How To Choose A Valve

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How To Choose A Valve?

2018-03-06
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What are Valves?
As a general definition, valves are devices used to control, regulate and open/close the
flow and/or the pressure of a pipeline and/or a piping system. Valves are highly critical and
expensive components and one of the determining factors of pipelines reliability, safety,
and performance.
There are many different types of valves, most often used in combination, which perform
specific functions within the piping system or the pipeline.
The main types of valves used in the petrochemical and oil & gas industry are the
following:
 gate valve (API 600 cast gate, API 602 forged, API 603 cast stainless steel gate,
API 6D expanding gate, API 6D slab gate valve, knife gate valve, pressure seal
gate valve, etc.)
 globe valve (BS 1873 cast globe valve, API 603 stainless steel globe valve, API
602 forged globe valve, y-globe valve, pressure seal globe valve…)
 check valve (swing check valve, piston check valve, ball check valve, spring
check valve, pressure seal check valve, etc.)
 ball valve (floating, trunnion)
 butterfly valve (concentric, double eccentric, triple eccentric)
 strainers (y-shape, t-shape or basket strainers)
 plug valve (API 6A plug valve, API 6D plug valve)
 pinch valve
 pressure relief/safety valve
 diaphragm valve
 control valves (ball, butterfly and globe type valve)
 cryogenic valves (used when the operating temperature falls below 100°F – 73°
C).
 others less
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Thousands of possible valve specifications are possible, originating from the

combinations of mutliple parameters such as valve type, subtype, size (bore size and
class), manufacturing norm (main ones are ANSI/ASME and EN/DIN), body and trim
materials, type of valve operation (manual or actuated), etc. In terms of valve body
construction, valves are classified in cast and forged type (forged bodies are used for
valves below 2 inch. or for larger valves that require specific mechanical performance).
Finally, valves may be operated manually (levers, wheels, gears) or via an automated
actuator (the main types of actuators are: electric, pneumatic, hydraulic and gas over oil).
Standard valves are generally available on the market via distributors that stock products
from global manufacturers. Custom, big-size and exotic materials valves follow instead
the “make to order” manufacturing process and are sold directly from producers to end
users and EPC contractors. The last distribution channel is the online valves websites,
that are gaining traction for a couple of years.
FUNCTIONS OF VALVES
The most common functions that can be executed by valves are:
1. Start/stop the flow of the fluid (hydrocarbons, oil & gas, steam, water, acids)
through the pipeline (example: gate type)
2. Modulate the flow of the fluid through the pipeline (example: globe type)
3. Control the flow of the fluid (control type)
4. Change the direction of the flow (example 3-way ball)
5. Regulate the pressure of a process (pressure reducing)
6. Protect a piping system or a device (pump, motor, tank) from overpressures
(safety or pressure relief) or back-pressures (check)
TYPES OF VALVES
In this article, we illustrate the main types of valves used in the petrochemical and power
generation industries:
GATE | GLOBE | CHECK | BALL | BUTTERFLY | STRAINER | PLUG | PRESSURE

RELIEF | CONTROL
Based on the movement of the disc, there are three main types of valves:
 LINEAR MOTION: gate, globe, diaphragm, pinch, and check

 ROTARY MOTION: butterfly valves, ball, plug, eccentric- and swing check
 QUARTER TURN: valves that require approximately a quarter turn motion, from 0
to 90°of the stem to move from fully close to fully open position or vice versa.
GATE VALVE
Gate valves open and close the flow of the fluid through the pipeline (and belong therefore
to the family of the on-off valves). The wedge of the valve is positioned between two
parallel (or oblique) seats positioned perpendicular to the flow. The fluid flows horizontally
through gate valves and is not subject to pressure drops. Gate valves cannot be used to
modulate and regulate the flow of the fluid, as the high speed of the fluid would damage
the wedge and the seats of a partly open / partly closed gate valve. The main type of gate
valves in the oil & gas industry are: API 600 (cast body carbon / alloy steel), API 603 (cast
body stainless), API 6D (pipeline gate valve, expanding gate/slab gate type), API 602
(forged body gate valves), pressure seal gate valves (for high pressure
applications). Knife-gate valves are the last type of gate valve with a very sharp sized and
machined disc. Knife gate valves are manufactured according to the TAPPI standards. In
terms of construction, gate valves may have rising / non-rising stems and different types
of wedges (solid wedge, flexible wedge, and split wedge).
GLOBE VALVE
Globe valves are used to regulate the fluid flowing through the pipeline (modulating valve)
or in applications that require a frequent and quick opening/closing of the flow (as the
movement required to close/open the valve is very short for this type of valve). Globe
valves are available in various models (straight and y pattern), sizes and material grades
(from cast steel to forged steel bodies) to cover the various requirements in terms of fluids,
working temperatures, and pressures. A frequently asked question is what is the
difference between gate and globe valves: gate valves are used to close/open the flow,
whereas globe valves are used to modulate the flow. The most common types of globe
valves in the petrochemical industry are BS 1873 (carbon/alloy cast body globe), API 603
(stainless steel cast body), API 602 (forged body). Pressure seal globes are used for
high-pressure applications.
CHECK VALVE
Check valves (also named “non-return”) are used to protect equipment as pumps, as they
prevent potentially damaging backflows. These valves provide a tight seal as well as a
fast closing in case of unwanted back-flows. The swing check type is the most common
and is designed to produce a low-pressure drop in the pipeline. Compared to the API 600
type, widely used for petrochemical applications, API 603 valves are used with the
corrosive media and abrasive conditions. High-pressure check valves are also available
on the market, and they have pressure seal cover with different configurations. API
602 check valves (piston check, ball check) are made of forged steel. Dual plate check
valves are special types that are used to protect pumps and compressors from potentially
damaging backflows (they conform to the API 594 norm).
BALL VALVE
Ball valves have a spherical disc that is able to modulate the flow of a fluid in the pipeline.
The ball inside the valve has a hole through which the flow passes as the hole is aligned
with the two ends of the device. Otherwise, when the hole is in a perpendicular position to
the ends, the flow is interrupted. The lever of the valve is aligned to the position of the ball,
so the open/close status is clearly visible. The two main types are the floating ball and the
trunnion mounted type. Both types can be either side or top entry. Three-way ball valves
and wafer ball valves are also available on the market. The key norm for ball valves is API
6D and BS 5351 (forged type). Ball valves, as well as butterfly valves and plug valves,
belong to the quarter turn family. Stainless steel ball valves are used for corrosive pipeline
applications. A specific type is the so-called “double block and bleed ball valves ” (DBB):
they feature a double seating surface that seals the pressure on both sides of the device.
BUTTERFLY VALVE
Butterfly valves are used to cut off or modulate the flow of a fluid. Manual butterfly is often
preferred to other valves as they are cheaper, lighter and easier to maintain (but for some
application, actuated types are also available). The key part of this type of valve, the disc,
is positioned at the center of the pipe and the disc is connected via a rod to an external
actuator. Differently, from a ball valve, the disc is always present within the flow and
creates a specific pressure drop. Resilient butterfly valves (otherwise defined “concentric”)
have seats in soft material (EPDM, VITON, NBR, BUNA-N seats or similar) and have
lowest pressure ratings than high-performance type (also called double eccentric). The
third type that has a metal to metal seal is the triple eccentric type (a type that competes
with ball valves for some applications). Butterfly valves used in petrochemical are
manufactured in accordance with the API 609 Norm.
Strainers
Y-strainers and basket strainers are used to filter solids from a fluid flowing in a pipeline by
means of a perforated or wire-mesh filtering element (i.e. the strainer). These devices are
relatively cheap equipment to protect downstream mechanical equipment from damages
due to debris like rust, pipe scale, sediment, and other solids that flow together with the
conveyed fluid. Strainers are available with both cast and forged body materials.
PLUG VALVE
There are three different designs of plug valves. The short pattern design type has a
compact face to face dimensions and port areas accounting for 40% to 60% of a full-bore
valve. The regular pattern has a longer face to face dimensions and a port area of 50-70%
the full-bore plug valves and is designed to provide minimal loss of flow. Full bore design
has long face to face dimensions and a round port. This last configuration provides
unrestricted flow and allows pigging operations of the pipeline. Modern plug valves are an
evolution of a basic design that was developed back in the Roman empire. API 6A design
is used for upstream operations.
PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE
The goal of a pressure relief valves (PRV or safety) is to release possible overpressures
of specific equipment (example boilers, pressure vessels) or pipelines; they open
automatically as a set pressure (or temperature) is exceeded and the overpressure is
released. Pressure relief valves are available in most material grades from carbon steel to
stainless steel and can manage overpressure of any fluid (hydrocarbons, gas, steam or
water). One of the main components of this type of valves is the spring. PRV valves can
be used as a safety valve or a relief valve depending on the application. What is the
difference between a pressure relief valve and a safety valve? The term pressure relief to
valves used to control overpressures in vessels that contain liquids (the opening of the
valve is not sudden, but proportional to the increase of the pressure in the vessel). The
term safety valve is instead used for mechanical devices that have compressed fluids or
for vessels filled with gas (safety valves open all of a sudden, as the set pressure of the
valve is reached). It is any way possible that these terms are interchangeable. Safety
valves are available either in the API 526 and ASME construction.
CONTROL VALVE
A control valve is used to control parameters such as process pressure, temperature,

level, flow, pressure. These valves open or close the flow (partly or totally) on the basis of
signals captured by specific sensors that compare actual to target process values. Control
functions can be implemented by globe, butterfly and ball valves. Solenoid valves
generally provide control functions in a small size piping or instrumentation system.
Most of the above valves may have different types of connections with tubes and process
equipment:
 flanged: connected to other piping equipment by means of single or double

flanges.
 butt weld: connected to piping by welded joints
 screwed (NPT connections): the connection is in this case screwed (typical for
forged valves)
 socket: connected by fillet welds
VALVES PARTS
Valves are rather complex mechanical devices, consisting of multiple parts and
components:
BODY OF THE VALVE
The body is a key part of any valve: it contains the other critical components and it has to
withstand pressure loads from the connected piping system. Valve are joined to other
piping components by different connections as, for instance, butt weld or socket weld,
threaded or flanged types. The body can be manufactured out of cast steel or forged steel
in a variety of shapes, designs and material grades. The most common grades are high
temperature carbon steel, low temperature carbon steel and austenitic stainless steel
(SS304, SS316, SS321, etc). For specific applications, special material grades with
stronger corrosion resistance are used, such as super austenitic stainless steels (SMO
254), duplex and super duplex steels, and nickel alloys (Inconel, Incoloy, Hastalloy). For
marine applications, non ferrous materials or alloys are used (Monel,
cupronickel, aluminum bronze). Iron bodies are used in less critical applications as water
distribution systems.
VALVE BONNET
The bonnet is an another important part of most valves. When dismantled from the body, it
allows the access to the internal components of the valve to execute maintenance
activities or replacement of parts (such as the disc, seat, stem, etc). Valve bonnets are
available in many designs and models (the most typical are: bolted, round bolted, welded,
pressure seal) and are manufactured in cast steel or forged steel (generally using the
same material grade of the body). The bonnet is connected with the body by a threaded,
bolted, or welded joint connections – and gaskets are used in between the body and the
bonnet. Manufacturers strive to optimize the design of this part (to reduce the overall
dimension of the device and to ensure that the connection is tight and leakage-proof).
TRIM
The valve trim is a collective name for all the internal parts of the valve that can be
removed and replaced and that have a direct contact with the fluid flowing through the
pipeline. Typically, the trim includes components as the disc, the seat, the stem, the
glands, the bushings and the sleeves needed to guide the stem (but the specific elements
that constitute the trim of a valve depends on the valve type). The trim is a fundamental
component of the performance and the operation of the valve and the trim materials
combination shall be choosen with care. The most used trim combinations for gate, globe
and check valves are defined by the API trim chart.
VALVE DISC
The disc is the part of the valve that opens, closes or modulate the flow of the fluid within
the pipeline, depending on its relative position to the seat. In the case of a gate valve, the
gate (wedge) is the disc of the valve (whereas the disc is called “ball” for ball valves).
After the body and the bonnet, the disc is the third most important element that determines
the performance of the valve and its tight seal. Discs are generally manufactured in
forged steel and are often reinforced (hard faced) to enhance the mechanical properties of
the base material.
VALVE SEATS
Seats accommodate the movements of the disc, and valves may have one or multiple
seats. Globe or a swing-check valve are fitted with one seat that, in connection with the
disc, creates the seal that interrupts the flow of the fluid. Gate valves have instead two
seats, one on the upper side and the other on the lower side of the valve. Seats are often
hard-faced. A proper finish of the seats is required to ensure a good seal when the valve is
in the closed position.
VALVE STEM
The stem of a valve is used to maneuver the valve (open / close) because it moves the
disc inside the valve. The stem is linked to the valve actuator or to the manual hand wheel
(or lever) at one end, and is connected to the valve disc on the other end. In the case of
gate and globe valves, the stem exercises a linear motion on the disc, whereas for ball,
butterfly and plug valves the disc rotates to open or close the valve (therefore such valves
are called “quarter turn valves”). Stems are made of forged steel and are connected to the
disc by threading or other means. To prevent the leakages of the valve, a proper finish of
the stem surface is necessary.
There are five types of valve stems:
 Rotary Stem: This is a standard type for ball, plug, and butterfly valves. A
quarter-turn motion of the stem opens or closes the valve.
 Sliding Stem: In this case the stem does not execute any rotation. The stem slides
in and out the valve to open or close it. This design is common in hand-operated
lever rapid opening valves. It is also used in control valves are operated by
hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders.
 Rising type with outside screw and yoke (“OS&Y”): the external side of the stem is
threaded while the part of the stem which is inside the valve is plain. The threads
of the stem are isolated from the medium by the packing. Two alternative designs
are available. The “OS&Y” design is common for valves above 2″.
 Rising type with an inside screw (“IS&Y”): The threaded part of the stem is
positioned inside the valve body, whereas the stem packing lays outside. With this
design, the stem threads are in touch with the medium flowing through the pipeline.
Once rotated, the stem and the hand wheel rise together and open the valve.
 Non-rising stem type with inside screw: The threaded part of the stem is inside the
valve and does not rise. The valve disc floats on the stem, like a nut if the stem is
rotated. Stem threads are in contact with the media of the pipeline, and as such,
may be exposed to its corrosive impact. This is the reason why such design is
used when the available space to position the valve is too narrow to permit linear
movement, and the media does not cause erosion, corrosion or abrasion of the
stem material.
VALVE PACKING
The gasket that seals the stem with the bonnet is called packing, and comprises the
following components:
 Gland follower, which is a sleeve that compresses the packing, by a gland into the
stuffing box.
 Gland, a type of bushing, which compresses the packing into the stuffing box.
 Stuffing box, a chamber in which the packing gets compressed.
 Packing, available in different materials, like PTFE, elastomers, fibrous material,
etc.
 A backseat is a seating inside the bonnet. The backseat provides a seal between
the stem and bonnet and prevents system pressure from building against the
valve packing once the valve is fully open. Back seats are often used in gate and
globe valves.
 The valve packaging shall be properly designed and manufacture to minimize the
possible damages to the stem and minimize the risk of leakages of fluids. On the
other hand, it is necessary to observe that a too tight packing may affect the stem.
VALVE ACTUATOR
An hand operated or manual valve is generally equipped with a hand wheel that can be
rotated clockwise or counter-clockwise to open and / or close the valve (typical for gate
and globe valves). Ball, plug or butterfly are actuated using a lever (manual quarter turn
valves).
In the following cases, it is not either possible nor advisable to use manual valves:
 Large dimension valves that operate at high pressures

 Valves that need to be controlled from a remote location
 Valves that require, for the nature of the process, a very fast open or close
operation
In all these cases, a valve actuator is needed. The actuator produces linear and rotary
motion able to open ot close a valve (the actual movement depends of course on the type
of the valve, linear or quarter turn). The main types of valves actuators are:
 Gear Actuators
 Electric actuators
 Pneumatic actuators (pneumatic control valves use this type frequently)
 Hydraulic actuators
 Gas over oil actuators
 Solenoid Actuators
VALVE ENDS CONNECTION TYPES
There are three main types of valve end (that impact the way a valve can be connected to
a pipe or other mechanical devices in the piping arrangement). Valves should be tightly
connected to pipes to ensure a tight sealing. The most used types of pipe/valve
connections are:
FLANGED ENDS
A flanged connection requires the use of two flanges with the related bolts, nuts, and
washers. Flanged connections are widely used in pipeline systems regardless the
pressure and the bore of the valves and the connected pipes. Flanged connections are
generally a cheap solution to join pipes with valves
SOCKET, BUTTWELD ENDS
In case of welded connections, the valve is welded directly onto the pipe. This type of
connection is generally more expensive but ensures a good protection against leakages.
Weld connections are used in high-pressure pipelines and can be of two types, butt weld
and socket weld (the valve has a socket and the pipe is welded therein, generally in case
of pipelines below 2 inches of diameter).
THREADED ENDS
In this case, the valve is connected to the pipe by a thread (tapered thread). This type of
connection is generally used for low-pressure pipelines with bore size lower than 2 inches.
It is also a very cheap connection, because no other material, then the pipe and the valve
are necessary, and no flanges, no bolts, and no weld operation are needed. In case of
leakage, however, repair chances are limited for threaded connections.
Based on the materials of construction:
The valves could also be classified based on the materials of construction. There can be
any number of combinations possible with the materials of construction. It is for the
piping engineer to select the same in consultation with the process engineer to suit the
process fluid.
The environment in which the valves are installed is also to be considered for selection
of materials of construction. However, the most commonly available materials are:
 Cast Iron
 Bronze
 Gun metal
 Carbon Steel
 Stainless Steel
 Alloy Carbon Steel
 Poly Propylene UHMW-PE,UHMW-HDPE etc
 Special Alloys
ASME B16.34 SPECIFICATION FOR VALVES
ASME B16.34 Valves Flanged, Threaded and Welding End applies to new construction.
It covers pressure-temperature ratings, dimensions, tolerances, materials, nondestructive
examination requirements, testing, and marking for cast, forged, and fabricated flanged,
threaded, and welding end and wafer or flangeless valves of steel, nickel-base alloys, and
other alloys. Wafer or flangeless valves, bolted or through-bolt types, that are installed
between flanges or against a flange are treated as flanged-end valves. Alternative rules
for NPS 2½ and smaller valves are given in Mandatory Appendix V.
This Standard is to be used in conjunction with equipment described in other volumes of

the ASME B16 Series of Standards as well as with other ASME standards, such as the
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and the B31 Piping Codes. Careful application of these
B16 standards will help users to comply with applicable regulations within their
jurisdictions, while achieving the operational, cost and safety benefits to be gained from
the many industry best-practices detailed within these volumes.
COMPLIANCE WITH ASME B16.34
The ASME valve standard B16.34 is a standard accepted globally by end-users,

engineering contractors, and valve mills as the cornerstone reference to design valves,
test them and assess operational performance. Back in 1988, the scope of this standard
was modified to include threaded-end and weld-end valves in addition to flanged-end
valves. It is often used as a minimum requirement when purchasing valves internationally,
to make sure that minimum requirements are met. ASME B16.34 is also mentioned in the
more general ASME spec ASME B31.1, “Power Piping Design”.
When does a valve comply to ASME B16.34?
 Body & shell materials comply with ASME and ASTM material standards for
chemistry and strength
 Body & shell materials are heat-treated to ensure proper grain structure, corrosion
resistance, and hardness.
 Wall thicknesses of body and other pressure-containing components meet ASME
B16.34 specified minimum values for each pressure class.
 NPT and SW end connections comply with ASME B1.20.1 or ASME B16.11.
 Stems are internally loaded and blowout proof.
 All bolting will be ASTM grade with maximum applied stress controlled by B16.34.
 Each valve is shell tested at 1,5x rated pressure for a specific test time duration.
 Each valve is tested for seat leakage in both directions for a specific test time
duration.
 Each valve is permanently tagged with materials of construction, operating limits
and name of the manufacturer.
Any buyer shall check with the manufacturer the compliance of the offered valves to
ASME B16.34 before placing a purchase order.
ASME B16.34 classifies also the material grades for forged and cast valves, matching
them with other critical material grades used for the manufacturing of piping products.
ASME B16 34 classified materials in 3 main groups (carbon / alloy steel, stainless steel
and nickel-alloy steel). Find following the matching tables proposed by the norm:
GROUP 1: CARBON AND ALLOY STEEL
Material Material Nominal Forging Casting Plate Bar T
Group Designation
No.
1.1 C A216 Gr. A675 Gr. 70 A

WCB
C-SI A105 A515 Gr. 70 A105 A
C-MN-SI A350 Gr. LF2 A516 Gr. 70 A350 Gr. LF2
A537 Gr. Cl.1 A696 Gr. C
C-MN-SI-V A350 Gr. LF6

Cl.1
1.2 C-SI A
2 1/2NI A352 Gr. LC2 A203 Gr. B
3 1/2NI A350 Gr. LF3 A352 Gr. LC3 A203 Gr. E A350 Gr. LF3
C-MN-SI A216 Gr.

WCC
A352 Gr. LCC
C-MN-SI-V A350 Gr. LF6

Cl.2
1.3 C – A352 Gr. LCB A675 Gr. 65
C-SI A515 Gr. 65 A
2 1/2NI A203 Gr. A
3 1/2NI A203 Gr. D
C-MN-SI A516 Gr. 65 A
1.4 C – A675 Gr. 60 A
C-SI A515 Gr. 60 A
A350 Gr. LF1 A
C-MN-SI A516 Gr. 60 A350 Gr. LF1
A696 Gr. B
1.5 C-1/2MO A182 Gr. F1 A217 Gr. A204 Gr. A A182 Gr. F1 A
WC1
A352 Gr. LC1 A204 Gr. B
1.6 C-1/2MO – – – A
1/2CR-1/2MO A387 Gr. 2 Cl.1 A
A387 Gr. 2 Cl.2
1CR-1/2MO A387 Gr. 12

Cl.1
1.7 C-1/2MO A204 Gr. C A
1/2CR-1/2MO A182 Gr. F2 A182 Gr. F2
NI-1/2CR-1/2MO A217 Gr.

WC4
3/4NI-MO-3/4CR A217 Gr.

WC5
1.8 1CR-1/2MO – – A387 Gr. 12 – A

Cl.2
1 1/4CR-1/2MO-SI A387 Gr. 11 A

Cl.1 1
2 1/4CR-1MO A387 Gr. 22 A

Cl.1 1
1.9 1CR-1/2MO A182 Gr. F12 A182 Gr. F12 –

Cl.2 Cl.2
1 1/4CR-1/2MO-SI A182 Gr. F11 A387 Gr. 11 A182 Gr. F11

Cl.2 Cl.2 Cl.2
1 1/4CR-1/2MO A217 Gr. A739 Gr. B11

WC6
1.1 2 1/4CR-1MO A182 Gr. F22 A217 Gr. A387 Gr. 22 A182 Gr. F22 –
Cl.3 WC9 Cl.2 Cl.3
A739 Gr. B22
1.11 3CR-1MO A182 Gr. F21 – A387 Gr. 21 A182 Gr. F21 –
Cl.2
MN-1/2MO A302 Gr. A & B
MN-s1/2MO-1/2NI A302 Gr. C
MN-1/2MO-3/4NI A302 Gr. D
C-MN-SI A537 Gr. CL2
1.12 5CR-1/2MO – – A387 Gr. 5 Cl.1 – A
A387 Gr. 5 Cl.2 A
5CR-1/2MO-SI A
1.13 5CR-1/2MO A182 Gr. F5a A217 Gr. C5 – A182 Gr. F5a –
A182 Gr. F5 A182 Gr. F5
1.14 9CR-1MO A182 Gr. F9 A217 Gr. C12 – A182 Gr. F9
1.15 9CR-1MO-V A182 Gr. F51 A217 Gr. A387 Gr. 91 A182 Gr. F91 A
C12A Cl.2
GROUP 2: AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL
Material Material Nominal Forging Casting Plate Bar
Group No. Designation
2.1 18CR-8NI A182 Gr. A351 Gr. CF3 A240 Gr. A182 Gr.
F304 304 F304
A182 Gr. A351 Gr. CF8 A240 Gr. A182 Gr.

F304H 340H F304H
A479 Gr.
304
A479 Gr.
304H
2.2 16CR – 12N I- 2MO A182 Gr. A240 Gr. A182 Gr.
F316 316 F316
A182 Gr. A240 Gr. A182 Gr.

F316H 316H F316H
A479 Gr.
316
A479 Gr.
316H
18CR-8NI A351 Gr. CF3A
A351 Gr. CF8A A240 Gr.

317
18CR – 13NI – 3MO
16CR – 12NI – 2MO A351 Gr. CF3M
A351 Gr. CF8M
19CR – 10NI – 3MO A351 Gr. CG8M
2.3 18CR – 8NI A182 Gr. – A240 Gr. A182 Gr.
F304L 304L F304L
A479 Gr.
304L
16CR -12NI – 2MO A182 Gr. A240 Gr. A182 Gr.

F316L 316L F316L
A479 Gr.
316L
2.4 18CR – 10N I- TI A182 Gr. – A240 Gr. A182 Gr.

F321 321 F321
A182 Gr. A240 Gr. A479 Gr.

F321H 321H 321
A182 Gr.
F321H
A479 Gr.
321H
2.5 18CR – 10NI – CB A182 Gr. A351 Gr. CF8C A240 Gr. A182 Gr.
F347 347 F347
A182 Gr. A240 Gr. A182 Gr.
F347H 347H F347H
A182 Gr. A240 Gr. A182 Gr.

F348 348 F348
A182 Gr. A240 Gr. A182 Gr.

F348H 348H F348H
A479 Gr.
347
A479 Gr.
347H
A479 Gr.
348
A479 Gr.
348H
2.6 25CR-12NI – A351 Gr. CH8 –
A351 Gr. CH20
23CR-12NI A240 Gr.

309S
A240 Gr.
309H
2.7 25CR-20NI A182 Gr. A351 Gr. CK20 A240 Gr. A182 Gr.
F310H 310S F310H
A240 Gr. A479 Gr.

310H 310H
A479 Gr.
310S
2.8 20CR – 18NI – 6MO A182 Gr. A351 Gr. A240 Gr.
F44 CK3MCuN S31254
A479 Gr.
S31254
22CR – 5NI- 3MO – N A182 Gr. A240 Gr. A479 Gr.

F51 S31803 S31803
A479 Gr.
S32750
25CR – 7NI – 4MO -N A182 Gr. A240 Gr.

F53 S32750
24CR-10NI – 4MO – V A351 Gr. CE8MN
25CR – 5NI -2 MO A351 Gr.

-2CU CD4MCu
25CR- 7NI -3.5MO A351 Gr.

-W-CB CD3MWCuN
25CR – 7NI-3.5 MO – A182 Gr. A240 Gr.
N- CB -W F55 S32760
GROUP 3: NICKEL ALLOYS
Material Material Nominal Forging Casting Plate Bar
Group No. Designation
3.1 35NI-35FE-20CR-CB B462 Gr. – B463 Gr. B473 Gr.

N08020 N08020 N08020
3.2 99NI B160 Gr. – B162 Gr. B160 Gr.

N02200 N02200 N02200
3.3 99NI-Low C B160 Gr. – B162 Gr. B160 Gr.

N02201 N02201 N02201
3.4 67NI-30CU B564 Gr. – B127 Gr. B164 Gr.

N04400 N04400 N04400
67NI-30CU-S B564 Gr. B164 Gr.

N04405 N04405
3.5 72NI-15CR-8FE B564 Gr. – B168 Gr. B166 Gr.

N06600 N06600 N06600
3.6 33NI-42FE-21CR B564 Gr. – B409 Gr. B408 Gr.

N08800 N08800 N08800
3.7 65NI-28MO-2FE B335 Gr. – B333 Gr. B335 Gr.

N10665 N10665 N10665
3.8 54NI-16MO-15CR B564 Gr. – B575 Gr. B574 Gr.

N10276 N10276 N10276
60NI-22CR-9MO-3.5CB B564 Gr. B443 Gr. B446 Gr.

N06625 N06625 N06625
62NI-28MO-5FE B335 Gr. B333 Gr. B335 Gr.

N10001 N10001 N10001
70NI-16MO-7CR-5FE B573 Gr. B434 Gr. B573 Gr.

N10003 N10003 N10003
61NI-16MO-16CR B574 Gr. B575 Gr. B574 Gr.

N06455 N06455 N06455
42NI-21.5CR-3MO-2.3CU B425 Gr. B424 Gr. B425 Gr.

N08825 N08825 N08825
3.9 47NI-22CR-9MO-18FE B572 Gr. – B435 Gr. B572 Gr.

N06002 N06002 N06002
3.1 25NI-47FE-21CR-5MO B672 Gr. – B599 Gr. B672 Gr.

N08700 N08700 N08700
3.11 44FE-25NI-21CR-MO B649 Gr. – B625 Gr. B649 Gr.

N08904 N08904 N08904
3.12 26NI-43FE-22CR-5MO B621 Gr. – B620 Gr. B621 Gr.
N08320 N08320 N08320
47NI-22CR-20FE-7MO B581 Gr. B582 Gr. B581 Gr.

N06985 N06985 N06985
3.13 49NI-25CR-18FE-6MO B581 Gr. – B582 B581 Gr.

N06975 Gr.N06975 N06975
NI-FE-CR-MO-CU-Low C B564 Gr. B625 Gr. B649 Gr.

N08031 N08031 N08031
3.14 47NI-22CR-19FE-6MO B581 Gr. – B582 Gr. B581 Gr.

N06007 N06007 N06007
3.15 33NI-2FE-21CR B564 Gr. B409 Gr. B408 Gr.

N08810 N08810 N08810
NI-MO B494 Gr.

N-12MW
NI-MO-CR B494 Gr.

CW-12MW
3.16 35NI-19CR-1 1/4SI B511 Gr. – B536 Gr. B511 Gr.

N08330 N08330 N08330
3.17 29NI-20.5CR-3.5CU-2.5MO – A351 Gr. – –

CN-7M
FACE TO FACE DIMENSIONS FOR VALVES ASME B16.10
What is the face to face dimension? In a valve (or fitting), the face to face to face
dimension is the distance in
mm from the face of the inlet port to the face of the outlet port.
CLASS 150 | CLASS 300 | CLASS 600 | CLASS 900 | CLASS 1500 | CLASS 2500
CLASS 150 FACE TO FACE DIMENSION FOR VALVES ASME B16.10 (in mm)
150# Ball Ball Gate Gate Plug Plug Plug Plug Globe
Long Short Solid Conduit Short Regular Venturi Round Lift an
Pattern Pattern Wedge Pattern Pattern Pattern Port Full Swing
and Bore Check
Double
Disc
1/2 108 108 108 – – – – – 108
3/4 117 117 117 – – – – – 117
1 127 127 127 – 140 – – 176 127
1 1/4 140 140 140 – – – – – 140
1 1/2 165 165 165 – 165 – – 222 165
2½ 178 178 178 178 178 – 178 267 203
2½ 190 190 190 190 190 – – 298 216
3 203 203 203 203 203 – 203 343 241
4 229 229 229 229 229 305 229 432 292
5 – – 254 – 254 381 – – 356
6 394 267 267 267 267 394 394 – 406
8 457 292 292 292 292 457 457 – 495
10 533 330 330 330 330 533 533 – 622
12 610 356 356 356 356 610 610 – 698
14 686 381 381 381 – 686 686 – 787
16 762 406 406 406 – 762 762 – 914
18 864 – 432 432 – 864 864 – 978
20 914 – 457 457 – 914 914 – 978
22 – – – 508 – – – – 1067
24 1067 – 508 508 – 1067 1067 – 1295
26 – – 559 559 – – – – 1295
28 – – 610 610 – – – – 1448
30 – – 610 660 – – – – 1524
32 – – – 711 – – – – –
34 – – – 762 1016 – – – –
36 – – 711 813 – – – – 1956
300# Ball Long Ball Short Gate Solid Wedge Plug Short Plug Plug Globe
Pattern Pattern and Double Disc and Venturi Regular Round Port and
and Conduit Pattern Pattern Full Bore Check
1/2 140 140 140 – – – 152
3/4 152 152 152 – – – 178
1 165 165 165 159 – 190 203
1 1/4 178 178 178 – – – 216
1 1/2 190 190 190 190 – 241 229
2½ 216 216 216 216 – 282 267
2½ 241 241 241 241 – 330 292
3 282 282 282 282 – 387 318
4 305 305 305 305 – 457 356
5 – – 381 – – – 400
6 403 403 403 403 403 559 444
8 502 419 419 419 502 686 559
10 568 457 457 457 568 826 622
12 648 502 502 502 711 965 711
14 762 572 762 762 762 – –
16 838 610 838 838 838 – –
18 914 660 914 914 914 – –
20 991 711 991 991 991 – –
22 1092 – 1092 1092 1092 – –
24 1143 813 1143 1143 1143 – –
26 1245 – 1245 1245 1245 – –
28 1346 – 1346 1346 1346 – –
30 1397 – 1397 1397 1397 – –
32 1524 – 1524 1524 1524 – –
34 1626 – 1626 1626 1626 – –
36 1727 – 1727 1727 1727 – –
600# Ball Long Gate Solid Wedge and Double Plug Regular and Plug Round Globe Lif
Pattern Disc and Conduit Long Venturi Pattern Port Full Bore Swing C
Pattern Pattern
1/2 165 165 – – 165
3/4 190 190 – – 190
1 216 216 216 254 216
1 1/4 229 229 229 – 229
1 1/2 241 241 241 318 241
2½ 292 292 292 330 292
2½ 330 330 330 381 330
3 356 356 356 444 356
4 432 432 432 508 432
5 – 508 – – 508
6 559 559 559 660 559
8 660 660 660 794 660
10 787 787 787 940 787
12 838 838 838 1067 838
14 889 889 889 – 889
16 991 991 991 – 991
18 1092 1092 1092 – 1092
20 1194 1194 1194 – 1194
22 1295 1295 1295 – 1295
24 1397 1397 1397 – 1397
26 1448 1448 1448 – 1448
28 1549 1549 – – 1600
30 1651 1651 1651 – 1651
32 1778 1778 1778 – –
34 1930 1930 1930 – –
36 2083 2083 2083 – 2083
900 # Gate Solid Wedge and Double Plug Regular and Plug Round Globe Lift Check and
Disc and Conduit Long Venturi Pattern Port Full Bore Swing Check Long
Pattern Pattern
3/4 – – – 229
1 254 254 – 254
1¼ 279 279 – 279
1½ 305 305 356 305
2 368 368 381 368
2½ 419 419 432 419
3 381 381 470 381
4 457 457 559 457
5 559 – – 559
6 610 610 737 610
8 737 737 813 737
10 838 838 965 838
12 965 965 1118 965
14 1029 – – 1029
16 1130 1130 – 1130
18 1219 – – 1219
20 1321 1321 – 1321
22 – – – –
24 1549 – – 1549
1500# Gate Solid Wedge Double Plug Regular and Plug Round Globe Lift Check and
Disc and Conduit Long Venturi Pattern Port Full Bore Swing Check Shor
Pattern Pattern
1/2 – – – 216
3/4 – – – 229
1 254 254 – 254
1¼ 279 279 – 279
1½ 305 305 – 305
2 368 368 391 368
2½ 419 419 454 419
3 470 470 524 470
4 546 546 625 546
5 673 – – 673
6 705 705 787 705
8 832 832 889 832
10 991 991 1067 991
12 1130 1130 1219 1130
14 1257 – – 1257
16 1384 1384 – 1384
18 1537 – – 1537
20 1664 – – 1664
22 – – – –
24 1943 – – 1943
2500# Gate Solid Wedge Double Disc and Plug Regular Globe Lift Check and Swing
Conduit Long Pattern Pattern Check Long Pattern
1/2 264 – 264
3/4 273 – 273
1 308 308 308
1¼ 349 – 349
1½ 384 384 384
2 451 451 451
2½ 508 508 508
3 578 578 578
4 673 673 673
5 794 794 794
6 914 914 914
8 1022 1022 1022
10 1270 1270 1270
12 1422 1422 1422
How to choose a valve?

The valve is a control component in the fluid delivery system, with diversion, shutoff,
regulation, throttling, to prevent backflow, the valve is a control component in the fluid
delivery system, with diversion, shutoff, regulation, throttling, reverse flow, Overflow relief
and other functions. The valve acts as an important control element for the pipe. Pipeline
system
Choose the most suitable valve is very important, related to the safety of the pipeline, loss
of traffic, cost, etc., must be familiar with the characteristics of the valve and select the
valve steps and basis.
At present, China’s valve industry has been able to produce a wide range of gate valves,
globe valves, check valves, ball valves, butterfly valves, throttle valves, plug valves,
diaphragm valves, safety valves, regulating valves, traps and special valves; The
maximum working pressure is 600MPa, the maximum nominal diameter of 5350mm, the
maximum working temperature of 1200 ℃, the minimum working temperature of -196 ℃,
the media for water, steam, oil, natural gas, strong corrosive media (such as concentrated
nitric acid, Concentration of sulfuric acid, etc.), flammable media (such as stupid, ethylene,
etc.), toxic media (such as hydrogen sulfide), explosive media and radioactive media
(metal sodium, – pure water, etc.). Stainless steel cast iron, cast iron, forged steel, high
and low alloy steel, stainless steel acid resistance, Hastelloy alloy,
Inquire nickel ore, Monel alloy, duplex stainless steel, titanium and so on. And to
supporting the production of various electric, pneumatic, hydraulic valve drive device.
In the face of such a large number of valve varieties and such a variety of complex
conditions, to choose the most suitable for the installation of the pipeline system valve
products, first of all should understand the characteristics of the valve; Second, the master
should select the steps and basis of the valve; the rules.
How to order valves?
To correctly specify a valve to suppliers, the following details have to be provided:
 Valve family (example ball valve), subfamily (example ball/trunnion) and exact
type (ball/trunnion/top entry)
 Bore size, generally expressed in NPS or DN (main bore and reducing bore, if
applicable)
 Valve rating/class (class range from 150# to 4500#)
 Manufacturing norm (example API 6D)

 Body material/trim material/packing etc
 Testing requirements
 Type of connection (flanged, threaded, butt weld, lug and others)
 Fluid in the pipeline (>oil, gas, water, steam, solids)
 Working temperature
 Working pressure
 Quantity
 Delivery time
 Origin restrictions
Source: China Valves Manufacturer – Yaang pipe fitting Industry Co., Limited
(www.metallicsteel.com)
(Yaang Pipe Industry is a leading manufacturer and supplier of nickel alloy and stainless
steel products, including Super Duplex Stainless Steel Flanges, Stainless Steel Flanges,
Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings, Stainless Steel Pipe. Yaang products are widely used in
Shipbuilding, Nuclear power, Marine engineering, Petroleum, Chemical, Mining, Sewage
treatment, Natural gas and Pressure vessels and other industries.)
If you want to have more information about the article or you want to share your opinion
with us, contact us at sales@metallicsteel.com
Please notice that you might be interested in the other technical articles we’ve published:
• WHERE TO BUY HIGH QUALITY STEEL PIPES
• WHERE TO BUY HIGH QUALITY FLANGES
• WHERE TO BUY HIGH QUALITY PIPE FITTINGS
• Ball Valves of Submarine Pipelines
• What Are the Needle Valves
• What is a ball valves
• What is a awwa butterfly valve
• What are Thread Valves
• What is a Gate Valve
• What is a Globe Valve
• What Are Check Valves
• What is a Butterfly Valve
• What is a Plug Valve
References:
 http://www.asme.org/products/codes-standards/b1634-2013-valves-flanged-t
hreaded-welding-end
 https://www.pipingonline.com/valves/valve-face-to-face-asme-b-16-10/
 https://www.yaang.com

How To Choose A Valve

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How To Choose A Valve

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www.metallicsteel.

How To Choose A Valve?

What are Valves?

Thousands of possible valve specifications are possible, originating from the

The most common functions that can be executed by valves are:

GATE | GLOBE | CHECK | BALL | BUTTERFLY | STRAINER | PLUG | PRESSURE

 LINEAR MOTION: gate, globe, diaphragm, pinch, and check

PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

A control valve is used to control parameters such as process pressure, temperature,

 flanged: connected to other piping equipment by means of single or double

BODY OF THE VALVE

There are five types of valve stems:

 Large dimension valves that operate at high pressures

VALVE ENDS CONNECTION TYPES

SOCKET, BUTTWELD ENDS

Based on the materials of construction:

ASME B16.34 SPECIFICATION FOR VALVES

This Standard is to be used in conjunction with equipment described in other volumes of

COMPLIANCE WITH ASME B16.34

The ASME valve standard B16.34 is a standard accepted globally by end-users,

When does a valve comply to ASME B16.34?

GROUP 1: CARBON AND ALLOY STEEL

Material Material Nominal Forging Casting Plate Bar T

1.1 C A216 Gr. A675 Gr. 70 A

C-SI A105 A515 Gr. 70 A105 A

C-MN-SI A350 Gr. LF2 A516 Gr. 70 A350 Gr. LF2

A537 Gr. Cl.1 A696 Gr. C

C-MN-SI-V A350 Gr. LF6

2 1/2NI A352 Gr. LC2 A203 Gr. B

C-MN-SI A216 Gr.

A352 Gr. LCC

C-MN-SI-V A350 Gr. LF6

1.3 C – A352 Gr. LCB A675 Gr. 65

C-SI A515 Gr. 65 A

2 1/2NI A203 Gr. A

3 1/2NI A203 Gr. D

C-MN-SI A516 Gr. 65 A

1.4 C – A675 Gr. 60 A

C-SI A515 Gr. 60 A

A350 Gr. LF1 A

C-MN-SI A516 Gr. 60 A350 Gr. LF1

A352 Gr. LC1 A204 Gr. B

1/2CR-1/2MO A387 Gr. 2 Cl.1 A

A387 Gr. 2 Cl.2

1CR-1/2MO A387 Gr. 12

1.7 C-1/2MO A204 Gr. C A

1/2CR-1/2MO A182 Gr. F2 A182 Gr. F2

NI-1/2CR-1/2MO A217 Gr.

3/4NI-MO-3/4CR A217 Gr.

1.8 1CR-1/2MO – – A387 Gr. 12 – A

1 1/4CR-1/2MO-SI A387 Gr. 11 A

2 1/4CR-1MO A387 Gr. 22 A

1.9 1CR-1/2MO A182 Gr. F12 A182 Gr. F12 –

1 1/4CR-1/2MO-SI A182 Gr. F11 A387 Gr. 11 A182 Gr. F11

1 1/4CR-1/2MO A217 Gr. A739 Gr. B11

A739 Gr. B22

MN-1/2MO A302 Gr. A & B

MN-s1/2MO-1/2NI A302 Gr. C

MN-1/2MO-3/4NI A302 Gr. D

C-MN-SI A537 Gr. CL2

1.12 5CR-1/2MO – – A387 Gr. 5 Cl.1 – A

A387 Gr. 5 Cl.2 A

A182 Gr. F5 A182 Gr. F5