Pipes Valve Connections and Fittings ES

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila

College of Engineering and Technology
Introduction to Piping Components

To connect the various process and utility equipment contained within a
process plant, it is necessary to use an assortment of piping components that,
when used collectively, are called a piping system. This report introduces the
reader to these components and explains their design function and how they
are specified, manufactured, and installed. All components have their own
characteristics, both positive and negative, and it is essential to be aware of
their strengths and weaknesses. Specifying them can become complex,
especially for valves and piping special items.
PIPES
Pipe is the main artery that connects the various pieces of process and
utility equipment within a process plant. Although it can be considered to be
the least complex component within a piping system, it is not without its
peculiarities. Pipe used within a process plant designed to one of the ASME
B31 codes generally is of a metallic construction, such as carbon steel,
stainless steel, duplex, copper, or to a lesser degree, one of the more exotic
metals like Monel or titanium.
Nonmetallic pipe such as one of the plastics, like PVC, glass reinforced
epoxy, or glass-reinforced plastic, are not prohibited, and each has its own set
of characteristics. Glass-reinforced plastic (GRP),is a plastic reinforced by fine
fibers of glass. The plastic most commonly used is polyester or vinylester, but
other plastics, such as epoxy, can be used to make glass-reinforced epoxy
(GRE).
Pipe or Tube?
In the world of piping, the terms pipe and tube will be used. Pipe is
customarily identified by "Nominal Pipe Size" (NPS), with wall thickness defined
by "Schedule number" (SCH).
Tube is customarily specified by its outside diameter (O.D.) and wall

thickness (WT), expressed either in Birmingham wire gage (BWG) or in
thousandths of an inch
1|Pipes, Valves ,Fittings, and Connections

Definition and Details of Nominal Pipe Size
Nominal Pipe Size
Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a North American set of standard sizes

for pipes used for high or low pressures and temperatures. The name
NPS is based on the earlier "Iron Pipe Size" (IPS) system.
That IPS system was established to designate the pipe size. The
size represented the approximate inside diameter of the pipe in inches.
An IPS 6" pipe is one whose inside diameter is approximately 6 inches.
Users started to call the pipe as 2inch, 4inch, 6inch pipe and so on. To
begin, each pipe size was produced to have one thickness, which later
was termed as standard (STD) or standard weight (STD.WT.). The outside
diameter of the pipe was standardized.
Nominal pipe size (NPS) is a dimensionless designator of pipe size.

It indicates standard pipe size when followed by the specific size
designation number without an inch symbol. For example, NPS 6
indicates a pipe whose outside diameter is 168.3 mm.
For a given NPS, the outside diameter stays constant and the wall
thickness increases with larger schedule number. The inside diameter
will depend upon the pipe wall thickness specified by the schedule
number.
Pipe Schedule
So, at the IPS time only three wall thickness were in use. In March
1927, the American Standards Association surveyed industry and
created a system that designated wall thicknesses based on smaller steps
between sizes. The designation known as nominal pipe size replaced iron
pipe size, and the term schedule (SCH) was invented to specify the
nominal wall thickness of pipe. By adding schedule numbers to the IPS
standards, today we know a range of wall thicknesses, namely:
SCH 5, 5S, 10, 10S, 20, 30, 40, 40S, 60, 80, 80S, 100, 120, 140,
160, STD, XS and XXS.

Length of Pipes
Piping lengths from the factory not exactly cut to length but are normally
delivered as:
Single random length has a length of around 5-7 meter
Double random length has a length of around 11-13 meter
Shorter and longer lengths are available, but for a calculation, it is wise, to use
this standard lengths; other sizes are probably more expensive.
Ends of Pipes
Pipes are furnished by manufacturers either with plain ends for welding or
threaded ends that will be joined by a threaded coupling. Bell and spigot ends
are furnished in a few of lighter pipe weights
A. Plain End Pipes
Plain ends pipes are used for a pipeline in

which the individual joints will be welded
together. It is finished with a square cut end
or a beveled end, depending on pipe size and
wall thickness
The PE pipes will generally be used for the

smaller diameters pipe systems and in
combination with Slip On flanges and Socket
Weld fittings and flanges.
B. Threaded End Pipes
On pipes furnished with threaded ends,

the coupling is screwed into one end of the
pipe and a threaded protector is installed on
the other end.
The TE implementation speaks for itself,

this performance will generally used for small
diameters pipe systems, and the connections

will be made with threaded flanges and threaded fittings.
C. Bell and Spigot Ends
A pipe joint in which a pipe ending in a

bell-like shape is joined to a pipe
ending in a spigotlike shape.
D. Beveled Ended Pipe
Pipe beveling is the process where an

angle is formed between the edge of the end
of a pipe or tube and a plane perpendicular to
the surface. A standard pipe bevel angle for
welding is 37.5 degrees. Other angles and
special forms such as J-Bevels can also be
produced on the ends of pipe or tube using
automatic beveling machines.
Beveling of pipe or tubing is most commonly used to prepare the ends for
welding. It can also be used for deburring the cut ends for safety and aesthetic
reasons
II. Classifications of Pipes
A. Line Pipe
These hollow tubes are used for long distance piping projects. Steel
line pipes tend to have a higher resistance to corrosion and are used
for the transportation of oils and gases.

B. Seamless
Standard seamless pipes are more

commonly used than welded pipes and
they tend to be more pressure resistant.
Because of their lighter weight and thin
walls, they are used in liquid
transportation.
Advantages:
 The main perceived advantage of seamless pipes is that they don’t

have a weld seam. Traditionally, the seam of welded pipes has been
viewed as a weak spot, vulnerable to failure and corrosion. For
many years, this fear was probably justified. However, in recent
years improvements in the manufacturing process for welded steel
pipes and other welded pipes have boosted the strength and
performance of the weld seam to levels indistinguishable from that
of the rest of the pipe.
 Seamless pipes provide peace of mind. Although there should be no
issues with the seams of welded pipes supplied by reputable
manufacturers, seamless pipes prevent any possibility of a weak
seam.
 Seamless pipes have better ovality, or roundness, than welded
pipes

C. Welded Pipes
Welded pipes are not typically used in high-pressure projects and

are heavier than seamless pipes. They transport gas more often than
liquid.
Advantages:
 Welded pipes are typically more cost effective than their seamless
equivalents.
 Welded pipes are usually more readily available than seamless. The
longer lead time required for seamless pipes can not only make
timing problematic, but it also allows more time for the price of the
materials to fluctuate.
 The wall thickness of welded pipes is generally more consistent
than that of seamless pipes.
 The internal surface of welded tubes can be checked before
manufacturing, which isn’t possible with seamless

D. ERW Pipes
ERW pipes means Electric
Resistance Welded Pipes. Electric
resistance welded (ERW) pipe is
manufactured by cold-forming a
sheet of steel into a cylindrical
shape. Current is then passed
between the two edges of the steel
to heat the steel to a point at which
the edges are forced together to
form a bond without the use of
welding filler material. Initially this
manufacturing process used low
frequency A.C. current to heat the edges. This low frequency process
was used from the 1920’s until 1970. In 1970, the low frequency
process was superseded by a high frequency ERW process which
produced a higher quality weld.
Over time, the welds of low frequency ERW pipe was found to be
susceptible to selective seam corrosion, hook cracks, and inadequate
bonding of the seams, so low frequency ERW is no longer used to
manufacture pipe. The high frequency process is still being used to
manufacture pipe for use in new pipeline construction.

VALVES
Valves are mechanical devices that controls the flow and pressure within a
system or process. They are essential components of a piping system that
conveys liquids, gases, vapours, slurries etc. Some valves are self-operated
while others manually or with an actuator or pneumatic or hydraulic is
operated.
A. Functions of Valves:
 To slow down or stop the flow of a fluid

 To reduce or increase the flow rate of a fluid.
 To control the direction of a flow
 To regulate process pressure.
B. Basic Parts of Valves
1. Valve Body
 The valve body, sometimes called the shell, is the

primary boundary of a pressure valve. Serves as
the main element of a valve assembly because it is
the framework that holds all the parts together.
Valve
Body

2. Valve Bonnet
 The cover for the opening in the body is the

bonnet, and it is the second most important
boundary of a pressure valve. A bonnet acts
as a cover on the valve body, is cast or forged
of the same material as the body. It is
commonly connected to the body by a
threaded, bolted, or welded joint. The
attachment of the bonnet to the body is
considered a pressure boundary, this means
that the weld joint or bolts that connect the
bonnet to the body are pressure-retaining
parts.
Valve Bonnet
3. Valve Disk
 The disc is the part which allows, throttles, or stops flow, depending on
its position. The disk is the third most important primary pressure
boundary. With the valve closed, full system pressure is applied across
the disk, and for this reason, the disk is a pressure related component.
Most valves are named, the design of their disks.
4. Valve Seat/s
 The seat or seal rings provide the seating surface for the disk. A valve
may have one or more seats. A valve may have one or more seats. To
improve the wear-resistance of the seal rings, the surface is often hard-
faced by welding and then machining the contact surface of the seal ring.

5.Valve Stem
 The valve stem provides the necessary

movement to the disc, plug or the ball
for opening or closing the valve, and is
responsible for the proper positioning
of the disk. It is connected to the valve
hand wheel, actuator, or the lever at
one end and on the other side to the
valve disc. Stems are usually forged,
and connected to the disk by threaded
or other techniques. To prevent
leakage, in the area of the seal, a fine
surface finish of the stem is necessary.
Valve Stem
6. Valve Stem Packing
 For a reliable seal between the stem and the bonnet, a gasket is needed.
This is called a Packing. Valve packaging must be properly happen, to
prevent damage to the stem and fluid or gas loss. When a packing is too
loose, the valve will leak. If the packing is too tight, it will affect the
movement and possible damage to the stem.
7. Actuator (Hand wheel)
 Operates the stem and disk assembly. An actuator may be controlled

manually or automatically.
8. Yoke
 Yoke connects the valve body or bonnet with the actuating mechanism.
The top of the Yoke holding a Yoke nut, stem nut, or Yoke bushing and
the valve stem passes through it. Structurally, a Yoke must be strong
enough to withstand forces, moments, and torque developed by the
actuator.
10 | P i p e s , V a l v e s , F i t t i n g s , a n d C o n n e c t i o n s
C. Classifications of Valves
The following are some of the commonly used valve classifications, based on mechanical
motion:
 Linear Motion Valves
 The valves in which the closure member, as in gate, globe, diaphragm,

pinch, and lift Check Valves, moves in a straight line to allow, stop, or
throttle the flow.
 Rotary Motion Valves.
 When the valve-closure member travels along an angular or circular

path, as in butterfly, ball, plug, eccentric- and Swing Check Valves, the
valves are called rotary motion valves.
 Quarter Turn Valves.
 Some rotary motion valves require approximately a quarter turn, 0

through 90°, motion of the stem to go to fully open from a fully closed
position or vice versa.
Valve types Linear motion Rotary motion Quarter turn
Gate Valve x
Globe valve x
Plug valve x x
Ball valve x x
Butterfly valve x x
Diaphragm valve x
Pinch valve x
Swing Check x
Gate Valves
 Gate valves are primarily designed to start or stop flow, and when a
straight-line flow of fluid and minimum flow restriction are needed. In
service, these valves generally are either fully open or fully closed.
 A gate valve functions by lifting a rectangular or circular gate out of the

path of the fluid. When the valve is fully open, gate valves are full bore,
meaning there is nothing to obstruct the flow because the gate and
pipeline diameter have the same opening. This bore diameter also
determines the valve size. An advantage of this full-bore design is very
low friction loss, which saves energy and reduces total cost of ownership.
Advantages
• Gate valves opens or closes slowly, which

prevents fluid hammer and subsequent damage
to the piping system.
• Good choice for on-off service.
• Full flow, low pressure drop.
• Bidirectional (they can be used in two directions)
Disadvantages
• It is not suitable for controlling flow
• It is prone to vibration in the partially open

state.
• It is more subject to seat and disk wear.
Globe Valves
 Globe valves have a disk which can completely open or completely close
the flow path. This is done with the perpendicular movement of the disk
away from the seat. The annular space between the disk and seat ring
gradually changes to allow fluid flow through the valve. Globe valves are
commonly used as an on/off valve, but they may be used for throttling
systems. The gradual change in spacing between the disk and seat ring
gives the globe valve good throttling ability.
 There are three primary body designs for Globe valves, namely: Tee
Pattern or Z-body, Angle Pattern and Wye Pattern or Y-body body.
a. Tee Pattern Globe valve
is the most common body type, with a Z-shaped diaphragm. The

horizontal setting of the seat allows the stem and disk to travel
perpendicular to the horizontal line.
b. Angle Pattern Globe valves
The ends of this Globe valve are at an angle of 90 degrees, and fluid flow
occurs with a single 90 degrees turn. Angle valves are designed so that
the inlet and outlet are perpendicular. They are used for transferring flow
from vertical to horizontal.
c. Wye Pattern Globe valves
is an alternative for the high pressure drop, inherent in Globe valves.

Seat and stem are angled at approximately 45 degrees, what gives a
straighter flow path at full opening and offer the least resistance to flow.
Advantages
 Recommended for throttling applications.

 Good for frequent operation.
 Easy to repair.
Disadvantages
 Flow path causes a significant pressure drop.
 Globe valves are more costly than alternative valves.
Typical Applications of Globe valves
The following are some of the typical applications of Globe valves:
 Cooling water systems where flow needs to be regulated

 Fuel oil system where flow is regulated and leak tightness is of
importance
 High-point vents and low-point drains when leak tightness and safety are
major considerations
 Feedwater, chemical feed, condenser air extraction, and extraction drain
systems
 Boiler vents and drains, main steam vents and drains, and heater drains
 Turbine seals and drains
 Turbine lube oil system and others
Ball Valves
 A Ball valve is a quarter-turn rotational motion valve that uses a ball-

shaped disk to stop or start flow. If the valve is opened, the ball rotates to
a point where the hole through the ball is in line with the valve body inlet
and outlet. If the valve is closed, the ball is rotated so that the hole is
perpendicular to the flow openings of the valve body and the flow is
stopped.
Applications of Ball Valves
The following are some typical applications of Ball valves:
 Air, gaseous, and liquid applications

 Drains and vents in liquid, gaseous, and other fluid services
 Steam service
Advantages
 Quick quarter turn on-off operation

 Tight sealing with low torque
 Smaller in size than most other valves
 Can handle fluids with suspended solids.
Disadvantages
 Conventional Ball valves have poor throttling properties

 In slurry or other applications, the suspended particles can settle and
become trapped in body cavities causing wear, leakage, or valve failure.
Butterfly Valves
 A Butterfly valve is a quarter-turn rotational motion valve, that is used to

stop, regulate, and start flow.
 Butterfly valves are easy and fast to open. A 90° rotation of the handle
provides a complete closure or opening of the valve.
 The flow control element is a disk of approximately the same diameter as
the inside diameter of the adjoining pipe, which rotates on either a
vertical or horizontal axis. When the disk lies parallel to the piping run,
the valve is fully opened. When the disk approaches the perpendicular
position, the valve is shut.
Applications of Butterfly Valves
A Butterfly valve can be used in many different fluid services and they perform
well in slurry applications. The following are some typical applications of
Butterfly valves:
 Cooling water, air, gases, fire protection etc.

 Slurry and similar services
 Vacuum service
 High-pressure and high-temperature water and steam services
Advantages
 Compact design requires considerably less space, compared to other

valves
 Light in weight
 Quick operation requires less time to open or close
 Available in very large sizes
 Low-pressure drop and high-pressure recovery
Disadvantages
 Throttling service is limited to low differential pressure

 Cavitations and choked flow are two potential concerns
 Disc movement is unguided and affected by flow turbulence
Plug Valves
 A Plug Valve is a quarter-turn rotational motion Valve that use a tapered

or cylindrical plug to stop or start flow. In the open position, the plug-
passage is in one line with the inlet and outlet ports of the Valve body. If
the plug 90° is rotated from the open position, the solid part of the plug
blocks the port and stops flow. Plug valves are similar to Ball valves in
operation.
Applications of Plug Valves
A Plug Valve can be used in many different fluid services and they perform well
in slurry applications. The following are some typical applications of Plug
valves:
 Air, gaseous, and vapor services

 Natural gas piping systems
 Oil piping systems
 Vacuum to high-pressure applications
Advantages
 Quick quarter turn on-off operation

 Minimal resistance to flow
 Smaller in size than most other valves
Disadvantages
 Requires a large force to actuate, due to high friction.

 NPS 4 and larger valves requires the use of an actuator.
 Reduced port, due to tapered plug.
Diaphragm Valves
 Diaphragm valve is a manual or control type block valve which uses a

diaphragm as the closing device. The diaphragm valve is usually used to
isolate or block flow. Because the material of the membrane can
chemically degrade, diaphragm valves are used under the conditions of
low pressure and a limited temperature operating range.
 Diaphragm valves may be used for regulation of most gases and liquids.
Since diaphragms are subject to wear and tear, maintenance is
frequently needed for valves that are used on a regular basis. When
operating with a diaphragm valve, one must be aware of the operating
pressures and temperatures of the process because the valve is restricted
by the physical limitations of the diaphragm membrane.
Advantages
 Diaphragm valves can also be used for throttling service. Its throttling
characteristics are essentially those of a quick opening valve because of
the large shutoff area along the seat.
 Diaphragm valves are particularly suited for the handling of corrosive
fluids, fibrous slurries, radioactive fluids, or other fluids that must
remain free from contamination.
 Many fluids that would clog , corrode, or gum up the working parts of
most other types of valves will pass through a diaphragm valve without
causing problems. Conversely, lubricants used for the operating
mechanism cannot be allowed to contaminate the fluid being handled.
Pinch Valves
 Pinch valves, the simplest valve design, include any valve with a flexible
elastomeric body that can be pinched close to cut off flow, using a
mechanism or fluid pressure. They are linear motion valves that can be
used to start, stop and throttle media through a system. Pinch valves are
low maintenance, low weight, and can be used in systems requiring
explosion-proof line closure. While the design of pinch valves provides
extensive advantages for use in sterile lines and in situations where
product purity is a high priority, these same design features do create
some disadvantages. Due to their elastomeric bodies, pinch valves are
not viable in situations where the transport media is at a high
temperature. They are also not recommended for services that require
high-pressure flow, and for use with gases.
Check Valves
 Check valves are "automatic" valves that open with forward flow and
close with reverse flow. The pressure of the fluid passing through a
system opens the valve, while any reversal of flow will close the valve.
Exact operation will vary depending on the type of Check valve
mechanism. Most common types of Check valves are swing, and lift
(piston or ball)
Types of Check valves
a. Swing Check valve
A basic swing Check valve consists of a valve body, a bonnet, and a disk
that is connected to a hinge. The disk swings away from the valve-seat to
allow flow in the forward direction, and returns to valve-seat when
upstream flow is stopped, to prevent backflow. The disc in a swing type
Check valve is unguided as it fully opens or closes. The valve allows full,
unobstructed flow and automatically closes as pressure decreases. These
valves are fully closed when flow reaches zero, in order to prevent
backflow.
b. Lift Check valve
Lift Check valves are particularly suitable for high-pressure service

where velocity of flow is high. Flow to lift Check valves must always enter
below the seat. As the flow enters, the piston or ball is raised within
guides from the seat by the pressure of the upward flow. When the flow
stops or reverses, the piston is forced onto the seat of the valve by both
the backflow and gravity.
FITTINGS
Pipe fittings are widely demanded for any piping and plumbing systems used in
industrial and commercial applications. Fittings allow pipes to be joined or
installed in the appropriate place and terminated or closed where necessary.
Fittings are available in various shapes and sizes. They can be expensive,
require time, and different materials and tools to install. They are an essential
part of piping and plumbing systems. There are thousands of specialized
fittings manufactured. Each type of pipe or tube requires its own type of fitting,
but usually all pipe fittings share some common features. Pipe fittings are
available everywhere where plumbing materials are sold.
How are pipe fittings connected to pipes?
Pipe fittings are either male fittings or female fittings. In threaded pipe fittings,
female threads are on the inside while male threads are on the outside. Pipe
fittings that have one female end and one male end are called street fittings.
Pipe fittings are used to connect pipes or tubes in two ways:
 By threading: Threaded pipes screw together to connect or join.

Generally metal pipes are threaded and they have threaded fittings.
 By slip fit: Slip fit pipes use sleeves that slip into one another. The
plastic pipes are either threaded or slip fit.
Accordingly pipe fittings are organized as follows:
 Male threaded: Exterior threads. Are screwed into the inside of pipe end
of a larger diameter with internal threading.
 Female threaded: Interior threads. Receive male threaded pipe fittings.
 Male slip fit: There are no threads. Receive a narrower.
 Female slip fit: Female slip fit: There are no threads. Made to slip into
slightly larger male sleeve.
Purpose of a pipe fitting:
The basic purposes of any pipe fitting are as follows:
 Connecting the bores of two or more pipes or tubes.

 Connecting pipe sections.
 Connecting a pipe to a different apparatus.
 Changing the direction of fluid/liquid flow.
 Maintaining or regulating the flow.
 Closing and sealing a pipe.
Selection criteria for pipe fittings:
Pipe fittings are to be chosen considering certain factors. They are as follows:
 Connection types: When purchasing pipe fittings, you should be aware

of the fact that a fitting can have two different connector types. One end
of the fitting might be female threaded while the other female threaded.
One end might be male slip while the other end is threaded, in the case
of plastic fittings. They can also have matching ends which can
accommodate any requirement.
 Materials of construction: As a rule, the pipe fitting should be of the
same material as the material used in the making of the pipe in which it
is to be fitted. However, in some cases, materials conforming to certain
codes or standards can also be used in pipes of another material.
 Check for flow: To keep the flow consistent, the ends of pipe fittings
should be slightly larger than the rest of the pipe so that they can
accommodate connections without narrowing the inner diameter (ID) of
the pipe.
 Type of fitting: Besides pipe materials, pipe fittings are identified by the
type of fitting — threaded or slip, male or female.
 Size: When measuring the size of pipe fittings, it is to be noted that the
male threaded fittings are measured to the outside edge or OD, while
female fittings are measured to the inside edge of the inlet or ID.
 Thickness: Just as pipes are available in a number of different
thicknesses or "schedules", so also the pipe fittings.
 Design: Each pipe or tube is designed to carry certain specific types of

fluids, liquids, gases, chemicals under varying conditions. Accordingly,
the pipe fittings are also available in variety of designs.
 Standards and codes: There are certain standards and codes set by
various organizations by which the different pipe fittings are graded. For
example, ASTM, ASME, BSP etc. are certain standards assigned to pipe
fittings and those standards dictate their use.
Types of pipe fittings:
Depending on the purposes served, pipe fittings can be categorized as under:
 Pipe fittings to extend or terminate pipe runs: For example,

Couplings, Adapters, Unions , Caps and Plugs Pipe.
 Fittings to change a pipe's direction: For example , Elbows
 Pipe fittings to connect two or more pipes: For example: Tees, Cross,
Side-inlet Elbows, Wyes
 Pipe fittings to change pipe size: For example, Reducers, Bushings,
Couplings
 Pipe fittings to manage or regulate flow: For example, Valves
 Pipe fitting tools: For example, Pipe fasteners
 Pipe flanges
On the basis of the above categories, we give below an idea about the various types of pipe
fittings available in the market.
Pipe Adapters Bulkhead Fittings Compression Fittings
Pipe Cap Pipe Coupling Pipe Elbow
Pipe Ferrule Pipe Nipples Pipe Plug
Pipe Reducer Pipe Union Pipe Tee
Pipe Wyes Pipe Sleeve Pipe Valves
Pipe Fasteners Pipe Flanges
Pipe Fittings Applications

Pipe and pipe fittings go hand-in hand. Just as pipes are used for a variety of
residential, public and industrial applications, so also the pipe fittings. No
pipes can be connected without the use of proper fittings and flanges. Pipe
fittings allow pipes to be installed and connected or joined where necessary and
terminated in the right place.
Pipe fittings include a wide range of products in various shapes, sizes and
materials. With rapid developments in the field of industrial fittings and
continuous research work in this industry, various new products are
manufactured. Some fittings have certain special features so that they can be
fabricated on different principles like hydraulics, pneumatic depending on the
end usage. Fittings include a comprehensive range of products depending on
various applications in which they are applied.
Categories of fittings
Fittings can be grouped in one of the following categories:
 Fittings that extend or terminate pipe runs

o Couplings
o Adapters
o Caps and Plugs
 Fittings that change a pipe's direction

o Elbows (ells)
 Fittings that Connect two or more pipes

o Reducers
o Bushings
o Flex couplings
o Fitting reducers
o Adapters
Applications of pipe fittings:
There is no end to applications of pipe fittings so long there is no end to the

applications of pipes . While the list of piping applications continues to expand,
its strength, flexibility, very good flow rates and high chemical resistance are
qualities which are uniquely suited for the movement or transfer of liquids,
steam, solids and air from one point to another. With piping, pipe fittings have
many other uses like as follows:
 The transfer of extremely hazardous materials such as chemical and

waste.
 Protection of sensitive equipment from high pressures.
 Protection from corrosion and other extreme weather conditions.
 Resistance to household and industrial chemicals.
Considering the various purposes of pipe fittings, these pipe fittings are
used in various industries like:
 Chemical / Petrochemical
 Municipal
 Food, Beverage, and Dairy
 Oil and Gas
 Power
 Process Instrumentation
 Pulp and Paper
 Semiconductor
 Marine & dredging
 Sanitation
 Irrigation
 Residential
 Road & highway construction

 Ventilation etc.
In all the above-mentioned industries pipes are used to transfer liquid, gas,
slurries, and other solids and fluids from one area to another and accordingly
different categories of pipe fittings are used . Thus, pipe fittings play a vital role
for proper functioning of pipe and tubes in various applications
Some photographs depicting the applications of different pipe fittings:
Connections
Bell and Spigot Connections
A connection between two sections of pipe, the straight spigot end of one
section is inserted in the flared out end of the adjoining section; the joint is
sealed by a caulking compound or with a compressible ring.
The most commonly used joint in cast-iron pipe. Each length is made with an
enlarged diameter or bell at one end into which the plain or spigot end of
another piece is inserted. The joint is sealed by cement, oakum, lead, or
rubber caulked into the bell around the spigot. The Bell & spigot joint is the
most reliable type of joint, as well as being the quickest to install and check, for
pipelines within the public works sector.
Due to its design and perfect machining, the joint is able to provide absolute
water tightness, which is easy to demonstrate even under the most extreme
conditions. The Bell & Spigot joints with two O-rings are equipped with a
water tightness check valve, by means of which the cavity between the two O-
rings can be pressurized, thus enabling the water tightness of the joint to be
checked quickly and easily. This test is carried out on site once each pipe has
been assembled, before moving on to the next one.
Among these are the following advantages of spigot and bell pipes:
• Nearly universal corrosion resistance

• Safe to use in return air plenums
• Safe above and below ground
• Fire and smoke proof
• Longevity – Life of the building installation
• No in tumescent fire stops
• Can be mechanically or chemically cleaned
• Outstanding abrasion resistance
• Suitable to 500°F (260°C)
• Solids will not cling to the wall
Bell & Spigot with Locking Ring
This type of joint is a variation on the Bell & Spigot joint, but with the addition
of a locking ring located just after the two O-rings.
A groove is machined into the Spigot and a rectangular hole is machined into
the Bell. The locking ring, a strip of polypropylene, glass fiber reinforced nylon
or other material, is then lodged in this cavity.
These joints are specially designed to be able to withstand longitudinal forces

and they are therefore used for the following aboveground and underground
installations:
a) Fire protection networks.

b) Marine outfalls (with the installation involving pipes being pulled out from
the coast).
c) Pipes buried on a steep gradient.
d) Groundwater intakes (for both the casing and pump column).
e) Installation of pipelines without concrete thrust blocks (the thrust forces

generated at the changes in direction, or bends, are absorbed by the locking
ring). The decision to use of this type of joint instead of concrete blocks means
that the pipe configuration has to be redesigned, as the pipe must be able to
withstand not only the axial tensile strain caused by the pressure rating, but
also longitudinal strain.
f) Pipes running through culverts, relining pipes and jacking pipes.
Flanged Joint
All connections between GRP(Glass Reinforced Polyester) pipes and mechanical

elements, such as valves, pumps, air release valves, metal spools, etc., should
be made using a flanged joint. These joints may consist of either fixed flanges
or stub flanges with backing rings.
The manufacturing process used for GRP flanges is the “Hand Lay-Up”,
method, which involves manually building up layers of glass fiber, impregnated
with resin. This means that when connecting these flanges to flat faced
flanges, normally made of metal, a series of precautions should be taken. With
regard to the sealing element between GRP and iron, the element which is in
fact responsible for the water tightness of this rigid joint, PROTESA
recommends using EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber) gaskets
with a steel insert.
TYPES & APPLICATIONS
Slip-On Flange
The flange is slipped over the pipe and then welded both inside and outside to
provide sufficient Strength and prevent leakage. This flange is used in
preference to weld necks by many users because of its lower cost and the fact
that less accuracy is required when cutting pipe to length.
Blind Flanges
This is a flange without a bore and is used to shut off a piping system or vessel
opening. It also permits Easy access to vessels or piping systems for inspection
purposes. Blind flange can be supplied with or without hubs at the
manufacturers option.
Weld-Neck flange
This is designed to be joined to a piping system by buttwelding. It is relatively

expensive because of Its long neck, but is preferred for high stress applications.
The neck, or hub transmits stresses to the base of the hub to the wall
thickness at the butt weld, provide important reinforcement of the flange. The
bore of the flange matches the bore of the pipe, reducing turbulence and
erosion.
Threaded Flange
This is similar to a slip-on flange in outline, but the bore is threaded, thus
enabling assembly without welding. This obviously limits its application to
relatively low pressure piping systems. The flange may be welded around the
joint after assembly, but this is not considered a satisfactory method of
increasing its applications.
Socket Weld Flanges
This is similar to a slip-on flange in outline, but the bore is counter-bored to

accept pipe. The diameter of the remaining bore is the same as the inside
diameter of the pipe. The flange is attached to the pipe by a fillet weld around
the hub of the flange. An optional interval weld may be applied in high stress
applications. It’s biggest use is in high pressure systems such as hydraulic and
steam lines.
Spectacle Flanges
This is a pressure retaining plate with one solid end and one open end
connected with a web or tie-bar. In normal operation, the open end forms the
seal between two flanges and permits normal flow of fluid through pipe work. If
the solid end is swung into position it effectively blanks of the pipe and halts
the flow.
Lap-Joint Flanges
This is again similar to a slip-on flange, but it has a radius at the intersection
of the bore and the flange face to accommodate a lap stub end. The face on the
stub end forms the gasket face on the flange. This type of flange is used in
applications where section of piping systems need to be dismantle quickly and
easily for inspection or replacement.
Orifice Flanges
The function of an orifice flange is to provide access to a line for metering of

gases or liquids. An orifice plate is clamped between a pair of flanges when
installed in a line and the whole assembly is refer to as an orifice flange union.
Jack-screws within the assembly facilitate removal of the orifice plate. The
orifice plate, the metering device, consists of a thin plate with a concentric,
square edge, circular hole in the centre. Two pressure tap-holes are drilled in
each flange to measure pressure difference through the orifice.
Groove & Tongue Flanges
The Groove and Tongue faces of these flanges must be matched. One flange
face has a raised ring (Tongue) machined onto the flange face while the mating
flange has a matching depression (Groove) machined into it's face.
Tongue-and-groove facings are standardized in both large and small types.

They differ from male-and-female in that the inside diameters of the tongue-
and-groove do not extend into the flange base, thus retaining the gasket on its
inner and outer diameter. These are commonly found on pump covers and
Valve Bonnets.
Tongue-and-groove joints also have an advantage in that they are self-aligning

and act as a reservoir for the adhesive. The scarf joint keeps the axis of loading
in line with the joint and does not require a major machining operation.
General flange faces such as the RTJ, T&G and the F&M shall never be bolted
together. The reason for this is that the contact surfaces do not match and
there is no gasket that has one type on one side and another type on the other
side.
Long Neck Flanges
Owing to our rich industrial experience, we are offering a comprehensive range

of Long Weld Neck Flanges. The professionals of our organization source these
neck flanges from trusted vendors. These flanges are unique due to their
simple connectivity with other pipes. Moreover, our products are extensively
used in refining industries for linking purposes. Our esteemed patrons can
avail these qualitative range of flanges from us at industry-leading prices.
Flat Face Flanges
The Flat Face (FF) flange has a gasket surface in the same plane as the bolting
circle face. Applications using flat face flanges are frequently those in which the
mating flange or flanged fitting is made from a casting.
Flat face flanges are never to be bolted to a raised face flange. ASME B31.1
says that when connecting flat face cast iron flanges to carbon steel flanges,
the raised face on the carbon steel flange must be removed, and that a full face
gasket is required. This is to keep the thin, bittle cast iron flange from being
sprung into the gap caused by the raised face of the carbon steel flange.
Raised Face Flanges
The Raised Face (RF) type is the most applied flange face, and is easily to
identify. It is referred to as a raised face because the gasket surfaces are raised
above the bolting circle face.
Laminated Joint
This is the procedure for joining two pipes or pieces of GRP by wrapping
layers of glass fiber saturated in resin around the two ends. These layers then
harden providing a permanent joint.
There are three general types of application for laminated joints in the
installation of pipes and fittings.
1. Butt & Wrap Joint: Designed to join straight sections of piping, i.e., “pipe to
pipe”, “pipe to fitting” and “fitting to fitting”.
2. Miter Joint: Designed to give a certain radius of curvature. It is carried out

using straight sections of piping to form elbows with a standard radius factor
(22.5º, 45º….90º) or a specific angle.
3. Stub-in: Referring to the operation of laminating a branch line to a main

pipeline, which can be done at an angle of 45º, 90º or with any specific layout.
The composition of the laminate and its dimensions must be designed
according to the type of installation for which it will be used and based,
essentially, on the service pressure that it will have to withstand. This

composition is variable, as the safety factors to be used in the calculation must
be compatible with the real working conditions.
The quality of the resin used in the joint is dictated by the fluid that is to be
transported, as well as by any external agents that may possibly damage the
joint.
Fields of application:
- To join GRP pipes for industrial purposes, both for aboveground and
underground installations, for which the use of the Bell & Spigot joint is not
permitted due to mechanical requirements.
- Having great axial tensile strength, this type of joint is widely used for
aboveground installations.
- To join any GRP fitting or special piece to the piping itself or to another piece.
– To create mitered elbows.
– For angular branch lines- To repair any flaws in the pipe, providing that there
is no water and/or dampness in the line.
– To guarantee complete watertightness at the external joints between the pipes

of a sewage network and its inspection chambers.
Mechanical Joint
This type of joint consists of a mechanical coupling made up of a metal clamp

or cover and an internal rubber seal. Its fields of application with regard to
PROTESA’s pipes are, basically, as follows:
a) To join plain-ended pipes and to incorporate fittings and special pieces, both
of GRP and other materials, into the line without resorting to a flanged joint.
b) It is a useful system for carrying out emergency repairs if it can be placed

over the affected area (for small-scale impacts to the pipe), even with water in
the line, although a definitive repair should subsequently be carried out by
PROTESA’s Assembly Team.
This type of joint has no axial tensile strength and is therefore most suitable for
buried piping which has been restrained by the necessary anchoring elements
(such as concrete thrust blocks at the changes in direction).
When installing a mechanical coupling, the following requirements should be

taken into account:
a) The two pipes to be joined must have the same outside diameter.
b) The outer surface of the pipes should be as smooth and even as possible to
ensure that the coupling is properly seated and that the seal remains
watertight.
Welded Connections
Butt welded joints
A Butt Weld is a circumferential butt welded joint, and the most common type
of joint employed in the fabrication of welded pipe systems. A butt joint is the
most universally used method of joining pipe to itself, fittings, flanges, Valves,
and other equipment. This welding technique is widely applied in situations
where a quality weld desired, and the weld by X-ray technically should be
investigated.
When the material to be welded exceeds 3/16" in thickness, the ends of pipes,
fittings and flanges must be chamfered at approximately 37.5°, flared on a
small upright side (Root face); in practice we talk about the Welding Bevel.
The most used bevels are the "Plain bevel" from wall thicknesses (t)
4 to 22.5 mm, and the "Compound bevel" for wall thicknesses above 22 mm.
Fillet welded joints
Fillet welded joints such as tee, lap and corner joints are the most common
connection in welded fabrication. In total they probably account for around 70
to 80% of all joints made by arc welding. No edge preparation is needed and
assemblies in piping systems are simpler. Therefore, fillet welds are usually
cheaper than butt welds.
In pipe systems fillet welded joints are generally used for joining pipe to socket
joints in sizes NPS 2 and smaller, and in systems where Slip On flanges will be
used. The image below illustrates typical fillet welded joints in a Socket Weld
pipe system.

Pipes Valve Connections and Fittings ES

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PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

University of the City of Manila

Introduction to Piping Components

Tube is customarily specified by its outside diameter (O.D.) and wall

1|Pipes, Valves ,Fittings, and Connections

Definition and Details of Nominal Pipe Size

Nominal Pipe Size

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a North American set of standard sizes

Nominal pipe size (NPS) is a dimensionless designator of pipe size.

2|Pipes, Valves ,Fittings, and Connections

Single random length has a length of around 5-7 meter

Double random length has a length of around 11-13 meter

A. Plain End Pipes

Plain ends pipes are used for a pipeline in

The PE pipes will generally be used for the

B. Threaded End Pipes

On pipes furnished with threaded ends,

The TE implementation speaks for itself,

3|Pipes, Valves ,Fittings, and Connections

will be made with threaded flanges and threaded fittings.

C. Bell and Spigot Ends

A pipe joint in which a pipe ending in a

D. Beveled Ended Pipe

Pipe beveling is the process where an

II. Classifications of Pipes

4|Pipes, Valves ,Fittings, and Connections

Standard seamless pipes are more

 The main perceived advantage of seamless pipes is that they don’t

5|Pipes, Valves ,Fittings, and Connections

Welded pipes are not typically used in high-pressure projects and

6|Pipes, Valves ,Fittings, and Connections

7|Pipes, Valves ,Fittings, and Connections

 To slow down or stop the flow of a fluid

B. Basic Parts of Valves

 The valve body, sometimes called the shell, is the

8|Pipes, Valves ,Fittings, and Connections

 The cover for the opening in the body is the

9|Pipes, Valves ,Fittings, and Connections

 The valve stem provides the necessary

6. Valve Stem Packing

7. Actuator (Hand wheel)

 Operates the stem and disk assembly. An actuator may be controlled

 Linear Motion Valves

 The valves in which the closure member, as in gate, globe, diaphragm,

 Rotary Motion Valves.

 When the valve-closure member travels along an angular or circular

 Quarter Turn Valves.

 Some rotary motion valves require approximately a quarter turn, 0

Valve types Linear motion Rotary motion Quarter turn

 A gate valve functions by lifting a rectangular or circular gate out of the

• Gate valves opens or closes slowly, which

• Good choice for on-off service.

• Full flow, low pressure drop.

• Bidirectional (they can be used in two directions)

• It is not suitable for controlling flow

• It is prone to vibration in the partially open

• It is more subject to seat and disk wear.

a. Tee Pattern Globe valve

is the most common body type, with a Z-shaped diaphragm. The

b. Angle Pattern Globe valves

c. Wye Pattern Globe valves

is an alternative for the high pressure drop, inherent in Globe valves.

 Recommended for throttling applications.

 Flow path causes a significant pressure drop.