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Abstract
Vibration absorbers are frequently used to control and minimize excess vibration in structural systems. Dynamic
vibration absorbers are used to reduce undesirable vibration in many applications such as pumps, gas turbines, engines,
bridges, electrical generators, etc. To reduce the vibration of the system, the frequency of the absorber should be equal
to the excitation frequency. The aim of this paper is to investigate the use of a variable stiffness type magnetic vibration
absorber to control the vibration of beam structure. This study will aim to develop variable stiffness of a magnetic
vibration absorber to adapt to the change in a vibratory system; its stiffness can be varied by changing the distance
between magnets. The absorber system is mounted on a cantilever beam acting as primary system. The objective is to
suppress the vibration of the primary system subjected to a harmonic excitation whose frequencies vary. This can be
achieved by varying the stiffness by changing the distance between the magnets. The advantage of a magnetic vibration
absorber is that it can be easily tuned to the excitation frequency, so it can be used to reduce the vibration of a system
subjected to variable excitation frequency.
Keywords
Magnetic vibration absorber, variable stiffness, magnets, excitation frequency
a magnetic DVA with adjustable natural frequency in beam. They showed that an absorber could be used to
three permanent magnets arranged with opposite poles provide local vibration attenuation on large electrical
to each other. The repelling force between two magnets transformers. They presented a development of a prac-
is used as spring constant and the response of the tical absorber that facilitates vibration attenuation at
system investigated by considering the nonlinear prop- multiple frequencies and investigated the possibility of
erties of restoring force. Igarasi et al. (1993) then devel- using multiple, closely spaced resonances to expand the
oped a DVA using permanent magnets to suppress the effective bandwidth of the absorber and absorber use
vibrations of beam structures; the DVA was tuned to variable stiffness for tuning purposes. Bhave and Gupta
various frequencies of a beam by adjusting the distance (2003) have designed and developed active DVA.
between three rare-earth magnets. In this three rare- Solenoid valves with a plunger and spring arrangement
earth magnet arranged in the direction of opposite were used to keep the absorber mass fixed with the
poles, the repulsion force between two magnets was beam. The absorber designed was best for those
used as spring constant. Spring constants change with machines that run at variable speeds, but remain at a
changes in the distance between magnets, which is why particular speed for a considerable amount of time.
the absorber is tuned to various frequencies. Hasmi and Golnaarghi (2003) have modeled buildings
Nagaya and Sugiura (1995) developed the magnetic as cantilever beams. They designed an active moving
levitation actuator for obtaining a linear system. They mass damper and experimentally implemented it to
investigated the nonlinear properties of spring con- control first mode of vibrations. Then they designed
stants. The restoring force due to the magnetic force an alternative pendulum control system and imple-
is linearized by controlling the electric currents in the mented it. Liu et al. (2006) have developed a tunable
coil of electromagnets. The nonlinear properties of electromagnetic vibration absorber (EMVA) whose
spring constants are control by adjusting the supply stiffness is on-line tunable. The EMVA is capable of
of current to an electromagnet. This absorber includes suppressing vibration of the primary system (a simply
three permanent magnets and two electromagnets. supported beam) excited by harmonic force with vari-
Nagem et al. (1997) developed the electromechanical able frequency. Khazanov (2007) has explained an
vibration absorber to suppress the vibration of the effective and low-cost method to reduce the vibrations
simply supported beam using the E shape magnet. of a pump over a wide operating speed range by install-
Nagaya et al. (1999) presented a method of vibration ing a DVA. Deng and Gong (2007) have presented the
control for structures with the consideration of higher application of magnetorheological elastomers to a
modes of vibrations. In their method, the principle vibration absorber. Moradi et al. (2008) have designed
vibration mode is controlled by the use of auto-tuning a tunable vibration absorber to suppress chatter vibra-
anti-resonance control of the tunable variable stiffness tions in boring operation in which the boring bar is
vibration absorber without damping, and higher modes modeled as a cantilever Euler–Bernoulli beam instead
are suppressed by the optimal vibration absorber with of considering it as a single degree-of-freedom system.
magnetic damper. Li and Hu (2001) have presented a The optimum values of the absorber parameters, such
numerical simulation of magnetic field design for as spring stiffness, absorber mass, and absorber pos-
damping thermocapillary convection in a floating half ition are determined using an algorithm based on a
zone. The magnetic fields developed by electric coils are mode summation method. Huang and Hung (2011)
designed for damping the thermocapillary convection have developed the piezoelectric vibration absorber.
in a floating half zone in microgravity and also the This absorber is made of a pair of piezoelectric
fields are designed specially to reduce the flow near sheets, attached to both sides of the plate, and closed
the free surface. Balamurugan and Narayanan (2002) electric circuits. One piece of the piezoelectric material
have developed smart constrained layer damping provides a sensor for detecting the motion of the plate.
(SCLD) treatment control of the vibration of beams. Another piece serves as an active dynamic absorber.
SCLD design consists of a viscoelastic shear layer sand-
wiched between two layers of piezoelectric sensors and
actuator and this composite bonded to a vibrating 2. Theoretical design of the primary
structure acts as a smart treatment. Hill and Sunder system
(2002) have described the design of a vibration absorber
(dual mass vibration absorber) using Finite Element
2.1. Governing equation of the primary system
Analysis (FEA) in analysis software (ANSYS) software The governing equation for the natural frequency of a
to reduce structural vibrations at multiple frequencies cantilever beam is given by
with enlarged bandwidths. They carried out experi-
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ments to control vibrations of panel having all-sides !n ¼ 2n EI=pA ð1Þ
clamped boundary conditions and a simply supported
1962 Journal of Vibration and Control 20(13)
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
!n ¼ ðn lÞ2 EI=pAl4 ð2Þ sides. The natural frequency of an absorber can be
changed over a wider range by changing the distance
where, wn is natural frequency of a cantilever beam, Bn between magnets.
is constant to be determined from the boundary condi- For cylindrical magnets the relation between dis-
tions, l is the length of the beam, p is the mass density, tance between magnets and repelling force F(d) is cal-
I is the moment of inertia of the beam and A is the culated by using relation,
cross-section area of the beam. For the rectangular uni-
form beam Fðd Þ ¼ Kdn ð3Þ
L (mm) fn (Hz)
130 8.91
120 10.050
110 11.96
100 14.49
90 17.91
80 22.70
70 29.69
60 40.49
50 58.42
40 91.51
Figure 2. Graph of repelling force vs. distance between 30 163.200
magnets.
The stiffness of absorber is calculated with help of
equation (6)
Table 4. Stiffness for various distances. n o
L (mm) d1 (mm) d2 (mm) Ke ðN=mm2 Þ Ke ¼ kn dðnþ1Þ
1 þ dðnþ1Þ
2 ð6Þ
130 66 64 548.57
120 60.92308 59.0769 756.42 Figure 3 shows the graph of stiffness vs. distance
110 55.84615 54.1538 1074.085 between magnets.
100 50.76923 49.2308 1577.42 The frequancy of the absorber is calculated with the
90 45.69231 44.3077 2407.46
help of equation (7)
80 40.61538 39.3846 3865.97 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
70 35.53846 34.4615 6617.169
!n1 ¼ ðKe=mÞ ð7Þ
60 30.46154 29.5385 12296.85
fn1 ¼ !n =2 ð8Þ
50 25.38462 24.6154 25613.30
40 20.30769 19.6923 62826.5 Natural frequencies decrease with increases in distance
30 15.23077 14.7692 199774.33 between magnets, which is shown in Table 5.
1964 Journal of Vibration and Control 20(13)
Figure 8. Graph of amplitude verses excitation frequency of beam with and without absorber.
main system was measured. Then for next set of read- that is tuned, there was slight shifting of the peak.
ings the positions of the magnets on the rod of the The effectiveness of the absorber was checked on a can-
absorber was changed. The natural frequency of an tilever beam. It was found that the designed absorber is
absorber can be changed over a wider range by chan- very effective in reducing vibrations of the beam when it
ging the distance between magnets. For this setup the is tuned to various excitation frequencies nearer to the
excitation frequency was again gradually increased. natural frequency of the cantilever beam.
The same procedure was repeated for a number of pos-
itions of magnets on rods of the absorber. Then an
amplitude versus excitation frequency graph was Funding
plotted for different distances between magnets for a This research received no specific grant from any funding
cantilever beam, which is shown in Figure 8. agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
From Figure 8 it is clear that the amplitude of vibra-
tion is considerably minimized. Thus a cantilevered References
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