"/f cy{ …c6f]d]l6s 6]n/ dl;gÚ xf] . gub lgsfNg'kbf{ tkfO{+n]
cfˆgf] 8]la6 sf8{nfO{ Pl6Pdsf ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . s'g} Pl6Pd
sf8{x? rnfP/ gub hDdf ug{ / cfˆgf] vftfdf slt k};f afFsL 5 egL hfFRg
;lsG5 . Pl6Pd k|of]u u/]sf] z'Ns nfUg ;S5 . tkfO{+sf] vftf ePsf] a}+sn]
/fv]sf] Pl6Pd dl;gaf6 k};f lgsfNof] eg] z'Ns sd x'G5 . Pl6Pd k|of]u ubf{ sf8{
l5/fpg] Kjfndf l5/fpg'xf];\ / To;kl5 dl;gn] lbPsf] lgb]{zgcg';f/ ub}{
hfg'xf];\ . oxfF cfˆgf] lkg -JolStut klxrfg gDa/_ 6fOk ug'{k5{ . cfˆgf] lkg
-gDa/_ s;}nfO{ geGg'xf];\ . cf©"n] /fVg] jf af]Sg] s'g} sfuhdf cfˆgf] lkg slxNo}
gn]Vg'xf];\ . sG7 ug'{xf];\ . olb s;}n] tkfO{+sf] lkg gDa/ yfxf kfof] / tkfO{+sf]
8]la6 sf8{ rf]¥of] eg] tkfO{+sf] vftfdf ePsf] ;a} /sd rf]l/g ;S5 .
ATM
ATM is short for “Automatic Teller Machine.” You can use your debit
card in an ATM to get cash. Some ATMs allow you to deposit money and
check your balance. It can cost money to use an ATM, but one with your
bank’s name on it is usually cheaper to use than others. To use an ATM,
put your debit card in the card slot, follow the instructions, and type your
personal identification number (PIN). Never tell anyone your PIN. Never
write your PIN on paper that you keep with you. If someone else knows
your PIN and steals your debit card they may be able to steal all the money
you have in the bank account.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
C0fx¿
dxFuf ;/;fdfg vl/bf/Lsf nflu a}+sx?n] C0f klg lbG5g\ . o:tf] ;]jfjfkt
tkfO{+n] lglZrt cjlwsf nflu C0f kfpg'x'G5 . o;/L tkfO{+n] lnPsf] C0fsf] ;fFjf
/ Aofh ltg'{k5{ . C0f lng x:tfIf/ ug'{eGbf klxn] C0f s;/L ltg]{, tf]lsPsf]
;do u'h|]df s] ug]{, Aofh slt a'emfpg'k5{, / cGo lgodx? tkfO{+n] /fd|/L a'em]sf]
x'g'k5{ . o:tf ljifodf s]xL ;f]Wg dg nfu] a}+ssf sd{rf/L jf tkfO{+sf] k'g:yf{kgfdf
;xof]u ug]{ ;+:yfn] v6fPsf …s]; js{/Ú ;Fu ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
Loans
Banks also give loans for big purchases. With a loan, you borrow an
amount of money for a certain period of time. You must pay back the
money and interest for borrowing it. Make sure you understand how to re-
pay the loan, when payments are due, the amount of interest you will pay,
and any other rules before you sign. Ask a bank employee or caseworker
if you have questions.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
/sd Joj:yfkg / a}+lsª 115
qm]l86
sf/h:tf dxFuf ;fwg lsGg'kbf{ C0f lng'kg]{ x'g ;S5 . tkfO{+n] C0f lnP/
a]nfdf ltg'{ePsf] 5 eg] a}+sn] tkfO{+nfO{ C0f lbG5 . ;fk6 lnP/ a]nfdf ltg'{nfO{
c;n–qm]l86 elgG5 . c;n–qm]l86 eGgfn] tkfO{+nfO{ C0f lbof] eg] tkfO{+n]
;dodf ltg'{x'G5 /, v/fa–qm]l86 eGgfn] tkfO{+n] ;dodf ltg'{x'Gg eGg] a}+sn] a'ˇg
;S5g\ . qm]l86–c+s -qm]l86 :sf]/_ tkfO{+n] C0f lnP/ a]nfdf lt/]sf] :ki6 kfg]{ c+s
xf] . To;}n] cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf; ;+u7gsf] ofqf–C0f hlt ;Sg'x'G5 Tolt / c?
C0f ;dodf lt/]/ c;n–qm]l86 agfpg'xf];\ .
Credit
To buy something expensive, like a car, you might need to borrow
money through a loan to pay for it. A bank will give you a loan if you have
good credit. Good credit means that banks think you will pay back money
you borrow, and bad credit means they think you might not. Your credit
score is a number that shows how good your credit is. Build good credit
by paying, on time, at least the minimum amount due on your IOM loan
and any other loan payments.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
qm]l86 ljj/0f
tkfO{+sf] qm]l86 ljj/0fn] tkfO{+sf] qm]l86–Oltxf; -tkfO{+n] afFsL lnP/ a]nfdf
lt/]sf] ljj/0f_ 5n{ª kf5{ . a}+sx?, 3/a]6Lx?, /f]huf/bftfx? / c?n] tkfO{+;Fu
sfd ug{] a]nfdf tkfO{+sf] qm]l86–Oltxf; a'ˇg ;S5g\ . tkfO{+n] OlSjˆofS;,
PS:k]l/og / 6«fG;o'lgog h:tf ;+:yfaf6 lgz'MNs qm]l86 ljj/0f kfpg'x'G5 .
ToxfFaf6 k|fKt ljj/0fnfO{ /fd|/L hfFRg'xf];\ . pSt ljj/0fdf q'l6 ePsf] x'g;S5 .
q'l6 ©]nf k¥of] eg] pSt ;+:yfnfO{ ;"rgf lbg ;Sg'x'G5 .
Credit Report
Your credit report describes your credit history. Banks, landlords, em-
ployers, and others may check your report to determine if they want to
work with you. You can get a free credit report each year from Equifax,
Experian, and TransUnion. Check your report every year to make sure it is
correct. If there is a mistake, write to the credit reporting agency.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
qm]l86 sf8{
qm]l86 sf8{sf] ;xfotfn] tkfO{+ clxn] s]xL ;fdfg lsGg'x'G5, clg s]xL xKtfdf
dfq k};f ltg'{ x'G5 . of] sf8{+ kfpg tkfO{+n] M
• cfˆgf] hGd–ldlt / 3/sf] 7]ufgf h:tf hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ .
• cfˆgf] lgoldt cfDbfgL -h:tf] M sfd u/]sf 7fpFaf6 kfPsf] r]s e'Stfgsf]
k|df0f_ ePsf] b]vfpg'k5{ .
118 Money Management and Banking
• cf©"n] ;dodf k};f lt/]sf] k|df0f x'g'k5{ .
qm]l86 sf8{ lng'cl3 o:tf] sf8{af/] ;a} hfgsf/L k9\g'xf];\ . s'g} sf8{df w]/}
vfnsf z'Ns ltg'{kg{] x'G5 .
Pp6f qm]l86 sf8{af6 pwf/f]df sf/f]jf/ ug{ ;Ldf tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . tf]s]–
eGbf a9L pwf/f] lng ldNb}g . olb s'g} sf8{af6 Ps xhf/ 8n/dfq vr{ ug{
kfOG5 elgPsf] 5 eg] tkfO{+n] Ps xhf/eGbf a9Lsf ;fdfg lsGg ldNb}g . sf8{
k|of]u u/]/ pwf/f]df slt vr{ ug{ kfOG5 eGg] hfGgsf nflu sf8{sf] k5f8L n]lvPsf]
6]ln©f]g gDa/df ©f]g u/]/ hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ .
qm]l86 sf8{ rnfpFbf xf]lzof/L ckgfpg' eof] eg] tkfO{+n] afFsL lnP/ a]nfdf
lt/]sf] ljj/0f tof/ x'G5, To;}n] M
• dlxgfe/ vr{ ug{ ldN5 elg tf]lsPsf] /sd dfq vr{ ug'{xf];\ .
• tf]lsPsf] ;doleq lan e'Stfg ug'{xf];\ .
• cf©";Fu eP hlt dfq /sd vr{ ug'{xf];\ . lan ltg]{ /sd cf©";Fu ;w}F
x'g'k5{ .
Credit Card
Credit cards let you buy something then pay for it a few weeks later. To
get one, you will need to:
• Give information such as birth date and home address
• Show proof of regular income (for example, your paycheck stubs)
• Have good credit
Read all the information about a credit card before you decide to get
one. Some cards have many fees.
A credit card has a credit limit, the maximum amount of money you
can spend with it. If the credit limit is $1,000, you cannot use that card to
buy things that total more than $1,000. Learn the credit limit by telephon-
ing the number on the back of the card.
If you are careful with your credit card, you will build good credit.
• Always use less than your credit limit.
• Pay your bill before the due date.
• Do not spend more money than you have. Always have enough money
to pay your bill.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cd]l/sL d'b|f
k|To]s cd]l/sL l;Ssfsf gfd 5g\ . ;aeGbf ;fgf] l;Ssf Ps ;]G6sf]
x'G5, o;nfO{ k]gL elgG5 . kfFr ;]G6sf] l;SsfnfO{ lgsn elgG5 . bz ;]G6sf]
l;SsfnfO{ 8fod elgG5 . kRrL; ;]G6sf] l;SsfnfO{ Sjf6{/ elgG5 . To:t} %)
;]G6 / Ps 8n/sf klg l;Ssf kfOG5g\ . %) ;]G6 / Ps 8n/sf l;Ssf sd}
/sd Joj:yfkg / a}+lsª 119
kfOG5g\ / tkfO{+n] gb]Vg klg ;Sg'x'G5 . Ps, b'O{, kfFr, bz, aL;, krf; / ;o
8n/sf sfuhL gf]6x? x'G5g\ . sfuhL gf]6nfO{ …lanÚ eGg] rng 5, h:tf] M Ps
8n/ lan, b'O{ 8n/ lan, kfFr 8n/ lan cflb . 8n/nfO{ af]nLrf]nLsf efiffdf …asÚ
klg eg]sf] ;'lgG5 .
American Money
Each American coin has a name. The 1 cent coin is called a “penny.”
The 5 cent coin is called a “nickel.” The 10 cent coin is called a “dime.”
The 25 cent coin is called a “quarter.” There are also 50 cent and one dol-
lar coins, but they are not used often and you may never see them. Paper
money is called a “bill". There are one dollar, two dollar, five dollar, ten
dollar, twenty dollar, fifty dollar and one hundred dollar bills. In slang, a
dollar is also called a “buck".
m m m
120
121
;dfof]hg
cd]l/sfnfO{ …cj;/sf] e"ldÚ elgG5 . oxfF c;Lldt cj;/x? 5g\ .
To;}n] tkfO{+nfO{ cd]l/sf cfpg' /f]df~rs x'G5 . gofF b]z Pjd\ ;+:s[ltdf a;f]af;
tyf sfd ug'{ tkfO{+ / kl/jf/sf nflu r'gf}tLk"0f{ klg x'G5 . of] cWofodf tkfO{+n]
cd]l/sfdf s] s] cfzf ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 / oxfFsf] kl/l:ylt;Fu ldnh'n ub}{ hfFbf
cfOkg]{ ;d:of s;/L ;dfwfg ug'{k5{ eGg] 5n©n ul/Psf] 5 .
Adjustment
Coming to the United States is an exciting time with many possible op-
portunities available to you. It is also a challenging time for you and your
family as you must learn to live and work in a new country and new cul-
ture. This chapter will discuss what you can expect and ways to overcome
problems as you adjust.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;dfof]hg eg]sf] xf] <
gofF b]zdf a;f]af; / sfd ug{ l;Sg] k|lqmof g} ;dfof]hg xf] . ;dfof]hg
x'g] qmd o;/L cl3a9\5, ;'?df – b]lvG5, clg hflgG5 / lj:tf/} crDd dfGg
5fl8G5 . ;dfof]hg x'gsf nflu kl/jt{g x'g'k5{ / gofF s'/f l;Sg'k5{ . h:t} M
• gofF dfG5]x?;Fu e]63f6 x'G5 .
• gofF efiff l;lsG5 .
• kl/jf/sf] e"ldsfdf kl/jt{g x'G5 .
• lr/–kl/lrt 7fpFafx]sdf klg afFRg l;lsG5 .
What Is Adjustment?
Adjustment is the process of learning to live and work in a new coun-
try. It involves making changes and learning new things. For example:
• Meeting new people.
• Learning a new language.
• Taking on different family roles.
• Learning to live without familiar places and people.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;+:s[lt eg]sf] xf] <
;+:s[lt eg]sf] s'g} Ps ;d"xsf dflg;sf] ;femf d"No, dfGotf / k/Dk/f–
x?sf] Pp6f ;+u|x xf] . ;+:s[ltdf s'g} Ps ;d"xsf] efiff, snf / dgf]efjx?
;d]l6Psf x'G5g\ . dflg;x?sf] af]nLrfnL / Jojxf/n] pgLx?sf] d"No / dfGotf
122 Cultural Adjustment and Integration
emNsfpF5 . gofF ;+:s[ltaf/] l;Sg' eg]sf] gofF b]zdf a;f]af; ug{ l;Sg'sf] Ps
lx:;f xf] . tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] ;f+:s[lts lrgf/Lsf ;a} kIfx? Tofu]/ k"/} cd]l/sL
;+:s[lt cufNg' kb{}g, of] ;dfhleq a:g / sfd ug{ dfq l;Sg' k5{ .
What Is Culture?
Culture is a set of beliefs, values, and traditions that a group of people
share. Culture can include a group’s language, art, and attitudes. These be-
liefs and values influence what people say and do. Learning a new culture
is part of learning to live in your new country. You do not have to change
completely and follow American culture, you just have to learn to live and
work within it.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;dfof]hgsf r/0fx¿
gofF b]z / /xg;xgdf ;a}nfO{ p:t} vfnsf] cg'ej x'Fb}g, w]/}h;f] dflg;sf]
u'h|g] kl/l:ylt eg] Ps} 9fFrfsf] x'G5 . ;a}n] a'ˇg] s'/f rflxF s] xf] eg]
afnaflnsf;lxt a]Unfa]Un} dflg;n] 5f]6f] jf nfdf] ;dosf nflu yf]/} jf w]/} tn
elgPsf] h:tf] cg'ej u5{g\ .
The Stages of Adjustment
Not everyone’s experience is exactly the same, but there is a general
pattern most people follow as they adjust to a new country and culture. Re-
member that different people may feel these things more or less intensely
and for different lengths of time, including children.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
klxnf] r/0f M cfudg
ha tkfO{+ ljdfgaf6 pqg'x'G5, To;kl5sf s]xL xKtf;Dd t k|To]s rLh cb\e't
/ /f]df~rs nfU5g\ . dflg;x? bofn' nfU5g\, cj;/x? cgluGtL x'G5g\, / ;a}
;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ePh:tf] nfU5 . tkfO{+n] cfgGb, ;'/lIft / /fxt dx;'; ug{
;Sg'x'G5 .
Stage One – Arrival
When you get off the plane and several weeks after that everything
seems wonderful and exciting. The people seem kind, opportunities are
endless, and you feel like all of your problems are over. You may feel
happy, safe, and relieved.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
bf];|f] r/0f M jf:tljstf
cd]l/sfdf cfPsf] s]xL xKtfkl5 tkfO{+nfO{ cf©"n] a'em]eGbf ©/s cg'ej x'g
yfN5 . tkfO{+n] cd]l/sfdf cGt/x? ©]nf kfg'{x'G5 . 3/ ©s{g kfP x'GYof] eGg]
;f+:s[lts ;dfof]hg / PsLs/0f 123
sfdgf ug{ yfNg'x'G5 . ;ayf]s ;fx|f]–ufx|f] ePsf] cg'ej ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . b'MvL
x'g'x'G5, l/; p7\5, lx:; kg'{x'G5 / xf/]h:tf] cg'ej eP/ ysys x'g yfN5 .
Stage Two – Reality
After several weeks in the United States, your feelings may begin to
change as reality starts to sink in. You see how different things are in the
United States. You may wish to go home. You may feel like things are too
hard. You may feel sad, angry, disappointed, and overwhelmed.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
t];|f] r/0f M ;dfof]hg
oL cg'ejx? ;fdfGo x'g\ / ;do laTb} hfFbf ;a} x6]/ hfG5g\ . ;dfof]hg
lj:tf/} x'g] k|lqmof xf] . cGttM rLhlahx? la/fgf] / c;lhnf x'Fb}gg\ . tkfO{+n]
gofF ;fyLx? ©]nf kfg'{x'G5 / ;fy} cf©"nfO{ Jo:t kfg]{ sfdsfh klg kfpg'x'g]5 .
clg b]z 5f8]/ cfPsf]df UnfgL x'g 5f8\5 . cd]l/sf g} cfˆgf] 3/ xf] eGg] cg'e"t
ug{ yfNg'x'G5 .
Stage Three – Adjustment
These feelings are normal and in time, they will go away. Adjusting
is a slow process, but eventually things will not feel as strange and dif-
ficult. You will find new friends and things to do. You will not miss your
home country as much. You will start to think of the United States as your
home.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
tkfO{+n] s] ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 <
;dfof]hg k|lqmofdf cf©}F x'g] xf]Og\, tkfO{+n] cfˆgft©{af6 klg ug'{kg]{ s]xL
dxÎjk"0f{ k|oTgx? 5g\ M
• cfˆgf] j/k/ -jftfj/0f_nfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf x]g'{xf];\ . r'gf}tLx?nfO{ pGglt
/ lzIff xfl;n ug]{ cj;/ ;Demg'xf];\ .
• l;Sg / cg's"n x'g ;do nfU5 eGg] a'ˇg'xf];\ . slxn]sfxLF cf©" xf/]h:tf] x'g'
jf b'MvL x'g' :jfefljs xf] .
• cln ;do lnP/ cf©"nfO{ /dfOnf] nfUg] sfdsfh ug'{xf];\ .
• 3/leq dfq} ga:g'xf];\ . gn'Sg'xf];\ . gofF dflg;x?;Dd k'Ug'xf];\ / gofF
j:t'x?;Fu kl/lrt x'g] cfF6 ug'{xf];\ .
• cd]l/sLx?nfO{ ;fyLefO agfpg yfNg'xf];\ .
• gofF b]zsf af/]df hfGg'xf];\ . a'ˇg'xf];\ . hlt w]/} l;Sg] sf]lzz ug'{x'G5, cf©"
j/k/sf dflg;af/] Tolt g} a'ˇg'x'G5 .
• kl/jf/ / ;fyLefO;Fu ;do latfpg] ug'{xf];\ . pgLx?;Fu cg'ej afF8\g'xf];\ .
eGg'xf];\, ;'Gg'xf];\ .
124 Cultural Adjustment and Integration
Meeting Neighbors
Learning about American behaviors and values and coping with them
is part of cultural adjustment. One way to begin to understand Americans
and American culture is to meet native-born Americans. You may have
American neighbors. You may meet them at the door to your apartment
building, at a laundromat, or store. Be friendly and say “Hello” even if you
do not understand much more English.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
c;n l5d]sL aGg'xf];\
ckf6{d]G6df a:g] clwsf+z dflg;x? /ftL bz jf P3f/ ah];Dddf ;'T5g\ . /ftL
!) ah]b]lv laxfg * ah];Dd 5/l5d]sLnfO{ afwf k'Ug] ultljlw /f]Sg'xf];\, h:t} M
gfgLx?nfO{ xNnf ug{ glbg'xf];\, ;fgf] :j/df s'/fsfgL ug'{xf];\, afhf gahfpg'xf];\
jf ;fgf] kfg'{xf];\ . 5/l5d]sL;Fu s]xL c;xdltx? eP, xn ug{] sf]lzz ug'{xf];\ .
cf©"n] ;dfwfg ug{ ;lSbFg h:tf] nfU5 eg] 3/a]6L;Fu d2t lng'xf];\ .
Being a Good Neighbor
Most people living in apartments go to sleep around 10 p.m. or 11 p.m.
Please keep children quiet, keep conversations at a low level, and do not
play music or make noise that neighbors can hear between 10 p.m. and 8
a.m. If you have disagreements with your neighbors, try to resolve them
together. If you cannot, ask your landlord to help.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;dosf] Vofn ug'{
cd]l/sfdf ;dolgi7 x'g' lgs} dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 . :s"n, sfd, 8fS6/;Fu k/LIf0f
ug{, uf8L l;Sg, k'gjf{; ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx?;Fu tf]lsPsf] a}7s jf ;fyLefOnfO{
e]63f6df hfFbf ;dodf k'Ug'k5{ . tkfO{+ k"j{lgwf{l/t ;dodf !) ldg]6eGbf l9nf]
x'g] x'g'eof] eg] ©f]g u/]/ cf©" l9nf] x'g] atfpg' k5{ / Ifdf dfUg' k5{ . 8fS6/n]
hfFRg] ;dodf l9nf k'Ug'eof] eg] pxfFn] tkfO{+nfO{ ghfFRg ;Sg'x'G5 / ghfFr] klg
hfFr]jfkt ltg'{kg{] z'Ns eg] lng ;Sg'x'G5 .
Being on Time
In America, it is always important to be on time for everything: for
school, for work, for doctors’ appointments, for driving tests, for sched-
uled meetings with staff of your resettlement agency, for meeting friends.
If you are ever going to be more than 10 minutes late for an appointment,
it is important to telephone and let the person know that you will be late
and apologize. If you are late for a doctor’s appointment, the doctor may
not see you but still may charge you a fee.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;f+:s[lts ;dfof]hg / PsLs/0f 127
uf]kgLotf
cd]l/sLx? JolStut uf]kgLotfnfO{ dxÎj lbG5g\ . dflg;x? c?sf] 3/df
lgDtf] gkfO, ©f]g gu/L, jf To:tf] s]xL aGbf]a:t gu/L lj/n} hfG5g\ . cd]l/sLx?n]
tkfO{+nfO{ klxnf]k6s pgLx?sf 3/df af]nfPsf a]nf tkfO{+n] s'g} sf]7fsf] 9f]sf
aGb ePsf] kfpg' x'G5 / leq sf]xL a;]sf klg x'g;S5g\ . 3/sf ;a}hgf aflx/
gcfpg ;S5g\ . of] pgLx?sf] JolStut OR5f xf] . kl/jf/sf s'g} ;b:o cfˆgf
sf]7fdf uf]Ko /xg rfxG5g\ .
Privacy
Americans value their privacy. People usually do not visit the homes
of other people unless they have been invited, have telephoned, or have
made arrangements ahead of time. When an American invites you to her
home for the first time, you may find that some inside doors are closed.
This may be because some family members want to remain private in their
own rooms.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cgf}krfl/stf / gfdx¿
cd]l/sLx? w]/} cgf}krfl/s x'g vf]H5g\ . Psk6s kl/ro ePkl5 pgLx?
s'/fsfgL ubf{ jf af]nfpFbf k|foM klxnf] gfd k|of]u u5{g\ . 8fS6/ jf lzIfs–
lzlIfsf h:tf Jofj;flos dfG5]x?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ubf{ pko'St bhf{df y/ /fVg'k5{ .
h:t}M lzIfssf nflu …ld:6/ hf]G;Ú pko'St x'G5 eg] lzlIfsfsf nflu …ld; hf]G;Ú
;xL x'G5 . t/ dlxnf jf k'?if h] eP klg …8f= hf]G;Ú 7Ls x'G5 . To;}u/L w]/}
cd]l/sLx? gfdsf] 5f]6f] ?k -pkgfd_ k|of]u u5{g\ . ;'?df o:tf pkgfdn] cndn
kf5{g\ . Pshgf nf]Ug]dfG5]sf] gfd …/a6{Ú x'G5, p;n] kl/ro lbFbf cfˆgf] gfd
…aaÚ atfpF5g\ . To:t} Pshgf dlxnf jf o'jtLsf] gfd …Plnhfj]yÚ x'G5, pgn]
kl/ro lbFbf cfˆgf] gfd …a]§LÚ atfpFl5g\ . o:tf cgf}krfl/s pkgfdx? af]nL–
rfnLdf dfq k|of]u ul/G5g\ / cf}krfl/s sfuhkqdf n]Vg'kbf{ jf x:tfIf/ ug'{kbf{
k"/f gfd n]lvG5g\ . oxfF lbPsfafx]s o:tf pkgfdsf c? w]/} ckjfb 5g\ .
Informality and Names
Americans tend to be very informal. Once they are introduced, they
mostly use first names when speaking with each other. Use family names
with an appropriate title when, for example, when speaking to a profes-
sional such as a doctor or a teacher. “Mr. Jones” would be an appropriate
way to address a male teacher, “Ms. Jones” would be appropriate for a
female teacher. And “Dr. Jones” would be appropriate for either a male
or female doctor. Many American names also have short versions called
“nicknames.” This may be confusing at first. But a man with the first name
“Robert” may introduce himself by his nickname “Bob” and a woman
128 Cultural Adjustment and Integration
with the first name “Elizabeth” may introduce herself as “Betty.” You may
find that informal nicknames are usually used in conversation and more
formal, full names are used in written lists and signing papers. There are
exceptions.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;f]Wg gx'g] s]xL k|Zgx¿
cd]l/sLx? cfˆgf s]xL lghL ljifox? uf]Ko /fV5g\ . cfˆgf Psbd glhs}sf
;fyLx?afx]s c? s;}nfO{ tkfO{+n] To:tf ljifo;DaGwL k|Zg ;f]Wg jf 5n©n ug{
vf]Hg'eof] eg] s]xL cd]l/sLx? l/;fpg ;S5g\ . s'/fsfgL ubf{ o:tf ljifo 5Ng]
sf]lzz ug{'xf];\ M slt jif{sf] x'g'eof] < slt k};f sdfpg'x'G5 jf tna slt 5 <
tkfO{+ s'g wd{ dfGg'x'G5 < tkfO{+ lsg olt df]6fpg' ePsf] 5 < s] tkfO{+;Fu k|z:t
k};f 5 < 3/ lsGbf slt k};f xfNg'eof] < cflb .
Some Questions Not to Ask
There are some subjects that Americans keep very private. If you ask
questions or try to discuss these subjects, some Americans will be offend-
ed, especially if you are not very, very close friends. Try to avoid these
subjects when talking: How old are you? How much money do you make
at your work? What is your religion? Why are you so fat? Do you have a
lot of money? How much did you pay for your house?
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
b'O{ JolStaLrsf] b"/L
sfd ug]{ 7fpFdf ;xsdL{, 5/l5d]sL;Fu / ;fj{hlgs :yndf vf; u/L w]/}h;f]
cd]l/sL csf]{ JolSt;Fu s'/f ubf{ # jf $ l©6 6f9f pleg rfxG5g\ . olt 6f9f
pleP/ s'/f ubf{ pgLx?n] ;'lj:tf 7fG5g\ . cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf ;b:o / 3lgi7 ldq
eg] lgs} glhs pleg ;S5g\ . cd]l/sL;Fu s'/f ubf{ glhs hfg sf]lzz ug'{eof]
eg] pgLx?n] tkfO{+nfO{ ldrfxf 7fG5g\ / kl5 x6\5g\ . o:tf] afgLk|lt ;r]t x'g]
k|of; ug'{xf];\ . s;};Fu s'/fsfgL ul//xFbf pxfF yf]/} k5f8L x6\g'eof] eg] tkfO{+
pxfFlt/ g;g'{xf];\ . To;a]nf pxfFn] aLrsf] vfnL 7fpF 36fpg vf]Hg'ePsf] xf] .
a;, /]n, xjfO{hxfh / Plne]6/ -cf©}F dfly–tn ug]{ e¥ofª_ df dflg;x?
c?;Fu glhs geO 6f9} pleg] jf a:g] sf]lzz u5{g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu a;df
r9]kl5 w]/} vfnL l;6x? x'Fbfx'Fb} Tof] 5f8]/ s'g} ckl/lrt JolStsf] 5]pdf uP/
a:g'eof] eg] pgnfO{ cK7\of/f] dx;'; x'g ;S5, pgL ToxfFaf6 p7]/ csf]{ l;6 uP/
a:g ;S5g\ .
Personal Space
Most Americans tend to stand about 3 or 4 feet apart when they are
talking to another person, especially with colleagues at work, neighbors,
;f+:s[lts ;dfof]hg / PsLs/0f 129
and in public places. This distance makes them feel comfortable. They
may stand closer together if they are members of the same family or are
very close friends. If you try to get too close to an American during a
conversation, he or she will feel that you are being aggressive and will try
to back away. Try to be aware of this, so if the person to whom you are
speaking backs away a little, do not try to close the gap.
In buses, trains, airplanes, and elevators, people will try to stand or sit
in locations where they will not be too close to others. For example, if you
take a seat right next to a stranger when there are many other empty seats
on a bus, the stranger may feel uncomfortable and get up and take another
seat.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
z/L/sf] efiff
dflg;x? cfk;df ;+jfb ubf{ c+usf] k|of]usf ;fy} af]nLaf6 u5{g\ . hLpsf]
rfnaf6 k|s6 ul/g] ;+jfb klg efiff h:t} cfˆg} ;+:s[ltaf6 l;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf
nflu w]/}h;f] cd]l/sL …xf]OgÚ eGg pgLx? cfˆgf] 6fpsf] bfofF–afofF u5{g\ / …xf]Ú
eGg pgLx? 6fpsf] tn–dfly u5{g\ . ptf g]kfnLx? eg] …xf]Ú eGg 6fpsf] o:;f]
Psflt/ 3'dfpF5g\ . cd]l/sLx? cfFvfdf cfFvf h'wfP/ s'/f ug{ dg k/fpF5g\ . c?
;+:s[ltaf6 cfPsf dflg; cfFvf–cfFvf h'wfP/ s'/f ub}{gg\, To;df klg vf;u/L
dlxnf / k'?if s'/f ubf{ . s'/f ubf{ cf©"n] cGoq x]l/of] eg] 5Ng vf]h]sf] ;+s]tsf
?kdf lnOG5 . cd]l/sLx? e]6 x'Fbf xft ldnfP/ clejfbg u5{g\ . tkfO{+n] o:tf]
a]nfdf xft ldnfpg' ePg eg] cd]l/sL ;xsdL{ jf xflsd -k|aGws_ n] cgfb/ ug]{
afgL /x]5 eGg] 7fG5g\ . gofF /xg;xgsf dflg;n] s;f] u5{g\ Wofg lbP/ x]g'{ /
s:tf] Jojxf/ u5{g\ hfGg' g} z/L/sf] ;+jfb l;Sg] ;aeGbf ultnf] tl/sf xf] .
Body Language
People communicate by using their bodies as well as by speaking. Most
body movements are a learned part of a culture, just like a language. For
example, most Americans typically signal “no” by moving their head left
and right but signal “yes” by nodding their head up and down. Nepalis,
however, might signal “yes” by tilting their head to one side. Americans
like to make eye contact when talking with each other. People from other
cultures, may avoid eye contact, especially between men and women. If
you look away, it may be taken as a sign of evasiveness. Americans shake
hands when greeting each other. If you do not shake hands at the appropri-
ate time an American worker or manager may view this as lack of respect.
An important way to learn appropriate body language in this new culture
is to observe people closely and see how they behave.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
130 Cultural Adjustment and Integration
kl/jf/df abln“bf] e"ldsf
cd]l/sf cfpFbf / oxfFsf] gofF /xg;xg tyf efiff l;Sbf o;n] cfdf–a'af,
xh'/cfdf–xh'/a'af, slnnf] pd]/sf s]6fs]6L / ;fgf] pd]/sf gfgLx?nfO{ ©/s
tl/sfn] k|efj kf5{ . o;n] Ps csf{l;tsf] ;DaGwx?df klg k|efj kf5{ . o;n]
cK7\of/f] kl/l:ylt klg Nofpg ;Sg] eP klg of] ;fdfGo kIf xf] .
Changing Roles in the Family
Moving to America and its new culture and new language will affect
mothers, fathers, grandparents, teenagers, and young children differently.
It can also affect their relationships with each other. This is all normal, but
it can cause difficulties.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
k'?if / dlxnf
cd]l/sfdf >Ldfg\ / >LdtL b'j}n] sfd u5{g\ eGg] cfzf ul/G5 . >LdtLn] klxnf
hflu/ kfOFg eg] cf©"n] hflu/ gkfpGh]n >Ldfgn] afnaRrfsf] :ofxf/ u5{g\ .
>Ldfg\ / >LdtL b'j} sfd u5{g\ eg] aRrf x]g]{ lhDd]jf/L afF8\5g\ . slxn]sfxLF
>LdtLn] >Ldfg\sf] eGbf a9L sdfpFl5g\ . cfˆgf] b]zdf /xFbf kl/jf/sf] lzif{ :yfgdf
/x]sf k'?ifn] g]t[Tj u'dfPsf] cg'e"lt u5{g\ / pgLx?nfO{ gofF 7fpFsf] hLjgz}nLdf
ldNg sl7gfO x'g ;S5 .
Men and Women
Men and women are both expected to work in America. If the wife
finds a job first, the husband may care for children at home until he also
finds a job. When they are both working they will need to share child care
responsibilities. Sometimes the wife will earn more money than the hus-
band. Men who are comfortable in the traditional role as sole leaders of
their families may find it difficult to adjust to their changed role.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
:s"n hfg] pd]/sf gfgLx¿
:s"n hfg] pd]/sf gfgLx?n] k|foMh;f] cfˆgf cfdf–a'af / xh'/a'af–
xh'/cfdfeGbf rfF8f] c+u|]hL l;S5g\ . cleefjsn] cfˆgf gfgLx?af6 bf]efif]sf
?kdf ;xof]u lng ;S5g\ . gfgLx?n] 6]ln©f]gdf hjf© ©sf{pg], 8fS6/;Fu hfFRg]
;do ldnfOlbg], lr7L–kqx? kl9lbg], l5d]sL jf 3/a]6L;Fu s'/f ul/lbg] u5{g\ .
To;}n] z/0ffyL{sf gfgLx?n] ToxL pd]/sf cd]l/sL gfgLx?eGbf cfˆgf cleefjssf]
lhDd]jf/Lx? a9L lng ;S5g\ .
School Age Children
School age children will often learn English faster that their parents
and grandparents. Parents may ask their children to act as interpreters, to
;f+:s[lts ;dfof]hg / PsLs/0f 131
answer the telephone, to make appointments with doctors, to read the mail,
to talk with neighbors or landlords. Refugee children, therefore, may take
on more adult responsibilities than American children of the same age.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lszf]/–lszf]/L
vf;u/L slnnf] pd]/ -!# b]lv !( jif{_ sf s]6fs]6LnfO{ cd]l/sfdf k'gjf{;
ubf{ lgs} cK7\of/f] x'G5 . pgLx?sf] w]/} 306f :s"ndf laT5, hxfF pgLx?n]
cfˆgf cd]l/sL lszf]/–lszf]/Lsf njfO–vjfO / cfgLafgL x]5{g\, clg ;lhn}
To;sf] l;sf] ug{ ;'? u5{g\ . ptf 3/df pgLx?n] cfˆgf] k/Dk/fut hLjgz}nL g}
ckgfpF5g\ eGg] ;f]lrG5, ls t n'uf xf];\, vfg]s'/f xf];\ of Jojxf/ xf];\ . s]xL
cleefjsn] pgLx?sf] gofF hLjgz}nL ckgfPsf]df cfklQ hgfpF5g\ / o;n] 3/–
snx Nofpg ;S5 . of] pd]/sf s]6fs]6LnfO{ b'O{ ©/s–©/s ;f+:s[lts rfnrng
ckgfpFbf ePsf] tgfj cfˆgf cleefjsnfO{ JoQm ug{ ;S5f}+ h:tf] nfUb}g . s]6f–
s]6LaLrsf] ldqtf / pgLx? b'j} ;Fu} x'Fbfsf] Jojxf/n] tgfjk"0f{ cj:yf NofpF5 .
Teenagers
Resettlement in America can be especially difficult for teenagers. They
spend many hours in school where they observe closely the clothing, food,
and behavior of American teenagers and they begin quickly to adopt simi-
lar clothing and behavior. At the same time, in their home they are ex-
pected to maintain the traditional way of life, including clothing, food, and
behavior. Some parents may object to the assimilation changes they see in
their teenagers and family conflict may result. Teenagers may not feel they
can communicate the stress of being part of two different cultures with
their parents. This may be especially true regarding relationships between
boys and girls and their behavior together.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
xh'/a'af–xh'/cfdf
kfsf] pd]/sf ;b:ox?nfO{ c+u|]hL l;Sg ;aeGbf cK7\of/f] x'G5 . To;}n] hflu/
kfpg yk ufx|f] x'G5 . pgLx?n] kl/jf/sf tGg]/L ;b:ox?sf] cfDbfgLdf e/kg'{
kg{] x'G5 . ;a}sf] a]nf cfpF5 / hfG5 . a"9f ePsf ;b:ox?sf] a]nf lyof] . tGg]/L
;b:ox?sf] a]nf cfPsf] x'G5 . clxn] a"9fkfsf ePsf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? klxn]
hf] kl/jf/sf nflu 1fg / cg'ejsf] ;|f]t lyP, clxn] Tof] :yfg u'd]sf] dx;';
ug{ ;S5g\ . gofF /xg;xgdf ;fy{s sfd jf ljlzi6 e"ldsfsf] cefj / g]kfnL
efiffdf dfq s'/fsfgL ug{ ;Sg] ePsfn] xh'/a'af–xh'/cfdfx?n] cf©"nfO{ PSnf]
7fGg ;Sg'x'G5 . o;n] pxfFx?nfO{ lg/fz agfpg ;S5 / cfˆg} k'/fgf] /xg;xgdf
©s{g] OR5f hfu]/ cfpg ;S5 .
132 Cultural Adjustment and Integration
Grandparents
Older adults often have the most difficulty learning English. For that
reason they may have greater difficulty in obtaining jobs. They may re-
main dependent on the income of younger members of their families. The
elderly may feel that they have lost their status as the source of knowledge
and experience in their families. Without meaningful work or specific role
in the new culture and with the limitation of being able to communicate
only in Nepali, the elderly may feel isolated. This can lead to depression
and a strong desire to return to their old culture.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
PsLs/0f
;dfof]hgkl5 PsLs/0f x'G5 . gofF 7fpF tkfO{+sf nflu s]xL cg's"n ePkl5
tkfO{+ / kl/jf/sf ;b:o cd]l/sL ;d'bfodf 3'nldn x'g yfNg'x'G5 . gofF 7fpFdf
Ps jif{ latfPkl5 Tof] 7fpFsf] df};d, Ct'x?, cd]l/sfsf ;fj{hlgs labfx?sf] qmd,
cf©"nfO{ dgkg{] 6]lnlehg sfo{qmdx?, v]ns"b, g]kfnL / e"6fgL vfBfGg vl/b ug]{
/fd|f :6f]/x?af/] yfxf x'G5 . tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] sfd / l5d]sdf gofF cd]l/sL ;fyLx?
agfpg'x'G5 . tkfO{+sf gfgLx?nfO{ pgLx?;Fu} :s"ndf k9\g] cd]l/sL ;fyLx?n]
cfˆgf] hGdlbgsf] kf6L{df af]nfpg ;S5g\ / tkfO{+n] klg cd]l/sL ;fyLx?nfO{
cfˆgf] aRrfsf] hGdlbgsf] kf6L{df af]nfpg yfNg'x'G5 . cfpg] jif{x?df c+u|]hL
af]Ng] / a'ˇg] Ifdtf ljsf; ug'{sf ;fy} cd]l/sfdf ;©n x'g rflxg] 1fg / cfgL–
afgLaf/] a'em]kl5 tkfO{+nfO{ cem ;lhnf] x'G5 . To;kl5 cd]l/sL /xg;xgdf s;/L
;fd]n x'g] / cfˆgf] ;+:s[lt s;/L arfO/fVg] eg]/ lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . Pp6f
;fwf/0f t/ dxÎjk"0f{ pbfx/0f sfF6f, rDrf / :ofFuL k|of]u u/]/ cd]l/sL tl/sfn]
vfgf vfg] ls cfˆgf] ;dfhdf rn]sf] tl/sf– xftn] vfg] eg]/ lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg'–
x'G5 . k|To]s JolSt jf kl/jf/n] o:tf] 5gf}6 cf©}F ug]{ xf] . b]vfl;sL ug'{ kb}{g .
Integration
Integration follows adjustment. After your initial adjustment to your
new home, you and your family members will begin to integrate into
American society. After your first year in your new home, you will be
familiar with the weather, the seasons, the sequence of American holidays,
television programs you enjoy, sports, best places to shop for traditional
Nepali and Bhutanese foods. You will have made new American friends
at work and in your neighborhood. Your children may be invited to birth-
day parties of American school friends and you may invite their Ameri-
can friends to celebrate your child’s birthday. The following years will be
easier as you will have gained the ability to speak and understand English,
and you will have the knowledge and understand the behaviors necessary
;f+:s[lts ;dfof]hg / PsLs/0f 133
to live successfully in America. You will make choices about what parts of
American culture to adopt and what parts of your traditional culture you
will maintain. As a very simple but specific example of a cultural choice,
you will decide between eating meals in the traditional manner with your
hand or eating in the American manner with fork, spoon, and knife. Each
person and each family will be making these choices for themselves.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f
k/Dk/fut vfgfx?, ;ª\uLt, wfld{s ;+:sf/x?, /fli6«o rf8kj{x?, kf]zfs, g[To
/ efiff tkfO{+n] cf©";Fu} NofPsf k/Dk/fut e"6fgL÷g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf afXo c+zx?
x'g\ . ha tkfO{+n] cf©"nfO{ cd]l/sL ;+:s[ltcg's"n agfpg'x'G5, To;} a]nf cfˆgf
gfgLx? / cfpFbf] k':tfsf nflu cfˆgf] /xg;xgsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug{] ljifodf
;f]Rg'k5{ . o;sf cltl/Qm tkfO{+n] cd]l/sLx?nfO{ cfˆgf] ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf kl/lrt
u/fpg d2t ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
Protecting Cultural Heritage
Traditional foods, music, religious rites, national festivals, clothing,
dance, and language are all outward parts of the traditional Bhutanese/
Nepali culture you have brought with you. While you adapt to American
culture, you should consider how you can help preserve and protect your
traditions for your children and for future generations. In addition, you can
help introduce Americans to much of your cultural heritage.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿df ;xeflutf
g]kfnsf z/0ffyL{ lzlj/x?df a:b} cfPsf e"6fgLx?nfO{ cd]l/sfn] s]xL jif{cl3
Nofpg yfn]sf] xf] . ;g\ @))* df oxfF cfPsf kl/jf/x?n] cd]l/sfdf s]xL jif{
latfO;Sg'ePsf] 5 . pxfFx?n] cf©" k'g:yf{lkt zx/ / /fHodf s]xL cg'ej
;Dxfln;Sg'ePsf] 5 . ;'?df cfPsf cfk|jf;Ln] w]/} zx/df e"6fgLx?sf] ;fd'bflos
;+:yf :yfkgf ug'{ePsf] 5 . To:tf ;+:yfx?n] ev{/ cfPsf kl/jf/x?nfO{ gofF
kl/l:yltcg's"n x'g d2t u5{g\ . o:tf ;+:yfn] ;+f:s[lts sfo{qmd / ljz]if kj{x?,
h:t} M b;}+, ltxf/, k/Dk/fut gofF jif{ j}zfv !, cflbdf pT;j cfof]hgf u5{g\ .
o:tf ultljlwn] k/Dk/fut ;+:s[ltsf] dxÎjk"0f{ kf6f]nfO{ sfod /fVg d2t u5{ .
cf©" a:g] ;d'bfodf e"6fgL ;+:yf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ / yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu sf];Fu
;Dks{ ug'{k5{ eg]/ k'gjf{; ;+:yfnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . :jo+;]jsn] :yfgLo ;+:yfx?nfO{
;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd tof/ kfg{ d2t ug'{k5{ .
Participate in Community Organizations
America has been accepting Bhutanese refugees from the camps in Ne-
pal for only a few years. Those who arrived in 2008 have now lived here
134 Cultural Adjustment and Integration
for some years. They have much experience living in the city and state in
which they were resettled. In many cities, the earliest immigrants created
a Bhutanese community organization. These organizations often help the
newest arrivals adapt to their new lives. They also help organize culture
shows, and celebrations of holidays like Dashain, Tihar, and Baisakh 1, the
traditional New Year. These activities help maintain important parts of the
traditional culture. Ask your resettlement agency about whether there is a
Bhutanese organization in your community and who you should contact
to learn more about it. Volunteer to help your local organization prepare
cultural activities.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
g]kfnL efiffsf] k9fO–n]vfO
kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox? c+u|]hL l;ls/x] klg 3/df kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?n] ;w}F
g]kfnL af]nL/x] x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ afnaflnsf b'O{ efiff l;Sb} x's{G5g\ . cd]l/sfdf
g]kfnL k9\g] / n]Vg] df}sf lj/n} ldN5 . cd]l/sfdf afnaflnsf x's{b} hfFbf df}lns
;+:s[ltdWo] rfF8f] nf]k x'g] Pp6f dxÎjk"0f{ c+z …cfˆgf] efiffdf k9\g] / n]Vg] Ifdtf
nf]k x'gÚ' xf] . To;}n] kl/jf/sf jo:s ;b:ox?df cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ g]kfnL
efiffdf ;fIf/ agfpg] c7f]6 5 eg] efiff l;sfpgsf nflu s'g} Pp6f sfo{qmdsf]
of]hgf agfpg'k5{ .
Reading and Writing in Nepali Language
Even as each family member is learning English, families will continue
to speak Nepali at home. This will ensure that children will grow up bilin-
gual. In America, however, there are few opportunities to read Nepali and
even fewer to write Nepali. One component of culture that can be lost very
quickly as children grow up in America is the ability to read and write in
their native language. Adults should consider whether they believe it is
important to transmit literacy in Nepali to their children and, if they do,
plan a means to do so.
m m m
135
cd]l/sfsf] sfg'g–Joj:yf
cd]l/sfsf] sfg'g–Joj:yfsf s]xL dxÎjk"0f{ tYox? oxfF 5g\ M
• sfg'g To:tf] lgod xf], hf] ;a}n] kfngf ug}{k5{ . cd]l/sfdf /fli6«o -;+3Lo_,
/fHo / :yfgLo :t/sf sfg'gx? x'G5g\ .
• k|x/Lsf] sfd /Iff / ;xof]u ug'{ xf] . pgLx?n] sfg'g sfof{Gjog -nfu'_
u5{g\ .
• cbfntn] sfg'gsf] JofVof u5{ / sf]xL bf]ifL jf lgbf{]if ePsf] ©};nf u5{ .
oxfF cWofudg cbfnt, kl/jf/ cbfnt / 6«fl©s cbfnt;lxt ljleGg k|sf/sf
cbfntx? x'G5g\ .
oxfFsf] sfg'g–Joj:yf a'‰g'eof] eg] o;n] tkfO{+ / tkfO{+sf] kl/jf/ ;'/lIft /xg
d2t u5{ / sfg'gL–emd]nfx? kb}{gg\ .
Legal System in the United States
Here are a few important facts about the legal system in the United
States:
• Laws are rules everyone must follow. There are national, state, and lo-
cal laws.
• Police protect and help people and enforce laws.
• Courts interpret laws and decide if people are innocent or guilty.
There are different types of courts, including immigration court, family
court, and traffic court.
Understanding the legal system will help keep you and your family
safe and out of trouble.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
tkfO{+sf clwsf/
cd]l/sfsf] Ps sfg'gL afl;Gbfsf lgDg clwsf/x? x'G5g\ M
• dgdf nfu]sf s'/f eGg kfpg] -jfs :jtGqtf_ .
• cfˆgf] wd{ dfGg kfpg] -wfld{s :jtGqtf_ .
• /+u, wd{ jf hft h] eP klg ;dfg Jojxf/ kfpg] .
• k'hf{lagf tkfO{+sf ;/;fdfgsf] vfgtnf;L ug{ vf]h]df c:jLsf/ ug{ kfpg] .
• k|x/L jf cWofudg clwsf/Ln] s]xL ;f]w]df r'k /xg kfpg] .
• d'n'ssf s'g} :yfgdf klg a:g / sfd ug{ kfpg] .
• ;fj{hlgs :s"n jf sn]hdf k9\g kfpg] .
• 3/ / af6f]df lx+;faf6 ;'/lIft /xg kfpg] .
136 Rights, Responsibilities, and Laws
vision test, a test about your state’s driving laws, and a practical road test.
Here are a few important facts about driving in the United States:
• It is illegal to drive without a driver’s license.
• It is illegal to drive while under the influence of alcohol or other
drugs.
• Young children must be in a special child car seat while riding in a
car.
• In most states, the driver and passengers must wear seat belts.
• In most states 16 year olds are able to obtain a license; in other states it
may be 14½ , 15, or 17.
• In many states, it is illegal to talk or text on a phone while driving.
Breaking driving laws could result in paying a fine, going to jail, or
causing injury to yourself or others.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
of}g–;DaGw;DaGwL sfg'g
w]/}h;f] /fHodf k};f lt/]/ jf dGh'/ eP/} klg c7f/ jif{d'lgsf JolSt;Fu
of}g–;DaGw /fVg' u}/sfg'gL x'G5 . cfˆgf] sfd ug]{ 7fpFdf of}g–;DaGw;DaGwL
l6sf–l6Kk0fL, cg'/f]w / ultljlw ug'{ klg u}/sfg'gL dflgG5 . o:tf sfo{nfO{
of}g–pTkL8g u/]sf] elgG5 / o;}sf sf/0f tkfO{+sf] hflu/ hfg ;S5 .
Laws Related to Sex
It is illegal in most states to pay someone for sex and for adults to have
sex with someone less than eighteen years old, even if the child agrees. In
the work place, it is illegal to make offensive comments, requests, or ac-
tions relating to sex. This is called sexual harassment and you could lose
your job.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
3/]n'–lx+;f
cd]l/sfdf 3/]n'–lx+;f Ps k|sf/sf] ck/fw xf] . ;a}sf] lx+;f/lxt hLjg lhpg]
clwsf/ x'G5 . 3/]n'–lx+;f eg]sf] >Ldfg–>LdtL, k|]dL–k|]ldsf / kl/jf/sf] jo:s
;b:ox?aLr x'g] ceb| Jojxf/ xf] . x'g t kl/jf/df >Ldfg of >LdtL b'j}hgf
3/]n'–lx+;faf6 kLl8t x'G5g\, t/ *% k|ltzt dlxnf o:tf] Jojxf/af6 kLl8t ePsf]
kfOG5 .
Domestic Violence
In the United States, domestic violence is a crime. Everyone has the
right to live a life free of violence. Domestic violence is abusive behavior
between a husband and wife, boyfriend and girlfriend, one adult family
member against another. While both men and women can be victims of
clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L, / sfg'g 139
o:tf tYox? lnFbf 36gfaf/] s] s] sfjf{xL eO/x]5 eGg] hfGg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
cbfntn] Pp6f cfb]z hf/L u5{, h;nfO{ …;'/Iff cfb]zÚ elgG5 . of] cfb]z tkfO{+
/ 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ b'Jo{jxf/ ug{] JolStaf6 ;'/lIft /fVg] csf]{ pkfo xf] . o; cfb]z–
df©{t GofofwLzn] b'Jo{jxf/ ug]{ JolStnfO{ 3/ 5f8\g / >Ldfg, >LdtL jf ;fy} a:b}
cfPsf] JolSt tyf 5f]/f5f]/Laf6 6f9f a:g cfb]z lbg ;Sg'x'G5 .
Getting Help from Abuse
If your partner is abusing you, he or she is committing a crime in the
United States. You have the right to be protected. Call the police. They will
come to your home. If you do not speak English, find someone who can in-
terpret for you – but do not use a child. The police can also use an interpreter
who speaks Nepali through a telephone phone service. If the police believe
your partner has committed a crime, they can arrest him. If this happens, ask
the police to complete an incident report and get the report number. Also,
get the name and badge number of the police officer making the report. This
information will help you follow up on the status of the case.
A “protection order” issued by the court is another way to keep you
and your kids safe from an abusive partner. With a “protection order” a
judge can order an abusive person to leave his home and stay away from
his spouse or partner, and children.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
w"d|kfg / /S;L
;a} /fHodf @! jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf JolStn] lao/, jfOg jf cGo s'g}
vfnsf /S;L vl/b ug'{ u}/sfg'gL xf] . tf]lsPsf] :yfg, h:t} M dw'zfnf -af/, /S;L
vfg] 7fpF_ jf rd]gf–u[x -/]i6'/fF_ afx]s ;8s jf ;fj{hlgs :yndf /S;L lkpg'
;fdfGotM u}/sfg'gL xf] . /S;L;DaGwL cGo sfg'g /fHolkR5] ©/s x'g;S5g\ . ;a}–
h;f] /fHodf !* jif{ gk'u]sf JolStn] l;u/]6 jf ;'tL{af6 ag]sf cGo pTkfbg vl/b
ug'{ klg u}/sfg'gL xf] . s]xL /fHon] ;fj{hlgs :ynx? h:t} M rd]gf–u[x, :s"n,
gf6s3/ / cGo :yfgdf w"d|kfg ug{ k|ltaGw nufPsf 5g\ .
Smoking and Alcohol
It is illegal in every state for someone under the age of 21 to purchase
beer, wine or other alcoholic beverages. It is usually illegal to drink alco-
holic beverages on the street or in public places except designated bars or
restaurants. Other laws regarding alcohol may vary by state. It is illegal
in every state for someone under the age of 18 to purchase cigarettes or
other tobacco products. Some states and communities prohibit smoking in
public places, such as restaurants, schools, theaters, and other locations.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L, / sfg'g 141
;]n]lS6e ;le{;
tkfO{+ !* b]lv @% jif{;Ddsf] k'?if x'g'x'G5 eg] tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] gfd …;]n]lS6e
;le{;Ú df btf{ u/fpg}k5{ . o;/L gfd btf{ ug'{kg]{df z/0ffyL{, :yfoL afl;Gbf /
gful/s k5{g\ . cd]l/sf cfpg]lalQs} jf !* cf}+ hGdlbg dgfPsf] #) lbgleq o;
;]jfdf cfˆgf] gfd btf{ u/fpg'k5{ . …;]n]lS6e ;le{;Ú Pp6f ;/sf/L lgsfo xf] .
vfFrf] k/]sf a]nf ;/sf/n] o; ;]jfdf btf{ ePsf o'jfnfO{ cd]l/sf ;]gfdf sfd ug{
af]nfpF5 . clxn]sf] cj:yfdf ;]gfsf ;a} ;b:o :jo+;]js x'g\ / etL{ x'g clgjfo{
5}g . o; ;]jfdf gfd btf{ u/fpg x'nfs sfof{no hfg ;lsG5 jf OG6/g]6sf]
dfWodaf6 klg ug{ ;lsG5 . tkfO{+n] o; ;]jfdf cfˆgf] gfd btf{ ug{ r'Sg'eof] eg]
tkfO{+ cd]l/sfsf] gful/stf kfpgaf6 alGrt x'g ;Sg'x'G5 .
Selective Service
If you are a man ages 18 through 25 and living in the U.S., then you
must register with the Selective Service System. This includes refugees,
permanent residents, and citizens. Registration must be done by men soon
after arriving in the US or within 30 days after a boy has his 18th birthday.
Selective Service is the government agency that can call people to serve
in the U.S. military if necessary. Presently, all members of the military are
volunteers and no one is required to serve. Registration can be done at any
post office or on the Internet. If you fail to register you may not be able to
become an American citizen.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cfos/
kl/jf/sf] sf]xL ;b:on] sfd u/]/ jf cGo s'g} ;|f]taf6 k};f sdfof] eg] jif{sf
cGTodf tkfO{+n] cfos/ ltg'{k5{ . o;sf nflu cd]l/sL cfGtl/s /fh:j ;]jf -o'P;
OG6/gn /]e]Go' ;le{;, cfOcf/P;_ gfds sfof{nodf cfos/–l©tf{ -OGsd 6\ofS;
l/6g{_ sf nflu !)$) ˚f/d e/]/ k7fpg'k5{ . s]xL /fHo / zx/df jif{e/ sdfPsf]
s'n cfDbfgLsf] ljj/0f klg k]z ug'{k5{ . of] ljj/0f–kq e/]kl5 tkfO{+n] ;/sf/–
nfO{ a'emfpg'kg]{ /sd slt xf] jf ;/sf/af6 tkfO{+n] slt /sd l©tf{ kfpg'x'G5
eGg] yfxf x'G5 . tf]lsPsf] ;dodf s/;DaGwL o:tf ©f/d e/]/ a'emfpg' tkfO{+sf]
lhDd]jf/L xf] . o:tf ©f/ddf w]/} ljj/0f eg'{kg]{ ePsfn] cln ufx|f] nfUg ;S5 .
s]xL ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?df o:tf ©f/d eg{{] :jo+;]js x'g ;S5g\ . tL :jo+;]jsn]
lgMz'Ns ©f/d el/lbG5g\ . tf]lsPsf] ;dodf s/;DaGwL ©f/d geg'{ jf s/ gltg'{
u}/sfg'gL sfd xf] .
Income Taxes
If someone in your immediate family earns money from a job or other
sources during a year, at the end of that year you must file a report, called
142 Rights, Responsibilities, and Laws
an income tax return (or 1040 form), with the U.S. Internal Revenue Ser-
vice (IRS). Many states and some cities also require you to submit an an-
nual report of income earned. When you complete the reports, you will de-
termine how much money you must pay the government in income taxes
or how much money the government owes you. It is your responsibility to
submit the necessary forms before the date they are due. Some community
agencies may have volunteers who can provide free assistance in complet-
ing the complicated forms. It is illegal to not file a tax return when it is due
or to not pay the taxes owed.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
k|x/L
s]xL b]zx?df k|x/L kf]zfsdf cfPsf dfG5] c?sf nflu 8/nfUbf x'g;S5g\
jf To:tf JolStn] 3'; lng ;S5g\ . cd]l/sfdf k|x/Ln] cfdgful/ssf] ;'/Iff /
gful/snfO{ d2t u5{g\ . olb sxLF ck/fw x'g nfu]sf] jf eO/x]sf] b]Vg'eof],
tkfO{+nfO{ s;}n] wDSofof] jf cfˆgf] ;'/Iffsf nflu s] u/f}+ s;f] u/f}+ eGg] cj:yf
cfof] eg] (!! df ©f]g ug'{xf];\ . k|x/Ln] s] eG5g\, ;'Gg'xf];\ / eg]sf] dfGg'xf];\ .
olb pgLx?n] tkfO{+;Fu s'/fsfgL ug{ rfx] eg] gtls{g'xf];\ jf gefUg'xf];\ . ;w}F gd|
x'g'xf];\ . k|x/LnfO{ xft gxfNg'xf];\ jf k|x/L;Fu gaf‰g'xf];\ . k|x/LnfO{ lrof–kfgL
vr{ eg]/ 3'; lbg gvf]Hg'xf];\ lsgeg] of] ck/fw xf] .
The Police
In some countries, people in uniform may be dangerous or may take
bribes. In the United States the police protect and help people. Call 911 if
you see a crime, if you have been threatened, or if you are worried about
your safety. Obey the police. If they want to talk to you, do not run away.
Always be polite. Do not touch or shout at the police. Do not offer money
to a police officer because that is a crime.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
tkfO{+ kqmfp kg'{eof] eg]
tkfO{+ kqmfp kg'{eof] eg] k|x/L–rf}sL nluG5 jf hfg'x'G5 . ToxfF ts{–ljts{ jf
emu8f gug'{xf];\ . tkfO{+n] cfˆgf nflu jlsn /fVg kfpg] clwsf/ x'G5 . tkfO{+n]
;xof]usf nflu t'?Gt …jlsnÚ dfUg ;Sg'x'G5 . jlsn gcfpGh]n tkfO{+n] s'g}
k|Zgsf] hjf© lbg' kb}{g . em"6f] gaf]Ng'xf];\ . em"6f] af]Ng'eGbf af]Nb} gaf]Ng' /fd|f]
x'G5 . bf]ifL jf lgbf]{if ©};nf ug{] sfd cbfntsf] xf] . tkfO{+ o:tf] ©};nfsf nflu
cbfnt hfg ;Sg'x'G5 . cbfntL sfdsf nflu tkfO{+n] jlsn / bf]efif]sf] ;xfotf
lng ;Sg'x'G5 . oL klg tkfO{+sf clwsf/ x'g\ . olb tkfO{+ jlsn jf bf]efif]nfO{
nfUg] vr{ ug{ ;Sg'x'Gg eg] cbfntn] o:tf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpF5 .
clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L, / sfg'g 143
m m m
144
145
afnaflnsfsf] ;'/Iff
afnaflnsf 3/aflx/ v]Nbf cleefjssf] /]vb]v x'g'k5{ . ;8s jf uf8L kfls{ª–
:yndf v]Ng' ;'/lIft x'Fb}g . ToxfF v]Nbf pgLx?nfO{ sf/n] 7Ss/ lbg ;S5 .
rf]6k6s nfUg;S5 / d[To' klg x'g;S5 .
;fgf gfgLx?nfO{ kfgL5]p jf kfgLdf PSn} 5f8\g'x'Fb}g . o:tf 7fpFx? M gbL,
tnfp, ©f]x/f / 3/sf] g'xfpg] 8'F8 -afy6a_ x'g\ . ;fgf gfgLx? b'O{ OGreGbf sd
kfgLdf klg 8'Ag ;S5g\ . ;fgf gfgLx?nfO{ e¥ofª / afy?ddf hfg glbg'xf];\ .
Totf hfg glbg ;fgf] b}nf] xflnlbg'xf];\ . Tof] b}nf] nufOlbg] ug'{xf];\ .
Child Safety
Children should always be supervised by adults when playing outside.
Playing in the street or parking lot is not safe because children can be hit
by a car and be hurt or even killed.
Never leave a small child alone in or near water. This includes streams,
ponds, fountains, and even the bathtub in your home. A child can drown in
less than two inches of water. Use safety gates to keep small children away
from stairs and out of bathrooms.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;8sdf ;'/Iff
;8sdf slxNo} glxF8\g'xf];\ . ;8s–k]6Ldf jf ;8s;Fu}sf] vfnL 7fpFaf6
lxF8\g'xf];\ . hxfF kfof], ToxLFaf6 af6f] gsf6\g'xf];\ . ;+s]t kfPkl5 -xl/of] aQL
an]kl5_ dfq af6f] sf6\g'xf];\ . af6f] sf6\g'cl3 klxn] b]a|] clg bflxg] x]g'{xf];\ /
sf/x? gcfPsf] kSsf ePkl5 dfq af6f] sf6\g'xf];\ . /ftL lxF8\bf pHofnf] /+usf]
sk8f -jf 6Nsg] sk8f_ nufpg'xf];\ . To:tf] sk8f nufpFbf sf/–rfnsn] tkfO{+nfO{
5n{ª b]V5g\ .
;fgf gfgLx?n] PSn} cf©}F slxNo} af6f] gsf6'g\ . uf8L b'3{6gfaf6 aRg
pgLx?n] cfˆgf cleefjs jf cf©"eGbf 7"nfsf] ;xfotf lng' k5{ . cln 7"nf
gfgLx?nfO{ ;8s s;/L sf6\g] eg]/ l;sfpg'xf];\ .
Street Safety
Never walk in the street. Always walk on the sidewalk or on the ground
next to a street. Use crosswalks and look for walk signals to tell you when
it is safe to cross a busy street. Before crossing, always look left and right
to make sure no cars are coming. At night, always wear light colored cloth-
ing so that drivers can see you better.
146 Safety and Emergencies
Young children should not cross the street by themselves. They should
cross with a parent or another adult to avoid getting hurt by a car. Teach
older children how to safely cross the street.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
3/sf] ;'/Iff
cf©" 3/d} ePsf a]nf eP klg 9f]sf aGb ug'{xf];\ . rf]/L jf cGo ck/fw
/f]syfd ug{ 3/aflx/ hfg'kbf{ ‰ofn aGb ug'{xf];\ . glrg]sf] dflg;sf nflu slxNo}
9f]sf gvf]Ng'xf];\ . kf];fsd} cfPsf] eP klg klxn] pgsf] kl/ro–kq b]vfpg
nufpg'xf];\ . cfˆgf gfgLx?nfO{ glrg]sf] dflg; cfP slxNo} 9f]sf gvf]Ng' eg]/
l;sfpg'xf];\ .
Home Safety
Always keep your apartment door locked, even when you are home.
Shut and lock your windows before you leave to prevent theft and other
crimes. Do not unlock or open your door for anyone you do not know. Ask
strangers, including people in uniform, to first show you their identifica-
tion. Teach children not to open the door to strangers.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
efG;fdf ;'/Iff
r'nf] UofF; jf lah'nLsf] d2tn] aNg] vfnsf x'G5 . vfgf a;fPsf] 5 eg] aln–
/x]sf] r'nf] 5f8]/ efG;faf6 aflx/ ghfg'xf];\ . vfgf ksfO ;s]kl5 r'nf] aGb ug{
gla;{g'xf];\ .
efG;fdf cfuf] ;lNsP, kfgL jf kL7f] h:tf] w'nf] ˆofFs]/ cfuf] lgefpg] k|of;
gug'{xf];\ . o:tf] cfuf] l3p–t]n e'6'g xfNbf Hjfnf lg:s]/ jf lrNnf] kf]lvP/ nfUg
;S5 . cfuf] ;fgf] 5 eg] Hjfnfdfly s/fxL 5f]Kg] 9Ssg 9\ofKk /fv]/ cfuf] dTy/
kfg{'xf];\ . o;}aLr r'nf] aGb ug'{xf];\ . cfuf] glge'Gh]n 9Ssg TolQs} 5fl8lbg'–
xf];\ . r'nf]df a;fPsf] efF8f]nfO{ ;]nfpg lbg'xf];\ . xf]; ug'{xf];\, cfuf]n] kf]Ng jf
tftf] efF8f]n] 8fDg ;S5 .
of] pkfo sfd nfu]g jf cf©" g} glhs} hfg g;lsg] 7"nf] cfuf] eP, ©fo/
PS;l6ª\lUj;/ -cfuf] lgefpg agfOPsf] /ftf] efF8f]_ glhs} eP k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .
Kitchen Safety
Your kitchen has either a gas or electric stove. When using the stove to
cook, do not leave the kitchen. When you are done using the stove or oven,
make sure to turn it off.
If a fire starts in your kitchen, never use water or flour to put out cook-
ing fires. If the fire is small, put a pan lid over the flames to smother a
grease or oil fire. Turn off the heat and leave the lid in place until the pan
;'/Iff / cfkftsflng cj:yfx¿ 147
cools. Be careful not to burn yourself. If that does not work or the fire is
too big to get close enough, use a fire extinguisher if one is nearby.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cfuf]af6 ;'/Iff
3/a]6Ln] tkfO{+sf] ckf6{d]G6df clUg;"rs oGq -cfuf] nfu]sf] ;"rgf lbg] 306L_
pknAw u/fpg' k5{ . clUg;"rs oGq ;w}F rfn' cj:yfdf x'g'k5{ lsgeg] olb cfuf]
nfUof] eg] of] …lak lak=== Ú ub}{ 7"nf] :j/df s/fpF5 . tkfO{+nfO{ ;ts{ u/fpF5 .
Hofg–hf]lvddf kg{ lbFb}g . cfjZos kbf{ clUg;"rs oGqdf Aof6«L ©]g]{ lhDd]jf/L
rflxF tkfO{+sf] xf] . of] oGq leQf jf l;lnªdf h8fg ul/G5 . of] oGqnfO{ slxn]
klg v':sfP/ g/fVg'xf];\ . o;sf Aof6«L glgsfNg'xf];\ .
©fo/ PS;l6ª\lUj;/ Ps k|sf/sf] cfuf] lgefpg jf lgoGq0f ug{ agfOPsf] oGq
xf] . ckf6{d]G6 jf lalN8ªdf of] oGq sxfF–sxfF /flvPsf 5g\ / o;sf] k|of]u s;/L
ug]{ eg]/ 3/a]6LnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
olb cfuf] w]/} 7"nf] 5 / ©fo/ PS;l6ª\lUj;/n] lgefpg ;lsG5 h:tf]
nfUb}g eg] tkfO{+ / kl/jf/sf ;a} hgf 3/aflx/ lg:sg'xf];\ / (!! df ©f]g
ug'{xf];\ . tkfO{+sf ;/;fdfgeGbf tkfO{+sf] hLjg lgs} dxÎjk"0f{ xf] .
olb tkfO{+ ;'t]sf] jf p7]sf] a]nf cfuf] nfu]sf] ;+s]t ub}{ …lak lak=== Ú sf] cfjfh
cfP, l3;|b} aflx/ lg:sg'xf];\ . p7\bf w'Fjf x'G5 . ;f; ©]g{ ufx|f] x'G5 . e'OF;Fu}sf]
xfjfdf ;f; ©]g{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . sf]7fsf] w'Fjf / tftf] xfjfn] tkfO{+sf] Hofg hfg
;S5 . ;'Tg]–sf]7faf6 aflx/ hfg] af6f] cfuf]n] 5]lsPsf] 5 eg] aflx/ lgSng] csf{]
af6f]sf] k|aGw ug'{k5{ .
nufO/x]sf] sk8fdf cfuf] nfUof] eg] e'OFdf ;'Tg'xf];\ / n8La8L -cfuf]nfO{ lylrg]
u/L otfaf6 ptf / ptfaf6 otf kN6g'_ ug'{xf];\ . cfuf] lge]kl5 dfq p7\g'–
xf];\ . afnaflnsfx?sf n'ufdf cfuf] nfu], …6Ss cl8g', ;'Tg' / n8La8L ug'{Ú eGg]
l;sfpg'xf];\ .
Fire Safety
Landlords must provide a smoke alarm in your apartment. The smoke
alarm must always be working because if there is a fire, it will beep very
loudly to alert you and save your life. You are responsible for replacing
batteries in your smoke alarm when needed. Smoke alarms are usually
mounted on a wall or ceiling. Never take the smoke alarm down perma-
nently or leave the battery out of it.
A fire extinguisher is a device used to put out or control fires. Ask your
landlord to show you where fire extinguishers are in your apartment or
building and how to use a fire extinguisher.
If a fire is too big and you do not think you can put it out with a fire
extinguisher, YOU AND YOUR FAMILY NEED TO GET OUT OF THE
148 Safety and Emergencies
BUILDING AND CALL 911! Your life is more important than your
things.
If the smoke alarm sounds when you are sleeping or if you have a fire
when you are awake, crawl on the floor to get to an exit. You can breathe
better near the floor. Smoke and hot gases higher in the room can kill you.
Make sure that there is a second way to get out of your bedroom if a fire
blocks your escape.
If your clothes catch fire, fall down on the floor or ground and roll back
and forth until the fire is put out. Teach children that if their clothes catch
fire to “Stop, Drop, and Roll.”
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
(!! eg]sf] s] xf] <
cd]l/sfdf cfkftsflng cj:yfdf ;xof]usf nflu (!! gDa/df ©f]g ul/G5 .
o:tf]–o:tf] cj:yfdf (!! df ©f]g ul/G5 M
• tkfO{+ cf©}F jf c? s;}nfO{ tTsfn pkrf/ cfjZos eP PDa'n]G; af]nfpg .
• cfunfuL ePdf .
• s'g} ck/fw eO/x]sf] b]v]df .
• k|x/L eP lgoGq0f x'g] vfnsf 36gf h:t} M s"6lk6, rf]/L jf ;Defljt lx+;s
l:yltdf .
What Is 911?
In the United States, 911 is the phone number you dial to get emer-
gency help. Call 911 to:
• Get an ambulance for emergency medical help for yourself or someone
else.
• Report a fire.
• Report a crime.
• Report a situation that requires a police officer on the scene, such as an
assault, burglary, or a potentially violent situation.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
(!! df ˚f]g ug'{
ha tkfO{+n] (!! df ©f]g ug'{x'G5, ta kfFrb]lv 5 ;]s]08;Dd s]xL cfjfh
cfpFb}g . To;kl5 dfq …ck/]6/Ún] tkfO{+;Fu s'/f ug'{x'G5 . ck/]6/sf] hjf©
cfpGh]n s'g'{xf];\ . cfjfh cfPg eg]/ ©f]g g/fVg'xf];\ . tkfO{+nfO{ …k|x/LÚ,
…cfuf]Ú jf …PDa'n]G;Ú s] rflxPsf] xf] ck/]6/nfO{ eGg'xf];\ . 36gfaf/] yk hfgsf/L
lbg tkfO{+nfO{ efiffsf] sl7gfO{ 5 jf tkfO{+nfO{ c+u|]hL af]Ng cfpFb}g eg] tkfO{+
s'g efiff af]Ng'x'G5, …ck/]6/ÚnfO{ eGg'xf];\ . pxfFn] bf]efif] -cg'jfbs_ vf]Hg] k|of;
ug'{x'G5 .
;'/Iff / cfkftsflng cj:yfx¿ 149
af]Ng] efiff s'g xf] atfpg'xf]nf . pgn] bf]efif] ©]nf kfg{ sf]lzz u5{g\ . tkfO{+nfO{
s'g} ck/fwaf/] ;"rgf lng cg'/f]w ul/of] eg] k|x/LnfO{ hlt;Sbf] hfgsf/L lbg'–
xf]nf / ;a} k|Zgsf] hjf© lbg'xf]nf .
Police
In every city and town, the local police enforce laws and ensure public
safety. You may see police officers on patrol in your neighborhood in cars
and sometimes on foot or bicycle. You should respect the authority of the
police but do not be afraid of them. Their job is to protect everyone. Do
not run away from a police officer. Do not offer money to a police officer
for any reason. If a police officer approaches you and asks for information,
try to be helpful. If you do not speak much English, tell the police officer
what language you speak and the officer may try to find an interpreter. If
you have requested police in order to report a crime, give them as much
information as possible and answer all of their questions.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cfuf]
tkfO{+n] cfunfuL ePsf] ;"rgf lbg'eof] eg] :yfgLo clUg–lgoGq0f ljefun]
36gf–:yndf bdsn / cGo pks/0fx? k7fpF5 . tkfO{+n] pSt pks/0f;Fu}
cfPsf] 6f]nLn] eg]cg';f/ ug'{k5{ / pgLx?nfO{ sfd ug{ ;lhnf] xf];\ eg]/ cln
k/ xl6lbg'k5{ . pgLx? cfˆgf] sfddf s'zn x'G5g\ / s:tf] cfuf]df s;/L sfd
ug'{k5{ eGg] pgLx?nfO{ yfxf x'G5 . cfufnfuLsf] k|s[lt ©/s–©/s vfnsf] x'g]
ePsfn] s'g}–s'g} cj:yfdf 9f]sf / ‰ofnx? ©'6fpg' kg]{ klg x'g ;S5 . sf]xL
JolSt hf]lvddf k/]sf] 5 eg] pgLx?n] p2f/ ug]{ sf]lzz u5{g\ .
Fire
If you report a fire, the local fire department will respond by sending
fire trucks and equipment to your location. You should then obey orders
by fire officials and get out of their way. They are professionally trained
and know what should be done in different kinds of fires. Depending on
the situation they may need to break doors and windows. They will try to
rescue anyone who may be in danger in the fire.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
PDa'n]G;
s;}sf] Hofg–hf]lvddf kg]{ vfnsf] 36gfaf/] va/ ug'{eof] eg] Pp6f
PDa'n]G; / cfkftsflng pkrf/ 6f]nL tkfO{+ ePs} 7fpFdf k7fOG5 . pSt 6f]nLsf
;b:on] la/fdLsf] cj:yf / cK7\of/f] kg'{sf] sf/0f ;f]Wg]5g\ . To:tf k|Zgsf] pQ/
rfF8f] / a'‰g] u/L lbg'xf];\ . pSt 6f]nLn] la/fdLnfO{ …P:6«]r/Ú df /fv]/ PDa'n]G;df
;'/Iff / cfkftsflng cj:yfx¿ 151
m m m
152
153
cWofo !$ : ;~rf/
Chapter 14 : Communication
3/sf] ˚f]g
k'gjf{; ;+:yfn] tkfO{+sf] ckf6{d]G6df Pp6f ©f]gsf] aGbf]a:t ul/lbG5 . o:tf]
©f]gnfO{ af]nLrfnLdf …NofG8 nfOgÚ elgG5, lsgeg] o;sf tf/x? ©f]g sDkgL;Fu
hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ . s'g} Ps a:tLsf 3/ / Joj;fox?df ;fdfGotM Pp6fdfq
6]ln©f]g sDkgLsf] ;]jf x'G5 .
3/aflx/ hfFbf vf; u/L c+u|]hL af]Ng ghfGg]sf ;fy} ;'?–;'?df c? ;a}n]
3/sf] 6]ln©f]g gDa/ / cf©" a;]sf] ;8ssf] gfd;lxt 3/–gDa/ n]v]/ af]Sg'–
k5{ . olb tkfO{+ x/fpg' eof] jf 3/df ©f]g ug'{k¥of] eg] cfˆgf] hfgsf/L c?nfO{
b]vfP/ d2t kfpg ;Sg'x'G5 .
Home Telephone
Your resettlement agency may help arrange a telephone for you in your
apartment. This kind of telephone is sometimes called a “land line” be-
cause it is connected by wires to the telephone company. In each commu-
nity there is generally only one company that installs land lines in homes
and businesses.
Everyone in your family, especially anyone who does not speak Eng-
lish, should carry a small piece of paper with your apartment phone num-
ber and street address when you go out of your apartment. If you get lost
or need to call your home, you will be able to show the information to
someone who might be able to help.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
;]n˚f]g÷df]afOn ˚f]g
tkfO{+n] af]s]/ lxF8\g] ;]n©f]g -df]afOn ©f]g_ rfxg'x'G5 . cd]l/sfdf ;]n©f]g
;]jf lbg] d'Vo 5÷;ft j6f sDkgL 5g\ . ltg} sDkgLx?dWo] s'g} Pp6faf6
;]n©f]g lng ;Sg'x'G5 . ;fdfGotM o:tf sDkgLn] tkfO{+;Fu ;Demf}tf u5{g\ .
;Demf}tfdf ;]jf, ;'ljwf / ;t{ n]lvPsf x'G5g\ . dlxgf–dlxgfdf Go"gtd ;]jf
z'Nsjfktsf] lan e'Stfg ug]{ ;t{ /flvPsf] pSt ;Demf}tf b'O{ jif{;Ddsf] x'G5 .
tkfO{+n] pSt ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug'{k5{ . s'g} ;]n©f]g ;:tf x'G5g\ / 6]ln©f]g
;]jfdfq lbG5g\ . c?n] n]v]/ ;Gb]z -6]S:6_ k7fpg / OG6/g]6 x]g{ ldNg] ;'ljwf
lbG5g\, t/ lgs} dxFuf x'G5g\ . To;}n] o:tf ;]n©f]g sDkgL;Fusf] ;Demf}tfdf
x:tfIf/ ug'{cl3 To;df n]lvPsf ;a} a'Fbf cf©"n] a'em]sf] x'g'k5{ . tkfO{+sf] c+u|]hL
/fd|f] 5}g eg] efiff a'‰g] / bf]efif] x'g ;Sg] gft]bf/÷Oi6ldq;Fu d2t dfUg'xf];\ .
cf©";Fu ;]n©f]g ePkl5 3/sf] ©f]g grflxg ;S5 . 3/sf] ©f]g s'g
154 Communication
sDkgLsf] xf], To;sf] sfof{nodf va/ u/]/ NofG8 nfOg sf6\g cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
3/df c?;Fu ;]n©f]g 5}g jf 3/df kfsf] pd]/sf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? x'g'x'G5 eg]
pxfFx? ;Dks{lagf / PSnf] x'g'x'G5 .
Cell Phone
You may want a cell phone that you can carry with you. In the U.S.
there are six or seven major companies that provide cell phone services.
You can buy a cell phone from one of them. Usually they require that you
sign a contract that commits you to paying a minimum monthly amount
for each month for two years. Some cell phones are very cheap and pro-
vide only telephone service. Others include text messaging and Internet
access and are more expensive. Before you sign a contract with a cell
phone company, make sure you understand everything. If your English
is not very good, take someone with you who can interpret and help you
understand.
When you have a cell phone you may decide that you do not need a
home phone also. You can request the company that provides your land
line to disconnect the land line. But it would be unsafe to do this if there
is someone living in your home, such as an elderly relative, who might
sometime be alone and without any phone.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
6]ln˚f]g gDa/x¿
Pp6f 6]ln©f]g gDa/df tLg efu x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu M -***_–%%%–!))!
df klxnf] efu *** If]q hgfpg] ;+s]t -Pl/of sf]8_ xf] . b]zsf zx/x? /
If]qx?sf cfˆg} Pl/of sf]8x? x'G5g\ . of] pbfx/0fsf] bf];|f] efu %%% nfO{
PS:r]Gh elgG5 . k|To]s zx/ jf gu/df w]/} PS:r]Ghx? x'g ;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf]
t];|f] efu !))! rflxF Pp6f PS:r]Ghaf6 ljtl/t ©f]g gDa/ xf] .
Telephone Numbers
A telephone number has three parts. For example: (888)-555-1001. The
first part (888 in the example) is the Area Code. Cities and regions of the
country have their own area codes. The second part of the number (555
in the example) is the Exchange. Each town or city may have many ex-
changes. The third part of the number (1001 in the example) is the phone
number in the exchange.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
6]ln˚f]gsf lzi6frf/
tkfO{+n] c? s;}nfO{ ©f]g ug'{x'G5 eg] pxfFn] …x]nf]Ú jf …xfoÚ eg]/ hjf©
©sf{pg'x'G5 . To;kl5 tTsfn tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] gfd eGg'k5{ . olb tkfO{+n] cfˆgf]
;~rf/ 155
gfd eGg'ePg eg] pxfFnfO{ cf©" sf];Fu af]ln/x]sf] 5' eGg] yfxf x'Fb}g / pxfFn]
tkfO{+sf] gfd ;f]Wg'kg]{ x'G5 . ha c? s;}n] tkfO{+sf] 3/df ©f]g u¥of] eg] tkfO{+n]
…x]nf]Ú eGg'k5{ / …d======== x'FÚ -jf cfˆgf] gfd eGg'xf];\_ . To;/L ©f]g ug]{ jf
©f]g p7fpg] JolStn] cf©" sf];Fu s'/f ul//x]sf] 5' eGg] yfxf kfpF5 . t/
©f]g ug]{ jf p7fpg] JolSt cfˆgf] ;fyL jf gft]bf/ xf] eg] pxfFn] tkfO{+sf] cfjfh
lrGg'x'G5, gfd eGg} k/]g . gfd eg]/ s'/f ug{ yfNg' ;aeGbf /fd|f] tl/sf xf] .
s'/fsfgL ;lsg] a]nfdf …afO{Ú eGg'xf];\ .
Telephone Etiquette
When you call someone’s telephone, they will answer by saying “Hel-
lo” or “Hi.” You should then tell them your name. If you do not state your
name, they may not know who is calling them and will have to ask you.
When someone telephones your home phone, you should say “Hello” and
then say “This is …….” (whatever your name is). That way the caller will
know who has answered the phone. If the other person is a very close
friend or relative who will recognize your voice, you will not have to state
your name. Usually, however, it is the best way to start a conversation. You
end a telephone call by saying “Bye” to the other person.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
g]kfn jf e"6fg ˚f]g ug{
3/sf] ©f]g jf df]afOn ©f]gaf6 ;Lw} g]kfn jf e"6fg ©f]g ubf{ dxFuf]
k5{ . Sofg8f glhs} 5, t/ klg Sofg8fdf s;}nfO{ ©f]g ug'{k¥of] eg] klg dxFuf]
x'G5 . To;}u/L e"6fg jf g]kfn ©f]g ug'{ lgs} dxFuf] x'G5 . t/ of] ©f]g vr{
36fpg] Pp6f pkfo 5 . cd]l/sfdf w]/} s]xL sDkgLx? 5g\, h;n] …OG6/g];gn
slnª\ sf8{Ú x? a]R5g\ . o:tf] slnª\ sf8{ k|of]u u/]/ tkfO{+n] k|lt ldg]6 lglZrt
k};fdf s'g} vf; b]zdf ;:tf]df ©f]g ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . g]kfn, e"6fg jf Pl;of
©f]g ug{sf nflu 5'§} slnª sf8{ klg x'G5g\ . tkfO{+n] lglZrt /sddf o:tf sf8{
lsGg ;Sg'x'G5, h:t} M @) 8n/sf] lsGg'eof] eg] To;af6 lglZrt ldg]6 ©f]g ug{
;Sg'x'G5 . o:tf] sf8{df ljz]if ;+s]t -sf]8_ lbOPsf] x'G5 . tkfO{+n] slnª\ sf8{df
n]lvPsf] 6]ln©f]g gDa/df ©f]g u/]kl5 pSt ;+s]t klg xfNg'k5{ . To;kl5 cf©"n]
©f]g ug{ rfx]sf] csf]{ b]zsf] gDa/ 8fon u/]/ s'/f ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
o:tf OG6/g];gn slnª\ sf8{x? ljleGg :6f]/x?df lsGg kfOG5g\ . ef/tLo
jf g]kfnL vfgf a]Rg] :6f]/x?n] klg o:tf sf8{x? a]R5g\ . tkfO{+;Fu qm]l86 sf8{
5 eg] OG6/g]6df klg o:tf sf8{ jf sDkgL;Fu ;do lsGg ;lsG5 .
g]kfn jf e"6fg a:g] tkfO{+sf gft]bf/ jf ;fyLefO;Fu sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf
5 eg] lel8of]–Rof6af6 s'/fsfgL ug{ ;lsG5 .
156 Communication
Internet
Most homes in the U.S. are connected to the Internet. Soon after you
are settled in your apartment, you may want to obtain a computer and ac-
cess the Internet. School age children, in particular, may want a computer
and Internet access right away. Some schools may even require it. Your
local land line phone company and your local cable TV company may
be able to provide Internet access at your home. Satellite TV companies
also can provide Internet access. You should discuss this with neighbors
and friends to determine what the best service and price for your location.
You should also ask for their help if you do not know how to set up your
Internet for email, web browsing, and other uses.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
jN8{ jfO8 j]a -8An'8An'8An'_
jN8{ jfO8 j]a -jf af]nLrfnLdf j]a_ sf] ;xfotfaf6 tkfO{+n] OG6/g]6df w]/}
ljifosf af/]df x]g{, k9\g jf l;Sg kfpg'x'G5 . jN8{ jfO8 j]asf] 5f]6s/L
8An'8An'8An' x'G5 . pbf/x0fsf nflu M www.aksharica.com, of] cd]l/sfdf lg:sg]
g]kfnL Go'hn]6/ …cIfl/sfÚ sf] j]a;fO6 xf] . g]kfnL / cGo w]/} efiffsf o:tf
c;+Vo j]a;fO6x? 5g\ . e"6fg / g]kfnsf ;dfrf/x? ePsf j]a;fO6x? 5g\ .
w]/} j]a;fO6x? g]kfnL efiffdf 5g\ . cd]l/sfdf k'g:yf{lkt e"6fgL z/0ffyL{x?af/]
;dfrf/ / hfgsf/Lx? ePsf j]a;fO6x? 5g\ . g]kfnL rnlrqx? x]g{ / g]kfnL
tyf lxGbL uLtx? ;'Gg ldNg] j]a;fO6x? klg 5g\ .
World Wide Web (WWW)
The World Wide Web (or simply web) allows you to see, read, and
learn about almost everything. Short form of 'World Wide Web' is WWW.
One example is www.aksharica.com, which is the website of Nepali news-
letter 'Aksharica' in the US. There are many websites in Nepali and in
other languages. There are websites with news from Bhutan and Nepal
and many are written in Nepali. There are websites with news and infor-
mation for Bhutanese refugees who are now settled in the U.S. There are
also websites where you can watch Nepali movies and listen to Nepali and
Hindi songs.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
OG6/g]6sf] ;'/lIft k|of]u
cfˆgf gftfuf]tf / ;fyLefOnfO{ Od]n k7fpFbf / pxfFx?n] k7fPsf Od]n kfpFbf
/dfOnf] x'G5 . t/ tLg} Od]ndWo] s'g}n] cK7\of/f] kf5{g\ . tkfO{+n] lrGb} glrg]sf
dfG5] jf sDkgLn] k7fPsf Od]nnfO{ …:kfdÚ elgG5 . o:tf Od]nn] cK7\of/f] kfg{
;S5g\ . o:tf ckl/lrt Od]n d]6\g'k5{ . glrg]sf dflg;n] k7fPsf o:tf Od]ndf
;~rf/ 159
tkfO{+sf] ;f];n ;]So'l/6L gDa/, qm]l86 sf8{ gDa/, kf;j8{ jf cGo s'g} JolStut
hfgsf/L k6Ss} lbg'x'Gg .
k5fl8 …=hLcf]eLÚ ePsf OG6/g]6 ;fO6x? dfq cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf cflwsfl/s
j]a;fO6 x'g\ . tkfO{+n] …=l;cf]PdÚ, …=PgO6LÚ, …=cf]cf/hLÚ df 6'lËg] jf …=hLcf]eLÚ
afx]s c? h];'s}df 6'lËg] 7]ufgfaf6 Od]n k|fKt ug'{ePsf] 5 eg] To:tf Od]n
cd]l/sL ;/sf/ jf o;sf dGqfnosf cflwsfl/s Od]n x'g ;Sb}gg\ .
OG6/g]6df cZnLn ;fdu|L / afnaflnsfn] x]g{ gldNg] vfnsf v/fa hfgsf/L,
tl:a/ jf b[Zox? klg x'G5g\ . To;}n] afnaflnsfn] sDKo'6/ jf OG6/g]6
rnfPsf a]nf s] ul//x]sf 5g\, cleefjsn] ;r]t x'g'k5{ . afnaflnsfn] klg
rnfpg] ePsfn] sDKo'6/ ;asf cfFvf kg]{ 7fpFdf /fVg'k5{ . pgLx?n] s]
ul//x]sf 5g\, b]Vg ;lsG5 .
Safe Use of the Internet
You may enjoy sending and receiving email from friends and relatives.
But there are also emails that can cause problems. Emails from people or
companies that you do not know, called spam, can cause problems. They
should be deleted. Do not give your social security number, credit card
number, password or any personal information to unknown persons who
request it by email.
Only Internet sites including the “.gov" indicator are official govern-
ment websites. If you receive any e-mail from an address that is from a
“.com”, “.net”, “.org,” or anything other than “.gov,” please be aware that
it is not a legitimate e-mail from the U.S. Government or of its any depart-
ments.
There are some bad things on the Internet too, including pornography
and other things that you will not want your children to see. You should
be aware of what your children are doing when they are using a computer
and are on the Internet. The best way to do this is to keep your computer
in your living area where you and everyone in the home can see what you
child is viewing or doing.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
kqklqsf
cd]l/sfsf ;a}h;f] d'Vo zx/df sDtLdf Pp6f b}lgs cvaf/ k|sflzt x'G5g\ .
o:tf cvaf/n] zx/ / o; j/k/sf, /fhgLlt;DaGwL tfhf ;dfrf/ tyf ©f]6fx?sf
;fy} cfpFbf lbg, ;ftf jf dlxgfx?df x'g] sfo{qmdsf ;"rgf k|sflzt u5{g\ .
xf], oL ;a} klqsf c+u|]hLdf x'G5g\ .
/fli6«o:t/df lrlgPsf s]xL cvaf/x? klg 5g\ . oL cvaf/x?n] /fli6«o
tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;dfrf/x? k|sflzt u5{g\ . o:tf klqsfx? M Go' of]s{ 6fOD;\,
160 Communication
o'P;P 6'8], jfn l:6«6 hg{n, jfl;+u6g kf]:6, / n; PGhn; 6fOD;\ x'g\ . oL ;a}
cvaf/sf j]a;fO6x? 5g\, hxfF tkfO{+n] cvaf/df 5flkPsf s]xL ;dfrf/ klg
k9\g ;Sg'x'G5 .
cvaf/x?sf] k|of]un] c+u|]hL ;'wfg{ ;lsG5 . c+u|]hL ;'wfg{sf nflu cvaf/ k9\g]
xf] eg] lgMz'Ns kfpg] pkfo klg 5 . cvaf/sf] u|fxs ag]sf cf©";Fu sfd ug]{
;fyLefO;Fu k'/fgf c+sx? dfu]/ k9\g ;Sg'x'G5 . tkfO{+sf] c+u|]hL ;'wfg{ d2t k'Ug]
eP pxfFx? tkfO{+nfO{ cvaf/ lbg v';L x'g'x'G5 .
Newspapers
All major cities in the U.S. have at least one local daily newspaper.
The newspaper will provide the latest news and photos about your com-
munity, politics, and lists of upcoming events. Of course this will all be in
English.
There are also a few newspapers that are recognized as national news-
papers. These cover mostly national and international news. These include
New York Times, USA Today, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, and
Los Angeles Times.
All newspapers have websites where you can read some (but usually
not all) of what they print.
You can use newspapers as a way to improve your English. You prob-
ably do not even need to pay for the paper if you use it for this purpose.
You can ask friends or co-workers who may have subscriptions to a news-
paper if they would be willing to give you a newspaper that is a few days
old. They will probably be happy to do that if you tell them that you will
use it to improve your English.
m m m
161
m m m
166
167
kl/jf/ lgof]hg
s]xL bDkltx? slxn] ;Gtfg hGdfpg] eg]/ of]hgf agfpF5g\ . kl/jf/ lgof]hg
eg]sf] cf©" slxn] ue{jtL x'g] / slt ;Gtfg hGdfpg] egL lgoGq0f ug{] pkfo
xf] . >Ldfg–>LdtLn] cfk;df 5n©n u/]/ ;Gtfgaf/] o:tf lg0f{o ug'{k5{ .
tkfO{+nfO{ cfˆgf] wfld{s cf:yfsf cfwf/df ljz]if k|sf/sf] kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] tl/sf
ckgfpg' k5{ eg] cf©"n] dfGb} cfPsf cf:yfx?af/] ;Nnfx lng'k5{ . tkfO{+ cfˆgf]
cf:yfcg';f/ ug{ rfxg'x'G5 eg] hGdlg/f]wsf To:tf lglZrt k|sf/sf] pTkfbg
k|of]u ug{ tkfO{+ :jtGq x'g'x'G5 . hGdlg/f]wsf pkfox?n] k'?if jf dlxnfnfO{ afFemf]
agfpFb}gg\, o;n] ue{jtL slxn] x'g] eGg] dfq lgoGq0f u5{g\ .
Family Planning
Some couples plan when they want to have children. Family planning
is a way to control when you get pregnant and how many children you
want to have. The man and woman should decide after talking about it
together. If your religious faith offers specific guidance on family plan-
ning, you should consult your own faith practices. If you choose to do so,
you have the right to use certain products called birth control. The use of
birth control does not make you infertile or barren, it just controls when
you get pregnant.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
ue{lg/f]wsf pkfox¿
olb tkfO{+ hGd–lgoGq0f ug{ rfxg'x'G5 eg] tkfO{+nfO{ s'g vfnsf] ;fwg pko'Qm
x'G5 eg]/ lrlsT;s;Fu ;Nnfx lng h?/L x'G5 . ue{lg/f]w ug{ k'?ifsf nflu
sG8d, dlxnfsf nflu sG8d, vfg] ue{lg/f]w, vf]k -;'O{_, 8fok|mfd / hgg]lGb|odf
/fVg] pks/0fx? -cfOo'8L_ h:tf w]/} ;fwg jf ;'ljwfx? x'G5g\ . uef{wfg
/f]Sg ue{ a:g] ;dodf tkfO{+ zf/Ll/s ;Dks{ gu/L a:g ;Sg'x'G5 . cd]l/sfdf ue{–
lg/f]wx? rng–rNtLdf 5g\ / lgs} ;'/lIft 5g\ . t/ s'g} klg ;fwg jf pkfonfO{
ue{lg/f]wsf] /fdjf0f dflgFb}g . tkfO{+nfO{ ;Gtfg hGdfpg dgnfUof] eg] vfO/x]sf]
jf k|of]u ul//x]sf] ue{lg/f]w tTsfn aGb ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
Birth Control Options
If you choose birth control, it is important to talk to your doctor about
the type of birth control that may be right for you. There are many birth
control options, including male condoms, female condoms, oral contra-
168 Family Planning, Prenatal Health, and Giving Birth
ceptives, shots, diaphragms, and intrauterine devices (IUD). You can also
choose to avoid sexual intercourse during the part of your cycle when you
could become pregnant. In the United States, birth control is widely used
and very safe. However, no method of birth control is completely guaran-
teed to prevent pregnancy. You can stop using birth control if you want to
have children.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
ue{lg/f]wsf ;fwg kfpg] 7fp“
ue{lg/f]wsf ljleGg ;fwg jf ;'ljwfx? lrlsT;ssf] sfof{no, ©fd{];L, lSnlgs
jf :6f]/df kfOG5g\ . slxn]sfxLF o:tf ;fwg jf ;'ljwf lsGgsf nflu lrlsT;sn]
n]lvlbPsf] sfuh rflxFg;S5 . o:tf ;fwg jf ;'ljwfsf] d"No 7fpFcg';f/ ©/s
x'g;S5 . olb tkfO{+n] cf}ifwf]krf/sf nflu d]l8sn–ladf ug'{ePsf] 5 eg] ToxL
ladfn] ue{lg/f]wdf nfUg] vr{ wfGg ;S5 . cf}ifwf]krf/df nfUg] vr{ / kfpg]
;'ljwfaf/] s] s;f] ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 eg]/ lrlsT;s;Fu ;Nnfx ug'{xf];\ .
Getting Birth Control
You can get birth control from the doctor’s office, pharmacy, clinic,
or store. Sometimes you need a prescription to buy birth control. Each
birth control product has a different price. If you have medical insurance,
it might cover the expenses. Talk to your doctor about finding assistance
for the costs.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
uef{j:yf
dlxnfsf] hLjgdf uef{j:yf lgs} dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 . o:tf] a]nfdf lgoldt
:jf:Yo–k/LIf0f ug'{xf];\, k|;j cj:yf / k|;"ltsf nflu tof/ x'g'xf];\ . o;sf nflu
cfˆgf] >Ldfg / 8fS6/;Fu tf/tDo ldnfpg'k5{ . o:tf] a]nfsf nflu kl/jf/, Oi6ldq
/ :jf:Yo;]jsnfO{ ;/–;xfotfsf nflu cfu|x ug'{xf];\ .
Pregnancy
Pregnancy is a special time in a woman’s life. While pregnant, get
regular prenatal health care and prepare for labor and delivery with your
partner and doctor. Ask for help from family, friends, and health care pro-
fessionals during this time.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
uef{j:yfdf :ofxf/
tkfO{+ cf©" ue{jtL eP h:tf] nfUof] eg] 3/d} hfFr ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . o:tf]
hfFr ug{] ;fwg v'b|f k;n jf ©fd{];Ldf kfpg ;Sg'x'G5 . ue{jtL hfFr ubf{ …xf]Ú
-kf]lhl6e_ cfof] eg] cfˆgf] lgoldt hfFr ul//x]sf lrlsT;snfO{ t'?Gt ;Dks{
kl/jf/ lgof]hg, uef{j:yfdf :jf:Yo / k|;"lt 169
;xfotf ul/G5 . dlxnf, lzz' tyf afnaflnsf -8An'cfO;L_ gfds sfo{qmd kf]if0f
sfo{qmd xf] . of] sfo{qmdn] ue{jtL, k|;"ltkl5 / aRrfnfO{ :tgkfg u/fpg] cfdfsf
nflu tyf kfFr jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfnfO{ kf]if0f tyf cfly{s cfjZostfsf] vfFrf]
6fg{ s'kg pknAw u/fpF5 . o:tf] sfo{qmdsf lgodx? /fHolkR5] ©/s x'G5g\ .
To;}n] ;/sf/L ;'ljwf lbg] sfof{no jf k'gjf{; ;+:yfdf ;Dks{ u/L cf©" pSt
;'ljwfx? kfpg of]Uo eP÷gePsf] / ;'ljwf kfpgsf nflu lgj]bg lbg] tl/sfaf/]
hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ .
Financial Assistance and Medical Insurance
In most states, Medicaid pays for some or all of prenatal care, delivery
services, and post-partum care for those people who do not have private
health insurance. The Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program is a
nutrition program that offers coupons for specific foods to pregnant, post-
partum, and breastfeeding women; and children under five with nutritional
and financial need. States’ programs differ, so contact your social services
office or resettlement agency for information on eligibility and the appli-
cation process.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
k|;"ltsf nflu tof/L
k|;"ltsf nflu >Ldfg / lrlsT;s jf g;{sf] ;xof]udf hGd–of]hgf -ay{ Knfg_
tof/ kfg'{xf];\ . o:tf] of]hgf k|;j -k|;"ltcl3sf] cj:yf_ / k|;"lt tof/Lsf] lg0f{o
ug]{ Ps pkfo xf] . o:tf] of]hgfdf cf©"nfO{ ;lhnf] nfUg] bf]efif]sf] ;Dks{
hfgsf/L, k|;"lt–sIfdf hfg ldNg] gft]bf/ jf Oi6ldqx?sf gfd / b'vfO a9]
cfˆgf nflu s] ug{ rfxg' x'G5 eGg] klg v'nfP/ n]lvlbg'xf];\ . lzz'sf] hGdaf/]
ug{ ldNg] jf ug{ gldNg] vfnsf tkfO{+sf s'g} wfld{s jf ;f+:s[lts cf:yfx? 5g\
jf To:tf] ;dodf s'g} vf; vfg]s'/f vfg' x'Gg eGg] 5 eg] Tof] klg pSt of]hgfdf
;dfj]z ul/lbg'xf];\ . tkfO{+sf c? aRrf 5g\ / tkfO{+ c:ktfn hfFbf jf k|;j
cj:yfdf /xFbf pgsf] x]/rfx s;n] ug]{ xf], Tof] klg pSt of]hgfdf v'nfO–
lbg'xf];\ . aRrf hGd]kl5 pgnfO{ lgoldt b]vfpg] lrlsT;s -h;nfO{ lkl8cl6«;g
elgG5_ sf] xf] <, pxfFsf] gfd of]hgfdf n]lvlbPsf] x'g'k5{ . pSt …hGd–of]hgfÚ
lrlsT;s / cf©"n] aRrf hGdfpg] c:ktfnnfO{ lbg'xf];\ . ;a} lg0f{ox? cuf8L g}
ug'{eof] eg] k|;j / k|;"ltdf x'g] jf ul/g] ;a} sfd ;lhnf / tgfjd'Qm x'G5g\ .
Preparing for Delivery
Make a birth plan with your partner and doctor or nurse-midwife. This
is a tool used to communicate decisions about labor and delivery. Include
contact information of preferred interpreters, a list of people allowed in
the delivery room, and pain management choices. If you have religious or
172 Family Planning, Prenatal Health, and Giving Birth
cultural beliefs about birth or do not eat certain foods, include this in your
birth plan. If you have other children, decide who will take care of them
when you are in labor and go to the hospital. You should decide who will
be your child’s doctor (called a pediatrician) after the birth and that name
should be in your birth plan. Share your birth plan with your doctor and
with the hospital where your delivery will take place. Making decisions
beforehand will make everything easier and less stressful during the labor
and the delivery process.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
s;/L c:ktfn k'Ug] <
lzz' hGdg] ;do ePsf] 5 / k|;j cj:yf ;'? ePsf] xf] jf xf]Og eGg]df
tkfO{+ cem} clglZrt eP lrlsT;snfO{ ©f]g ug'{xf]; jf ;Lw} c:ktfn hfg'xf];\ .
w]/} dlxnfnfO{ Joyf nfu]sf] h:tf] cg'ej x'G5, jf:tjdf To:tf] ePs} x'Fb}g . To:tf]
cj:yf cfP, ;+sf]r gdfGg'xf];\ . tkfO{+nfO{ k|;j cj:yf eP, c:ktfn hfg'xf];\ .
ToxfF uP/ egf{ x'g'xf];\ . egf{ x'g' eg]sf] tkfO{+ c:ktfndf ue{jtLsf ?kdf btf{
x'g' xf] . oxL ;dodf c:ktfnsf sd{rf/Ln] tkfO{+sf] :jf:Yo–ladf;DaGwL hfgsf/L
vf]Hg EofpF5g\ .
Going to the Hospital
If you are ever unsure if you’re going into labor, call your doctor or go
to the hospital. Many women go into “false labor”, believing they are in
labor when they really are not. Do not be embarrassed if this happens to
you. When you are in labor and go to the hospital, you need to go through
admissions. This registers you as a patient in the hospital. Hospital staff
will also collect your health insurance information at this time.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
c:ktfndf s] x'G5 <
tkfO{+nfO{ :jf:Yo;DaGwL s'g} cK7\of/f 5}gg\ eg] c:ktfn egf{ ePkl5 k|;"lt–
sIfdf nluG5 . pSt sIfdf tkfO{+sf nflu Pp6f lj:t/f / tkfO{+sf ;fy hfg'ePsf
>Ldfg jf cGo ;xof]uL a:gsf nflu Pp6f s';L{ x'G5 . Pshgf lrlsT;sn] tkfO{+
/ lzz'nfO{ k|;jdf s] eO/x]5 eg]/ lgu/fgL ug'{ x'g]5 . k|;j cj:yf nfdf] x'g
;S5 . s;}nfO{ lgs} b'V5 . o:tf] b'vfO sd ug{] cf}ifwL lbg'xf];\ eg]/ lrlsT;s;Fu
cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . w]/}h;f] lzz' cfdfsf] hgg]lGb|o x'Fb} aflx/ lg:sG5g\ . of]
:jefljs hGd xf] . slxn]sfxLF ue{jtL x'Fbf c? ;d:of 5g\ eg] lrlsT;sn] aRrf
hGdfpg zNolqmof -ck/];g_ ug]{ lg0f{o klg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . o:tf] zNolqmofnfO{
…l;h]l/og ;]S;gÚ -5f]6s/Ldf …l;–;]S;gÚ_ klg elgG5 . zNolqmof ubf{ tkfO{+sf]
k]6 lrl/G5 / ToxL lrl/Psf] efuaf6 lzz'nfO{ aflx/ lgsflnG5 . zNolqmofaf6
aRrf hGdfpg] cfdfnfO{ k"/} ;Grf] x'g s]xL ;do nfU5 / pxfFnfO{ 3/df cln a9L
kl/jf/ lgof]hg, uef{j:yfdf :jf:Yo / k|;"lt 173
g} :ofxf/;';f/ ug{ h?/L x'G5 . ay{ Knfgdf n]lvPsf] 5}g eg] c:ktfn 5f8]–
kl5 lzz'sf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f ug{] lrlsT;s -afnlrlsT;s_ sf] x'G5 eGg] tkfO{+n]
lg0f{o ug'{k5{ / c:ktfnaf6 lzz'nfO{ 3/ Nofpg'cl3 tL lrlsT;ssf] gfd klg
c:ktfnsf sd{rf/LnfO{ l6kfpg' k5{ .
At the Hospital
Once you are admitted to the hospital, if you have no complications,
you will be taken to a labor and delivery room. There will be a bed for you
and a chair where your partner or other support person can sit. A doctor
will monitor you and your baby to see how you are both tolerating labor.
Labor can be very long and painful for some women, and you can request
medicine to help with the pain. Usually, the baby will be born by natu-
ral vaginal birth. Sometimes, however, if you have a high-risk pregnancy,
your doctor might decide to perform a cesarean section (also called a c-
section) where the baby will be removed through an incision that will be
made in your abdomen. Women who have had a c-section require a longer
recovery period and extra support at home after the birth. Make sure you
tell the hospital staff the name of the doctor (pediatrician) who will care
for your baby after you leave the hospital.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
gjhft lzz'nfO{ 3/df :jfut
;do pko'Qm ePkl5 lrlsT;sn] tkfO{+ / lzz'nfO{ 3/ hfg lbg'x'G5 . ;fdfGotM
of] ;do Ps jf b'O{ lbgdf g} x'G5 . ljz]if cf}ifwf]krf/ ug{ cfjZos 7x¥ofOPsf
gfgLnfO{ c:ktfndf /flvG5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf gfgLx?nfO{ pkrf/ ul/g] sIf
…gjhftsf nflu uxg :ofxf/ sIfÚ -PgcfOl;o"_ df /fVg ;lsG5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf
lzz'nfO{ c:ktfn /fVg] ;do cln w]/} lbgsf] x'g ;S5 . gjhft lzz'nfO{ 3/
NofpFbf gfgLsf nflu rflxg] sf/–l;6sf] aGbf]a:t 5 jf 5}g kSsf ug'{xf];\ .
Taking Your Baby Home
The doctor will discharge you and your baby from the hospital when
the time is right. Usually this is within one or two days. New babies who
need extra medical attention, however, may be admitted to the neonatal
intensive care unit (NICU) and stay in the hospital longer. Make sure you
have a properly installed car seat to bring your baby home in.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
3/df s] ug]{ <
lzz'nfO{ ;do lbg'k5{ . pg};Fu a:g'xf];\ . pgsf] :ofxf/sf nflu lrlsT;sn]
h] h] ;Nnfx lbg'ePsf] 5 eg] pxfFsf tL ;Nnfxcg';f/ sfd ug'{xf];\ . tkfO{+ jf
lzz'af/] s]xL ;f]Wg'k¥of] jf b'O{dWo] s;}nfO{ s]xL c;fdfGo cj:yf cfP h:tf] nfUof]
174 Family Planning, Prenatal Health, and Giving Birth
eg] lrlsT;snfO{ ©f]g ug'{xf];\ . lrlsT;s klg tkfO{+ / tkfO{+sf] lzz'nfO{ :jf:Yo–
k/LIf0fdf cfPsf] /fd|f] dfGg'x'G5 . aRrfsf] k/LIf0fsf nflu aRrfs} lrlsT;s jf
kfl/jfl/s lrlsT;snfO{ e]6\g] ;do ldnfpg'xf];\ . Tof] e]6df csf]{–csf]{ k6s ul/g]
lgoldt k/LIf0fsf nflu tf/tDo ldnfpg'k5{ .
ue{jtL jf ;'Ts]/LnfO{ Gof;|f], lvGgtf, lr9–lr9\ofO jf lgb|f srkr x'g] vfnsf
;d:of x'g' Psbd c;fdfGo cj:yf xf] . To:tf ;d:ofn] cfˆgf] jf gfgLx?sf]
:ofxf/;';f/df k|efj k5{ . o:tf a]nfdf dlxnfn] cf©}FnfO{ jf ;Gtfgx?nfO{ kL8f lbg
;lS5g\ . tkfO{+nfO{ o:tf ;d:ofn] ;tfPsf] cg'ej eof] eg] t'?Gt lrlsT;snfO{
va/ ug'{xf];\ . o:tf ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{] pkrf/x? -pkfox?_ 5g\ . pkrf/
kl5 tkfO{+ k]ml/ cf/fd dx;'; ug'{ x'G5 .
At Home
Spend time with your baby, and follow any instructions the doctor gave
you on how to take care of him or her. If you have any questions or suspect
that something is not normal with you or your baby, call your doctor. He
or she will also want to see you and your baby for a follow-up visit. Make
an appointment with your baby’s pediatrician (doctor for kids) or family
doctor to establish regular care for your baby.
It is not unusual for women who are pregnant or have had a baby re-
cently to experience sadness, depression, anger, or sleep problems that
affect their ability to care for themselves or their children. Sometimes they
even have feelings about hurting themselves or their babies. If you have
any of those feelings, call your doctor right away. There is treatment for
these feelings and you will feel better again.
m m m
175
In the U.S. you are free to celebrate the birth of a child according to
your own culture.
Most births in the U.S. take place in a hospital although some births
may take place at home with a midwife in attendance.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
hGdbtf{sf] k|df0fkq
aRrfsf] hGdbtf{sf] klxnf] k|df0fkq 8fS6/, c:ktfn jf ;'F8]gLn] lbG5g\ .
To;kl5 hGdbtf{ tkfO{+ a:b} cfPsf] /fHol:yt ;/sf/L sfof{nodf ug'{k5{ .
aRrf hGdg]lalQs} lbOg] klxnf] hGdbtf{ k|df0fkqdf aRrfsf] gfd n]Vg'k5{ .
cfˆgf] ;+:sf/cg';f/ gfd /fVg] sd{ aRrfsf] hGdkl5 ul/g] eP klg aRrfnfO{
kl5;Dd af]nfpg] gfd p;sf] hGdeGbf klxn] tof/ kf/]/ /fv]sf] x'g'k5{ . aRrfsf]
hGdbtf{sf] k|df0fkqdf n]lvPsf] gfd g} p;sf] sfg'gL -cflwsfl/s_ x'G5 .
hGdg]lalQs} lbOPsf] k|df0fkq kl5 ;/sf/L sfof{nodf btf{ u/]kl5 ;f] sfof{non]
cf}krfl/s hGdbtf{ k|df0fkq lbG5 . of] k|df0fkqdf aRrfsf] gfd, p;sf] hGdldlt,
cfdfafa'sf] gfd / cGo hfgsf/L ;dfj]z x'G5 . cd]l/sfdf hGd]sf] lzz' :jtM
cd]l/sL gful/s x'g] ePsfn] of] hGdbtf{sf] k|df0fkq lgs} dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 .
of] hGdbtf{sf] k|df0fkqn] g} pm cd]l/sL gful/s xf] eGg] k|dfl0ft u5{ . s'g}
a]nf ToxL aRrf cd]l/sfdf hGd]sf] xf] egL k|dfl0ft ug'{k¥of] eg] tkfO{+n] hGdbtf{sf]
k|df0fkq b]vfpg'k5{ / o;sf] k|ltlnlk k]z ug'{k5{ . aRrf 7"nf] ePkl5 p;sf] gfd
dtbftf–;"rLdf btf{ ug{ jf cd]l/sL kf;kf]6{ -/fxbfgL_ kfpg p;sf] hGdbtf{sf]
k|df0fkq g} rflxG5 .
Birth Certificate
The birth of a child must be certified by a doctor, hospital, or midwife
and then be registered with an office in the state where you live.
The baby’s name must be written on the birth certificate at the time
of birth. For this reason, even if you are planning to have the traditional
name-giving ceremony shortly after the baby’s birth, you must have the
baby’s name selected and ready before the time of birth. Whatever name
goes on the birth certificate will be the legal name of the child.
After the birth is registered, you will be able to get an official govern-
ment birth certificate that will include the name of the child, the date of
birth, the name of the parents, and other information. This birth certificate
is very important because every child born in the U.S. is automatically a
citizen of the U.S.
The birth certificate will be evidence that the child is a citizen. There
will be situations where you need to show evidence that the child is born
in the U.S. and you will need a copy of the birth certificate. When the child
hLjgsf k|d'v 36gfx¿ 177
is an adult, the child will need the birth certificate to register to vote or to
get a U.S. passport.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
kf:gL
tkfO{+sf] ;+:s[ltdf aRrfsf] kf:gL ug]{ h:tf] ;+:sf/ cd]l/sL ;+:s[ltdf 5}g .
To;f] eP klg tkfO{+n] e"6fg jf g]kfndf u/]h:tf] tl/sfn] kf:gL ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
Rice Feeding Ceremony
In American culture there is no equivalent of the rice feeding ceremo-
ny. However, you are free to celebrate this as you would in Bhutan or in
Nepal.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
ljjfx
ljjfx x/]s ;d'bfodf ©/s tl/sfn] ul/G5 . ljjfx ;a} ;+:s[ltsf] dxÎjk"0f{
kfl/jfl/s ;+:sf/ xf] . cd]l/sfdf lxGb", O;fO{, d'l:nd, ox'bL, / cGo s'g} cf:yfsf]
eP klg cfˆgf] ;+:sf/cg';f/ ljjfx ug{ ;lsG5 .
hGdh:t} ljjfx klg ;/sf/L sfof{nodf btf{ ug'{k5{ . ljjfx btf{ ug]{ k|lqmof
/fHolkR5] ©/s eP klg o;sf s]xL :j?k p:t} x'G5g\ . cf©" a:g] /fHodf
ljjfx–btf{ k|lqmof s:tf] 5 a'‰g'xf];\ .
Marriages
Marriages are important family events in all cultures although the wed-
ding ceremonies that celebrate them vary widely. People from Hindu,
Christian, Muslim, Jewish, and other faiths in America are free to cel-
ebrate marriages according to their own traditions.
Marriages, like births, must be registered with the government. While
this process may be different in each state of the U.S., some aspects are
common. You should determine the specific details in your state.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
ljjfx cg'dlt–kq
ljjfx Pp6f k|lqmof xf], of] k|lqmofsf] klxnf] v'8\lsnf]df ;fdfGotM ljjfx cg'dlt–
kq -Dofl/h nfO;]G;_ lng' k5{ . of] nfO;]G; ljjfx ug{ af6f] vf]Ng] sfg'gL
sfuh xf] . pSt cg'dlt–kq kfpgsf nflu tkfO{+n] :yfgLo zx/, gu/ jf sfpG6L
sfof{nodf cfj]bg lbg'k5{ . tkfO{+n] lax] ug'{cl3 Dofl/h nfO;]G; lnPsf] x'g'k5{ .
cfj]bg lbFbf b'j}sf] ©f]6f];lxtsf] kl/ro–kq -©f]6f] cfO8L_ jf tkfO{+x? sf] xf] egL
lrgfpg], sxfF a:g'x'G5 eGg] k|df0f k]z ug'{sf ;fy} z'Ns ltg'{k5{ . cfj]bgdf cGo
s]xL yk hfgsf/L rflxg;S5 .
Dofl/h nfO;]G; lnPkl5 tkfO{+ cfˆgf k/Dk/fcg';f/ ljjfx ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
178 Major Life Events
ljjfx k'/f]lxt jf cGo s'g} cflwsfl/s JolStsf] pkl:yltdf ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . To:tf
cflwsfl/s JolStx?df /fHon] tf]s]sf JolSt jf …hl:6;–c©–b–lk;Ú cf]xbfsf
JolSt klg x'g ;S5g\ .
Marriage License
Generally, the first step to getting married is to obtain a marriage li-
cense. This is the legal document that allows you to marry. Generally you
can apply for the license at a town, city, or county office. You should get
your marriage license in advance of the wedding. You will need to show
a photo ID or other proof of who you are, where you live, and pay a fee.
There may be other requirements as well.
After you have your marriage license, your wedding may be performed
by a priest or other official of your religion, by a justice-of-the-peace, or
by other persons given authority to perform marriages by your state.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
ljjfx–btf{sf] k|df0fkq
ljjfx ul/lbg] JolStn] ljjfx–btf{sf] ©f/d el/lbg'k5{ . tf]lsPsf 7fpFx?df
x:tfIf/ u/]kl5 of] dxÎjk"0f{ sfuh ljjfx–btf{ ug]{ ;/f]sf/ sfof{nodf k7fpg'–
k5{ . ToxfF tkfO{+sf] ljjfx cflwsfl/s ?kdf btf{ x'G5 . ;a}h;f] 7fpFdf ljjfx–
btf{sf nflu z'Ns ltg'{k5{ .
cd]l/sfdf lax] u/]kl5 tkfO{+sf w]/} sfg'gL, cfly{s / s/;DaGwL ;'ljwf tyf
lhDd]jf/L a9\5g\ . s'g}–s'g} a]nf tkfO{+ sfg'gL ?kdf ljjflxt xf] eg]/ k|df0f k]z
ug'{k¥of] eg] ljjfx–btf{ k|df0fkq b]vfpg'k5{ .
Marriage Certificate
The person who performs the wedding ceremony must complete a mar-
riage certificate. This important certificate, with all necessary signatures,
must be delivered to the appropriate government office so that the mar-
riage can be officially recorded. In most communities you will need to pay
an additional fee.
Being married has many legal, financial, and tax benefits and responsi-
bilities in the U.S. You must have a marriage certificate if you are asked to
prove that you have been legally married.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
d[To'
kl/jf/sf] s'g} Ps ;b:o jf ;fyLefOsf] d[To' x'g' ;a}sf nflu b'Mvb 36gf
xf] . ljleGg wd{ of ;+:s[ltdf sfhlqmof tyf ;+:d/0f ug]{ tl/sf / ;dodf klg
leGgtf kfOG5 . cd]l/sL sfg'g kfngf ug{ d[To';DaGwL lxGb" ;+:sf/sf s]xL
hLjgsf k|d'v 36gfx¿ 179
facility operated by a funeral home. The funeral home will provide the
family with the remaining ashes in an appropriate container.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lqmof–sd{ -zf]s kg]{ ;do_
lxGb" k/Dk/fcg';f/ zf]s k/]sf] kl/jf/n] 3/ jf dlGb/df !# lbgsf] lqmof–
sd{ ug{ ;lsG5 . w]/}h;f] cd]l/sL /f]huf/bftfn] zf]s k/]sf kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{
sfdaf6 Ps jf b'O{ lbg dfq …3/ labfÚ lbG5g\ . tL /f]huf/bftfn] tkfO{+ labfkl5
sfd ©s{g'x'G5 eGg] cfzf u5{g\ . s'g} /f]huf/bftfn] art labfaf6 ldnfP/
tkfO{+nfO{ rflxP hlt 5'§L lbg ;S5g\ . olb tkfO{+sf] glhs}sf] sf]xL gft]bf/sf]
cj:yf gfh's 5 / pxfF clGtd cj:yfdf x'g'x'G5 eg] cf©"n] ug'{kg]{ sd{ / rflxg]
;doaf/] ;'k/efOh/nfO{ atfpg'xf];\ . ;'k/efOh/ / tkfO{+aLr labfaf/] ;xdlt xf];\,
x'g;s] tnaL labf;lxt sfddf ©s{g] ;do 6'+uf] nufP/ labf a:g'xf];\ .
Mourning Period
The 13 day Hindu mourning period can be observed and necessary
rites can take place at the home of the deceased person or in a temple.
Most American employers will give only one or two days of paid “family
leave” to workers at the time of a death of a close family member. They
will expect you to return to work after those days. Some employers may
agree to let a worker take unused vacation leave to extend the time away
from work. If a relative is very sick and may die, you should explain to
your supervisor that you may soon have a death in your family and may
require time off for the mourning period. You and your supervisor should
both agree when you will return to work and whether you will be paid for
any time off.
m m m
182
183
bf]xf]¥ofP/ lbg] 6]:6 Psk6s dfq x'G5 . bf];|f]k6s klg tkfO{+ ©]n x'g'eof] eg]
©]l/ cfj]bg lbg'k5{ / ©]l/ z'Ns ltg'{k5{ . oL 6]:6x?df ;f]lwg] k|Zg / pQ/
ePsf ;fdu|Lx? o'P;l;cfOP;sf] j]a;fO6 www.uscis.gov df k9\g'xf];\ .
The Naturalization Test and Interview
USCIS will send you an appointment for an interview and to take the
naturalization test after you have submitted Form N-400 and have had
your fingerprints taken at a local USCIS facility. If you cannot go to the
appointment, contact the USCIS facility as soon as possible. Rescheduling
may take several months, so it is important that you go to your appoint-
ment and be on time. During the interview, a USCIS officer will ask about
your application and background. Be honest. Once the interview is com-
plete the English and civics tests will follow.
To pass the tests, you must be able to:
• Read one of three sentences correctly in English
• Write one of three sentences correctly in English
• Answer six of ten civics questions correctly
Spoken English is usually tested during the interview. If you fail any
part of the tests, you can take them again between 60 and 90 days. You can
retake the test only one more time. If you fail a second time, you will have
to reapply and pay the fee again. Study materials are on www.uscis.gov.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
ljz]if kl/l:ylt, ldnfg / ckjfb
tkfO{+nfO{ c+u]|hLsf] 6]:6 lbg 5'6 lbOof] jf 6]:6 g} lbg' k/]g eg] tkfO{+sf]
gful/s–zf:qsf] 6]:6 lnOG5 . olb tkfO{+ c+u|]hL af]Ng hfGg'x'Gg eg] cfˆgf]
dft[efiffdf 6]:6 lbg ;Sg'x'G5 . cf©"nfO{ c+u|]hL gcfpg] hfgsf/L o'P;l;cfOP;
sfof{nodf ;s];Dd rfF8f] lbg'k5{ . zf/Ll/s jf j[l4;DaGwL ckfª\u x'g'x'G5 eg]
tkfO{+nfO{ b'j} k/LIff lbg' gkg]{ klg x'g;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf 6]:6sf nflu
tf]lsPsf] ;doeGbf klxn] g} 8fS6/ jf dgf]j}1flgsn] e/]sf] Pg–^$* gfdsf]
©f/d o'P;l;cfOP;df a'emfpg'k5{ . g]r'/nfOh];gsf ;a} ljlw k"/f ug{ cK7\of/f]
kg]{ u/L tkfO{+df zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s v/faL 5 eg] o'P;l;cfOP;n] 6]:6sf nflu
©]/abn u5{ .
Special Circumstances, Accommodations, and Exceptions
If you are exempt from, or allowed not to take, the English test, you
must take the civics test. You may take it in your native language if unable
to take it in English. Speak to USCIS about this as early as possible. You
may be exempted from both tests because of a physical or developmental
disability. Submit Form N-648 (completed by a doctor or psychologist) to
190 Permanent Residency and Citizenship
USCIS before your test date. USCIS will change the testing environment
if you have physical or mental impairments that make it difficult to com-
plete the naturalization process.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lg0f{o k|fKtL
tkfO{+n] cGtjf{tf{ / b'j} 6]:6 kf; ug'{eof] -jf k/LIff lbg 5'6 kfpg'eof]_ eg]
tkfO{+nfO{ …a©fbf/Lsf] zkyÚ lng af]nfOG5 . tkfO{+n] Pg–$$% gfds Pp6f ©f/d
kfpg'x'G5 . pSt ©f/d gful/stfsf] zky ;df/fxsf] ;"rgf -lgDtf]_ xf] . zky
;df/f]x, cGtjf{tf{ / 6]:6x? Ps} lbg klg x'g;S5g\ . zky ;df/f]xdf hfFbf
tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] :yfoL afl;Gbfsf] sf8{ -lu|g–sf8{_ l©tf{ ug'{k5{ . pSt ;df/f]xdf
tkfO{+n] cd]l/sL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf ?kdf …;l6{l©s]6 c© g]r'/nfOh];gÚ
kfpg'x'G5 . To;kl5 cfˆgf] glhs}sf] ;f];n ;]So'l/6L sfof{no hfg'xf];\ . cfˆgf
JolStut ljj/0fdf ©]/abn ug'{xf];\ . gful/s ePkl5 kfpg] yk ;/sf/L ;'ljwfsf
nflu cfˆgf] of]Uotfx? :yflkt ug'{xf];\ .
Receiving a Decision
If you pass the interview and both tests (or are exempted), you will be
invited to take the Oath of Allegiance. You will receive a Form N-445,
Notice of Naturalization Oath Ceremony. This may take place the same
day as the interview and tests. You must return your Permanent Resident
Card to the USCIS at this time. In its place you will receive a Certificate
of Naturalization as proof of your new U.S. citizenship. Go to the nearest
Social Security office to update your information and establish eligibility
for certain benefits.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
lg/Gt/tf / c:jLsf/
6]:6df ©]n x'g'eof] jf o'P;l;cfOP;sf] sfof{nodf sfuhkqx? k'u]gg\ eg]
klg tkfO{+nfO{ gful/s agfpg] k|lqmof hf/L g} /xg ;S5 . tkfO{+nfO{ bf];|f]
cGtjf{tf{sf nflu, ©]l/ 6]:6 lbgsf nflu / yk sfuhkqx? k]z ug'{xf];\ elgG5 .
tkfO{+ 6]:6df Psk6s ©]n x'g' eof] eg] csf]{ Psk6s dfq lbg kfpg'x'G5 .
olb tkfO{+nfO{ o'P;l;cfOP;n] uNtL u/]sf] h:tf] nfUof] eg] pSt sfof{nosf
cl©;/nfO{ ;'g'jfOsf nflu cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . tkfO{+sf] c:jLs[t kqnfO{
s] ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ pkfo l;sfOlbg ;Sg'x'G5 . c:jLs[t kq cfPkl5 ©f/d
eg'{xf];\ / z'Ns;lxt #) lbgleq k7fpg'xf];\ . olb tkfO{+n] u/]sf] clkn uNtL;fy
c:jLs[t u/]h:tf] nfu] ;+3Lo lhNnf cbfnt -o'P; l8l:6«S6 sf]6{_ df k'glj{rf/sf
nflu lgj]bg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . k|foMh;f] tkfO{+sf] kqdf tf]lsPsf] ldltcg';f/ tkfO{+n]
gful/stfsf nflu k'gM lgj]bg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . ;a} ©f/d / z'Ns a'emfpg'xf];\ .
:yfyL a;f]af; / gful/stf 191
cf}+nfsf 5fk lng / ©f]6f] lvRg cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ . b'O{k6s 6]:6 kf; ug{ g;s]–
sfn] tkfO{+sf] lgj]bg c:jLs[t ePdf tkfO{+n] t'?Gt csf]{ lgj]bg lbg ;Sg'–
x'g]5 . t/ hfFr kf; ug{ ;S5' eGg] cfF6 gcfpGh]n kv]{/ a;]sf] /fd|f] x'G5 .
Continuations and Denials
Your case may be continued if you failed a test or USCIS did not re-
ceive your documents. You may be asked to return for a second interview,
to return for a retest, or to provide additional documents. You will be given
only one more chance to pass a test that you failed.
If you feel that USCIS was wrong, request a hearing with an immigra-
tion officer. You should receive information on how to do this with your
denial letter. File the form and send the fee within 30 days of receiving the
letter. If you feel your appeal is wrongly denied, file a request for review
in U.S. District Court. Usually, you may reapply for citizenship after the
date indicated on your letter. Resubmit all forms and fees, and have your
fingerprints and photographs taken again. If denied because you failed a
test two times, you may reapply immediately, but it is better to wait until
you feel you can pass.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
clwsf/ / ;x'lnotx¿
gful/stf kfPkl5 o:tf clwsf/ / ;x'lnot kfOG5g\ M
• kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ cd]l/sfdf a;f]af;sf nflu Nofpg cfj]bg lbPsf] cj:yfdf
k|fyldstf .
• s]xL cg'bfg / 5fqj[lQsf nflu of]Uo .
• gful/sn] dfq vfg ldNg] hflu/sf nflu of]Uo .
• ckfª\un] kfpg] ;'ljwfsf nflu of]Uo -s'g} /fHodf gful/stf ePkl5 dfq o:tf]
;'ljwf kfpg] ePsfn]_ .
• cfˆgf] gfd dtbftf–;"rLdf btf{ ug{ / r'gfjx?df dt v;fNg of]Uo .
• cd]l/sL /fxbfgL -kf;kf]6{_ kfpg of]Uo .
Rights and Privileges
Citizens have rights and privileges that include:
• Priority when applying to bring family members to live in the United
States.
• Eligibility for certain grants and scholarships.
• Eligibility for jobs open only to citizens.
• Eligibility for disability benefits (in states where citizenship is re-
quired).
192 Permanent Residency and Citizenship
• Ability to register to vote and to vote in elections.
• Eligibility for a U.S. passport.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cd]l/sfdf hGd]sf afnaflnsf
s'g} aRrf cd]l/sfdf hGdG5 eg] hGd]s} ;dodf pm :jtM Ps cd]l/sL gful/s
x'G5 . To;}n] gful/stfsf nflu hGdbtf{sf] k|df0fkq h?/L x'G5 .
Children Born in the U.S.
Any child who was born in the United States is automatically a citizen
at the time of birth. The child’s birth certificate is therefore necessary to
prove citizenship.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cd]l/sfaflx/ hGd]sf afnaflnsf
cfdf jf afa'n] cd]l/sfsf] gful/stf lnPkl5 cd]l/sfaflx/ hGd]sf] c7f/
jif{d'lgsf] s'g} aRrf :jtM gful/s aG5 . gful/s aGgsf nflu Pg–^)) ©f/d
e/]/ cfjZos z'Ns;lxt o'P;l;cfOP;sf] sfof{nodf k7fpg'k5{ . ©f/d / z'Ns
a'emfPkl5 aRrfsf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq tkfO{+sf] 7]ufgfdf k7fOG5 .
Children Born Outside the U.S.
A child under the age of 18 who was born outside the U.S. automati-
cally becomes a citizen when one parent has become a citizen. To prove
citizenship, however, a form N-600 must be filed with USCIS along with
the necessary fee. In return the child will be sent a Certificate of Citizen-
ship.
m m m
193
s]xL tYo
tkfO{+ cd]l/sf cfOk'Ug' ePsf] 5 / oxfF k'g:yf{lkt x'g'ePsf] 5, To;}n] tkfO{+n]
xfd|f] b]zaf/] s]xL hfGg'k5{ . of] b]z slt 7"nf] 5 < oxfF s:tf] ;/sf/ x'G5 <
o;sf] Oltxf; s:tf] 5 < To;}u/L tkfO{+n] oxfFsf] gful/stf lng lbOg] gful/s–
zf:qsf] kl/Iffsf nflu o:tf w]/} tYox? hfGg cfjZos x'G5 . To;f] eP lsg
clxn] g} ;'? gug{] <
Some Facts
Now that you have arrived and have been resettled in the United States,
you should know a few things about our country. How big is the country?
What is its government like? What is its history? You will need to know
many facts when you take the civics test for citizenship. Now is the time
to begin learning.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cd]l/sfsf] If]q˚n
If]q©nsf cfwf/ cd]l/sf ljZjsf rf}yf] 7"nf] b]z xf] . cd]l/sfeGbf ?;, Sofg8f
/ rLg 7"nf 5g\ . cd]l/sfsf] If]q©n sl/a #& nfv !& xhf/ ju{ dfOn 5 .
g]kfnsf] If]q©n sl/a %& xhf/ ju{ dfOn / e"6fgsf] !% xhf/ ju{ dfOn 5 .
To; lx;fan] g]kfneGbf cd]l/sf sl/a ^% u'0ff 7"nf] / e"6fgeGbf sl/a @ ;o
%) u'0ff 7"nf] 5 .
194 About the United States
;Fu}sf] gS;fdf Pp6} gfksf cd]l/sf, g]kfn / e"6fg b]vfOPsf 5g\ . gS;f
x]/]/ g]kfn / e"6fg slt ;fgf /x]5g\ eGg] :ki6 x'G5 .
The Size of the United States
The United States is the fourth largest country in the world in land area.
Only Russia, Canada, and China are larger. The U.S. has about 3,717,000
square miles of land. Nepal has about 57,000 square miles of land and
Bhutan has only 15,000. The U.S. is 65 times the size of Nepal and is al-
most 250 times bigger than Bhutan.
The map shows the U.S., Nepal, and Bhutan at the same scale. You can
easily see how much smaller Nepal and Bhutan are.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
hg;+Vof
;g\ @)!) sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ cd]l/sfdf #) s/f]8 *& nfv $% xhf/
% ;o #* hgf dflg; a:5g\ . ljZjsf c? b'O{ b]z rLg / ef/tdf dfq
cd]l/sfeGbf a9L dflg; 5g\ . g]kfndf sl/a @ s/f]8 &) nfv dflg; a:5g\
eg] e"6fgdf & nfv dflg; a:5g\ . e"6fgsf k|To]s dflg;a/fa/ cd]l/sfdf $
;o %) dflg; x'G5g\ .
Population
According to census of 2010 the United States is the home of
308,745,538 people. Of the world’s many countries, only China and India
have more people. Nepal is home to about 27,000,000 people. Bhutan is
home to about 700,000. For each person living in Bhutan, there are about
450 people living in the U.S.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
z/0ffyL{ k'g:yf{kgf
tkfO{+sf l5d]sL jf c+u|]hL sIffsf ;fyLx? c? b]zaf6 cfPsf z/0ffyL{ x'g
;S5g\ . cd]l/sfn] jiff}{b]lv z/0ffyL{x? k'g:yflk{t ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . cd]l/sfn]
z/0ffyL{ k'g:yf{lkt ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] 5 . ;g\ @)!) df &# xhf/ ! ;o #!
z/0ffyL{nfO{ cd]l/sf NofOof] . pgLx? ljleGg &* d'n'saf6 cfPsf x'g\ . ;g\
@)!) df cd]l/sf cfPsf s'n z/0ffyL{dWo] e"6fgL z/0ffyL{sf] ;+Vof !@ xhf/ #
;o ( /Xof] . To:t} c7f/ xhf/eGbf a9L O/fsaf6 / !^ xhf/eGbf a9L adf{af6
z/0ffyL{ cfPsf lyP . c? xhf/f}+ z/0ffyL{ s+uf], O/fg, ;f]dflnof, Ol/l6«of cflb
b]zaf6 cfP . cfpFbf jif{x?df ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'saf6 jif]{lg &) xhf/eGbf a9L
z/0ffyL{nfO{ k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ cg'dfg ul/G5 .
Resettling Refugees
You may now have neighbors or students in your English classes who
are refugees from other countries. The United States has had a policy of
cd]l/sfaf/] hfgsf/L 195
accepting refugees for resettlement in our country for many years. In 2010
there were 73,131 refugees admitted to the U.S. They came from 78 dif-
ferent countries. Of these, 12,309 were Bhutanese refugees. More than
18,000 came from Iraq and 16,000 from Burma. Thousands more came
from Congo, Iran, Somalia, and Eritrea. More than 70,000 refugees from
all around the world are expected to be resettled in the U.S. in each of the
coming years.
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cd]l/sfdf %) /fHox? 5g\ . ;a} /fHosf /fhwfgL 5g\ . kqfrf/sf nflu
vfddf 7]ufgf n]Vbf / cGo k|of]hgsf nflu cf©" a;]sf] /fHosf] b'O{ cIf/sf]
5f]6s/L k|of]u ul/G5 .
The 50 States
There are fifty states in the United States. Each state has a capital city.
For mailing addresses on envelopes and for other uses state names are
often written as a two letter abbreviation.
State Name -/fHosf] gfd_=========Abbr. -5f]6s/L_========Capital City -/fhwfgL zx/_
Alabama -cnfafdf_======================AL================================Montgomery -df]G6uf]d/L_
Alaska -cnf:sf_=========================AK================================Juneau -h'gf]_
Arizona -Pl/hf]gf_========================AZ================================Phoenix -l©lgS;_
Arkansas -cfs{G;_=======================AR================================Little Rock -ln6n /s_
California -Sofln©f]lg{of_=============CA===============================Sacramento -:ofqmDofG6f]_
Colorado -sf]nf]/f8f]_=====================CO===============================Denver -8]Ge/_
Connecticut -sg]l6s6_===============CT===============================Hartford -xf6{©8{_
Delaware -8]nfj/_=========================DE===============================Dover -8f]e/_
Florida -ˆnf]l/8f_============================FL===============================Tallahassee -6Nnfxf;L_
Georgia -hlh{of_===========================GA==============================Atlanta -c6nfG6f_
Hawaii -xjfO{_================================HI================================Honolulu -xf]gf]n'n'_
Idaho -cfO8fxf]_==============================ID================================Boise -af]OhL_
Illinois -Olngf]O_============================IL================================Springfield -l:k|ª\l©N8_
Indiana -OlG8ofgf_=========================IN===============================Indianapolis -OlG8ofgfkf]ln;_
Iowa -cfof]jf_=================================IA===============================Des Moines -8 df]Og_
Kansas -SofG;f;_=========================KS==============================Topeka -6lksf_
Kentucky -s]G6sL_======================KY==============================Frankfort -ˆ|ofª\s©6{_
Louisiana -n'Olhofgf_==================LA=============================Baton Rouge -Aof6g ?h_
Maine -d]g_====================================ME============================Augusta -cu:8f_
Maryland -d]l/Nof08_===================MD============================Annapolis -cGgfkf]ln;_
Massachusetts -df;fr';]6\;_=======MA=============================Boston -af]:6g_
196 About the United States
;/sf/sf sfof{nodf tkfO{+n] s]xL lglZrt ;]jf / ;'ljwfsf nflu cfj]bg lbg'k5{ .
cd]l/sfdf # xhf/ ! ;oeGbf a9L sfpG6Lx? 5g\ . -n'lhofgf /fHodf sfpG6LnfO{
kfl/; elgG5, h;sf] cy{ …6f]nÚ, …OnfsfÚ jf …a:tLÚ x'G5 . cnf:sfdf sfpG6LnfO{
a/f] elgG5, h;sf] cy{ …gu/Ú x'G5 ._
;/sf/sf] ;aeGbf ;fgf] PsfO :yfgLo ;/sf/ xf] . k|To]s zx/, gu/ jf
ufpFdf cfˆg} k|sf/sf] ;/sf/ x'G5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] g]t[Îj k|foMh;f] zx/ jf
gu/sf hgtfn] r'lgPsf JolStn] u5{g\ . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] dftxtdf k|x/L /
clUg–lgoGq0f ljefu x'G5g\ . :yfgLo ;/sf/n] :s"nx? ;~rfng, af6f] dd{t,
v]ns'b–d}bfg tyf kfs{x? Joj:yfkg u5{g\ . sxLFsxLF :yfgLo ;/sf/ x'Fb}gg\,
h;sf] sfd sfpG6L ;/sf/x?n] u5{g\ . cd]l/sfe/ &) xhf/eGbf a9L :yfgLo
;/sf/x? 5g\ .
b]zsf ljleGg /fHo / If]qsf sfpG6L tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/x? ljleGg tl/sfn]
©/s x'g] ePsfn] tkfO{+n] cf©" a;]sf] If]qsf ;/sf/af/] hfGg h?/L x'G5 .
Government
There four levels of government in the United States: national, state,
county, and local.
The national government of the United States is defined by its Con-
stitution. There are three branches of government: executive, legislative,
and judicial. The Executive Branch is headed by the President of the Unit-
ed States who is elected by the people every four years. The Executive
Branch is responsible for running the programs and enforcing the laws of
the country. The Legislative Branch, or Congress, is where the laws are
made. Congress has two chambers, the Senate and the House of Repre-
sentatives. Each state has two Senators but the 435 Representatives are
divided among the states on the basis of population. Senators and Repre-
sentatives are elected by the people of their state or district. The Judicial
Branch is headed by the Supreme Court and consists of 94 district courts
as well as appellate courts. The courts hear and decide criminal and civil
cases involving federal laws. The judges are appointed by the President.
The Supreme Court can decide whether a law violates the Constitution. If
so, that law cannot be enforced.
Each state government is similar in form to the national government.
Each state has its own constitution. Each state’s Executive Branch is head-
ed by an elected Governor. The members of each state’s legislature are
elected by the people of that state. State courts decide criminal and civil
cases under state law. The details of each state’s government structure can
be quite different. You should try to learn about the state that you are liv-
ing in.
cd]l/sfaf/] hfgsf/L 199
a day on which the American dead of all wars, and the dead generally, are
remembered in special programs held in cemeteries, churches, and other
public meeting places. The flying of the American flag is widespread.
Independence Day is July 4. This holiday honors the nation's birthday
- the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. It is a
day of picnics and patriotic parades, a night of concerts and fireworks. The
flying of the American flag is widespread.
Labor Day is the first Monday of September. This federal holiday hon-
ors the nation's working people, typically with parades. For most Ameri-
cans it marks the end of the summer vacation season and the start of the
school year.
Columbus Day is a holiday celebrated on the second Monday in Oc-
tober. The day commemorates October 12, 1492, when Italian navigator
Christopher Columbus landed in the New World.
Veterans’ Day is celebrated on November 11 and honors Americans
who had served in World War I, but it now honors veterans of all wars in
which the U.S. has fought. Veterans' organizations hold parades.
Thanksgiving Day is a federal holiday celebrated on the fourth Thurs-
day in November. In the fall of 1621, the Pilgrim settlers in Plymouth Mas-
sachusetts held a three-day feast to celebrate a bountiful harvest. Many re-
gard this event as the nation's first Thanksgiving. The Thanksgiving feast
became a national tradition and almost always includes some of the tradi-
tional foods served at the first feast: roast turkey, cranberry sauce.
Christmas Day is a federal holiday celebrated on December 25. Christ-
mas is a Christian holiday marking the birth of the Christ Child. Decorat-
ing houses and yards with lights, putting up Christmas trees, giving gifts,
and sending greeting cards have become holiday traditions even for many
non-Christian Americans.
Other Holidays
In addition to these holidays, Americans recognize and may celebrate
other special days. These include Groundhog Day, Valentine’s Day, St.
Patrick’s Day, Easter, Mother’s Day, Flag Day, Father’s Day, and Hal-
loween.
Different ethnic and religious groups in America also celebrate days
with special meaning to them. For example, Jews celebrate Rosh Hasha-
nah and Yom Kippur, Muslims celebrate Ramadan, and Mexicans cele-
brate Cinco de Mayo. You are free to celebrate your own Bhutanese, Ne-
pali, Hindu or other holidays here in the U.S.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
cd]l/sfaf/] hfgsf/L 207
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cd]l/sf lgs} 7"nf] 5 . klZrdsf] Ps /fHo Sofln©f]lg{ofdf eGbf tLg
306fcl3 k"j{sf] /fHo Dof;fr';]6\;df 3fd pbfpF5 . To;}n] cd]l/sL dxflåksf
$* /fHonfO{ ljleGg rf/ ;do–If]qdf afF9LPsf] 5 M k"jL{o, dWo, kxf8L / k|zfGt
;do–If]q . k"jL{ ;do If]qe/ Pp6} ;do x'G5 . t/ dWo ;do–If]qdf Ps 306f
l56f] x'G5, kxf8L ;do–If]qdf b'O{ 306f l56f] x'G5 eg] k|zfGt ;do If]qdf
tLg 306f l56f] x'G5 . of] gSzfn] cnf:sf / xjfO{ /fHoafx]ssf] ;do–If]q
b]vfPsf] 5 . k"jL{o ;do ;fFemsf] ^ ah]sf] eP dWo ;dodf % ah], kxf8L ;dodf
$ / k|zfGtdf # ah]sf] x'G5 . k"j{af6 klZrd hfFbf Ps 3G6fsf b/n] 36fpFb}
hfg'k5{ .
Time Zones
The U.S. is very large. The sun rises in Massachusetts three hours be-
fore it will rise in California. For this reason the 48 states of the continental
U.S. are divided into four time zones: Eastern, Central, Mountain, and
Pacific. Clocks in the Eastern Time Zone will all read the same time. But
clocks in the Central Time Zone will read one hour earlier, clocks in the
Mountain Time Zone will read two hours earlier, and clocks in the Pacific
Time Zone will read three hours earlier. This map shows the time zones for
all states except Alaska and Hawaii.
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306f l56f] 5 . xjfO{ /fHo xjfO{ ;do–If]qdf k5{, hxfFsf] ;do k|zfGt ;doeGbf
b'O{ 306f l56f] 5 .
208 About the United States
Almost all of Alaska is in the Alaska Time Zone where clocks are one
hour earlier than clocks in the Pacific Time Zone. Hawaii is in the Hawai-
ian Time Zone where clocks are two hours earlier than clocks in the Pacific
Time Zone.
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cfOtaf/ ;'? ePsf] dWo/ftkl5 @ ah] 38L 3'dfP/ Ps 306f ylkG5 . To;a]nf @
ah]nfO{ # ah] agfOG5 . tkfO{+n] Tof] /ft Ps 306f lgb|f u'dfpg'x'G5 . tkfO{+n] 38L
3'dfpg la;{g'eof] eg] csf]{ lbg sfd jf :s"n k'Ug l9nf] x'g;S5 . s]xL dlxgfkl5
gf]e]Da/sf] klxnf] cfOtaf/ ;'? ePsf] dWo/ftkl5 @ ah] ©]l/ 38L 3'dfP/ Ps
306f 36fpg'k5{ . To;a]nf @ ah]nfO{ ! ah] agfpg'x'G5 . To;f] ePkl5 Tof] /ft
Ps 306f a9L ;'Tg kfpg'x'G5 . tkfO{+n] gf]e]Da/sf] klxnf] cfOtaf/ 38L 3'dfpg
la;{g'eof] eg] csf]{ lbg sfd jf :s"n Ps 306f rfF8f] x'g'x'G5 .
Daylight Savings Time
Twice a year American’s change the setting on their clocks. At 2:00
a.m. on the second Sunday in March you move your clock or watch for-
ward one hour. What was 2:00 a.m. becomes 3:00 a.m. You lose one hour
of sleep. If you forget to do this, you may be late for work or school the
next day. Months later, at 2:00 a.m. on the first Sunday in November, you
turn your clock back one hour. So 2:00 a.m. becomes 1:00 a.m. You gain
an extra hour to sleep. If you forget to set your clock backward in Novem-
ber, you may be an hour early for work or school the next day.
――― ᴥ ᴥ ―――
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cd]l/sfaf/] yk hfgsf/L rfxg'x'G5 eg] :yfgLo k':tsfno hfg'k5{ . k|To]s
zx/ / gu/df sDtLdf Pp6f k':tsfno x'G5g\ . k':tsfnosf sd{rf/LnfO{ cd]l/sf
/ cd]l/sfsf] Oltxf;;DaGwL lstfa sxfF 5g\ eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . w]/}h;f] k':tsfnodf
lstfax? c+u|]hLdf x'G5g\ eg] s]xL zx/df :k]lg; efiffdf klg x'g ;S5g\ .
Learn More at a Public Library
If you want to learn more about the United States, you should visit a
local public library. Every city and town has at least one library. Ask the
librarian to show you where books about the country and its history are
located. The books in the library will be in English and, in some towns,
maybe also in Spanish.
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