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most common pathogens isolated from visibly bloody stools E. coli O157: H7
most commonly diagnosed diarrheal illness acquired in the Clostridium difficile associated disease ( CDAD)
hospital
CDAD most frequently occurs in hospitals and nursing homes
most common manifestation caused by C. difficile Diarrhea
most sensitive test for CDAD stool culture for C. difficile
most common sexually transmitted pathogen in US genital HPV
most frequent cause of acute epdidymitis in sexually active men C. trachomatis and less commonly N. gonorrhoeae
under 35
most common manifestation of serious bacterial infections in mucopurulent cervicitis
women
most often cause of Pelvic I nflammatory Disease N. gonorrhoeae
most common cause of genital ulceration in most developing genital herpes
countries
most useful when ulcers are painful and purulent, especially if demonstration of H. ducreyi by culture or by PCR test
inguinal lymphadenopathy with fluctuance or overlying
erythema is noted
most common cause of perianal ulcers and inguinal HSV
lymphadenopathy
most often etiology of sexually acquired proctocolitis Campylobacter or Shigella spp.
perhaps the most rapidly lethal form of septic shock fulminant meningococcemia
experienced by humans
most distinctive feature of meningococcemia rash
most useful clinical finding in meningococcal disease petechial or purpuric rash
most common clinical manifestation of gonorrhea in males acute urethritis
most common form of gonorrhea in neonates ophthalmia neonatorum
most common manifestation of systemic infection or DGI in newborn septic arthritis
most common genetic alternation found in human cancer acquired mutation in p53
most potent trophic angiogenic molecules secreted by tumors VEGF
most effective means of treating cancer surgery
most commonly used form of radiation therapy teletherapy
forms of radiation most commonly used to treat cancer x- rays and gamma rays
most radioresistant organ bone
most sensitive organs to radiation therapy male testis, female ovary, and bone marrow
in radio- resistant organs, the most sensitive component is the vascular endothelium
most feared complication of bleomycin treatment pulmonary fibrosis
most broadly active antineoplastic agents for use in solid taxanes
tumors
most common side effect of chemotherapy administration nausea with or without vomiting
most often cause of cellulitis infection with group A streptococcus or S. aureus
most common location of vesicles in Sweet's syndrome face, neck, arms
most common in patients being treated for acute leukemia and hepatic candidiasis
usually presents symptomatically around the time the
neutropenia resolves
most often presentation of mass lesions of the brain headache with or without fever or neurologic abnormalities
most common cause of chemotherapy- induced lung disease bleomycin
most often associated with neutropenia in cancer patients fungal infections
most common organisms in invasive fungal infections Candida, Aspergillus
most common finding on skin examination pigmented lesion
most common melanoma superficial spreading melanoma
most common melanoma in Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics acral lentiginous melanoma
most common manifestation of nodular melanoma rapidly growing, often ulcerated or crusted black nodule
5th most common cancer in men melanoma
6th most common cancer in women melanoma
most susceptible to development of melanoma are those with fair complexions, red or blond hair, blue eyes,
and freckles, and who tan poorly and sunburn easily
period that melanoma is most capable of being cured by superficial ( so- called radial) growth
surgical excision
most frequent variant observed in white population superficial spreading melanoma
most common site for melanoma in men back
most common site for melanoma in women back and lower leg ( from knee to ankle)
most important prognostic factor in melanoma stage at time of presentation
most melanomas are diagnosed in clinical stage I and I I
most important precursor for melanoma atypical mole
most common cancer in the US nonmelanoma skin cancer
most significant factor in nonmelanoma skin cancer cumulative exposure to sunlight, principally UV- B spectrum
most common site of tumor development in nonmelanoma skin sun- exposed areas of the head and neck
cancer
most frequent metastasis of SCC regional draining lymph nodes
most frequently employed treatment modalities for BCC electrodesiccation and curettage, excision, cryosurgery,
radiation therapy, laser therapy, Mohs micrographic surgery,
topical 5- FU, and topical immunomodulators
most commonly employed method by dermatologists for BCC electrodesiccation and curettage
most common location of atypical fibroxanthoma head and neck
most common location of merkel cell carcinoma head and neck
most common location of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans trunk
most common location of sebaceous carcinoma eyelid
most common location of microcystic adnexal carcinoma face
most common location of porocarcinoma extremity
most common location of eccrine carcinoma head and neck
most common location of angiosarcoma head and neck
most common risk factors for head and neck cancer in the US alcohol and tobacco
most successful treatment in locally or regionally advanced combined modality therapy including surgery, radiation and
disease chemo
most effective approach to locally or regionally advanced concomitant chemotherapy and radiation therapy
disease
most frequent histologic subtype adenocarcinoma
most common form of lung cancer arising in lifetime adenocarcinoma
nonsmokers, women, young patients ( < 45)
most common side effect of curative thoracic radiation esophagitis
most widely used chemotherapy combination for SCLC etoposide plus cisplatin or carboplatin
most effective lung cancer prevention deterring children from taking up smoking and helping young adults
stop
2nd most common noncutaneous site for cancer GI tract
most common cause of cancer in women epithelial malignancies of the breast
most important prognostic variables for breast cancer tumor staging
most accurate measure of tumor growth rate S- phase analysis using flow cytometry
most common spread of esophageal cancer adjacent and supraclavicular LN, liver, lungs, pleura, and bone
most common site for hematogenous spread of gastric tumor liver
most frequent extranodal site for lymphoma stomach
most frequently involved in gastric sarcoma anterior and posterior walls of the gastric fundus
most common site of colorectal cancers arise from adenomatous polyps
most effective class of chemopreventive agents in colon cancer aspirin and other NSAI Ds
most frequent visceral site of mets of colon cancer liver ( initial site of distant spread in 1/3 of recurring colorectal
cancer)
most frequent symptoms of benign tumors pain, obstruction, hemorrhage
most common benign tumors of GI tract adenomas, leiomyomas, lipomas, angiomas
most common site of isolated hemangiomas in GI tract jejunum
most frequently occurring small- bowel malignancies adenocarcinomas, lymphomas, carcinoid tumors, leiosarcomas
most common primary cancer of the small bowel adenocarcinomas
most commonly affected by anal cancers middle- aged persons, more frequent in women than men
most potent ubiquitous natural chemical carcinogen for HCC Aspergillus fungus product, aflatoxin B1
most common symptom of HCC abdominal pain ( in high- risk areas)
most common physical sign hepatomegaly ( 50- 90% )
most common modes of patient presentation ( HCC) patient with known history of hepatitis, jaundice, or cirrhosis, with
an abnormality on UTZ or CT, or rising AFP or DCP ( PI VKA- 2) ;
patient with abnormal liver function test as part of routine exam;
radiologic workup for liver transplant for cirrhosis;
symptoms of HCC including cachexia, abdominal pain, or fever
most typical presentation of cholangiocarcinoma painless jaundice, often with pruritus, or weight loss, and
acholic stools
most frequent site of mets for carcinoma of the ampulla of liver
Vater
most effective therapy for carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater pylorus- sparing pancreaticoduodenectomy
4th most common cancer in men, 13th most common in women bladder cancer
feature almost unique to pancreatic cancer combination of K- ras and CDKN2A mutations
most widely used serum marker in pancreatic cancer cancer- associated antigen 19- 9 ( CA 19- 9)
most clinically relevant distinction to make between patients with disease that may be resected with curative
intent and those with advanced disease in whom treatment is
palliative
most common among transitional cell tumors low- grade papillary lesions that grow on a central stalk
most common source of gross hematuria bladder ( also benign cystitis 22% , bladder cancer 15% )
most common presentation of bladder cancer hematuria, then irritative symptoms
most common symptom of carcinoma of renal pelvis and ureter painless gross hematuria
most common ovarian cancer epithelial ovarian CA ( 85% )
most cancers develop in the peripheral zone
imaging technique most frequently used to assess the primary TRUS
tumor
most frequently affected by testicular cancer between the ages of 20- 40
nonseminomatous GCTs are most frequent in third decade of life
most frequent finding in pure seminoma necrotic debris
most common benign epithelial tumors serous or mucinous
most frequent occurrence of granulosa and theca cell stromal cell first 3 decades
tumors
most common female pelvic malignancy endometrial CA
most often age of presentation of endometrial CA sixth and seventh decade of life; mostly stage I disease
most common cause of cancer death in women cervical carcinoma
5th most common cause of cancer death in children sarcomas
most common presentation of soft- tissue sarcoma asymptomatic mass
most common site of mets of soft- tissue sarcoma pulmonary parenchyma
most important prognostic factor of soft- tissue sarcoma histologic grade, relationship to fascial planes, size of primary tumor
most common malignant tumors of bone plasma cell tumors
4 most common malignant nonhematopoietic bone tumors osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, malignant
fibrous histiocytoma
most common site of involvement of osteosarcoma distal femur, proximal tibia, and proximal humerus
most common classification of osteosarcoma 75% are classic category ( osteoblastic, chondroblastic,
fibroblastic)
most sensitive test to assess response to pre- op chemotherapy angiography
in osteosarcoma
most common descriptions for osteosarcoma hypervascular; high- grade
most important prognostic factor for LT survival response to chemotherapy
most chondrosarcomas are classic category; and resistant to chemotherapy
most common sites of bone mets vertebrae, proximal femur, pelvis, ribs, sternum, proximal
humerus, skull
most frequent symptom of bone mets pain
most common paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes hypercalcemia; ( also hyponatremia and Cushing's syndrome)
most common in cancers of lung, head, neck, skin, esophagus, humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy
breast, GU tract, multiple myelomas and lymphoma
most common cause of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy overproduction of PTHrP
most common cause of ectopic ACTH SCLC
most common thrombotic conditions in patients with cancer DVT and PE
most common cancers associated with thromboembolic episodes lung, pancreatic, GI , breast, ovarian, and GU, lymphoma, brain
tumor
most important modulator of O2 affinity pH
most types of paraneoplastic encephalitis and encephalomyelitis respond poorly to treatment
most SCLC patients do not have detectable antineuronal antibodies
tumor most frequently involved in anti- Ri- associated syndromes breast cancer
in paraneoplastic visual syndromes, the most commonly associated SCLC
tumor is
most common anemias hypoproliferative anemias
most common hypoproliferative anemias anemia associated with acute and chronic inflammation
one of the most prevalent forms of malnutrition iron deficiency
most convenient laboratory test to estimate iron stores serum ferritin level
most common causes of increased red cell protoporphyrin levels absolute or relative iron deficiency and lead poisoning
most common diagnostic problems encountered by clinicians distinction between true iron- deficiency anemia and anemia
associated with chronic inflammation
most prominent complication of oral iron therapy GI distress
most distinguishing feature between true iron- deficiency anemia serum ferritin values
and the iron- deficient erythropoeisis associated with inflammation
most common genetic disorder in the world thalassemias
most common structural hemoglobinopathy Sickle cell disease
most common clinical manifestation of sickle cell anemia painful crises
most frequent underlying or concomitant conditions in patients pulmonary infarction and pneumonia
with acute chest syndrome
most significant advance in the therapy of sickle cell anemia introduction of hydroxyurea as a mainstay of therapy for
patients with severe symptoms
most common forms of beta- thalassemia arise from mutations that derange splicing of the mRNA precursor or
prematurely terminate translation of the mRNA
most common type of alpha- thalassemia in Asians alpha- thalassemia- 2 trait
2 most important acquired hemoglobinopathies carbon monoxide poisoning and methemoglobinemia
most abundant GPI glycophorins and band 3
most affected tissues with cobalamin and folate deficiencies after the marrow, epithelial cell surfaces of the mouth, stomach,
and small intestine; and the respiratory, urinary, and
female genital tracts
most common cause of megaloblastic anemia due to cobalamin autosomally recessive disease called I merslund syndrome
deficiency in infancy in Western countries
most powerful action against DHF reductase methotrexate
most active against the bacterial enzyme that inhibit DHF trimethoprim
reductase
most typical feature of G6PD deficiency presence of bizarre poikilocytes with red cells that appear to
have unevenly distributed hemoglobin ( hemighosts) and red
cells that appear to have had parts of them bitten away ( bite
cells or blister cells)
most serious threat from acute HA in adults with G6PD development of acute renal failure
deficiency
most frequent infectious cause of hemolytic anemia in endemic malaria
areas
most frequent cause, in other parts of the world for HA Shiga- toxin producing E. coli
most common form of acquired hemolytic anemia ( except Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
where malaria is endemic)
most often location of phagocytosis- mediated red cell spleen and liver
destruction
most consistent blood finding in PNH anemia
most common cause of aplastic anemia idiopathic
most infamous culprit of aplastic anemia Chloramphenicol
most common preceding infection in aplastic anemia hepatitis
most common type of Fanconi's anemia Type A
most common early symptom of aplastic anemia bleeding
most common hematologic diseases pancytopenia
most important side effects of chronic cyclosporine treatment nephrotoxicity, hypertension, seizures, opportunistic infections,
especially Pneumocystis carinii
most important factors weighing in the decision between increasing age and severity of neutropenia
transplant and immunosuppression in adults who have a
matched family donor
most important pretreatment prognostic information in AML chromosomal analysis of the leukemic cell
most common of the chronic myeloproliferative disorders Polycythemia vera
most common cytogenic abnormality in polycythemia vera J AK2 gene located on the short arm of chr 9 and loss of
heterozygosity on chr 9p due to uniparental disomy
most often Polycythemia vera is first recognized by incidental discovery of a high hemoglobin or hematocrit
most significant complication of polycythemia vera thrombosis due to erythrocytosis
essential thrombocytosis is most often identified incidentally when a platelet count is obtained during the course
of a routine medical evaluation
most dramatic neurologic problems in essential thrombocytosis migraine- related
most common in monocytic leukemia gum hypertrophy and skin infiltration or nodules
most commonly used CR induction regimens consist of combination chemotherapy with cytarabine and an
anthracycline
most important factors predicting response at relapse length of previous CR, whether initial CR was achieved with 1 or
2 courses of chemothrapy and the type of postremission
therapy
most common physical finding in CML minimal to moderate splenomegaly
most important prognostic indicators in CML ( Sokal index) percentage of circulating blasts, spleen size, platelet count,
age, and cytogenic clonal evolution
most important prognostic indicators in Hasford system percentage of circulating blasts, spleen size, platelet count,
age, and percentage of eosinophils and basophils
most common hematologic side effect with I matinib myelosuppression
most common translocations in myeloma t( 11; 14) ( q13; q32) and t( 4; 14) ( p16; q32)
most prevalent form of leukemia in western countries CLL
most aggressive lymphoid leukemia Burkitt's leukemia
most common cancer in childhood B cell ALL
precursor B cell lymphoblastic leukemia are most commonly of pre- B cell origin
most common lymphoid leukemia B cell CLL/small lymphocytic lymphoma
when B cell CLL presents as lymphoma the most common asymptomatic lymphadenopathy
abnormality is
most common treatments for typical B cell CLL/small chlorambucil or fludarabine, alone of in combination
lymphocytic lymphoma
most MALT lymphoma origin gastric in origin
most common presentation of mantle cell lymphoma palapble lymphadenopathy, frequently accompanied by systemic
symptoms
most common presentation for follicular lymphoma new, painless lymphadenopathy
one of the malignancies most responsive to chemotherapy and follicular lymphoma
radiotherapy
frequently used treatment in follicular lymphoma single- agent chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide or combination
chemotherapy with CVP or CHOP
most common type of non- Hodgkin's lymphoma diffuse large B cell lymphoma
most common sites of extranodal involvement in diffuse large B GI tract and bone marrow
cell lymphoma
most popular regimen for diffuse large B cell lymphoma in the US CHOP plus rituximab
most rapidly progressive human tumor Burkitt's lymphoma
precursor T cell lymphoblastic lymphoma is most often found in young men presenting with a large mediastinal mass and
pleural effusions
tropical spastic paraparesis, a manifestation of HTLV- I infection individuals who acquire the virus during adulthood from
is most common in transfusion or sex
most peripheral T cell lymphomas are CD4+
extranodal T/NK cell lymphoma of nasal type/angiocentric the upper airway
lymphoma/lethal midline granuloma most frequently involve
most useful to document remission of Hodgkin's disease PET and gallium scans
most popular chemotherapy regimens used in Hodgkin's disease doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine ( ABVD)
most serious late side effects of Hodgkin's disease second malignancies and cardiac injury
most common condition that pathologists and clinicians might reactive, atypical lymphoid hyperplasia
confuse with lymphoma is
most common symptom in myeloma bone pain
next most common clinical problem in patients with myeloma susceptibility to bacterial infections
most common infections in myeloma patients pneumonias and pyelonephritis
most frequent pathogens in infections in myeloma patients Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae in the
lungs and E. coli and other G( - ) organisms in the urinary tract
most common cause of renal failure in myeloma hypercalcemia
most important differential diagnosis in patients with myeloma monoclonal gammopathies of uncertain significance ( MGUS)
single most powerful predictor of survival and can substitute for serum beta2- microglobulin
staging for myeloma patients
most widely used method of assessing prognosis in myeloma I SS system
patients
most distinctive symptom of Gamma Heavy Chain Disease palatal edema, resulting from involvement of nodes in
( Franklin's Disease) Waldeyer's ring, and this may progress to produce respiratory
compromise
second most important blood group system in pretransfusion testing Rh system
most common cause of incompatibility during pretransfusion antibodies to Lewis system carbohydraye antigens
screening
most frequent reaction associated with transfusion of cellular febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction ( FNHTR)
blood components
most frequently recognized antigen in posttransfusion purpura HPA- 1a
most common in patients treated with total- body irradiation and cataract
those who receive glucocorticoid therapy posttransplant for
treatment of GVHD
most common cause of infection, during period from Gram positive bacteria, fungi ( particularly Aspergillus) and
engraftment to 3months posttransplant viruses including CMV
most common cause of thrombocytopenia drug ingestion ( nonprescription and herbal remedies)
most common noniatrogenic cause of thrombocytopenia viral and bacterial infections resulting in thrombocytopenia
most frequent etiologic serotype causing HUS E. coli O157: H7
most often cause of thrombocytosis iron deficiency, inflammation, cancer, or infection, or underlying
myeloprolferative process
most common inherited bleeding disorder von Willebrand disease
most common type of vWD type 1 disease
most commonly affected by acquired vWD patients with underlying lymphoproliferative disorders, including
monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance
( MGUS) , multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
most commonly affected by major side effect of DDAVP very young and very old
( hyponatremia)
most common site of senile purpura skin that has been previously damaged by sun exposure
most common inherited factor deficiencies hemophilias, x- linked diseases ( Hemophilia A or B)
most common cause of prolonged aPTT hemophilia or FXI deficiency
most common isolated abnormal PT FVI I deficiency
most common coagulation disorders hemorrhagic diathesis of liver disease, DI C, Vit K deficiency
( one of the) most common hemophilia A mutations are due to inversion of the intron 22 sequence ( 40% )
most common bleeding manifestations in the severe form of recurrent hemarthroses ( affecting mainly knees, elbows,
hemophilia ankles, shoulders, hips)
most common causes of DI C bacterial sepsis, malignant disorders ( solid tumors of acute
promyelocytic leukemia) , OB causes
most common findings in DI C bleeding ranging from oozing from venipuncture sites, petechiae,
ecchymoses to severe hemorrhage from GI tract or
lung or into CNS
most sensitive test for DI C FDP level
most common and earliest finding in Vit. K deficient patients prolonged PT values
most effective way to correct hemostasis in patients with liver treatment with FFP
failure
most common target of antibody formation FVI I I
most common cause of AMI , ischemic stroke, limb gangrene arterial thrombosis
2 most common genetic risk factors for venous thrombosis Factor V Leiden and prothrombin 20210A
most attractive method for pulmonary embolism multi- slice spiral CT of the chest
most widely applied regimen for pulmonary embolism recombinant tissue plasminogen activator r( tPA)
most abundant receptor on the platelet surface GPI I b/I I I a
most widely used antiplatelet agent worldwide aspirin
most common side effects of ticlopidine gastrointestinal
most common side effect of heparin bleeding
most specific diagnostic test in HI T serotonin release assay
likely to be the most important cause of invasive cervical cancer human papillomavirus
most significant chest radiographic finding in SVC syndrome widening of superior mediastinum, most commonly right side
most reliable view of mediastinal anatomy CT scan
most patients with pericardial metastasis are asymptomatic
most frequent PE in pericardial effusion/tamponade pleural effusion, sinus tachycardia, jugular venous distension,
hepatomegaly, peripheral edema, cyanosis
most helpful diagnostic test in pericardial effusion/tamponade echocardiography
most common symptom of intestinal obstruction in patients pain
with advanced cancer
most common symptom of urinary obstruction in patients with flank pain
cancer
most common metastatic tumors causing biliary obstruction gastric, colon, breast, lung CA
most common cause of malignant spinal cord compression ( MSCC) lung cancer ( also breast, and prostate)
most common site of MSCC thoracic spine ( 70% )
most frequent cancer causing multiple site involvement breast and prostate CA
most common initial symptom in patients with SCC localized back pain and tenderness due to involvement of vertebrae
by tumor
most useful for demonstration of intramedullary pathology T2- weighted images
cancers that most often metastasize to the brain lung, breast, melanoma
most common causes of involvement of leptomeninges melanoma, breast, lung CA, lymphoma, acute leukemia
most common cause of seizures in patients with cancer metastatic disease to CNS
most commonly affected by hyperleukocytosis or leukostasis brain and lung
most common cause of malignant upper airway obstruction invasion from adjacent primary tumor, most commonly lung
cancer ( esophageal, thyroid, mediastinal)
most common paraneoplastic syndrome hypercalcemia
most common cause of hyponatremia among patients with cancer SI ADH
most often associated with treatment of Burkitt's lymphoma Tumor Lysis syndrome
most important steps in management of Tumor lysis syndrome recognition of risk and prevention
most common agent causing HUS mitomycin
most common types of cancer where HUS occurs gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, breast CA
most common serious complications of cancer therapy neutropenia and infection
most potent and effective APCs in the body dendritic cells
most common KI R haplotype in Caucasians contains one activating KI R and 6 inhibitory KI R genes
most frequent among patients with more severe, erosive DR4 positive RA- associated alleles
disease
most common cause of recurrent or chronic sinopulmonary pyogenic bacteria such as H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, S.
infection, meningitis, and bacteremia in patients with defects in aureus
humoral immunity
most frequent primary immunodeficiency isolated I gA deficiency
next most common primary immunodeficiency common variable immunodeficiency
most frequent clinical problem in patients with x- linked sinopulmonary bacterial infections
agammaglobulinemia
most common pattern of vasculitis in SLE leukocytoplasmic vasculitis
most cases of chronic urticaria are idiopathic
most common sites for urticaria extremities and face, with angioedema often being periorbital
and in the lips
most effective means of controlling allergic diseases avoidance of exposure to the offending allergen
most potent drugs available for the relief of established rhinitis, intranasal high- potency glucocorticoids
seasonal or perennial
most frequent side effect of intranasal glucocorticoids local irritation, with Candida overgrowth being a rare
occurrence
most consistent association for susceptibility to autoimmune particular alleles of the MHC
disease has been with
most commonly affected joints in polyarthritis of SLE hands, wrists, knees
most common SLE rash photosensitive, slightly raised erythema, occasionally scaly on
the face ( particularly cheeks and nose; "butterfly" rash)
most serious manifestation of SLE nephritis
most common presentation of nephritis in SLE patients asymptomatic
most common manifestation of diffuse CNS lupus cognitive dysfunction, including difficulties with memory and
reason ( also, headache)
most common pulmonary manifestation of SLE pleuritis with or without pleural effusion
most frequent cardiac manifestation of SLE pericarditis
most commonly affect valve in SLE mitral or aortic valves, or to embolic events
most frequent hematologic manifestation of SLE anemia, normochromic normocytic ( reflects chronic illness)
( also, leukopenia, almost always consists of lymphopenia)
most important autoantibodies to detect in SLE ANA ( positive in > 95% , usually at the onset of symptoms)
most commonly affected by microvascular thrombotic crisis young individuals with lupus nephritis
( TTP, HUS)
most useful lab test in microvascular thrombotic crisis schistocytes on PBS and elevated serum levels of LDH
most frequent onset of RA fourth and fifth decade ( 80% developing disease between 35-
50)
most common manifestation of established RA pain in affected joints, aggravated by movement
most common antibodies in persons with aggressive disease, presence of anti- CCP
with a tendency for developing bone erosions
most frequently affected by anti- CCP individuals with an RA associated HLA- beta1 allele, and in those
who smoke cigarettes and may occur before the development
of clinical manifestations of RA
most frequently employed immunosuppressive agent used to leflunomide, alone or with methotrexate
treat patients with RA
most common cause of heart disease in children in developing RHD
countries
most common clinical presentation of ARF polyarthritis and fever
most commonly affected valve in ARF mitral valve
most common effect of pericarditis friction rub or small effusion on echo
most commonly affected by arthritis of ARF knees, ankles, hips, elbows
most common serologic tests for ARF ASO and anti- DNase B titers
obliterative vasculopathy in SSc is a late finding most heart, lungs, kidneys, and intestinal tract
prominent in the
most common histologic pattern in SSc nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis
salt and pepper appearance in SSc is most common on scalp, upper back, and chest
breakdown of atrophic skin leads to slow- healing ulceration that the extensor surfaces of the proximal interphalangeal joints
are most common at
most common abnormalities in SSc with pulmonary involvement reductions in FVC or DLCO
in patients with SSc who develop significant I LD, the most rapid early in the course of the disease
progression in lung disease occurs
the most common pattern of I LD in SSc is nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis
most dreaded complication of SSc with renal involvement scleroderma renal crisis ( most commonly within 4 years of
onset of disease)
most patients with SSc with cardiac involvement would remain asymptomatic until heart failure or serious arrhythmias
occur
most commonly affected in SSC with joint mobility impairment hands, where contractures at the proximal interphalangeal
joints and wrist develop, sometimes accompanied by tendon
friction rubs characterized by leathery crepitation that can be
heard or palpated upon passive movement
bone resorption, a frequent late complication, occurs most terminal phalanges, where it causes loss of the distal tufts
commonly in ( acro- osteolysis)
most common anemia in SSc mild normocytic or microcytic anemia due to chronic inflammation
most common SSc- specific autoantibodies anticentromere or antitopoisomerase- I
most common clinical features of Sjogren's syndrome purpura, recurrent urticaria, skin ulcerations,
glomerulonephritis, and mononeuritis multiplex
Ankylosing Spondylitis; most serious complication Spinal Fracture
Ankylosing Spondylitis; most commonly involved spine lower cervical spine
most common occurrence of pseudoarthrosis ( fracture through thoracolumbar spine
diskovertebral junction and adjacent neural arch)
Ank. Spon.; most common extraarticular manifestation acute anterior uveitis
Most common cause of back pain other than AS primarily mechanical and degenerative
Ank. Spon.; most commonly used measure of disease activity Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity I ndex ( BASDAI )
most common indication for surgery in patients with AS severe hip joint arthritis
most common age range in Reactive Arthritis 18- 40 years old
Most common rheumatic diseases in Africans Reactive Arthritis and other peripheral spondyloarthritides
Most common sites of involvement in Reactive Arthritis joints of lower Ext.; esp. knee, ankle, subtalar,
metatarsophalangeal, and toe interphalangeal
Most common site of keratoderma blenorrhagica palms and soles
most common causes of enteropathic arthritis reactive arthritis and I BD- associated arthritis, when
etiopathogenically related
most commonly affected in sarcoidosis lung
most widely accepted pathogenic mechanism of vasculitis deposition of immune complexes in vessel walls
most effective therapy for Wegener's granulomatosis cyclophosphamide
second most common manifestation of Churg- Strauss mononeuritis multiplex
most frequent cause of death in Churg- Strauss myocardial involvement
in PAN, renal involvement most commonly manifests as hypertension, renal insufficiency, or hemorrhage due to
microaneurysms
most frequently involved in giant cell arteritis temporal artery
Takayasu's arteritis is most prevalent in adolescent girls and young women
most commonly affected arteries in Takayasu's arteritis subclavian, common carotid, abdominal aorta, renal, aortic arch or
root, vertebral, celiac axis, superior mesenteric, iliac,
pulmonary, coronary
disease- related mortality in Takayasu's arteritis most often CHF, cerebrovascular events, myocardial infarction, aneurysm
occurs from rupture, or renal failure
palpable purpura of HSP is most commonly distributed over the buttocks and lower extremities
antibody class most often seen in the immune complexes of I gA
patients with HSP
presenting symptoms in adults with HSP most frequently skin and joints, while initial complaints related to the guy are
involve less common
most common presenting symptom in children with HSP gastrointestinal involvement
most commonly encountered vasculitis in clinical practice idiopathic cutaneous vasculitis
most commonly involved vessels in idiopathic cutaneous vasculitis postcapillary venules
most common clinical manifestations of essential mixed cutaneous vasculitis, arthritis, peripheral neuropathy, and
cryoglobulinemia glomerulonephritis
most commonly involved vessel in isolated vasculitis of the arteriole
CNS/primary angiitis of the CNS
most common finding in vasculitis associated with malignancies leukocytoclastic venulitis
most common form of vasculitis in connective tissue diseases small- vessel venulitis isolated to the skin
( SLE, RA, inflammatory myositis, relapsing polychondritis)
most dreaded complication in Behcet's syndrome eye involvement with scarring and bilateral panuveitis
most frequent associated rheumatologic disorder with relapsing systemic vasculitis, RA, SLE, Sjogren's, or Ankylosing
polychondritis spondylitis
most frequent presenting manifestation of relapsing auricular chondritis
polychondritis
most often involved cranial nerves in relapsing polychondritis cranial nerves I I , I I I , VI , and VI I
most likely etiology of sarcoidosis infectious or non- infectious environmental agent that triggers
inflammatory response
most common presenting symptoms of sarcoidosis cough and dyspnea ( next 2, cutaneous and ocular disease)
most common constitutional symptom fatigue
most commonly used method for detecting lung disease chest roentgenogram
most sensitive test for an I LD diffusion of carbon monoxide ( DLCO)
most common chronic form of sarcoidosis maculopapular lesions
most common ocular manifestation of sarcoidosis anterior uveitis ( next, inflammation at posterior of the eye
including retinitis and pars planitis)
most common abnormality of liver function elevation of alkaline phosphatase, consistent with obstructive
pattern
most common hematologic problem lymphopenia
most likely cause of sarcoidosis- associated renal disease hypercalcemia
most commonly used tool to assess lung involvement in sarcoidosis chest roentgenogram
most frequent among individuals homozygous for the M694V FMF arthritis
mutation
most characteristics cutaneous manifestation of FMF ( familial erysipelas- like erythema ( most commonly dorsum of the foot,
Mediterranean fever) ankle, lower leg, alone or in combination with abdominal pain,
pleurisy, or arthritis)
most often used to establish diagnosis of FMF renal or rectal biopsy
most often ocular inflammation in TNF Receptor- associated conjunctivitis and/or periorbital edema
Periodic Syndrome ( TRAPS)
most severe among 3 hereditary febrile syndromes: FCAS, NOMI D ( neonatal- onset mutisystem inflammatory disease)
MWS, NOMI D
most common cause of familial amyloidosis ( AF) transthyretin, transport protein for thyroid hormone and retinol
binding protein
most common form of localized amyloidosis A- Beta ( AB)
most frequent cause of AL amyloidosis clonal expansion of plasma cells in the bone marrow that
secrete a clonal I g LC
most common type of systemic amyloidosis in North America AL amyloidosis
most frequently affected organ in amyloidosis Kidneys ( 80% )
common initial symptoms of amyloidosis fatigue and weight loss
second most common presentation cardiac symptoms ( 40% )
most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in patients with RA AA amyloidosis
( in Finland)
most common form of AF is caused by mutation of the abundant plasma protein transthyretin ( TTR,
also known as prealbumin)
most common form of malalignment in the knee genu varum ( bowlegs) or genu valgum ( knock knees)
most common type of arthritis osteoarthritis
most potent risk factor for OA age
most common cause of chronic knee pain in persons > 45 OA
most effective exercise regimens in OA aerobic and/or resistance training
most popular drug to treat osteoarthritic pain NSAI Ds
most often affected by gout middle- aged to elderly men and postmenopausal women
most frequent early manifestation of gout acute arthritis
most commonly used hypouricemic agent xanthine oxidase inhibitor
most serious side effects of allopurinol skin rash with progression to life- threatening toxic epidermal
necrolysis, systemic vasculitis, bone marrow suppression,
granulomatous hepatitis, renal failure
most commonly affected by CPPD crystal deposition in articular elderly
tissues
most commonly affected by spinal stenosis elderly
most frequently affected joint in CPPD arthropathy knee
most common sites of apatite deposition bursae and tendons in and/or around the knees, shoulders,
hips, and fingers
most common causes of infectious arthritis S. aureus; N. gonorrhoeae
most common route in all age groups for infectious arthritis hematogenous
most commonly implicated organism in inf. Arthritis in young N. gonorrhoeae
adults and adolescents
most common nongonococcal isolate in adults of all ages S. aureus
most common organism in infections after surgical or S. aureus
penetrating injuries
most common presentation of nongonococcal bacterial arthritis single joint, mostly knee ( also hip, shoulder, wrist, elbow)
most common population with polyarticular infection patients with RA
most common manifestation of disseminated Gonococcal syndrome of fever, chills, rash, articular symptoms
infection
most common presentation of mycobacterial arthritis chronic granulomatous monarthritis
most common result of synovial tissue culture in mycobacterial positive with granulomatous inflammation
arthritis
most commonly affected by Reiter's syndrome young men
most patients present with fibromyalgia between the ages 30- 50
most common psychiatric diagnoses associated with depression, anxiety, somatization, hypochondriasis
fibromyalgia
most often affected by acromegaly middle- aged persons
most commonly affected by arthropathy of acromegaly knees, shoulders, hips, hands
most commonly affected by hemarthrosis of hemophilic knees, ankles, elbows, shoulders, hips
arthropathy
most commonly affected joints in sickle cell crisis knees and elbows
most common isolate in osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease Salmonella typhimurium
patients
most likely mechanism for avascular necrosis bone infarction
most frequent cause of neuropathic joint disease DM
most commonly affected in tabes dorsalis knees, hips, and ankles
almost always a feature of Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy clubbing
most common intrathoracic malignancies with hypertrophic bronchogenic carcinoma and pleural tumors
osteoarthropathy
most frequently affected joints in HOA ankles, wrists, knees
most often involved in myofascial pain posterior neck, low back, shoulders, chest
most common age of onset of pigmented villonodular synovitis third decade
most commonly affected joint in pigmented villonodular knee ( also, hips, ankles, calcaneocuboid joints, elbows, and
synovitis small joints of the fingers and toes)
most commonly affected in synovial chondromatosis knee ( also hip, elbow, shoulder)
most commonly affected by hemangiomas knee
most common occurrence of lipomas knee ( from subsynovial fat on either side of the patellar
tendon)
most commonly affected population in synovial sarcoma young adults, more common in men
most common site of synovial sarcoma knee ( foot, ankle, elbow, shoulder)
most common site of visceral metastasis in synovial sarcoma lung
most common form of bursitis subacromial bursitis
most often affected tendon among the rotator cuff tendons supraspinatus tendon
most often affected tendon by calcific tendinitis supraspinatus tendon
most often affected by lateral epicondylitis activities like tennis, pulling weeds, carrying suitcases, using
screwdriver
most often affected by medial epicondylitis activities like swinging a golf club, throwing a baseball; work-
related repetitive activities
most common cause of an anterior mediastinal mass in adults Thymoma ( accounting for ~ 40% of all mediastinal masses)
thymomas are most common in fifth and sixth decades
most common hormone deficiency ( in cancers??) growth hormone deficiency
most common abnormality in patients who received radiation hypothyroidism, followed by Graves' disease, thyroiditis, and
therapy to the neck cancer