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Chapter 8

First-Order Differential Equations

8.1 Separable Equations

In many of the following problems we will encounter an expression of the form ln |g(g)| = f (x) + c.
To solve for g(y) we exponentiate both sides of the equation. This yields |g(y)| = ef (x)+c = ec ef (x)
which implies g(y) = ±ec ef (x) . Letting c1 = ±ec we obtain g(y) = c1 ef (x) .
1
1. From dy = sin 5xdx we obtain y = − cos 5x + c.
5
1
2. From dy = (t + 1)2 dt we obtain y = (t + 1)3 + c.
3
Z Z
3. y −3
dy = x−2 dx
1
− y −2 = −x−1 + C
2
y −2 = 2x−1 + C1
Z Z
4. 5y dy = dx
4

y5 = x + C
Z Z
5. (1 + 2y + y ) dy = 2
(1 + 2x + x2 ) dx
1 1
y + y 2 + y 3 = x + x2 + x3 + C
3 3
Z Z
6. y −1/2 dy = x1/2 dx
2 3/2
2y 1/2 = x +C
3
 2
1 3/2
y= x + C1
3

528
8.1. SEPARABLE EQUATIONS 529
Z Z
7. sin y dy = (x−2 + 5) dx

− cos y = −x−1 + 5x + C
1
cos y = − 5x + C1
x
Z Z
8. y −3 dy = cos x dx
1
− y −2 = sin x + C
2
y −2 = −2 sin x + C1
1 4
9. From dy = dx we obtain ln |y| = 4 ln |x| + c or y = c1 x4 .
y x
1 2
10. From dy = −2xdx we obtain ln |y| = −x2 + c or y = c1 e−x .
y
11. From e−2y dy = e3x dx we obtain 3e−2y + 2e3x = c.

1
12. From yey dy = e−x + e−3x dx we obtain yey − ey + e−x + e−3x = c.
3
 
1 y 2
x3 1
13. From y + 2 + dy = x2 ln xdx we obtain + 2y + ln |y| = ln |x| − x3 + c.
y 2 3 9
1 1 2 1
14. From dy = we obtain = + c.
(2y + 3)2 (4x + 5)2 2y + 3 4x + 5
1 t+2 t+2
15. From dN = (tet+2 − 1)dt we obtain ln |N | = tet+2 − et+2 − t + c or N = c1 ete −e −t .
N
1
16. From dQ = kdt we obtain ln |Q − 70| = kt + c or Q − 70 = c1 ekt .
Q − 70
 
1 1 1 1 1
17. From dP = − dP = dt we obtain ln |P | − ln |P − 5| = t + c so
5P
 − P 2
 5P 5(P − 5) 5 5
 = 5t + c1 or P = c2 e5t . Solving for P we have P = 5c2 e
 P  5t

that ln 
(P − 5)  P −5 c2 e5t − 1
 
1 1 1 1
18. From dx = − dx = dt we obtain ln |x − 50| −
(10 − x)(50 − x) 40(x
 − 50)
 40(x − 10) 40
1  x − 50 
 = 40t + c1 or x − 50 = c2 e40t . Solving for x we have
ln |x − 10| = t + c so that ln 
40 x − 10  x − 10
10(c2 e − 5)
40t
x=
c2 e40t − 1
   
y−2 x−1 5 5
19. From dy = dx or 1 − dy = 1 − dx we obtain y − 5 ln |y + 3| =
y+3 x+4 y+3 x+4
 5
x+4
x − 5 ln |x + 4| + c or = c1 ex−y .
y+3
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530 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

   
y+2 x+2 2 5
20. From dy = dx or 1 + dy = 1 + dx we obtain y + 2 ln |y − 1| =
y−1 x−3 y−1 x−3
(y − 1)2
x + 5 ln |x − 3| + c or = c1 ex−y .
(x − 3)5
Z Z
21. y dy = x−2 dx
2

1 3
y = −x−1 + C
3
y 3 = −3x−1 + C1
Setting x = 1 and y = 3, we obtain 27 = −3 + C1 or C1 = 30. Thus, y 3 = −3x−1 + 30.
Z Z
22. 2y dy = (2x + sec2 x) dx

y 2 = x2 + tan x + C
Setting√ x = 0 and y = −2, we obtain 4 = 0 + C or C = 4. Thus y 2 = x2 + tan x + 4 or
y = − x2 + tan x + 4.
1
23. From dx = 4dt we obtain tan−1 x = 4t + c. Using x(π/4) = 1 we find c = −3/π. The
x2 +1  
3π 3π
solution of the initial-value problem is tan x = 4t −
−1
or x = tan 4t − .
4 4
 
1 1 1 1 1
24. From 2 dy = 2 dx or − dx we obtain ln |y − 1| − ln |y + 1| =
y +1 x −1 2 y−1 y+1
y−1 c(x − 1)
ln |x − 1| − ln |x + 1| + ln c or = . Using y(2) = 2 we find c = 1. A solution of
y+1 x+1
y−1 (x − 1)
the initial-value problem is = or y = x.
y+1 x+1
 
1 1−x 1 1 1
25. From dy = 2
dx = 2
− dx we obtain ln |y| = − − ln |x| = c or xy = c1 e−1/x .
y x x x x
Using y(−1) = −1 we find c1 = e−1 . The solution of the initial-value problem is xy = e−1−1/x
or y = e−(1+1/x) 3..
1
26. From dy = dt we obtain − 12 ln |1 − 2y| = t + c or 1 − 2y = c1 e−2t . Using y(0) = 5/2 we
1 − 2y
1
find c1 = −4. The solution of the initial-value problem is 1 − 2y = −4e−2t or y = 2e−2t + .
2
27. Separating variables and integrating we obtain

dx dy
√ −p =0 and sin−1 x − sin−1 y = c.
1−x 2 1 − y2
√
Setting x = 0 and y = 3/2 we obtain c = −π/3. Thus, an implicit solution of the initial-
value problem is sin−1 x − sin−1 y = π/3. Solving for y and using an addition formula from
8.1. SEPARABLE EQUATIONS 531

trigonometry, we get
 √ √
π π p π x 3 1 − x2
y = sin sin −1
x+ = x cos + 1 − x2 sin = + .
3 3 3 2 2

1 −x
28. From dy = dx we obtain
1 + (2y)2 1 + (x2 )2

1 1
tan−1 2y = − tan−1 x2 + c or tan−1 2y + tan−1 x2 = c1 .
2 2
Using y(1) = 0 we find c1 = π/4. Thus, an implicit solution of the initial-value problem is
tan−1 2y + tan−1 x2 = π/4. Solving for y and using a trigonometric identity we get
π 
2y = tan − tan−1 x2
4
1 π 
y = tan − tan−1 x2
2 4
1 tan π4 − tan(tan−1 x2 )
=
2 1 + tan π4 tan(tan−1 x2 )
1 1 − x2
= .
2 1 + x2

dy
29. Substituting y = k and = 0, we get 6k = 18 or k = 3 so that y = 3.
dx
dy
30. Substituting y = k and = 0, we get 0 = 5k + 40 or k = −8 so that y = −8.
dx
dy
31. Substituting y = k and = 0, we get 0 = k 2 − k − 20 or 0 = (k − 5)(k + 4) so that y = 5 or
dx
y = −4.
dy
32. Substituting y = k and = 0, we get 0 = k 2 + 2k + 4 which is false for all real k. Thus,
dx
there is no constant real solution.
dy
33. Substituting y = k and = 0 and then solving for k, we see that there are two constant
dx
solutions: y = 0 and y = 1. Separating variables, we have
Z
dy dx dy
= or = ln |x| + c.
2
y −y x y(y − 1)

Using partial fractions, we obtain

Z    
1 1 y − 1
  = c y − 1 = e c = c1 .
− dy = ln |x| + c ln |y − 1| − ln |y| = ln |x| + c ln 
y−1 y xy  xy

Solving for y we get y = 1/(1 − c1 x).

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532 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

(a) Setting x = 0 and y = 1 we have 1 = 1/(1/0), which is true for all values of c1 . Thus,
solutions passing through (0, 1) are y = 1/(1 − c1 x).
(b) Setting x = 0 and y = 0 in y = 1/(1 − c1 x) we get 0 = 1. Thus, the only solution passing
through (0, 0) is y = 0.
1 1 1
(c) Setting x = and y = we have = 1/(1 − 21 c1 ), so c1 = −2 and y = 1/(1 + 2x).
2 2 2

dy
34. By substituting y = k and = 0, and then solving for k we see that there are two constant
dx
dy dy
solutions: y = 3 and y = −3. Separating variables we have 2 = dx or =
y −9 (y − 3)(y + 3)
dx. Using partial fractions, we obtain
Z    
1 1 1 1 y − 3
 = 6c+c1 y − 3 = c2 e6x
− dy = x+c ln |y−3|− ln |y+3| = x+c ln 
6(y − 3) 6(y + 3) 6 6 y + 3 y+3

−3(c2 e6x + 1)
Solving for y we get y = .
c2 e6x − 1
−3(c2 + 1) −3(−6e6x + 1)
(a) Setting x = 0 and y = 0. we have 0 = so that c2 = −1 and y = .
c2 − 1 −e6x − 1
(b) The constant solution y = 3 passes through (0, 3).
(c) Setting x = 1
3 and y = 1, we have

−3(c2 e2 + 1)
1=
c2 e 2 − 1
c2 e − 1 = −3c2 e2 − 3
2

4c2 e2 = −2
−1
c2 = 2
2e
 
−e6x+2
−3 +1
2
so that y =
−e6x−2
−1
2

√
35. In order for y 0 (x0 ) = y + 0 to be defined, we must have y + 0 ≥ 0.
36. In Problem 31, we have
 
dy 1 1
= dx or − dy = dx
(y − 5)(y + 4) 9(y − 5) 9(y + 4)
Integration yields
8.2. LINEAR EQUATIONS 533

1 1
ln |y − 5| − ln |y + 4| = x + c
9 9  
y − 5

ln   = 9x + c1
y + 4
y−5
= c2 e9x
y+4
−(4c2 e9x + 5)
Solving for y we get the family of solution y = .
c2 e9x − 1
The constant solution y = −4 is not a member of this family and is therefore singular.
1
In Problem 33, we found the family of solutions y = . The constant solution y = 0 is
1 − c1 x
not a member of this family and is therefore singular.
−3(c2 e6x + 1)
In Problem 34, we found the family of solutions y = . The constant solution
c2 e6x − 1
y = −3 is not a member of this family and is therefore singular.
dy x
37. The right side of the differential equation = − is not defined for y = 0. At x = ±5,
√ dx y
however, the function y = − 25 − x2 is zero.

8.2 Linear Equations

d  −4x 
1. For y 0 − 4y = 0, an integrating factor is e− = e−4x so that y = 0 and y = ce4x
R
4 dx
e
dx
for −∞ < x < ∞.
d  2x 
2. For y 0 + 2y = 0, an integrating factor is e = e2x so that e y = 0 and y = ce−2x for
R
2 dx
dx
−∞ < x < ∞.
1 d  5x 
3. Writing the equation as y 0 + 5y = , the integrating factor is e 5 dx = e5x . Then e y =
R

2 dx
1 5x 1 1
e , so e5x y = e5x + C, and y = + Ce−5x . (This equation can also be solved by
2 10 10
separation of variables.)
2 3 d  2 
4. For y 0 + y = , an integrating factor is e− (2/x) dx = x2 so that x y = 3x and
R

x x dx
3
y = + cx−2 for 0 < x < ∞.
2
d t 1
5. For y 0 + y = e3t , an integrating factor is e dt = et so that [e y] = e4t and y = e3t + ce−t
R

dt 4
for −∞ < t < ∞.
d −t
6. For y 0 − y = et , an integrating factor is e− = e−t so that [e y] = 1 and y = tet + cet
R
dt
dt
for −∞ < t < ∞.
3x2 dx 3 d h x3 i 3
7. For y 0 + 3x2 y = x2 , an integrating factor is e = ex so that e y = x2 ex and
R

dx
1 3
y = + ce−x for −∞ < x < ∞.
3
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534 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

2 d h x2 i 2
8. For y 0 + 2xy = x3 an integrating factor is e = ex so that e y = x3 ex and
R
2xdx

2 2
dx
y = 21 x2 − 1
2 + ce−x for −∞ < x < ∞. The transient term is ce−x .
1 1 d 1 1 c
9. For y 0 + y = 2 , an integrating factor is e (1/x) dx = x so that [xy] = and y = ln x+
R

x x dx x x x
for 0 < x < ∞.
x
2x
R
x 1 +
dx
x2 = e 12 ln(1+x2 ) = (1 + x2 )1/2
10. For y +0
y = an integrating factor is e
1+x 2 1+x 2
d   2x(1 + x2 )1/2 2x c
so that (1 + x ) y =
2 1/2
= and y = 2 + for −∞ <
dx 1+x 2 (1 + x )
2 1/2 (1 + x2 )1/2
x < ∞.
ex R x x d
11. For y 0 + y = 0, an integrating factor is e e /(1+e ) dx = 1 + ex so that [1 + ex y] = 0
1+e x dx
c
and y = for −∞ < x < ∞.
1 + ex
3x2 3x2 /(x3 −1) dx d  3 
12. For y 0 + = 0, an integrating factor is = x3 −1 so that (x − 1)y =
R
y e
x3 − 1 dx
c
0 and y = 3 for 1 < x < ∞.
x −1
 
1 1 d 1
13. For y − y = x sin x an integrating factor is e = so that y = sin x and
R
0 − (1/x)dx
x x dx x
y = cx − x cos x for 0 < x < ∞.
d x
14. For y 0 + y = cos(ex ) an integrating factor is e = ex so that [e y] = ex cos(ex ) and
R
1dx
dx
y = e−x sin(ex ) + ce−x .
d
15. For y 0 +(tan x)y = sec x, an integrating factor is e = sec x so that [(sec x)y] = sec2 x
R
tan x dx
dx
π π
and y = sin x + c cos x for − < x < .
2 2
16. For y 0 + (cot x)y = sec2 x csc x and integrating factor is e cot xdx = eln | sin x| = sin x so that
R

d
[(sin x)y] = sec2 x and y = sec x + c csc x for 0 < x < π/2.
dx
d
17. For y 0 + (cot x)y = 2 cos x, an integrating factor is e cot x dx = sin x so that [(sin x)y] =
R

dx
2 sin x cos x and y = sin x + c csc x for 0 < x < π.
dr
18. For + r sec θ = cos θ, an integrating factor is e sec θ dθ = sec θ + tan θ so that
R

dθ
d π π
[r(sec θ + tan θ)] = 1 + sin θ and r(sec θ + tan θ) = θ − cos θ + c for − < x < .
dθ 2 2
4 5 d
19. For y 0 + y= an integrating factor is e [4/(x+2)]dx = (x + 2)4 so that [(x +
R

x+2 (x + 2)2 dx
5
2)2 y] = 5(x + 2)2 and y = (x + 2)−1 + c(x + 2)−4 for −2 < x < ∞. The entire solution is
3
transient.
8.2. LINEAR EQUATIONS 535

dP 2 d h t2 −t i
20. For + (2t − 1)P = 4t − 2, an integrating factor is e (2t−1) dt = et −t so that =
R
Pe
dt 2 dt
t−t2
(4t − 2)e t −t
and P = 2 + ce for −∞ < t < ∞.
 
2 ex d 2 x
21. For y 0 + 1 + y = 2 an integrating factor is e [1+(2/x)]dx = x2 ex so that [x e y] = e2x
R

x x dx
1 ex ce−x ce−x
and y = + 2 for 0 < x < ∞. The transient term is .
2x 2 x x2
 
1 1
22. For y 0 + 1 + y = e−x sin 2x and integrating factor is e [1+(1/x)]dx = xex so that
R

x x
d 1 ce−x
[xe y] = sin 2x and y = − cos 2x +
x
for 0 < x < ∞. The entire solution is transient.
dx 2x x
−x d −x
23. For y 0 − y = x and integrating factor is e −1dx=e so that [e y] = e−x x and y =
R

dx
−x − 1 + cex . Substituting x = 0 and y = −4, we have −4 = −1 + c or c = −3 so that
y = −x − 1 − 3ex .
d  3x 
24. For y 0 + 3y = 2x, an integrating factor is e 3 dx = e3x so that e y = 2xe3x , e3x y =
R

  dx
1 3x 1 3x 2 2 1 5
2 xe − e + C1 , and y = x − + ce−3x for −∞ < x < ∞. If y(0) = then c =
3 9 3 9 3 9
2 2 5 −3x
and y = x − + e .
3 9 9
1 1 d 1 c
25. For y 0 + y = ex , an integrating factor is e (1/x) dx = x so that [xy] = ex and y = ex +
R

x x dx x x
1 2−e
for 0 < x < ∞. If y(1) = 2 then c = 2 − e and y = ex + .
x x
1 1 R 1 d
26. For y 0 + y = 4+ an integrating factor is e x dx = eln x = x so that [xy] = 4x + 1
x x dx
c
and y = 2x + 1 + . Substituting x = 1 and y = 8, we have 8 = 3 + c or c = 5 so that
x
3
y = 2x + 1 + .
x
1 1 1 d hyi
27. For y 0 − y = 2x an integrating factor is e − x dx = e− ln x = so that = 2 and
R

x x dx x
−49
y = 2x2 + cx. Substituting x = 5 and y = 1, we have 1 = 50 + 5c or c = so that
5
49
y = 2x2 − x.
5
1 1 d
28. For y 0 + y= , an integrating factor is e 1/(x+1) dx = x+1 so that [(x + 1)y] =
R

x+1 x(x + 1) dx
1 ln x c ln x 20
and y = + for −1 < x < ∞. If y(1) = 10 then c = 20 and y = + .
x x+1 x+1 x+1 x+1
1 ln t d
29. For x0 + x= and integrating factor is e [1/(t+1)]dt = t + 1 so that [(t + 1)x] = ln t
R

t+1 t+1 dt
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536 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

t t c
and x = ln t − + for 0 < t < ∞. If x(1) = 10 then c = 21 and x =
t+1 t+1 t+1
t t 21
ln t − + .
t+1 t+1 t+1
d
30. For y 0 + (tan t)y = cos2 t and integrating factor is etan tdt = eln | sec t|=sec t so that
[(sec t)y] =
dt
cos t and y = sin t cos t + c cos t for −π/2 < t < π/2. If y(0) = −1 then c = −1 and
y = sin t cos t − cos t.
di R E d  Rt/Li  E
31. For + i= and integrating factor is e (R/L)dt = eRt/L so that = eRt/L
R
e
dt L L dt L
E E
and i = + ce −Rt/L
for −∞ < t < ∞. If i(0) = i0 then c = i0 − E/R and i = +
 R R
E
i0 − e−Rt/L .
R
dT d
32. For − kT = −Tm k an integrating factor is e (−k)dt = e−kt so that [e−kt T ] = −Tm ke−kt
R

dt dt
and T = Tm + cekt for ∞ < t < ∞. If T (0) = T0 then c = T0 − Tm and T = Tm + (T0 − Tm )ekt .
2 d −x2 2
33. (a) An integrating factor for y 0 − 2xy = 2 is e = e−x . Thus [e y] = 2e−x
R
−2xdx

2 Rx 2 √ dx
e−x y = 2 0 e−t dt + c = πerf (x) + c.
(b) Using a CAS, we find y(2) ≈ 150.92.
y

34. (a) An integrating factor for

2 10 sin x
y0 + y=
x x3
is x2 . Thus
d 2 sin x
[x y] = 10
dx Z xx
sin t
x2 y = 10 dt + c
0 t
y = 10x−2 Si(x) + cx−2 .
From y(1) = 0 we get c = −10Si(1). Thus

y = 10x−2 Si(x) − 10x−2 Si(1) = 10x−2 (Si(x) − Si(1)).

8.2. LINEAR EQUATIONS 537

(b) Using a CA, we find y(2) ≈ 1.65. y

35. Note that f is discontinuous at x = 1. We solve the problem in two parts. For 0 ≤ x ≤ 1,
d x
f (x) = 1 and an integrating factor is e dx = ex . Then [e y] = ex , ex y = ex + c, and
R

dx
y = 1 + ce−x . Since y(0) = 0, c = −1 and y = 1 − e−x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. For x > 1,
dy
the differential equation is = −y. By separation of variables, we obtain y = c1 e−x .
( dx
1 − e−x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
Thus, y = . In order to make y a continuous function, we require
c1 e−x , x > 1
(
1 − e−x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
lim− y(x) = lim+ y(x) or 1−e = c1 e . Then c1 = e−1 and y =
−1 −1
.
x→1 x→1 (e − 1)e−x , x > 1

In the graph, f is shown in blue, and 1

the solution of the IVP is shown in red.

1 2 3 4

36. Since e = ec e = c1 e , we would have

R R R
P (x)dx+c P (x)dx P (x)dx

R
Z R R
Z R
c1 e P (x)dx
y = c2 + c1 e P (x)dx
f (x)dx and e P (x)dx
y = c3 + e P (x)dx
f (x)dx,

which is the same result achieved upon integration of (4) from the text.

37. On the interval (−3, 3) the integrating factor is

p
xdx/(x2 −9) xdx/(9−x2 ) 1 2
R R
e = e− = e 2 ln(9−x )
= 9 − x2

and so
d hp i c
9 − x2 y = 0 and y = √ .
dx 9 − x2

38. The rate at which the animal population changes is proportional to the current animal pop-
ulation.
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538 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

39. The solution of the first equation is x = c1 e−λ t. From x(0) = x0 , we obtain c1 = x9 and so
x = x0 e−λ1 t . The equation equation then becomes
dy
= −x0 λ1 e−λ1 t − λ2 y or y 0 + λ2 y = −x0 λ1 e−λ1 t
dt
which is linear. An integrating factor is e = eλ2 t . Thus
R
λ2 dt

d  λ2 t 
e y = −x0 λ1 e−λ1 t eλ2 t = x0 λ1 e(λ2 −λ1 )t
dt
−x0 λ1 −λ1 t
eλ2 t y = e + c2 e−λ2 t .
λ2 − λ1
From y(0) = y0 , we obtain
−x0 λ1 y0 λ2 − y0 λ1 + x0 λ1
y0 = + c2 or c2 = .
λ2 − λ1 λ2 − λ1
−x0 λ1 −λ1 t y0 λ2 − y0 λ1 + x0 λ1 −λ2 t
The solution is then y = e + e .
λ2 − λ1 λ2 − λ1
dy dy du −1 du
40. (a) Letting y = u−1 , we can use the chain rule to obtain = = 2 . Substituting
dx du dx u dx
dy 1 −1 du 1
into the DE + y = xy 2 yields 2 = u−1 = x(u−1 )2 . Upon multiplication by
dx x u dx x
du 1
−u , we have
2
− u = −x.
dx x
1
(b) An integrating factor is e − x dx = eln x = x−1 . Thus
R

d −1
[x u] = −1
dx
x−1 u = −x + c
u = −x2 + cx
1
Since y = u−1 we have the solution y = .
−x2 + cx

dx dx
41. The new DE is = −x−y or +x = −y which is linear in the variable x and can therefore
dy dy
be solved.
42. After substituting Y = y 0 , we get Y 0 + Y = x. An integrating factor is ex so that
d x
[e Y ] = xex
dx
ex Y = (x − 1)ex + c
Y = x − 1 + ce−x
y 0 = x − 1 + ce−x
y = x2 − x − ce−x + c
8.3. MATHEMATICAL MODELS 539

3 3
43. (a) For y 0 + y = 6x, an integrating factor is e = e3 ln x = x3 so that
R
x dx
x
d 3
[x y] = 6x4
dx
6
x3 y = x5 + c
5
6
y = x2 + cx−3
5

(b) Substituting x = −1 and y = 2, we have

6
2= (−1)2 + c(−1)−3
5
6
2= −c
5
4
c=−
5
6 3 4 −3
The solution is y = x − x . The solution is valid for x in (−∞, 0).
5 5
(c) Substituting x = 1 and y = 2, we have

6 2
2=
(1) + c(1)−3
5
6
2= +c
5
4
c=
5
6 3 4 −3
The solution is y = x + x . The solution is valid for xin (0, ∞).
5 5
6 6
(d) We need c = 0 so that y = x2 . Let the initial condition be y(1) = .
5 5

8.3 Mathematical Models

dP
1. Let P = P (t) be the population at time t, and P0 the initial population. From = kP ,
dt
1
we obtain P = P0 ekt . Using P (5) = 2P0 , we find k = ln 2 and P = P0 e(ln 2)t/5 . Setting
5
t 5 ln 3
P (t) = 3P0 , we have 3 = e(ln 2)t/5 , so ln 3 = (ln 2) , and t = ≈ 7.9 years. Setting
5 ln 2
t
P (t) = 4P0 , we have 4 = e(ln 2)t/5 , so ln 4 = (ln 2) , and t = 10 years.
5

2. Setting P = 10, 000 and t = 3 in Problem 1, we obtain 10, 000 = P0 e(ln 2)3/5 , so P0 =
10, 000e−0.6 ln 2 ≈ 6597.5. Then P (10) = P0 e2 ln 2 = 4P0 ≈ 26, 390.
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540 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

3. Let P = P (t) be the population at time t. Then dP/dt = kP and P + cek t. From P (0) = c =
500 we see that P = 500e5t . Since 15% of 500 is 75, we have P (10) = 500e10k = 575. Solving
for k, we get k = 10
1
ln 575
500 = 10 ln 1.15. When t = 30,
1

3
P (30) = 500e(1/10)(ln 1.15) 0
= 500e3 ln 1.15 = 760 years.

4. Let P = P (t) be bacteria population at time t and P0 the initial number. From dP/dt = kP
we obtain P = P0 ekt . Using P (3) = 400 and P (10) = 2000 we find 400 = P − 0e3k or
ek = (400/P0 )1/3 . From P (10) = 2000 we then have 2000 = P0 e10k = P0 (400/P0 )10/3 , so
 −3/7
2000 −7/3 2000
= P0 and P0 = ≈ 201.
400e10/3 40010/3

5. Let A = A(t) be the amount of lead present at time t. From dA/dt = kA and A(0) = 1
we obtain A = ekt . Using A(3.3) = 1/2 we find k = 3.31
ln(1/2). When 90% of the lead has
decayed, 0.1 grams will remain. Setting A(t) = 0.1 we have et(1/3.3) ln(1/2) = 0.1, so

t 1 3.3 ln 0.1
ln = ln 0.1 and t= ≈ 10.96 hours.
3.3 2 ln(1/2)

dN
6. Let N = N (t) be the amount at time t. From = kt and N (0) = 100, we obtain
dt
1
N = 100ekt . Using N (6) = 97, we find k = ln 0.97. Then N (24) = 100e(1/6)(ln 0.97)24 =
6
100(0.97)4 ≈ 88.5 mg.
1 ln 1/2
7. Setting N (t) = 50 in Problem 6, we obtain 50 = 100ekt , so kt = ln , and t = ≈
2 (1/6) ln 0.97
136.5 hours.

8. Let h be the half-life and let A(t) = A0 ekt . Then

1
A0 = A0 ekh
2
1
ln = kh
2
− ln 2
=k
h
Using A(t1 ) = A1 and A(t2 ) = A2 , we have
− ln 2
A0 e h t1 − ln 2 ln 2 ln 2(t2 − t1 ) ln 2(t2 − t1 )
A1 /A2 = = e h t1 + h t2 Hence ln(A1 /A2 ) = and h = .
− ln 2
A0 e h 2 t h ln(A1 /A2 )
ln 2(t2 −t1 )
=e h

dI
9. Let I = I(t) be the intensity, t the thickness, and I(0) = I0 . If = kI and I(3) = 0.25I0 ,
dt
1
then I = I0 ekt , k = ln 0.25, and I(15) = 0.00098I0 .
3
8.3. MATHEMATICAL MODELS 541

dS
10. From = rS, we obtain S = S0 ert where S(0) = S0 .
dt
(a) If S0 = $5000 and r = 5.75%, then S(5) = $6665.45.
(b) If S(t) = $10, 000, then t = 12 years.
(c) S ≈ $6651.82
11. Assume that A = A0 ekt and k = −0.00012378. If A(t) = 0.145A0 , then t ≈ 15, 600 years.
dT
12. Assume that = k(T − 5) so that T = 5 + cekt . If T (1) = 55◦ and T (5) = 30◦ , then
dt
1
k = − ln 2 and c = 59.4611 so that T (0) = 64.4611◦ .
4
dT
13. Assume that = k(T − 10) so that T = 10 + cekt . If T (0) = 70◦ and T (1/2) = 50◦ , then
dt
2
c = 60 and k = 2 ln so that T (1) = 36.67◦ . If T (t) = 15◦ , then t = 3.06 minutes.
3
dT
14. Assume that = k(T − 100) so that T = 100 + cekt . If T (0) = 20◦ and T (1) = 22◦ , then
dt
39
c = −80 and k = ln so that T (t) = 90◦ implies t = 82.1 seconds. If T (t) = 98◦ , then
40
t = 145.7 seconds.
dA A
15. From = 4− , we obtain A = 200 + ce−t/50 . If A(0) = 30 then c = −170 and
dt 50
A = 200 − 170e−t/50 .
dA A
16. From = 0 − , we obtain A = ce−t/50 . If A(0) = 30 then c = 30 and A = 30e−t/50 .
dt 50
dA A
17. From = 10 − , we obtain A = 1000 + ce−t/100 . If A(0) = 0 then c = −1000 and
dt 50
A = 1000 − 1000e−t/100 .
2
2
R
dA dt
18. For + A = 6, an integrating factor is e 300 + t = e2 ln |t+300| = (t + 300)2 so we
dt 300 + t
have
d
[(t + 300)2 A] = 6(t + 300)2
dt
(t + 300)2 A = 2(t + 300)3 = c
c
A = 2t + 300 +
(t + 300)2
Substituting t = 0 and A = 50, we get
c
50 = 600 +
3002
(−550)300 = c
2

−49, 500, 000 = c

49, 500, 000
Hence A(t) = 2t + 600 − .
(t + 300)2
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542 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

dA 10A 2A
19. From = 10 − = 10 − , we obtain A = 1000 − 10t + c(100 − t)2 . If
dt 500 − (10 − 5)t 100 − t
1
A(0) = 0, then c = − . The tank is empty in 100 minutes.
10
dA 4A 2A
20. From = 3− = 3− , we obtain A = 50 + t + c(50 + t)−2 . If A(0) = 10
dt 100 + (6 − 4)t 50 + t
then c = −100, 000 and A(30) = 64.38 pounds.
ds h mg  mg  −kt/m i
21. From = v(t), we have ds = + v0 − e dt. Integrating, we obtain
dt k k
 2 
mg v0 − mg/k −kt/m mg m g mv0
s= t+ e +C = t+ − e−kt/m + C.
k −k/m k k2 k

m2 g mv0 m2 g mv0
Setting s(0) = 0, we obtain 0 = 2
− + C or C = − 2 + . Thus,
k k k k
 2 
mg m g mv0
s(t) = t+ − (e−kt/m − 1).
k k2 k
  r
dv k 2 k 2 k dv dv
22. = g− v = g 1 − v . Letting c = , we have = g(1−c2 v 2 ) or =
dt m mg  mg
 dt (1 − c2 v 2 )
1 + cv
ln  
1 − cv 1 + cv
gdt. Integrating both sides, we have = gt + c1 But tan−1 (cv) = ln so
2c 1 − cv
we have
tan−1 (cv)
= gt + c1
c
tan−1 (cv) = cgt + c2
cv = tanh(cgt + c2 )
q 
kg
tanh m t + c2
v= q
k
mg
q q 
Plugging in t = 0 and v = v0 , we have mg k
v0 = tanh(c2 ) or c2 = tanh−1 k
mg v 0 . This
r r !
mg kg q 
yields v = tanh t + tanh−1 k
mg v0 . As t approaches infinity, the hyperbolic
k m
r
mg
tangent tends to 1. Hence the terminal velocity is vter = .
k
dX A A A
23. From = A − BX and X(0) = 0, we obtain X = − e−Bt so that X → as t → ∞.
dt B B B
A ln 2
If X(t) = , then t = .
2B B
dC
24. From V = kA(Cs − C) and C(0) = C0 , we obtain C = Cs + (C0 − Cs )e−kAt/V .
dt
8.3. MATHEMATICAL MODELS 543

dE E
25. From =− and E(t1 ) = E0 , we obtain E = E0 e(t1 −t)/RC .
dt RC
 
1 di
26. From the differential equation for the current, we see that we must solve + 10i = 12.
2 dt
di 1
Separating variables, we obtain = dt. Integrating, we find − ln |24 − 20i| = t + C.
24 − 20i 20
6
Solving for i, we get i = + ce−20t . Now i(0) = 0 implies 0 = 6/5 + c or c = −6/5. Therefore,
5
6 6
the current is i(t) = − e−20t .
5 5

di 3
27. Assume L + Ri = E(t), L = 0.1, R = 50, and E(t) = 50 so that i = + ce−500t . If i(0) = 0,
dt 5
then c = −3/5 and lim i(t) = 3/5.
t→∞

√
1 dh h
28. (a) Setting Ah = , Aw = 50, and g = 32, the differential equation is = −c .
4 Z Z dt 25
√
Separating variables, we have 25h−1/2 dh = −c dt. Then 50 h = −ct + C or h =
1 √ 1 √
(−ct + C)2 . From h(0) = 20 we find C = 100 5. Thus h(t) = (−ct + 100 5)2 .
2500 2500
√
(b) Setting h = 0, c = 1, and solving for t, we obtain t = 100 5 s.
√
500 5
(c) Setting h = 0, c = 0.6, and solving for t, we obtain t = s.
3

aP0 aP0
29. We note first that P (0) = = = P0 so that the initial condition is satis-
bP0 + (a − bP0 ) a
a2 P0 (a − bP0 )e−at
fied. To verify that P (t) satisfies the differential equation, compute P 0 (t) = .
(bP0 + (a − bP0 )e−at )2
a2 P0 a2 bP02
We now compute P (a − bP ) = aP − bP 2 = − From
bP0 + (a − bP0 )e−at (bP0 + (a − bP0 )e−at )2
a2 P0 (bP0 + (a − bP0 )e−at ) − a2 bP02
=
(bP0 + (a − bP0 )e−at )2
−at
a2 P0 (a − b)P0
= (bP0 + (a − bP0 )e−at )2
e
dP
these calculations, we note that the differential equation = P (a − bP ) is satisfied.
dt

30. Using Problem 29, we have a = 10−1 , b = 10−7 , P0 = 5000. The solution is therefore
10−1 (5000) 500
P (t) = −7 lim P (t) = = 1, 000, 000
10 (5000) + (10−1 − 10−7 (5000))e−.1t t→∞ 0.0005
500
=
0.0005 + 0.0995e−.1t
To find when the population is half the limiting value, we must solve
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544 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

500
500, 000 =
0.0005 + 0.0995e−.1t
 
500,000 − 0.0005
500

e−.1t =
0.0995
 
500
500,000 − 0.0005
ln  
0.0995
t=
−0.1
t = 52.93 years

dx
31. = kx(1000 − x) = x(1000k − kx) Using the result from Problem 29 with a = 1000k, b = k,
dt
and x0 = 1,
1000k 1000
x(t) = =
k + 999ke−1000kt 1 + 999e−1000kt

Substituting t = 4 and x = 50 yields

1000
50 =
1 + 999e−4000k
1000
−1 19
e−4000k = 50 =
999
999
ln 99919
k= = 0.00099
−4000

1000
Hence x(t) = .
1 + 999e−.99t
1000
After 6, days, the number of infections is x(6) = ≈ 276.
1 + 999e−99(6)
y

1000

x
8.3. MATHEMATICAL MODELS 545

32. (a)
dX
= kdt
(250 − X)(40 − X)
dX dX
− = kdt
210(X − 250) 210(X − 40)
1
(ln |X − 250| − ln |X − 40|) = kt + c
210  
 X − 250 

ln   = 210kt + c1
X − 40 
X − 250
= c2 e210kt
X − 40
40c2 e210kt − 250
X=
c2 e210kt − 1
Substituting t = 0 and X = 0, we have
400c2 − 250
0=
c2 − 1
250 = 40c2
25
= c2
4
250e210kt − 250
This gives X(t) = . Substituting t = 10 and X = 30, we have
25 210kt
4 e −1

250e2100k − 250
30 = 25 2100k
4 e −1
 
25 2100k
30 e − 1 = 250e2100k − 250
4

30(25) 2100k
e − 250e2100k = −220
4
125 2100k
− e = −220
2
88
e2100k =
25


ln 25
88
k=
2100
250e.1t − 250
Hence, X(t) = 25 01t
4 e −1
250e.1(15) − 250
(b) X(15) = ≈ 32.23 g
25 .1(15)
4 e −1
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546 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

250
(c) lim X(t) = 25 = 40 so 40 g of C are formed as t → ∞. 50 − 5 (40) = 42 g of A and

1
t→∞
4
32 − 45 (40) = 0 g of B remain as t → ∞.

1 2 k
33. (a) Writing the equation as v dv = −ky −2 dy and integrating, we obtain v = + C or
2 y
2k 2k 2k 2k
v =
2
+ C1 . Since v(R) = v0 , we have v0 =
2
+ C1 . Thus v =
2
+ v0 −
2
.
y R y R
(b) For the rocket to escape, v must remain positive. That is, v can never be zero; for
2k
then, the rocket stops and begins falling back to earth. Since approaches zero as
y
2k
y increases, we can guarantee that v 2 will never be zero by requiring v02 − > 0 or
R
√ 2k
v0 > 2kR. Since k = gR2 , = 2gR and we take the escape velocity to be
R
q r
p 2 2(32)4000
v0 = 2gR ≈ 2(32 ft/s )(4000 mi) = mi2 /s2
5280
≈ 6.96 mi/s = 6.96(60)2 mi/h ≈ 25, 000 mi/h.

dV 4
34. Since the surface area of a sphere is S = 4πr2 , we have = 4πkr2 . From V = πr3 , we
dt 3
dV
find r = (3V /4π)1/3 . Then = 4πk (3V /4π)2/3 = (4π)1/3 k32/3 V 2/3 and
dt
Z Z  1/3
4
V −2/3
dV = (36π) 1/3
k dt; 3V 1/3
= (36π) 1/3
kt + C; V 1/3
= π kt + C1 .
3
" 1/3 #3
4
Then V (t) = π kt + C1 .
3

dA
35. (a) √ = kdt
Z A(M − A)
dA
√ = kt + c
A(M − A) √
With
Z the substitution
Z x = A, the integral on the left becomes
1 1
2 dx = 2 √ √ dx
M −x 2
( M + x)( M − x)
Z Z
1 1
= √ √ dx − √ √ dx
M (x + M ) M (x − M )
 
1  x + √M 
 
= √ ln  √ 
M x − M 
8.4. SOLUTION CURVES WITHOUT A SOLUTION 547

Hence

√ 
Z
dA 1  A + √M 
 
√ = √ ln  √ √  = kt + c
A(M − A) M  A− M
√ 
 A + √M  √
 
ln  √ √  = k Mt + c
 A− M
√ √
A+ M √
√ √ = c1 e k M t
A− M
√ √
√ M (c1 ek M t + 1)
A= √
c1 e k M t − 1

√ √ !2
M (c1 ek M t + 1)
So A(t) = √
c1 ek mt − 1

(b) lim A(t) = M.

t→∞

8.4 Solution Curves without a Solution

1. 2.
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548 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

3. 4.

5. 6.

7. 8.
8.4. SOLUTION CURVES WITHOUT A SOLUTION 549

9. 10.

11. 12.

13. Solving y 2 − 3y = y(y − 3) = 0 we obtain the critical points 0 and 3. From

the phase portrait we see that 0 is asymptotically stable (attractor) and 3 is 3
unstable (repeller).
0
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550 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

14. Solving y 2 − y 3 = y 2 (1 − y) = 0 we obtain the critical points 0 and 1. From

the phase portrait we see that 1 is asymptotically stable (attractor) and 0 is 1
semi-stable.

15. Solving (y − 2)4 = 0 we obtain the critical point 2. From the phase portrait we
see that 2 is semi-stable.
2

16. Solving 10 + 3y − y 2 = (5 − y)(2 + y) = 0 we obtain the critical points -2 and 5.

From the phase portrait we see that 5 is asymptotically stable (attractor) and 5
-2 is unstable (repeller).

−2

17. Solving y 2 (4 − y 2 ) = y 2 (2 − y)(2 + y) = 0 we obtain the critical points -2, 0,

and 2. From the phase portrait we see that 2 is asymptotically stable, 0 is 2
semi-stable, and -2 is unstable (repeller).
0
−2

18. Solving y(2 − y)(4 − y) = 0 we obtain the critical points 0, 2, and 4. From the
phase portrait we see that 2 is asymptotically stable (attractor) and 0 and 3 4
are unstable (repellers).
2
0

19. Solving y ln(y + 2) = 0 we obtain the critical points -1 and 0. From the phase
portrait we see that -1 is asymptotically stable (attractor) and 0 is unstable 0
(repeller).
−1
−2
8.4. SOLUTION CURVES WITHOUT A SOLUTION 551

20. Solving yey − 9y = y(ey − 9) = 0 we obtain the critical point 0 and ln 9. From
ln 9
the phase portrait we see that 0 is asymptotically stable (attractor) and ln 9 is
unstable (repeller).
0

21. Writing the differential equation in the form dy/dx = y(1 − y)(1 + y) we see
that critical points are located at y = −1, y = 0, and y = 1. The phase portrait 1
is shown at the right. 0
−1

22. Writing the differential equation in the form dy/dx = y 2 (1 − y)(1 + y) we see
that critical points are located at y = −1, y = 0, and y = 1. The phase portrait
is shown at the right. 1
0
−1
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552 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

23. The critical points are 0 and c because the graph of f (y) is 0 at these
points. Since f (y) > 0 for y < 0 and y > c, the graph of the solution is c
increasing on (−∞, 0) and (c, ∞). Since f (y) < 0 for 0 < y < c, the graph
of the solution is decreasing on (0, c).
y 0

24. The critical points are approximately at -2,2,0.5, and 1.7. Since f (y) > 0
for y < −2.2 and 0.5 < y < 1.7, the graph of the solution is increasing on 1.7
(−∞, −2.2) and (0.5, 1.7). Since f (y) < 0 for −2.2 < y < 0.5 and y > 1.7, 0.5
the graph is decreasing on (−2.2, 0.5) and (1.7, ∞).
−2.2
y

x
8.4. SOLUTION CURVES WITHOUT A SOLUTION 553

25. Writing the differential equation in the form

dv k  mg  mg
= −v k
dt m k
we see that a critical point is mg/k.
From the phase portrait we see that mg/k is an asymptotically stable
critical point. Thus, lim v = mg/k.
t→∞

26. Writing the differential equation in the form

r  r 
dv k  mg  k mg mg
= − v2 = −v +v
dt m k m k k

p
we see that the only physically meaningful
p critical point is mg/k.
From the phasep portrait we see that mg/k is an asymptotically stable critical point.
Thus, lim v = mg/k.
t→∞

27. From an inspection of the autonomous differential equation

di 1
= (E − Ri) we see that i = E/R is the equilibrium E/R
dt L
di
solution. If i0 < E/R, then E − Ri > 0 and hence > 0.
dt
di
If i0 > E/R, then E − Ri < 0 and hence < 0. Upon
dt
exaimination of the resulting phase portrait, we see that
i → E/R as t → ∞. Thus Ohm’s Law E = iR is satisfied
as t → ∞.

28. (a) From the phase portrait we see that critical points
are α and β. Let X(0) = X0 . If X0 < α, we see that
X → α as t → ∞. If α < X0 < β, we see that X(t) α
increases in an unbounded manner, but more specific
behavior of X(t) as t → ∞ is not known.

(b) When α = β the phase portrait is as shown. If

X0 < α, then X(t) → α as t → ∞. If X0 > α, then β
X(t) increases in an unbounded manner. This could
happen in a finite amount of time. That is, the phase
portrait does not indicate that X becomes unbounded α
as t → ∞.
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554 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

(c) When k = 1 and α = β the differential equation is dX/dt = (α − X)2 . For X(t) = α − 1/(t + c)
we have dX/dt = 1/(t + c)2 and
  2
1 1 dX
(α − X)2 = α − α − = = .
t+c (t + c)2 dt

For X(0) = α/2 we obtain

1
X(t) = α − .
t + 2/α
For X(0) = 2α we obtain
1
X(t) = α − .
t − 1/α

X
X

α/2
2α
t

For X(0) = α/2, we have X → α as t → ∞ which is what we expected from the phase portrait.
For X(0) = 2α, we have X → ∞ as t increases to 1/α. At this point, the solution has a vertical
asymptote. Thus, the solution approaches infinity before t grows very large.

dy
29. At points on the isocline = x2 + y 2 = 1, the line segments should each have a slope of 1.
dx
dy
Isoclines of the differential equation = x + y have the form x + y = c or y = −x + c. Thus,
dx
the isoclines are all lines in the plane with slope -1.

dy
30. At points on the nullcline = x2 + y 2 − 1 = 0, the line segments should each have slope
dx
dy
0. Nullcines of the differential equation = x2 − y 2 have the form x2 − y 2 = 0 or y = ±x.
dx
Thus, the nullcline are the lines y = x and y = −x.
8.5. EULER’S METHOD 555

dy
31. Consider the differential equation = yn .
dt
If n is odd, then the phase portrait shows that 0 is unstable.
0

If n is even, then the phase portrait shows that 0 is semi-stable.

dy
Consider the differential equation = −y n .
dt
If n is odd, then the phase portrait shows that 0 is stable.
0

If n is even, then the phase portrait shows that 0 is

semi-stable.

8.5 Euler’s Method

1. We identify f (x, y) = 2x − 3y + 1. Then, for h = 0.1,

yn+1 = yn + 0.1(2xn − 3yn + 1) = 0.2xn + 0.7yn + 0.1,

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556 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

and
y(1.1) ≈ y1 = 0.2(1) + 0.7(5) + 0.1 = 3.8
y(1.2) ≈ y2 = 0.2(1.1) + 0.7(3.8) + 0.1 = 2.98.
For h = 0.05,
yn+1 = yn + 0.05(2xn − 3yn + 1) = 0.1xn + 0.85yn + 0.1,
and
y(1.05) ≈ y1 = 0.1(1) + 0.85(5) + 0.1 = 4.4
y(1.1) ≈ y2 = 0.1(1.05) + 0.85(4.4) + 0.1 = 3.895
y(1.15) ≈ y3 = 0.1(1.1) + 0.85(3.895) + 0.1 = 3.47075
y(1.2) ≈ y4 = 0.1(1.15) + 0.85(3.47075) + 0.1 = 3.11514.
2. We identify f (x, y) = x + y 2 . Then, for h = 0.1,
yn+1 = yn + 0.1(xn + yn2 ) = 0.1xn + yn + 0.1yn2 ,
and
y(0.1) ≈ y1 = 0.1(0) + 0 + 0.1(0)2 = 0
y(0.2) ≈ y2 = 0.1(0.1) + 0 + 0.1(0)2 = 0.01.
For h = 0.05,
yn+1 = yn + 0.05(xn + yn2 ) = 0.05xn + yn + 0.05yn2 ,
and
y(0.05) ≈ y1 = 0.05(0) + 0 + 0.05(0)2 = 0
y(0.1) ≈ y2 = 0.05(0.05) + 0 + 0.05(0)2 = 0.0025
y(0.15) ≈ y3 = 0.05(0.1) + 0.0025 + 0.05(0.0025)2 = 0.0075
y(0.2) ≈ y4 = 0.05(0.15) + 0.0075 + 0.05(0.0075)2 = 0.0150.
3. Separating variables and integrating, we have
dy
= dx and ln |y| = x + c.
y
Thus y = c1 ex and, using y(0) = 1, we find c = 1, so y = ex is the solution of the initial-value
problem.
h = 0.1
xn yn Actual Value Abs. Error % Rel. Error
0.00 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.00
0.10 1.1000 1.1052 0.0052 0.47
0.20 1.2100 1.2214 0.0114 0.93
0.30 1.3310 1.3499 0.0189 1.40
0.40 1.4641 1.4918 0.0277 1.86
0.50 1.6105 1.6487 0.0382 2.32
0.60 1.7716 1.8221 0.0506 2.77
0.70 1.9487 2.0138 0.0650 3.23
0.80 2.1436 2.2255 0.0820 3.68
0.90 2.3579 2.4596 0.1017 4.13
1.00 2.5937 2.7183 0.1245 4.58
8.5. EULER’S METHOD 557

h = 0.05
xn yn Actual Value Abs. Error % Rel. Error
0.00 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.00
0.05 1.0500 1.0513 0.0013 0.12
0.10 1.1025 1.1052 0.0027 0.24
0.15 1.1576 1.1618 0.0042 0.36
0.20 1.2155 1.2214 0.0059 .48
0.25 1.2763 1.2840 0.0077 0.60
0.30 1.3401 1.3499 0.0098 0.72
0.35 1.4071 1.4191 0.01320 0.84
0.40 1.4775 1.4918 0.0144 0.96
0.45 1.5513 1.5683 0.0170 1.08
0.50 1.6289 1.6487 0.0198 1.20
0.55 1.7103 1.7333 0.0229 1.32
0.60 1.7959 1.8221 0.0263 1.44
0.65 1.8856 1.9155 0.299 1.56
0.70 1.9799 2.0138 0.0338 1.68
0.75 2.0789 2.1170 0.0381 1.80
0.80 2.1829 2.2255 0.0427 1.92
0.85 2.2920 2.3396 0.0476 2.04
0.90 2.4066 2.4596 0.0530 2.15
0.95 2.5270 2.5857 0.0588 2.27
1.00 2.6533 2.7183 0.0650 2.39

4. An integrating factor for y 0 + 2y = 4x is e2x . Thus we have

d 2x
[e y] = 4xe2x
dx
e2x y = (2x − 1)e2x + c
y = 2x − 1 + ce−2x

Substituting x = 0 and y = 2, we have 2 = −1 + c or c = 3. Therefore, the actual solution is

y = 2x − 1 + 3e−2x .

h = 0.1
xn yn Actual Value Abs. Error % Rel. Error
0.00 2.0000 2.0000 0.0000 0.00
0.10 1.6000 1.6562 0.0562 3.39
0.20 1.3200 1.4110 0.0910 6.45
0.30 1.1360 1.2464 0.1104 8.86
0.40 1.0288 1.1480 0.1192 10.38
0.50 0.9830 1.1036 0.1206 10.93

h = 0.05
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558 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

xn yn Actual Value Abs. Error % Rel. Error

0.00 2.0000 2.0000 0.0000 0.00
0.05 1.8000 1.8145 0.0145 0.80
0.10 1.6300 1.6562 0.0262 1.58
0.15 1.4870 1.5225 0.0355 2.33
0.20 1.3683 1.4110 0.0427 3.02
0.25 1.2715 1.3196 0.0481 3.65
0.30 1.1943 1.2464 0.0521 4.18
0.35 1.1349 1.1898 0.0549 4.61
0.40 1.0914 1.1480 0.0566 4.93
0.45 1.0623 1.1197 0.0574 5.13
0.50 1.0460 1.1036 0.0576 5.22

5.
h = 0.1 h = 0.1
xn yn xn yn
0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
0.10 0.1000 0.10 0.1000
0.20 0.1905 0.20 0.1905
0.30 0.2731 0.30 0.2731
0.40 0.3492 0.40 0.3492
0.50 0.4198 0.50 0.4198

6.
h = 0.1
xn yn
0.00 1.0000
h = 0.1 0.05 1.0500
xn yn
0.10 1.1053
0.00 1.0000
0.15 1.1668
0.10 1.1000
0.20 1.2360
0.20 1.2220
0.25 1.3144
0.30 1.3753
0.30 1.4039
0.40 1.5735
0.35 1.5070
0.50 1.8371
0.40 1.6267
0.45 1.7670
0.50 1.9332
8.5. EULER’S METHOD 559

7.
h = 0.1
xn yn
0.00 0.5000
h = 0.1 0.05 0.5125
xn yn
0.10 0.5232
0.00 0.5000
0.15 0.5322
0.10 0.5250
0.20 0.5395
0.20 0.5431
0.25 0.5452
0.30 0.5548
0.30 0.5496
0.40 0.5613
0.35 0.5527
0.50 0.5639
0.40 0.5547
0.45 0.5559
0.50 0.5565

8.
h = 0.1
xn yn
0.00 1.0000
h = 0.1 0.05 1.0500
xn yn
0.10 1.1039
0.00 1.0000
0.15 1.1619
0.10 1.1000
0.20 1.2245
0.20 1.2159
0.25 1.2921
0.30 1.3505
0.30 1.3651
0.40 1.5072
0.35 1.4440
0.50 1.6902
0.40 1.5293
0.45 1.6217
0.50 1.7219

9.
h = 0.1
xn yn
1.00 1.0000
h = 0.1 1.05 1.0000
xn yn
1.10 1.0049
1.00 1.0000
1.15 1.0147
1.10 1.0000
1.20 1.0298
1.20 1.0191
1.25 1.0506
1.30 1.0588
1.30 1.0775
1.40 1.1231
1.35 0.1115
1.50 1.2194
1.40 1.1538
1.45 1.2057
1.50 1.2696
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560 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

10.
h = 0.1
xn yn
0.00 0.5000
h = 0.1 0.05 0.5125
xn yn
0.10 0.5250
0.00 0.5000
0.15 0.5375
0.10 0.5250
0.20 0.5499
0.20 0.5499
0.25 0.5623
0.30 0.5747
0.30 0.5746
0.40 0.5991
0.35 0.5868
0.50 0.6231
0.40 0.5989
0.45 0.6109
0.50 0.6228

Chapter 8 in Review
A. True/False
1. True

2. True

3. True

4. True

B. Fill in the Blanks

1. y = x − 3x2 + 36e3x + C

2. two

3. e = e−x
R
−1dx

4. -12

5. half-life

6. 216 P0

dP
7. = 0.16P, P (0) = P0
dt
dy
8. = x + xy
dx
CHAPTER 8 IN REVIEW 561

C. Exercises
1. Separating variables, we obtain
1
dy = − cot x dx =⇒ ln |y| = − ln | sin x| + C =⇒ y = C1 csc x.
y

2. The equation is linear and an integrating factor is et , so

d  t  1 1 −t
e x = cos 2t =⇒ et x = sin 2t + C =⇒ x= e sin 2t + Ce−t .
dt 2 2
dy 5 1
3. Write the equation in the form = − y = 1. An integrating factor is 5 , so
dt t t
 
d 1 1 1 1 1
y = 5 =⇒ y =− 4 +C =⇒ y = − t + Ct5 .
dt t 5 t t 5 4t 4

4. Separating variables, we obtain

2 3 1 2 1 3 2 3
ye−y dy = −x2 e2x dx =⇒ − e−y = − e2x + C =⇒ 3e−y = e2x + C1 .
2 6
dy 8x 2x
5. Write the equation in the form + y= 2 . An integrating factor is (x2 + 4)4 , so
dx x2 + 4 x +4
d  2  1 2
(x + 4)4 y = 2x(x2 + 4)3 =⇒ (x2 + 4)4 y = (x + 4)4 + C
dx 4
1
=⇒ y = + C(x2 + 4)−4 .
4
6. Separating variables, we obtain
y 1 1 1
cos2 x dx = dy =⇒ x + sin 2x = ln(y 2 + 1) + C
y2 +1 2 4 2
=⇒ 2x + sin 2x = 2 ln(y 2 + 1) + C.

1
7. From p dy = 2xdx, we have sin−1 (y) = x2 + c or y = sin(x2 + c)
1−y 2

1 1 ex 1 1
8. From ey = dx = dx we obtain − = tan−1 ex + c or y = − .
y2 ex + e−x (ex )2 + 1 y tan−1 ex + c
9. An integrating factor is e−2x so that
d −2x

[e y] = e−2x y e3x − e2x = x (ex − 1)
dx
x2
e−2x y = (x − 1)ex − +C
2
x2
y = (x − 1)e3x − e2x + Ce2x
2
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562 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

10. An integrating factor is ex so that

d x √
[e y] = ex 1 − ex
dx
2
ex y = (ex + 1)3/2 + C
3
2
y = e−x (ex + 1)3/2 + Ce−x
3

11. The general solution is P = ce0.05t . Substituting t = 0 and P = 1000, we have 1000 = c so
that P = 1000e0.05t .

12. The general solution is A = ce−0.015t . Substituting t = 0 and A = 5, we have 5 = c so that

A = 5e−0.015t .

13. Write the equation in the form

dy 1
+ y = t3 ln t.
dt t

An integrating factor is eln t = t, so

d
[ty] = t4 ln t
dt
1 1 5
ty = − t5 + t ln t + c
25 5
1 1 4 c
y = − t4 + t ln t +
25 5 t

1 1 1 1
Substituting y = 1 and y = 0, we have c = so that y = − y 4 + t4 ln t +
25 25 5 25t

dy dx
14. From = , we have
10y x

1
ln |y| = ln |x| + c
10
ln |y| = 10 ln |x| + c1
y = c2 x10

Substituting x = 1 and y = −3, we have −3 = c2 so that y = −3x10 .

CHAPTER 8 IN REVIEW 563

15.

dy
= dx
2y + y 2
Z Z
dy
= dx
(2 + y)y
Z Z
1 1
− dy = dx
2y 2(y + 2)
1 1
ln |y| − ln |y + 2| = x + c
2 2  
1  y 
ln =x+c
2 y + 2
 
 y 
ln   = 2x + c1
y + 2
y
= c2 e2x
y+2

−2c2 e2x −3c2

Solving for y we have y = . Substituting x = 0 and y = 3, we have 3 = which
c2 e − 1
2x c2 − 1
− 56 e2x
yields 3c2 − 3 = −2c2 or c2 = 53 . Thus the solution is y = 3 2x .
5e −1

16.

dy
= dx
y(10 − 2y)
Z Z
1 1
− dy = dx
10y 10(y − 5)
 
1  y 
ln  =x+c
10 y − 5
 
 y 
ln   = 10x + c1
y − 5
y
= c2 e10x
y−5
5c2 e10x
y=
c2 e10x − 1

5c2 7
Substituting x = 0 and x = 7, we have 7 = which yields 7c2 − 7 = 5c2 or c2 = . Thus
c2 − 1 2
35 10x
2 e
the solution is y = .
7 10x
2 e − 1
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564 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

dy
17. = dx or tan−1 (y) = x + c. Substituting x = π
and y = −1, we have
1 + y2 3

π
tan−1 (−1) = +c
3
−π π
= +c
4 3
−7π
=c
12


Thus tan−1 (t) = x − 7π
12 or y = tan x − 7π
12 .

18.
dy dx
=
y2 − 1 x
Z Z
1 1 1
− dy = dx
2(y − 1) 2(y + 1) x
 
1  y − 1 
ln = ln |x| + c
2 y + 1
 
y − 1
ln   = 2 ln |x| + c1
y + 1
y−1
= c2 x2
y+1
−(c2 x2 + 1)
y=
c2 x2 − 1
−(4c2 + 1) 1
Substituting x = 2 and y = 2, we have 2 = or c2 = . Thus, the solution is

4c2 − 1 12
− 12 x +1
1 2
y= .
12 x − 1
1 2

19.
dy
= −8x2 dx
y2
−1 8
= − x3 + c
y 3
1
y= 8 3
3 x + c1
1
Substituting x = 0 and y = 12 , we have 1
= 1
or c1 = 2. Thus the solution is y = .
2 c1 8 3
3x +2
20.
dy
= ex e−y
dx
ey dy = ex dx
ey = ex + c
y = ln(ex + c)
CHAPTER 8 IN REVIEW 565

Substituting x = 0 and y = 1, we have

1 = ln(1 + c)
e=1+c
e−1=c

Thus, the solution is y = ln(ex + e − 1).

21.
dy 2x
= 3
dx 3y
3y 3 dy = 2xdx
3 4
y = x2 + c
4
4
y 4 = x2 + c1
3
r
4 4 2
y= x + c1
3
√
Substituting
q x = 0 and y = 2, we have 2 = 4 c1 or c1 = 16. Thus the solution is y =
3 x + 16.
4 4 2

22.
dy
=x+y
dx
dy
−y =x
dx
An integrating factor is e−x . Therefore we have
d −x
[e y] = x
dx
x2
e−x y = +c
2
x2 x
y= e + cex
2
x2 x
Substituting x = 0 and y = 1, we have 1 = c so the solution is y = e + ex .
2
dP 1
23. Writing = kP as dP = k dt and integrating, we obtain ln P = kt + C or P = C1 ekt .
dt P
Since P (0) = P0 , P0 = C1 and P = P0 ekt . From P (t1 ) = P1 and P (t2 ) = P2 , we have
P1 P2
P1 = P0 ekt1 and P2 = P0 ekt2 or = ekt1 and = ekt2 . Then ek = (P1 /P0 )1/t1 and
P0 P0
ek = (P2 /P0 )1/t2 or (P1 /P0 )1/t1 = (P2 /P0 )1/t2 . Thus, (P1 /P0 )t2 = (P2 /P0 )t1 .
24. The temperature of the surrounding medium is T0 = 30◦ C and the initial temperature is
T (0) = 150◦ C. Solving dT /dt = k(T − 30), we obtain T = 30 + Cekt . Since T (0) = 150,
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566 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

C = 120 and T = 30 + 120ekt . Using T (1/4) = 90, we have 90 = 30 + 120ek/4 or 1/2 = ek/4 .
Thus, ek = (1/2)4 = 1/16 and

T (1/2) = 30 + 120ek/2 = 30 + 120(ek )1/2 = 30 + 120(1/16)1/2 = 60◦ C

T (1) = 30 + 120ek = 30 + 120(1/16) = 37.5◦ C.

dA
25. (a) Write the differential equation in the form + (k1 + k2 )A = k1 M . Then an integrating
dt
factor is e(k1 +k2 )t , and
d h (k1 +k2 )t i k1 M (k1 +k2 )t
e A = k1 M e(k1 +k2 )t =⇒ e(k1 +k2 )t A = e +C
dt k1 + k2
k1 M
=⇒ A= + Ce−(k1 +k2 )t .
k1 + k2
k1 M k1 M  
Using A(0) = 0, we find C = − and A = 1 + e−(k1 +k2 )t .
k1 + k2 k1 + k2
k1 M
(b) As t → ∞, A → . If k2 > 0, the material will never be completely memorized.
k1 + k2
(c)
k1 M A
k1 + k2

26. Separating variables, we obtain

1 1  q  1

dq = dt =⇒ −C ln E0 −  = ln |k1 + k2 t| + c1
E0 − q/C k1 + k2 t C k2
(E0 − q/C)−C
=⇒ = c2 .
(k1 + k2 t)1/k2

(E0 − q0 /C)−C
Setting q(0) = q0 , we find c2 = 1/k2
, so
k1

(E0 − q/C)−C (E0 − q0 /C)−C

=
(k1 + k2 t)1/k2 1/k
k1 2
  −1/k2
q −C  q0 −C k1
E0 − = E0 −
C C k + k2 t
   1/Ck2
q q0 k1
E0 − = E0 −
C C k + k2 t
 1/Ck2
k1
q = E0 C + (q0 − E0 C) .
k + k2 t
CHAPTER 8 IN REVIEW 567

1
27. (a) Separating variables, we obtain dP = k cos t dt, so ln |P | = k sin t+c, and P = c1 ek sin t .
P
If P (0) = P0 then c1 = P0 and P = P0 ek sin t .

(b)
P

P0

dv dv dv dv
28. Let =v so that m = −mg − kv 2 becomes mv = −mg − kv 2 . Using y(0) = 0
dt dy dt dy
mg + kv02 −2ky/m mg
and v(0) = v0 , it follows that v 2 = e − . If v = 0, then the maximum
k k
m mg + kv0 2
dv
height is h = ln . From mv = mg − kv 2 , v(0) = 0, and y(0) = 0, we find that
2k mg dy
mg v0
v2 = (1 − e−2ky/m ). Setting y = h, we see that the velocity at impact is v = r .
k k 2
1+ v0
mg

29. (a)
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568 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

(b)

(c) As x → ∞, y(x) → ∞.
As x → −∞, y(x) → −∞.

dy
30. (a) = (y − 1)2 (y − 3)2
dx
dy
(b) = y(y − 2)2 (y − 4)
dx

31. Using a CAS we find that the zero of f occurs at approximately y = 1.3214. From the graph
we observe that dy/dx > 0 for y < 1.3214 and dy/dt < 0 for y > 1.3214, so y = 1.3214 is an
asymptotically stable critical point. Thus, lim y(x) = 1.3214.
t→∞

32. The first step of Euler’s method gives y(1.1) ≈√9 + 0.1(1 + 3) = 9.4. Applying Euler’s method
one more time gives y(1.2) ≈ 9.4 + 0.1(1 + 1.1 9.4) ≈ 9.8373.
dy
33. For the curve y = x3 , we have = 3x2 = 3 at both (−1, −1) and (1, 1). For the curve
dx
dy dy −x −1
= x2 + 3y 2 = 4, we can differentiate implicitly to get 2x + 6y = 0 or = =
dx dx 3y 3
at both (−1, −1) and (1, 1). Therefore, the slopes of the tangent lines are perpendicular at
(−1, −1) and (1, 1).
−y
34. (a) For the curve xy = c1 , we differentiate implicitly to get y + xy 0 = 0 or y 0 = . For the
x
curve y 2 − x2 = c2 , we differentiate implicitly to get
2yy 0 − 2x0
yy 0 = x
x
y0 =
y
Since the slopes are negative reciprocals of each other, we see that the families are
orthogonal trajectories.
CHAPTER 8 IN REVIEW 569

(b)
y