Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
YIELD ZONE
(ZON ALAH)
CIRCULAR
TUNNEL
SURROUNDING
ROCK MASS
1
YIELD ZONE
(ZON ALAH)
CUT SLOPE
SURROUNDING
ROCK MASS
2
Take a very strong rock mass, continuous (solid,
no weakness planes/discontinuities) & fresh
(unweathered,
unweathered, Zone 1)
3
. . . . . in terms of rock mass properties of the
‘ideal’
ideal’ rock, a vertical slope is possible
4
Typical slope face .... discontinuous, fresh (Grade
I) to completely weathered (Grade V) rock mass
5
Will the stability of the cut slope be affected by
the horizontal bedding planes?
6
SLOPE B
SLOPE A
SLOPE A SLOPE B
7
Effect of dip & dip direction of weakness planes on
stability of slope face in a discontinuous rock
8
Principles of rock stabilisation methods
9
Effect of confinement on highly jointed rock
Confining pressure
increases contacts
between loose unstable
blocks, consequently this
increases frictional
strength between unstable
joint blocks → increase
resisting forces
10
Considerations for selecting stabilisation method:
method:
(1) Types, size and geometrical orientation of
weakness planes in rock (joint, fault & beddings.
(2) Mode/type of instability in rock mass (plane,
wedge, flexural & rock fall). The mode of
unstability is dictated by the type, orientation and
sets of weakness plane.
(3) Understanding of the reinforcement
mechanisms (reinforcing mode) of each method
i.e. how each element reacts with the existing
instability so to increase FOS.
(4) Type of rock, strengths, weathering grade (HW
& CW). Weaker rocks like schist & highly
weathered granite are not suitable to be
reinforced with rockbolt & dowel.
11
Plane failure is normally associated with almost
parallel inclined discontinuities (inclined bedding
plane in fold or fault). The unstable blocks are
usually relatively larger in size
12
A single larger size joint (in granite) can lead to
plane failure, and two intersect joints may lead to
wedge failure
Disturbing force:
mg sin θ
Resisting force: θ
τjoint = σn tan φ
13
Sliding is likely to occur along joint - shear test
is to obtain shear strength of the joint
Larger unstable
blocks resting on an
inclined joint or
bedding plane can
lead to plane
failure. When
weakness planes
intersect it may
lead to wedge
failure.
14
Plane failure + rock fall
15
Rock fall (note: some of the rock portion has been
weathered to soil material then, failure mode is
similar to soil slope)
Rock fall
16
Rock fall
17
Rock slope failure at NKVE – wedge failure + rock
falls, associated with 2 intersecting faults and
several joint sets
It is a ‘wedge failure’
failure’
due to two intersecting
fault planes (a major &
common discontinuity)
in granite rock.
The wedge weighs
almost 1000 tonne.
tonne.
18
Stabilisation and reinforcement of rock:
rock:
SUPPORT SYSTEM:
The use of support elements (e.g. steel U-U-section,
pre-
pre-cast slabs, shotcrete & wiremesh)
wiremesh) that are
installed on rock surface.
surface. This system increase
the stability of rock body by imposing a confining
pressure into the rock. The confining pressure
increases the contact between fracture surfaces
(joints) and consequently elevate the existing
frictional strength in the fractured rock.
19
U-section/steel arch – support methods installed on
tunnel surface. For effectiveness the system must
be active (it must yields along with the movement
of surrounding rock upon tunnel excavation
20
Steel U-
U-section as support with concrete slabs
as lining in between the U-
U-sections
21
Mixing of shotcrete
22
Spraying of shotcrete on rock surface which has
been fixed with welded mesh. Shotcrete is
impermeable, thus weep-
weep-holes must be installed
to drain water out of the slope
23
Shotcrete + weep holes.
24
Since shotcrete is impermeable to water it must be
installed with weep-
weep-holes. This to drain water out
of the slope or otherwise there will be built-
built-up of
pore-
pore-water pressure in the slope
25
Steel wiremesh (chain-
(chain-link or welded mesh) is used to restrain
smaller size unstable rock blocks from falling down especially thethe
‘key-
key-blocks’
blocks’. Falling of smaller rock blocks may lead to a larger
slope failure - ravelling.
ravelling.
26
REINFORCEMENT SYSTEM:
The use of reinforcement elements (e.g. dowel,
rockbolt,
rockbolt, rock anchor & grout) that are installed
inside the rock body. This system stabilises the
rock by increasing its internal inherent strength.
strength.
The element must be installed across a weakness
plane. In principal it is similar to the action of
rebars in reinforced concrete or pre-
pre-tensioned
rebar in pre-
pre-stressed concrete.
27
Rock bolt & dowel are used to stabilise unstable
blocks. Bolt must be of sufficient length so that it
extends well beyond the weakness planes thus
anchoring the unstable blocks to a stronger rock
REINFORCEMENT
ELEMENT: steel rebar
BEARING PLATE
28
Basic design of rock bolt & dowel
29
Installed rock bolt with spherical bearing plate &
tensioning nut. Spherical seat ensure even
distribution of bolt tension
30
ROCK BOLT: 25 mm Steel rebar (15 to 30 mm
diameter) with threaded length & locking nut
31
Use of rockbolts for larger unstable blocks
Fully-
Fully-grouted rock anchor & anchor head; debonded
over free tendon length with fixed anchor protection
– material is multiple strands steel cables, similar to
the cables used in suspension bridge
32
Tensioning of rock anchor
33
Minerals arrangement (slatey
(slatey & schistosity)
schistosity) in
metamorphic rocks may weakening these rocks
(similar to grannular soil). Reinforcement method
like rock bolt & rock anchor are not recommended
in these rocks, mainly due to weak bonding
34
Use of rock bolt as stabilising mechanism for
rock slope
35
For larger unstable blocks (e.g. unstable blocks
of several tonnes in plane failure) rock anchor is
recommended. Instead of tendon rock anchor
consists of high capacity multiple strands steel
cables (cables used in suspension bridge)
tn T
Inclined bolt
th
36
Sliding of rough joint surfaces may lead to dilation
(opening of joint). Dilation induces tension into
rock dowel and additional tension to rock bolt.
bolt.
37
Rock bolt intersecting filled joint: no dilation due
to compressibility of infill, this leads to eventual
loss (creep) in bolt tension (negative effect)
38
h2 = 2.4m
Bedded strata
h1 = 1.2m
Rectangular-
shaped tunnel
w = 12m
separated from the upper bed creating a gap between the beds
h2 Rock bolts
h1
‘Bed separation’
separation’ can be reduced by installing rock bolts at the roof
tunnel. When the lower & upper beds are bolted together they formform
a composite beam (beam setara),
setara), the resulting bed is thicker (thus
smaller δ) and higher shear strength at the bedding plane.
39
Stability & drainage are the main problems with
slope excavated in schist & slate (metamorphic
rocks). Even with gentle & low angle profile (2 m
height with benching) the slope remains unstable
40
Use of shotcrete + wiremesh:
wiremesh:
41
Support and reinforcement methods Type of structures
Grouted rock bolt + wire mesh + shotcrete. Structures excavated in rock mass e.g. road
tunnel and service tunnel in mining.
Grouted bolt + wire mesh + shotcrete + Excavation of slope for highways and building
suitable drainage system (surface drainage structures.
& weep holes).
Yielding steel arches + concrete slabs + Permanent underground excavations e.g. h.e.p.
water-proof lining + shotcrete + rock anchor cavern house, mining service tunnel & sport
+ grouted rock bolt. complex.
42
Wedge failure is associated with unstable medium to large size
block that tends to slide along intersecting weakness planes
(joints or faults). Similar to plane failure, reinforcing the unstable
block to a more stable rock mass is recommended using rock
bolts (for medium block) or rock anchor (for large blocks).
43
Flexural toppling is unstability due to rock blocks that are separated
by at least one set of near vertical joints or bedding planes. Failure
Failure is
associated with sliding plane. The slender (thin) vertical rock blocks
can be made stronger by bonding them together (composite beams)
using rock bolts (thinner blocks) or rock anchor (thicker blocks)
blocks)
44
Drainage system (method of stabilisation)
stabilisation) at the crest of
protected slope
45
Comprehensive drainage system (surface & internal drainage]
for large size slopes and where water is a critical factor.
46