SDH Fundamentals

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SDH FUNDAMENTALS
SDH FUNDAMENTALS (0039.p65) • v1.0 • 11/94 1

Training Manual
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2 SDH FUNDAMENTALS (0039.p65) • v1.0 • 11/94

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Table of Contents
Page
Objectives ............................................................................................................................................................... 4
Advantages and Benefits of SDH ........................................................................................................................... 5
Network Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 6
Framing Structure Overview ................................................................................................................................ 14
Differences Between SDH and SONET Technologies ........................................................................................ 49
SDH Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................................. 51

Training Manual
Objectives
The objectives of the SDH FUNDAMENTALS Training Manual are to enable a trainee to:
1. Describe the structure of SDH signals, including SDH overhead.
2. Explain the advantages of SDH systems over PDH systems.
3. Describe the three major SDH networks elements.
4. Mention three important differences between SDH and SONET technologies.
NOTE TO THE READER: To achieve these objectives, it is assumed the reader is familiar with PDH
technology.

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Advantages and Benefits of SDH
Advantages and benefits of SDH over PDH are:
• Reduced network installation, operation, and maintenance costs.
• A flexible transmission structure able to handle existing as well as new signals both simultaneously or non-
simultaneously without equipment modification or replacement. Examples of new signals include ATM
and IEEE 802.6 for MAN.
• High- and low-level compatibility among transmission line equipment manufacturers.
• Increased integrated maintenance and network management capabilities.
• Direct access to lower speed tributaries within a signal without need to multiplex/demultiplex the entire
high-speed signal.
• A unified worldwide standard, which eliminates signal conversion at international borders, dramatically
reducing the cost of international connections.
• SDH specification does not impose limits on the transmission capacity, so SDH will be able to satisfy both
current and future needs.

Training Manual
Network Overview
NNI NNI NNI NNI
TR SM SM TR
SM Line/Radio Line/Radio SM
DXC/EA
TR Systems Systems TR
TR SM SM TR
TR: Tributaries NNI: Network-Node Interface EA: External access equipment

SM: Synchronous Multiplexer DXC: Digital Cross-Connect System
Location of the Network Node Interface
SDH, which stands for Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, is a group of ITU-T specifications describing the
Network Node Interface (NNI). The NNI is the interface between the transmission facility and the network
node which performs signal termination, switching, cross-connection or multiplexing/demultiplexing.
The transport networks built to comply with these specifications conform a system for the transmission of high-
speed signals based upon PDH, ATM, and other signals.
Previously to SDH, the specifications used are what is understood as Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH).

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Network Overview - Operations, Administration, Maintenance, and Provisioning (OAM&P)
NNI NNI NNI NNI
TR SM SM TR
SM Line/Radio Line/Radio SM
DXC/EA
TR Systems Systems TR
TR SM SM TR
TR: Tributaries NNI: Network-Node Interface EA: External access equipment

SM: Synchronous Multiplexer DXC: Digital Cross-Connect System
Location of the Network Node Interface
One of the important benefits of SDH in respect to PDH is the enhanced operations, administration, maintenance,
and provisioning (OAM&P) capabilities made available. These capabilities allow network operators to provide
centralized control of the network, to better measure the quality of the information transferred, to implement
emergency connections and to allocate extra capacity for future, yet unknown services.
This is achieved in SDH by increasing the amount of overhead within the SDH frame structure (respect to PDH),
by specifying interfaces to access the Telecommunications Management Network (TMN), and by specifying basic
functionality of the elements in a network.

Training Manual
Network Overview - Network Elements
M/N
SDH SDH
signals signals
Synchronous Digital Cross-Connect System
The principal component in an SDH network is the Digital Cross-Connect System (DCS or DXC), called
Synchronous Digital Cross-Connect System. The reasons for this are essentially the same as for PDH networks:
Often, not all the traffic carried to a network node by a high-capacity transmission link may be switched there;
some of the capacity may be required for Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) traffic routed through to
other nodes and for private circuits.
Also, the introduction of broadband services will necessitate the provision of channels carrying traffic at much
higher rates than 64 kbit/s.

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ACCESS MULTIPLEXERS
SDH SDH
Tributaries SDH lines lines
(PDH, ATM, lines
IEEE 802.6)
Tributaries (PDH, ATM, IEEE 802.6)
Terminal Multiplexer Add/Drop Multiplexer
SDH MULTIPLEXERS
Higher order Higher order
Lower order Higher order SDH SDH
SDH SDH signals signals
signals signals
Lower order SDH signals

Terminal Multiplexer
Add/Drop Multiplexer
symbol means "fiber optic line"
Synchronous Multiplexers
As in PDH, SDH uses multiplexers to combine lower-speed signals into higher-speed signals. These
multiplexers are typically referred to as synchronous multiplexers. There are two types of synchronous
multiplexers: Access and SDH multiplexers.
Access multiplexers have tributary (input) interfaces compatible with PDH and other signals (such as ATM,
FDDI, and IEEE 802.6 for MAN), and aggregate (output) parts compatible with SDH signals.
SDH multiplexers have both tributary interfaces and aggregate ports compatible with SDH signals.

Training Manual
Standard synchronous Drop & Insert synchronous

Regenerator Regenerator
Synchronous Regenerators
As in PDH systems, an SDH network may include signal regenerators, called synchronous regenerators.
However, fewer regenerators are needed in an SDH system than in a comparable PDH system. The reason for
this is that the use of optical transport medium makes the distances between regenerators (in excess of 70 km,
depending on the type of fiber used) much larger than in comparable PDH systems.
Unlike PDH regenerators, SDH regenerators must synchronize to the incoming frame structure. When a fault
occurs, for example, “Loss of Signal” or “Loss of Frame Synchronization,” synchronous regenerators produce a
proper SDH frame to keep the system “alive.” Also, SDH regenerators may provide access to the incoming
traffic; these are called Drop and Insert regenerators.

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Network Overview - Transmission Media
TR
TR TR
: Optic Fiber lines

TR
SDH Ring
To achieve cost reductions and increased reliability, SDH specifies the use of single-mode optical fiber across
the network. However, initial deployment of SDH systems have had to fit into a digital-distribution frame
regime dominated by coaxial plesiochronous interconnections at 34 Mbit/s and 140 Mbit/s. For this reason,
coaxial cable is currently being used for SDH connections within stations.
Many PTTs have invested heavily in coaxial cable for the transmission network. For this reason, copper cable
may be expected to continue in use for at least five more years. In addition, ITU-T has not specified optical
monitoring points, so optical/electrical signal conversion will still be needed.
In addition to coaxial cable and optic fiber, SDH radio systems have also been developed using new frequency
bands and using new modulation schemes in order to contain the bandwidth for compatibility with existing
frequency plans.

Training Manual
Network Overview - Timing Issues
timing signal timing signal
b
u 2 Mbit/s 8 Mbit/s
≈ 8 Mbit/s f 8 Mbit/s tributaries
f
e
r
PDH Network Node PDH Multiplexer
PDH Timing Issues
In PDH systems, differences in timing at a given hierarchical level (8 Mbit/s, for example), are handled by
using buffers. Multiplexing lower-level signals into higher-order signals uses the technique of bit justification
which allows frequency equalization of plesiochronous tributaries.
Unlike PDH, SDH systems make provision for differences in timing only at the first SDH level. There are no
provisions for handling differences in frequency at higher-rate SDH signals. The reason is that higher-order
SDH signals are synchronized by a highly stable, accurate network clock.
At the first SDH level, incoming PDH and other signals are synchronized with the framing structure by using
bit justification. Once this has occurred, subsequent frequency variations are handled by using a new technique
that does not use bit-justification.

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Network Overview - A Typical SDH Network
"Path"
"Multiplex Section"
140 M STM-1
STM-4
2M 4 STM-1s 3 140 Mbit/s links
links 3 34 Mbit/s links
(voice 34 M
and data) PDH 140 Mbit/s
Skip DXS
"Regenerator Section"
Mux
140 Mbit/s
STM-1 (2-34)M
links
2M
64k
STM-1 STM-1 links
STM-1
Digital
PDH
Switch
and
(LE)
B-ISDN
STM-1 STM-1
(2-34)M links
"Regenerator
34 Mbit/s
Section"
(PSTN and Private Circuits)
Flexible
Access 64k
System DXS
Flexible
Mux
Example of a Regional Implementation of SDH
The figure above shows a typical SDH network configuration. Three terms are especially important when
describing an SDH network: “Path”, “Multiplex”, and “Regenerator”.
“Path” is used to name any section of the SDH network between the points were an SDH signal is originated
and terminated.
“Multiplex Section” is used to name any section of the SDH network between two points where multiplexing or
demultiplexing of an SDH signal occurs, but no origination and termination occurs. If STM-4/STM-16 and
above multiplexers are used, then the network sections they delimit are also Multiplex sections.
“Regenerator Section” is used to name any section of the SDH network between two points with regeneration
capabilities (synchronous multiplexers and synchronous regenerators).

Training Manual
Framing Structure Overview - Comparison of PDH and SDH
PDH
PDH
140 M
2M 3 140 Mbit/s links
links 3 34 Mbit/s links
(voice 34 M
and data) PDH 140 Mbit/s
Skip DXS
Mux
(2-34)M 140 Mbit/s

links
64k
links
PDH
PDH
and
B-ISDN
(2-34)M links
(PSTN and Private Circuits)

Flexible
Access 64k PDH
System DXS
Flexible
Mux
How PDH and SDH Coexist in a Typical Network
As previously discussed, SDH technology is used in the interface between the transmission facility and the
network node which performs signal termination, switching, cross-connection or multiplexing/demultiplexing.
Before SDH, the technology used was PDH.
Although from the technology point of view PDH and SDH are different, the functionality and
applications of both PDH and SDH are essentially similar. For example, as in the case of PDH, SDH
framing is based upon a Frame Alignment signal, which is a binary word ranging from 7 to 12 bits in
PDH and a multiple of 6 octets in SDH.

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Framing Structure Overview - Introduction to STM-1 Frame
STM-1
4 STM-1s
PDH
DXS
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1 STM-1
STM-1
STM-1 STM-1
STM-1 Signals Within a Typical Regional Network
Frame Period = 125 µ seconds

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
OVERHEAD PAYLOAD
9 bytes 261 bytes
STM-1 Frame Structure
The basic SDH frame, called synchronous transport module at level 1 (STM-1) frame, is represented above.
The STM-1 frame consists of nine equal segments of serial bits. Each of these segments is composed of 270
octets. For each segment, the first 9 octets are used for “overhead” transport, and the remaining 261 octets are
used for “payload” transport. The length of an STM-1 frame is 270 octets/segment x 9 segments = 2430 octets.
The aggregate bit rate is therefore:
Aggregate bit rate = 2430 octets x 8 bits/octet ——> = 155.52 Mbit/s

125 µ seconds

Training Manual
Framing Structure Overview - Multiplexing a 140 Mbit/s Signal
Container for C-4

139264 kbit/s signal
VC-4 Path Overhead VC-4
VC-4 Pointer AU-4
AUG
Section Overhead STM-1 Frame
Steps in Multiplexing a 140 Mbit/s signal into the STM-1 Frame
The diagram above shows the steps used to multiplex a 140 Mbit/s PDH signal into the STM-1 frame. Each of
those steps will be discussed separately next.

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C-4
VC-4 Pointer AU-4
AUG
STM-1 STM-4
140M
4 STM-1s
PDH
DXS
Multiplexing a 140Mbit/s Signal
In a PDH-SDH link containing a 140 Mbit/s signal, the STM-1 overhead and pointers are processed in the link
portion indicated in the figure above. Path overhead is processed at the nodes where virtual containers are
originated and terminated.* The VC-4 pointer is processed at the synchronous multiplexers and DCSs, and the
section overhead is processed at both synchronous multiplexers and line repeaters.
* (originating and terminating synchronous multiplexers)

Training Manual
Container for C-4

139264 kbit/s signal
VC-4 POH VC-4
C-4 and VC-4 Origination
In order to multiplex a 140 Mbit/s PDH signal into an STM-1 SDH signal, the first step is to synchronize the
PDH signal with the STM-1 structure. This is done by using the technique of “bit justification”. The created
signal is referred to as a “container”. For a 140 Mbit/s signal, this container is called a “C-4”.
The next step in the multiplexing process is to add overhead to the container just created. This overhead, which
is a group of 9 octets, is called “higher-order Path Overhead (POH)”. The C-4, along with its POH is referred to
as Virtual Container, order 4 (VC-4).

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VC-4 POH VC-4
VC-4 Origination
Each of the nine VC-4 POH octets receives a unique name: J1, B3, C2, G1, F2, H4, Z3, Z4, and Z5. Any two
of these 9 octets are separated by 269 octets in the STM-1 frame. A brief description of each follows:
J1 (Path Validation and Trace): The octet is used to repetitively transmit a known pattern so the receiver can
verify its continued connection with the intended transmitter.
B3 (Path Error Monitoring): A bit interleaved parity of depth eight (BIP-8) is used to monitor for errors. This
works as follows: The number of ones in the position n in each octet of the previous VC-4 before scrambling is
counted. If the result is odd, then the corresponding bit in B3 is set to one. If the result is even, then the
corresponding bit is set to 0. At the receiver, even parity is verified.
C2 (Signal Label): This octet is reserved to indicate the composition of the VC-4, which could contain a 140
Mbit/s signal, ATM cells, MAN signals (DQDB protocol) or even FDDI signals. It also indicates if no valid
signal is being carried.

Training Manual
VC-4 POH VC-4
VC-4 Origination
G1 (Path Status): This octet conveys back to a VC-4 path originator the path terminating status and
performance. The first four bits return the count of BIP-8 errors Far End Block Errors (FEBE), and therefore
can be thought of as advanced 2 Mbit/s PDH REBEs. Bit 5 generates a Far End Receiver Failure (FERF) alarm
similar to PDH remote alarms. A FERF is sent in the opposite direction if signal failure occurs, or if Path Trace
Mismatch (checked with J1 octet) occurs. Bits 6, 7 and 8 are not currently used.
FEBE FERF UNUSED

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
VC-4 Path LOP

or
VC-4 Path AIS
BIP-8 errors SDH Path or SDH Path
Path Trace Mismatch
Originator/ Originator/
VC-4 Path FEBE Terminator VC-4 Path FERF Terminator
F2, Z3 (Path User Channels): These two octets are reserved for user communication purposes between path
elements and are payload dependant.
H4 (Position Indicator): This octet provides a generalized position indicator for payloads and can be payload
specific.
Z4 (Spare octet): This octet is reserved for future uses.
Z5 (Network Operator octet): This octet is reserved for specific management purposes, such as tandem
connection maintenance.

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VC-4 Pointer AU-4
AU-4 Origination
The next step in the multiplexing process of a 140 Mbit/s PDH signal is to make provision for differences in
frequency and phase between VC-4s. This is achieved by adding a “VC-4 pointer” to the existing VC-4. The
VC-4, along with its pointer, is called “Administrative Unit, order 4,” or AU-4.
The VC-4 pointer is a 10-bit string that indicates the position of the first octet of the VC-4 (J1 octet). Given that
the transmission frequency of an STM-1 is fixed, the VC-4 pointer allows VC-4 transmission rate and phase to
be controlled within certain limits. (Allows the VC-4 to “float” inside the STM-1).
There are three ways to change the value of a VC-4 pointer; those three will be reviewed in the next page.

Training Manual
unspecified
bits
N N N N S S 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
New Data VC-4 pointer

Flag
VC-4 Pointer Value Definition
The first method to change a pointer value consists in incrementing or decrementing it by one unit at a time with
indication; the second, by forcing an arbitrary, non-unit change; and the third, by detecting a new pointer value
for three consecutive frames.
The first method of pointer value change is indicated by the bits in the pointer itself. When the value of
the pointer needs to be increased by one, 5 bits invert their value. To increase the value of the pointer by
one unit, bits 1,3,5,7, and 9 of the pointer are inverted. To decrease it, bits 2,4,6,8, and 10 of the pointer
invert their value.
The second method of pointer value change is achieved by the use of the New Data Flag (NDF) word. This is a
4-bit word indicated in the figure above by NNNN. When using this method, the normal NDF value of 0110 is
replaced by the value 1001. The new present pointer value takes place immediately.
The third method of pointer value change calls for accepting a new pointer value if it is received by three
consecutive frames.

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VC-4 pointer
N N N N S S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NDF 2 bytes 3 bytes

VC-4 starts here
VC-4 pointer
N N N N S S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
NDF 2 bytes 3 bytes info. from previous VC-4

VC-4 starts here
How a VC-4 Pointer indicates the location of a VC-4
Contrary to PDH, which uses positive justification only to modify information speed, pointers allow
information speed and phase modification by using both positive and negative justification. Positive
justification allows transmission of “less” information within the frequency-constant STM-1 signal, whereas
negative justification allows transmission of “more” information within the frequency-constant STM-1 signal.
Typically, phase adjustments are implemented by using the New Data Flag (NDF) word. Also, in order to
compensate for frequency variations within the synchronous network, frequent pointer value adjustments are
used. Because of this, timing problems in a synchronous network can be pinpointed by observing the values of
pointers over time. A frequent variation would indicate potential timing problems.

Training Manual
VC-4 Pointer AU-4
AUG
AUG Origination
There is an SDH alarm dependent upon pointer activity. This alarm is called AU-4 Path AIS. Whenever an
SDH Path originator/terminator receives an AU-4 Path AIS, or an AU-4 Path LOP, it will transmit AU-4 Path
AIS, which is “all ones” in the entire AU-4, including the VC-4 pointer.
AU-4 Path AIS SDH Path

or Originator/ AU-4 Path AIS
AU-4 Path LOP Terminator
The next step in the multiplexing process of a 140 Mbit/s PDH signal is to generate an Administrative Unit
Group (AUG). No additional information is added to an AU-4 to create an AUG. This structure is part of SDH
primarily to remain compatible with the North American SONET structure.

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STM-1 Frame Origination
An AUG is multiplexed into an STM-1 signal by adding additional overhead, called Section overhead. Section
overhead includes framing information and information for maintenance, performance monitoring, and other
operational functions. The SOH includes both Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH) , which is terminated at
regenerator functions, and Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH), which passes transparently through
regenerators and is terminated where the AUGs are assembled and disassembled (synchronous multiplexers).
The section overhead is organized in octets. An explanation of the Section overhead follows.

Training Manual
2430 bytes
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2
FAS
STM-1 Frame
A1, A2 octets (Framing octets): Three A1 octets (11110110) and three A2 octets (00101000) are used to create
a Frame Alignment Signal (FAS) for frame alignment purposes. The used sequence is A1A1A1A2A2A2.
C1 octet (STM-N identifier): Indicates the level of the frame (1, 4, 16, etc.). Particularly useful when higher-
level signals are transported.
B1 octet (Regenerator Section Error Monitoring): Implements a bit interleaved parity eight (BIP-8) code using
even parity. The BIP-8 is computed over all bits of the previous STM-1 frame after scrambling and is placed in
B1 before scrambling.
E1, E2 octets (Orderwire channels): Use these two 64 kbit/s channels for voice communications. E1 is part of
the RSOH, and E2 is part of the MSOH.
F1 octet (User Channel): This 64 kbit/s channel is reserved for user purposes, for example, to provide
temporary data/voice channel connections for special maintenance purposes.
D1-D12 octets (Data Communication Channels): These channels can be used for alarms, maintenance, control,
monitoring, administration, and other purposes. These channels are divided into one 192 kbit/s channel at the
Regenerator section, and one 576 kbit/s channel at the Multiplex section.
B2 octets (Multiplex Section Error Monitoring): Three octets are used to implement a BIP-24 code using even
parity. The whole previous STM-1 frame, except the RSOH are included in the calculation.

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2430 bytes
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2
FAS
STM-1 Frame
K1, K2 octets (Automatic Protection Switching, APS): Those two octets are allocated to the function of
coordinating protection switching across a set of multiplex sections organized as a protection group. Bits 6, 7,
and 8 of K2 octet are used to signal MS-FERF (110) and MS-AIS (111).
Z1 octet (Synchronization status octet): Bits 1-4 of these three octets are unused. Bits 5-8 of those three octets
are used for synchronization status messages.
Z2 octet (Additional octet): This byte is reserved for functions not yet defined.
There are 39 additional octets as part of the section overhead whose use is still not defined.

Training Manual
LOS, LOF,
MS-AIS or
Excessive Errors MS-AIS
SDH MS
Element
MS-FERF
At the Multiplex Section level of an STM-1 SDH signal, there are two important alarms:
a) Multiplex Section AIS: Referred to as MS-AIS, this alarm is signaled by setting bits 6, 7 and 8 of the K2
octet equal to “1”. MS-AIS should be generated when signal is lost, when frame alignment is lost, when MS-
AIS is received, or when an excessive BER, as calculated using B2 octets, is detected.
b) Multiplex Section FERF: Referred to as MS-FERF, this alarm is signaled towards the opposite direction of
the data flow by setting bits 6, 7 and 8 of the K2 octet to 110. MS-FERF should be generated when signal is
lost, when frame alignment is lost, when MS-AIS is received, or when an excessive BER, as calculated using
B2 octets, is detected.

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Container for C-3

34368 kbit/s signal
VC-3 Pointer TU-3
3x TUG-3
VC-4 Pointer AU-4
AUG
Section STM-1 Frame

Overhead
Steps in multiplexing a 34 Mbit/s signal into the STM-1 frame
The diagram above shows the steps used to multiplex a 34 Mbit/s PDH signal into the STM-1 frame. Following
is a separate discussion of these steps.

Training Manual
Container for C-3

34368 kbit/s signal
VC-3 Pointer TU-3
3x TUG-3
1
VC-4 Pointer AU-4
AUG
Section STM-1 Frame

Overhead
2
STM-4
3 140 Mbit/s links
3 34 Mbit/s links
PDH
DXS
1 , 2 140 Mbit/s
STM-1 (2-34)M
links
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
(2-34)M links
34 Mbit/s
1 , 2
(PSTN and
Private Circuits)
Multiplexing a 34 Mbit/s signal
The figure above shows an example of where in a PDH-SDH link containing a 34 Mbit/s signal the STM-1
overhead and pointers are processed. Path overhead is processed at the nodes where the respective virtual
containers are originated and terminated (originating and terminating synchronous multiplexers). The pointers
are processed at the synchronous multiplexers and DCCs, and the section overhead is processed at both
synchronous multiplexers and line repeaters.

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Container for C-3

34368 kbit/s signal
VC-3 POH VC-3
VC-3 Pointer TU-3
C-3, VC-3 and TU-3 Origination
The first three steps in multiplexing a 34 Mbit/s PDH signal into an STM-1 are similar to the first three steps in
the multiplexing of a 140 Mbit/s signal. The 34 Mbit/s signal is first synchronized with the STM-1 signal, then
Path Overhead identical to that used in a 140 Mbit/s signal is added, and then a VC-3 pointer is added to the
created Virtual Container, to create a Tributary Unit, order 3 (TU-3).
The alarms for a VC-3 Path are similar to those of a VC-4 Path.
The only major difference between a VC-4 pointer and a VC-3 pointer is that when adjusting the value of a VC-
4 pointer by one, the position of the payload is moved by three octets, but when adjusting the value of a VC-3
pointer by one, the position of the payload is moved by one octet. The alarms found in an AU-4 are similar to
those in a TU-3.

Training Manual
TU-3
3x TUG-3
VC-4 Path
VC-4
Overhead
TUG-3 and VC-4 Origination
The next step in the multiplexing process is to generate a Tributary Unit Group of order 3 (TUG-3). To
generate a TUG-3, no pointer processing occurs or extra overhead is added to the existing TU-3s. The reason
for having this extra step in the multiplexing process is to allow an STM-1 signal to carry mixed capacity
payloads made up of different size TUs. This makes an STM-1 signal more flexible as a transport structure.
The next step in the multiplexing process is to create a VC-4. This is done by octet-interleaving three TUG-3s,
and adding a higher-order Path Overhead. In general, the contents of the involved 3 TUG-3s may or may not be
the same type of signals (2 Mbit/s or 34 Mbit/s signals).
From this point on, the remaining multiplexing steps are similar to the ones discussed for a 140 Mbit/s signal.

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Container for C-12

2048 kbit/s signal
VC-12 Pointer TU-12
3x TU-12
7x TUG-2
3x TUG-3
VC-4 VC-4
Path Overhead
VC-4 AU-4
Pointer
AUG
Section STM-1 Frame

Overhead
Steps in multiplexing a 2 Mbit/s signal into the STM-1 frame
The diagram above shows the steps used to multiplex a 2 Mbit/s PDH signal into the STM-1 frame. Each of
those steps will be discussed separately next.

Training Manual
Container for C-12

2048 kbit/s signal
VC-12 Pointer TU-12
3x TU-12
1
7x TUG-2
3x TUG-3
VC-4 VC-4
Path Overhead
2
VC-4 AU-4
Pointer
AUG
Section STM-1 Frame

Overhead
PDH
DXS
2M
STM-1
1 , 2
Digital
Switch
(LE)
STM-1
34 Mbit/s
1 , 2
Flexible
Access 64 k
System 2M link
DXS
Flexible
Mux
Multiplexing a 2Mbit/s signal
The figure above shows an example of where in a PDH-SDH link containing a 2 Mbit/s signal the STM-1
overhead and pointers are processed. Path overhead is processed at the nodes where the respective virtual
containers are originated and terminated (originating and terminating synchronous multiplexers). The pointers
are processed at the synchronous multiplexers and DCCs (not shown), and the section overhead is processed at
both synchronous multiplexers and line repeaters.

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Container for C-12

2048 kbit/s signals
C-12 Origination
Unlike 140 Mbit/s and 34 Mbit/s PDH signals, which are asynchronous in nature, 2 Mbit/s signals in a PDH
network may be either synchronous or asynchronous. The reason for this is that PDH network synchronization
is carried with 2048 kHz reference signals.
The advantages of 2 Mbit/s asynchronous multiplexing are an unrestricted payload, timing transparency, and
minimum mapping delay, while its main disadvantage is the inability to access 64 kbit/s timeslots within the 2
Mbit/s signal.
There are two ways to multiplex a synchronous 2 Mbit/s signal: bit-synchronous and octet-synchronous
multiplexing. Bit-synchronous multiplexing is typically used with unframed signals that are synchronized with
the SDH transport signal. Framed signals, however, can also be multiplexed with bit-synchronous mapping.
Byte-synchronous multiplexing provides timeslot visibility and is therefore appropriate where 64 kbit/s signals
are to be added, dropped, or cross-connected directly from an STM-1 signal.

Training Manual
Container for C-12

2048 kbit/s signal
VC-12 POH: • • • V5 J2 Z6 Z7 • • •
VC-12 Origination
The next step in the multiplexing process is to add overhead to the C-12 container just created. This overhead
consists of 4 octets, called V5, J2, Z6 and Z7. It is referred to as “lower-order Path Overhead (POH)”. These
octets are added at the beginning of the C-12 container. The C-12 along with the added octets is referred to as
Virtual Container, order 12, VC-12.
The first VC-12 Path Overhead octet called V5 will be described next.

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BIP-2 FEBE RFI SIGNAL LABEL FERF

Bit Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Description of V5 byte
BIP-2 (Path error monitoring): Bits 1 and 2 are used for error monitoring using Bit Interleaved Parity (BIP).
Bit 1 is set such that parity of all odd-numbered bits (1, 3, 5 and 7) in all octets in the previous VC-12 is even.
Bit 2 is set similarly for the even-numbered bits (2, 4, 6 and 8). At the receiver, even parity is verified.
FEBE (far end block error): Bit 3 is a VC-12 Path Far End Block Error (FEBE) indication. This bit is set to
one and sent back to the VC-12 originator if one or more errors are detected by the BIP-2.
Remote Failure Indication: Bit 4 is a VC-12 path Remote Failure Indication (RFI). This bit is set to one if a
failure occurs. A failure is a Defect* that persists beyond the maximum time allocated to the protection
mechanism.
Signal Label: This three-bit code is used to indicate to the receiver whether a valid 2 Mbit/s signal is being
transported in the VC-12, and what type of multiplexing is being employed (asynchronous, bit or octet
synchronous).
FERF (Far End Receive Failure): This bit is set to one if the associated receiver in the SDH Path element
receives a TU-12 Path AIS or TU-12 Path LOP.
*In this context, Defect is understood as defined in ITU-T Recommendation G.826.

Training Manual
• • • V5 J2 Z6 Z7 • • •
VC-12 Path Overhead
J2 octet is provisionally used to repetitively transmit an identifier signal so that a path-receiving terminal can
verify its continued connection to the intended transmitter. The E.164 numbering format is used. Similar to J1
octet in higher-order POH.
Z6 octet is used to provide a tandem-connection monitoring function. Similar to Z5 octet in the higher-order
POH.
Z7 octet is reserved for future use.

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VC-12
VC-12 Pointer TU-12
TU-12 Origination
The following alarms are used in association with 2 Mbit/s Virtual Containers:
TU-12 Path LOP

or
BIP-2 errors TU-12 Path AIS
SDH Path SDH Network TU-12 Path AIS
Element Element
VC-12 Path FEBE VC-12 Path FERF
The next step in the multiplexing process of a 2 Mbit/s PDH signal is to make provision for differences in
frequency and phase between VC-12s. This is achieved by adding a “VC-12 pointer” to the existing VC-12.
The VC-12, along with its pointer, is called “Tributary Unit, order 12,” or TU-12.
The VC-12 pointer is very similar to the VC-3 and VC-4 pointers in structure and function. As in the case of
VC-3 pointers, single-octet increments for VC-12 pointers are possible.

Training Manual
VC-12
VC-12 Pointer TU-12
TU-12 Origination
There are two possible multiplexing modes of the TU-12 structure: Floating and Locked multiplexing modes.
Floating mode implies the use of the VC-12 pointer previously discussed to allow frequency and phase
alignment of VC-12s. The V5 octet is generated and used for the purposes previously described. Note that if
this terminology is used, then the VC-4 for a 140 Mbit/s and the VC-3 for a 34 Mbit/s PDH signals employ
Floating mode.
In contrast, Locked mode of a TU-12 implies that the VC-12 pointer is not used (in fact, the pointer is set to
zero), the VC-12 occupies a fixed location within the higher-order VC (VC-4), and no VC-12 POH is
generated. This mode of multiplexing is essentially equivalent to mapping N x 64 kbit/s signals directly into the
VC-4. This multiplexing mode was introduced as a potentially less expensive structure for implementing
subnetworks with 64 kbit/s flexibility as the need for pointer processing could be avoided.

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3x TU-12
7x TUG-2
TUG-3
TUG-2 and TUG-3 Origination
The next step in the multiplexing process is to generate a Tributary Unit Group of order 2 (TUG-2) by octet
interleaving three TU-12s. For this, no pointer processing occurs or extra overhead is added. One reason for
having this step in the multiplexing process is to allow an STM-1 signal to carry any of the first-level PDH
signals (European 2 Mbit/s or American 1.544 Mbit/s), and also to be compatible with second-level PDH
signals.
The following step in the multiplexing process is to generate a Tributary Unit Group of order 3 (TUG-3) by
octet interleaving seven TUG-2s. Again, here no pointer processing occurs or extra overhead is added. From
this point on, subsequent multiplexing of a 2 Mbit/s signal into an STM-1 signal is similar to the multiplexing of
a 34 Mbit/s PDH signal.

Training Manual
Framing Structure Overview - Multiplexing Other Signals
PDH
DXS
PDH
and
B-ISDN
B-ISDN in a typical Regional SDH Implementation
Payloads that require more than one C-4 can also be transported at the STM-1 level. This is done by
concatenating AU-4s. Sets of X contiguous AU-4s may have their payloads locked together by setting the
pointer value in all but the leading AU-4 to a specific state known as the Concatenator Indicator (CI). Pointer
adjustments indicated for the leading AU-4 are then replicated in all the concatenated AU-4s in the set,
maintaining bit sequence integrity over the whole broadband payload. Such a set of concatenated AU-4s is
designated AU-40Xc.
An STM-1 signal can transport not only synchronous signals (such as 2 Mbit/s synchronous) and
plesiochronous signals (most PDH signals), but can also transport asynchronous signals. An example of such
asynchronous signals that is likely to become common in the future is B-ISDN based upon Asynchronous
Transfer Mode (ATM).

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Framing Structure Overview - Higher Order SDH Signals
STM-4
PDH
DXS
Use of an STM-4 link in a typical Regional SDH Implementation
Network growth and the demand for broadband services are leading to very high-rate optical transmission
systems at 622 Mbit/s, 2488 Mbit/s, and possibly beyond. These should ultimately replace 140 Mbit/s and 565
Mbit/s systems. Consequently, there is a requirement for synchronous transport modules operating at rates
higher than 155 Mbit/s.
These higher-order synchronous transport modules can be assembled by further multiplexing. At each stage,
four tributaries are combined by extracting the payload from each, recalculating their pointer values, then phase
aligning and octet interleaving them and finally adding a new section overhead.

Training Manual
Framing Structure Overview - Higher-Order SDH Signals
.
STM-1s .
STM-4s . STM-16
1 11
2 4 3 2 1...
3 7
4
3
5
6 8 7 6 5... 14
7 10
8 6 2 13 9 5 1 ...
9
10 12 11 10 9 . . .
11
12
13
14 16 15 14 13 . . .
15
16
Byte interleaving STM-1s to form STM-4 and STM-16
The resulting digit rates are 4n x 155.52 Mbit/s. STM-N is the generic term for these higher-rate modules. For
example, STM-4 is at 622.08 Mbit/s. STM-16 is at 2488.32 Mbit/s and can carry 16 times the payload of an
STM-1. The resulting hierarchy is extendible to arbitrarily-high bit rates.
The multiplexing explained before needs no addition of information, because the 155.52 Mbit/s signals are bit
and frame synchronized. This allows the use of the Frame Alignment Signal (FAS) from the lower-order level
to align at the higher level.

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Framing Structure Overview - Framing Synchronization Strategy
In-Frame OOF LOF

State (IF)
...
A B
A: 5 consecutive frames with FAS errors occur

B: 3 mseconds without detection of two consecutive non-FAS errored frames
For STM-N; N=1,4,16 signals, the framing synchronization strategy for a network element is as follows:
a) Frame synchronization is declared when two consecutive frames without FAS errors are received. This
condition is called In-Frame (IF) state.
b) If In-Frame state has been achieved, when five consecutive frames with FAS errors are detected, the receiver
equipment declares Out-of-Frame (OOF) state.
c) When in Out-of-Frame state, if two consecutive frames without FAS errors are not received within 3
milliseconds, the network equipment declares Loss-of-Frame (LOF) state.

Training Manual
Framing Structure Overview - Common STM-1 Representation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
O P 1
V A 2
E 3
Y 4
R L 5
H O 6
E A 7
A D 8
D 9
Common STM-N Frame Representation
The diagram above shows how an STM-1 frame is typically rearranged to display the information in a block-
like form. This representation is normally used because it is more compact than a serial bit stream
representation.
In this representation, the STM-N frame is represented as a block of 9 rows by 270 x N columns. The first 9 x
N octet columns of the STM-N contain overhead information, and the remaining columns contain path
overhead, virtual container pointers, and users information.

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9 bytes
270 x N columns (bytes)

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 C1
9xN 261 x N
B1 ∆ ∆ E1 ∆ F1 RSOH
1 J1
Regenerator D1 ∆ ∆ D2 ∆ D3
B3
Section Overhead AU-n pointers
3 C2
9 rows
G1 PDH 140M or B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
4 Structured SDH Signal
F2 9 rows D4 D5 D6
5
Multiplex H4 D7 D8 D9 MSOH
Section Overhead Z3
D10 D11 D12
Z4
Z5 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 Z2 E2
9
VC-4 Bytes reserved for national use

POH
Unscrambled bytes. Therefore care should be taken
with their content
∆ Media dependent bytes
Common STM-N Frame Representation
The figure above shows the block representation as used by the ITU-T. Note the location of the Section
Overhead in this representation. If the STM-1 signal carries a 140 Mbit/s signal, then the corresponding VC-4
POH is also part of the STM-1 signal as shown above.

Training Manual
If three 34 Mbit/s signals are carried within an STM-1 signal, then the ITU-T representation is as shown in the
following figure:
86 columns
H1 TUG-3 = TU-3
H2 85 columns
J1 VC-3
H3
B3
C2
Fixed stuff
G1
Container-3
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
Z5
VC-3 POH
If 63 2 Mbit/s signals are carried within an STM-1 signal, then the corresponding representation is as shown in
the following figure.
86 columns
TUG-2 TUG-2
TU-12 TUG-3
N PTRs (7 x TUG-2)
P
I
Fixed stuff
POH
POH
VC-12
3 VC-12s

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Differences Between SDH and SONET Technologies
Most of the important differences between SONET and SDH were influenced by the need of a transport system
able to support the main European PDH rates, mixed payloads, and the emerging broadband standards. Indeed,
SONET and SDH are compatible, but not identical, digital hierarchies.
Both hierarchies define similar sets of overheads and functions, however, there are differences in the usage of
the two overhead structures and pointer processing. Nevertheless, these differences are beyond the scope of this
document. For those differences, please see AT&T Communications Document “A Technical Report on A
Comparison of SDH and SONET.”

Training Manual
Differences Between SDH and SONET Technologies (Continued)
The following are major differences between SONET and SDH:
1. The 51.84 Mbit/s Synchronous Transport Signal - Level 1 (STS-1) is the basic building block of SONET.
All lower-rate payloads are mapped into the STS-1, and all higher-rate signals are created by synchronously
multiplexing N STS-1s to form an STS-N. In contrast, the 155.52 Mbit/s Synchronous Transport Module -
Level 1 (STM-1) is the basic building block of SDH. All lower-rate payloads are mapped into the STM-1,
and all higher-rate signals are created by synchronously multiplexing N STM-1s to form an STM-N.
2. Eight different transmission rates have been defined for SONET: 51.84 Mbit/s, 155.52 Mbit/s, 466.56
Mbit/s, 622.08 Mbit/s, 933.12 Mbit/s, 1244.16 Mbit/s, 1866.24 Mbit/s and 2488.32 Mbit/s. In contrast,
only three different transmission rates have been defined for SDH: 155.52 Mbit/s, 622.08 Mbit/s and
2488.32 Mbit/s.
3. Unlike SONET, SDH allows different mappings for the same payload. All of the SDH payloads which can
be mapped into an AU-3 can also be mapped into an AU-4. SONET provides only one choice for the
defined payload mappings.
4. SONET and SDH differ in some of their payload mappings. See table below (compatible SONET/SDH
appear in brackets).
SONET/SDH Payload Mappings
Payload STS-1 STS-3c AU3 Based STM-1 AU4 Based STM-1
DS1 1.5 Mbit/s (VT1.5) None (VC11) or VC12* VC11 or VC12*

E1 2.048 Mbit/s (VT2) None (VC12) VC12
DS1C 3.152 Mbit/s VT 3 None None None
DS2 6.312 Mbit/s (VT 6) None (VC2) VC2
E3 34.368 Mbit/s None None VC3 VC3
DS3 44.736 Mbit/s (STS-1 SPE) None (VC3) VC3
E4 139.264 Mbit/s None (STS-3c SPE) None (VC4)
ATM 149.760 Mbit/s None (STS-3c SPE) None (VC4)
ATM 599.040 Mbit/s None VC4-4c None VC4
FDDI 125.000 Mbit/s None (STS-3c SPE) None (VC4)
DQDB 149.760 Mbit/s None (STS-3c SPE) None (VC4)
( ) Compatible SONET/SDH mappings.

* In SDH, a DS1 may be carried in a VC12 (2 Mbps)

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SDH Abbreviations
ACSE Association control service element
ADM Add/Drop Multiplexer
AITS Acknowledged information transfer service
AIS Alarm indication signal
ALS Automatic laser shutdown
ANSI American National Standards Institute
AP Access Point
APDU Application protocol data unit
ASE Application service element
APS Automatic protection switching
ASN.1 Abstract syntax notation one
ATM Asynchronous transfer mode
AU Administrative unit
AU-n Administrative unit of order n
AUG Administrative unit group
BBER Background block error ratio
BER Binary error rate
BIP Bit interleaved parity
BIP-8 Bit interleaved parity of order 8
BIP-X Bit interleaved parity-X
BITS Building integrated timing supply
B-ISDN Broadband integrated services digital network
C Container
C-n Container of order n
CAS Channel associated signaling
CC Connect confirm
CCITT The International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee
CCS Common channel signaling
CEPT Committee European de Post et Telegraph
CI Concatenation indicator
CLNP Connectionless network layer protocol
CLNS Connectionless network layer service
CM Connection matrix
CMI Coded mark inversion
CMIP Common management information protocol
CMISE Common management information service element
CONP Connection oriented network-layer protocol
CP Connection point
CR Connection request
CV Code violation
DCC Data communication channel
DCN Data communication network
DCS Digital crossconnect systems
DDF Digital distribution frame
DIN Deutsche Industrie Normenausschuss
DPRing Dedicated protection ring
DQDB Distributed queue dual bus protocol
DS Degraded Second
DXC Digital crossconnect
EA External access equipment

Training Manual
EBU European Broadcasting Union

ECC Embedded control channel
EEC European Economic Community
EOW Engineering order-wire
ES Errored second
ESR Errored second ratio
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
EX Extinction ratio
FAL Frame alignment loss
FAS Flexible Access System, British Telecom’s fractional 2 Mbit/s service based upon ISDN
FAW Frame alignment word
FBS Flexible Bandwidth System, another name for the Flexible Access System
FDDI Fiber digital data interface
FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing
FEBE Far end block error
FERF Far end receiver failure
FLS Frame loss second
FU Functional unit
GNE Gateway network element
HDTV High Definition Television
HEC Header error control
HOP High order path
HPA Higher order path adaptation
HPC Higher order path connection
HPT Higher order path termination
HVC Higher order virtual container
I/D Increment/decrement
IDN Integrated Digital Network
IEC International exchange carriers
IEE British Institution of Electrical Engineers
IEEE North American Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IFU Interworking functional unit
IP Interworking protocol
IS Intermediate system
ISDN Integrated services digital network
ISO International Standards Organization
ITU-T The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector
KILOSTREAM British Telecom’s 64 kbit/s service based upon X.25 circuits
KILOSTREAM+ British Telecom’s fractional 2 Mbit/s service based upon X.25 circuits
LAN Local Area Network
LCN Local communications network
LEC Local Exchange Carriers
LED Light emitting diode
LO Lower order
LOF Loss of frame
LOM Loss of multiframe
LOP Loss of Pointer
LOP Low order path
LOS Loss of signal
LPA Lower order path adaptation
LPC Lower order path connection
LPT Lower order path termination

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LVC Lower order virtual containers
MAF Management applications function
MAN Metropolitan Area Network
MCF Message communication function
MD Mediation device
MEGASTREAM British Telecom’s 2 Mbit/s service
MF Mediation function
MLM Multi-longitudinal mode
MO Managed object
MOC Managed object class
MRTIE Maximum relative time interval error
MS Multiplex section
MS-AIS Multiplex section alarm indication signal
MS-FERF Multiplex section far end receive failure
MSOH Multiplex section overhead
MSP Multiplex section protection
MSPG MS protection group
MST Multiplex section termination
MTG Multiplexer timing generator
MTIE Maximum time interval error
MTPI Multiplexer timing physical interface
MTS Multiplexer timing source
NA Not applicable
NDF New data flag
NE Network element
NEF Network element function
N-ISDN Narrowband integrated services digital network
NLR Network layer relay
NNE Non-SDH network element
NNI Network node interface
NOMC Network operators maintenance channel
NPI Null Pointer indication
NPDU Network protocol data unit
NRZ Nonreturn to zero
NSAP Network service access point
NU National use
OAM&P Operations, administration, maintenance and provisioning
OFS Out-of-frame second
OHA Overhead access
OOF Out of frame
ORL Optical return loss
OS Operations system
OSF Operations system function
OSI Open systems interconnection
PDH Plesiochronous digital hierarchy
PDU Protocol data unit
PI Physical interface
PJE Pointer justification event
PJC Pointer justification count
POH Path overhead
PPDU Presentation protocol data unit
PS Protection Switch

Training Manual
PSN Packet switched network

PSTN Public switched telephone network
PJE Pointer justification event
POH Path overHead
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
PTR Pointer
RACE Research into advanced communications for Europe programme
RMS Root-mean-square
ROSE Remote operations service element
RS Regenerator section
RSOH Regenerator section overhead
RST Regenerator section termination
RZ return to zero
SA Section adaptation
SAPI Service access point identifier
SD Signal degrade
SDCN SDH data communication network
SDH Synchronous digital hierarchy
SEMF Synchronous equipment management function
SES Severely errored second
SF Signal fail
SLM Single-longitudinal mode
SM Synchronous multiplexer
SMN SDH management network
SMS SDH management sub-network
SNDCF Sub-network dependent convergence function
SOH Section overhead
SONET Synchronous optical network
SPDU Session protocol data unit
SPI SDH physical interface
STM-N Synchronous transport module at level N
SVC Switched virtual circuit
TEI Terminal end-point identifier
TMN Telecommunications management network
TPDU Transport protocol data unit
TR Tributary
TSAP Transport service access point
TU Tributary unit
TU-n Tributary unit of order n
TUG-n Tributary unit group of order n
UAS Unavailable second
UAT UnAvailable time
UI Unit interval
UI Unnumbered information
UITS Unacknowledged information transfer service
VC Virtual container
VC-n Virtual container of order n
VC-n-Xc X time concatenated VC-n (n=2 or 4)
VTG Virtual tributary group
WDM Wavelength-division multiplexing

SDH Fundamentals

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Telecommunications

SDH FUNDAMENTALS (0039.p65) • v1.0 • 11/94 1

THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS DOCUMENT IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE

TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNIQUES CORPORATION PROVIDES THIS MATERIAL

SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR THE

2 SDH FUNDAMENTALS (0039.p65) • v1.0 • 11/94

Advantages and Benefits of SDH ........................................................................................................................... 5

Network Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 6

Framing Structure Overview ................................................................................................................................ 14

Differences Between SDH and SONET Technologies ........................................................................................ 49

SDH Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................................. 51

SDH FUNDAMENTALS (0039.p65) • v1.0 • 11/94 3

1. Describe the structure of SDH signals, including SDH overhead.

2. Explain the advantages of SDH systems over PDH systems.

3. Describe the three major SDH networks elements.

4. Mention three important differences between SDH and SONET technologies.

4 SDH FUNDAMENTALS (0039.p65) • v1.0 • 11/94

Advantages and benefits of SDH over PDH are:

• Reduced network installation, operation, and maintenance costs.

• High- and low-level compatibility among transmission line equipment manufacturers.

• Increased integrated maintenance and network management capabilities.

SDH FUNDAMENTALS (0039.p65) • v1.0 • 11/94 5

NNI NNI NNI NNI

TR: Tributaries NNI: Network-Node Interface EA: External access equipment

Location of the Network Node Interface

6 SDH FUNDAMENTALS (0039.p65) • v1.0 • 11/94

NNI NNI NNI NNI

TR: Tributaries NNI: Network-Node Interface EA: External access equipment

Location of the Network Node Interface

SDH FUNDAMENTALS (0039.p65) • v1.0 • 11/94 7

Network Overview - Network Elements

Synchronous Digital Cross-Connect System

8 SDH FUNDAMENTALS (0039.p65) • v1.0 • 11/94

Tributaries (PDH, ATM, IEEE 802.6)

Terminal Multiplexer Add/Drop Multiplexer

Lower order SDH signals

SDH FUNDAMENTALS (0039.p65) • v1.0 • 11/94 9

Network Overview - Network Elements

Standard synchronous Drop & Insert synchronous

10 SDH FUNDAMENTALS (0039.p65) • v1.0 • 11/94

: Optic Fiber lines

SDH FUNDAMENTALS (0039.p65) • v1.0 • 11/94 11

Network Overview - Timing Issues

timing signal timing signal

PDH Network Node PDH Multiplexer

PDH Timing Issues

12 SDH FUNDAMENTALS (0039.p65) • v1.0 • 11/94

Example of a Regional Implementation of SDH

SDH FUNDAMENTALS (0039.p65) • v1.0 • 11/94 13

Framing Structure Overview - Comparison of PDH and SDH

(2-34)M 140 Mbit/s

(PSTN and Private Circuits)

How PDH and SDH Coexist in a Typical Network

14 SDH FUNDAMENTALS (0039.p65) • v1.0 • 11/94

STM-1 Signals Within a Typical Regional Network

Frame Period = 125 µ seconds

9 bytes 261 bytes

STM-1 Frame Structure

The aggregate bit rate is therefore:

Aggregate bit rate = 2430 octets x 8 bits/octet ——> = 155.52 Mbit/s

SDH FUNDAMENTALS (0039.p65) • v1.0 • 11/94 15

Framing Structure Overview - Multiplexing a 140 Mbit/s Signal

Container for C-4