Index

Abel. Niels. 287 argument. of a complex Bolzano-Weierstrass

Abel summation. 292 number. 73 property. 50. 153
Abel's partial summation arithmetic of limits. 42 Bolza no-Weierstrass
formula. 287. 308 Arzela-Ascoli theorem. theorem. 153. 165
Abel's test. 287. 308 273.299 bound. lower. 38. 47
Abel's theorem. 292. 311 associative. 22. 26. 57 bound. upper. 38. 47
absolute convergence of atomic sentences. 12 boundary condition. 593.
integrals. 464 axiom 594.598
absolute convergence of of choice. 16 boundary of a set. 118
series. 126. 323 of extension. 13 boundary value
absolute maximum. 189. of infinity. 16 problems. 661
214 of pairing. 15 boundary. properties of.
absolute minimum. 189. of powers. 15 145
214 of specification. 14
bounded
absolute value. 30. 73 of substitution. 17
of unions. 15 above. 38
absolute value function. metric. 65
198 axioms
of addition. 26 sequence. 38. 86. 115.
accumulation points. 113. 123.133
131 of a field. 26
of multiplication. 26 totally. 153. 166
addition axioms. 26 variation. 570
additive inverse. 26 of order. 27
of set theory. 7 bow-tie region. 198
affine approximation. Brouwer fixed point
best. 329 theorem. 275
Baire category theorem.
affine hyperplane. 59
175 Brownian motion. 337
algebra. 284 ball in n-space. volume of. Bunyakovskii. 62
algebraic number. 258 532
alternating series. 127. Banach space. 270 (C. 1) integrability. 325
136 barber's paradox. 11 (C. r) summable. 291. 571
amplitude. 543 base of logarithms. 259
analysis. Fourier. 543 C1 function. 199
basis. standard. 59 cancellation laws. 28
analytic. real. 360 Bernstein. Sergei. 283
angular momentum. 614 Cantor. Georg. 8. 43
Bernstein polynomials. Cantor set. 176.494
antiderivative. 208 283.305
antisymmetry. 27 cardinality of a set. 6
Bessel's inequality. 554.
approximate identity. 628 621 Carleson. L.. 560
approximation. best affine approximation. cartesian product. 3
polygonal. 322 329 Cauchy. Augustin Louis.
Archimedean ordered best mean approximation. 49
field. 33. 40.50.82. 102 555.622 Cauchy
Archimedean property. big oh notation. 142 completeness. 50
33.40. 50.82. 102 bilinear map. 356 condensation test. 137
area element in polar binomial coefficient. 283 criterion for integrals.
coordinates. 499. 508 binomial series. 325 466
area of a set. 452 bisection process. 87 criterion for series.
area under a graph. 204 black box. 280 126. 135

729
730
cauchy (con#nued)
criterion for uniform
convergence, 244,
295
sequence, 49, 86, 88,
123, 270, 549
cauchy-Riemann
equations, 440
cauchy-Schwarz
inequality, 61, 69, 94, 98,
547,619
Cesaro 1-summable, 290,
571
Cesaro summability, 290,
571
chain rule, 199, 216, 345,
371,384
change of coordinates,
412,506
change of variables
theorem, 505, 523
changing the fastest, 350
chaos, 338
characteristic function,
451
characteristics, 596
Chernoff, Paul, 626
choice, axiom of, 16
circle of convergence,
289,310
class C", 358
class, equivalence, 43
classical Fourier series,
545,553
classical mechanics, 610
closed interval, 46
closed loop feedback, 280
closed set, 110
closed sets, and
convergent sequences,
122
closed sets, intersection
of, 110
closed sets, union of, 110
closed, relatively, 173
closure ota set, 116, 131
closure properties, of, 145
cluster point, 52, 88,91,
113,124
common Fourier series,
579
commutative, 26, 57
commutative group, 28
commutative ring, 32
commutator of operators,
615
compact, 151, 152, 153
compact metric space,
153
compact set, image of,
182,212
compact sets, product of,
174
compact, relatively, 235
compactness, pointwise,
273
comparison test for
integrals, 461, 462, 464
comparison test for
series, 126, 135
complement, 2
complement, orthogonal,
62,650
complete induction, 32
complete metric space,
123
complete ordered field,
39,82
complete orthonormal
family, 552, 553
complete space, 270
completeness, 35, 39, 123
cauchy, 50
of the complex
numbers, 76
of Euclidean space,
124
of an inner product
space, 549
of an ordered field, 39
complex conjugate, 73
complex inner product
space, 76
complex number, 70, 72
complex numbers,
sequence of, 76
complex parallelogram
law, 101
complex valued
functions, 230
complex vector space, 58
component of a set, 164
component, path, 164
composite function
theorem, 345
composition of maps, 6,
184
computation of Fourier
series, 573
condensation test, 137
condition, Lipschitz, 276,
334
condition, Riemann's for
integrability, 448, 472
Index
conditional convergence
for integrals, 464
conditional convergence
for series, 126
conditions for
differentiability, 340
conjugate, complex, 73
connected set, 163, 191
connected set, image of,
182,212
connected sets, product
of, 174
connectives, logical, 12
conservation of energy,
654
constant multiple rule,
199
constant, Euler's, 148
constant, Lipschitz, 408
constrained extrema, 414
constraints, 417
content zero, 452
continuity
conditions for, 221
of a function, 179
of a linear map, 228
separate, 233
continuous function, 68,
179
continuous function,
uniform approximation
of, 283
continuous functions,
properties of, 213
continuous functions,
space of, 268
continuous maps,
properties of, 186
continuous on a set, 179
continuous path, 160
continuous sectionally,
550
contraction mapping
principle, 275, 301, 420
contra positive, 84 '
control problem, ,281
convergence
circle of, 289,310
conditional, for
integrals, 464
conditional, for series,
126
mean, 548
theorem, dominated,
248
pointwise of a
sequence, 238
Index
pointwise of a series,
240
properties of Fourier
series, 561, 575
radius of, 289, 310
of a series, absolute,
126,323
of a series, uniform,
240
of a series, 125, 547
of a sequence of
complex numbers,
76
of a sequence,
uniform, 239
convergent sequence, 36,
86, 120, 133, 547
and closed sets, 122
in Euclidean space,
121
in a metric space, 120
in a normed space, 121
properties of, 121
converse, 84
convex function, 537
convex set, 354
convolution, 609, 628, 646
coordinates, change of,
506
coordinates, cylindrical,
511
coordinates, polar, 498,
508
coordinates, spherical,
439,510
cosine, 263
cosine series, Fourier,
569,573,574
cosine transform, Fourier,
607
countability of the
rationals, 33
countable set, 6
Courant, Richard, 321
cover, 152, 452
cr,358
critical point, index of, 412
critical point,
nondegenerate, 412
cubic polynomial, 193
cut, Dedekind, 97
cylindrical coordinates,
integrals in, 511
d'Alembert's solution, 605
Darboux' theorem, 448,
472
de Morgan's laws, 22
decapitation, 291
decimal expansion, 35,
48,83
decreasing function, 200,
217
decreasing sequence, 39
Dedekind, Richard, 43
Dedekind cut, 97
definite, negative, 364
definite, positive, 364
degree m, 385
delta function, 469
delta function, Fourier
series of, 571
dense set, 44,148,284,
305
dense, nowhere, 175
denumerable set, 6
dependence, functional,
437
derivative, 196,328
directional, 341
of a distribution, 471
of a function of one
variable, 196
of inverse function,
393
matrix, 331, 368
second, 356
total, 331
uniqueness of, 329
derivatives and limits, 516
derivatives and uniform
convergence, 249,516
derivatives, higher, 355
determinant, Jacobian,
391
Devaney, Robert, 338
diagonal process, 300
differentiability and
continuity, 197
differentiabiliity of the
exponential, 258
differentiability,
conditions for, 340
differentiable function,
328
differentiable function of
one variable, 196, 327
differential, 331
differential equations, 276
differential equations,
existence theorem for,
302,407,430
differentiation of Fourier
series, 589, 638
differentiation rules, 199,
215
731
differentiation under the
integral, 517, 532
Dini's theorem, 314
Dirac, Paul, 469
directional derivative, 341
Dirichlet, P. G., 287
Dirichlet-Jordan theorem,
570
Dirichlet's problem, 600,
642
Dirichlet's test, 287, 309,
493
disconnected set, 163
discontinuity, jump, 563
discrete metric, 65, 108
discrete set, 174
disk, 104
distance, 30
distance, between
functions, 270, 547
distance, between points,
64,103
distance, between
vectors, 67
distribution, derivative of,
471
distributions, 469
distributivity, 17, 58, 60,
68,77,92
domain, 4
domain straightening
theorem, 401, 426
dominated convergence
theorem for series, 496
double series, 322
double-slit experiment,
611
e,258
e, irrationality of, 142
e-ball,104
e"disk, 104, 130
e-neighborhood, 104
e-tube,239
eigenfunction, 612
eigenvalue, 612, 653
elementary functions, 254
empty set, 1, 14, 104
energy operator, 614
energy, conservation of,
654
equation
heat, 598, 639
Laplace's, 600
of motion, 594
Schroedinger, 614
wave, 543, 593
732
equations
Cauchy-Riemann, 440
Fredholm, 277, 303
integral, 277
Volterra, 277
equicontinuity, 272
equivalence class, 43
error function, 268
Euclidean n space, 57
Euclidean space, metric
of,103
Euclidean space,
topologyof,103
Euler's constant, 148
Euler's formula, 251
European convention, 46
even extension, 575 Fredholm equations, 277,
even function, 573
existence theorem, 40, Fubini's theorem, 500,
407
existence theorem for function, 3, 17
differential equations,
302,407,430
expectation value, 613
exponential Fourier
series, 574
exponential function,
differentiability of, 258
exponential functions,
254,256
exponential system, 553
exponents, properties of,
254,262-3
extension, axiom of, 13
extension of a function, 6
extension to be periodic,
563
extrema, constrained, 414
fastest change, 350
feedback loop, 280
Fejer kernel, 632
Fejer's theorem, 571,632
field, 26, 32
field, ordered, 27
finite intersection
property, 154
finite set, 6, 11
finite subcover, 152
first harmonic, 544
fIXed point, 193, 275,421
formula of Euler, 251
Fourier
analYSiS, 543
cosine series, 569,
573,574
cosine transform, 607
integrals, 605
Index
inversion formula, 606 propositional, 10
series, 553 range of, 4
series, classical, 545, real-valued, 17
553 restriction, 6
series, computation of, simple, 320
573 source of,4
series, convergence surjective, 4
properties, 561 target of, 4
series, differentiation functional dependence,
of,589,638 437
series, uniform functions
convergence of, 588, composition of, 6, 184
636 distance between, 270
sine series, 569, 573, elementary, 254
574 Hermite, 321, 554
sine transform, 607 Laguerre, 554
orthogonal, 550
303 sequence of, 238
series of, 240
519,521 test, 471
trigonometric, 263
characteristic, 451 fundamental solutions,
of class C', 199 543
continuous, 68 fundamental theorem of
convex, 537 calculus, 209, 226
decreasing, 200, 217
delta, 469 game of n tosses, 284
differentiable, 328 gamma function, 492
domain of,4 Gaussian function, 531,
error, 268 607
even,573 general linear group, 421
extension of, 6 generalized Pythagorean
gamma, 492 theorem, 555
Gaussian, 531, 607 geometric series, 126, 135
graph of,4 geometry of the gradient,
harmonic, 388, 600 350,414
identity,5, 180 Gibbs' phenomenon, 582,
image of, 4, 5 635,658
implicit, 397 Gibbs' phenomenon, for a
increasing, 200, 217 step function, 584
injective, 4 glb,47
integrable, 205, 446 gluing lemma, 232
integral of, 205, 448 Grabiner, Judith, 49
inverse, 5 gradient, defined, 332
inverse image under, 5 gradient, geometry of,
limit of, 177 350,414
maximum of, 189 Gram-Schmidt process,
minimum of, 189 553
norm of, 269, 546 graph,4
nowhere differentiable, greatest lower bound
318,337 property, 47, 85
odd,573 group, commutative, 28
of one variable, group, general linear, 421
differentiable, 196, growing sets, 157
327
one-to-one, 4 half-interval series, 574
onto, 4 Hardy, G. H., 143
oscillation of, 477 harmonic, first, 544
Index 733

harmonic function, 388, inequality, triangle, 30, 61,
600 64,65,92,103
harmonic sequence, 44, inequality, upper-lower
84 integral,219
harmonic series, 137 inf,47
harmonics, 543 infimum, 47, 90
heat equation, 598, 639 infinite product, 648, 661
Heine-Borel theorem, 151, infinite set, 6
155, 167 infinity, axiom of, 16
Hermite, Charles, 143, 258 initial condition, 276, 408,
Hermite functions, 321, 593,594,598
554 initial displacement
Hermitian form, 77 problem, 594
Hermitian symmetry, 77 injective, 4
Hessian, 363 inner product, 60, 545
higher derivatives, 355 inner product space, 62,
Hilbert, David, 321 68,545
Hilbert space, 549 completeness of, 549
history of set theory, 8 complex, 76, 545
Holder's inequality, 324 metric of, 94
homogeneous, 385 norm of, 94, 546
hypergeometric series, instantaneous velocity,
148 335
hyperplane, affine, 59 integers, 32
integers, nonnegative, 25
identity function, 180 integrability, (e, 1),325
identity mapping, 5 integrable function of one
identity, Lagrange's, 98 variable, 205
identity, polarization, 98 integrable function of
if and only if, 4 several variables, 446
iff,4 integral
image of a compact set, equations, 277
182,212 equations, Volterra,
image of a connected set, 277
182,212 of a function, 205, 448
imaginary axis, 71 Lebesgue, 513
imaginary part, 73 properties of, 457
imaginary unit, 71 test, 127, 136
implicit function, 397 transform, 608
implicit function theorem, transform, kernel of,
397,424 608
improper integrals, 459 upper and lower, 207,
improper integrals 448
defined,461 integrals
increasing function, 200, absolute convergence
217 of,464
increasing sequence, 39 Cauchy criterion for,
index of a critical point, 466
412 in cylindrical
induction, 7, 19,31 coordinates, 511
induction, complete, 32 Fourier, 605
inequality, Bessel's, 554, improper, 459
621 iterated, 501
inequality, and limits, 516
Cauchy-Schwarz, 61, 69, mean value theorem
94,98,547,619 for, 457, 481
inequality, mean value, in polar coordinates,
382 508
properties of, 223
in spherical
coordinates, 510
and uniform
convergence, 247,
516
integration, order of, 504
integration and series, 248
integration theorem for
Fourier series, 576, 634
interchange of limits, 514
interchange of limits and
sums, 240, 295
interior ofa set, 108, 109
interior point, 108
interior; as largest open
subset, 109
interior, properties of, 145
intermediate value
theorem, 191,215
interpolation formula of
lagrange, 286
intersection, 2, 14
intersection of closed
sets, 110
intersection of open sets,
106
interval, closed, 46
interval, open, 46
inverse function, 5
inverse function theorem,
202,218,393,420
inverse function,
derivative of, 393
inverse image of a closed
set, 180
inverse image of an open
set, 180
inverse image, 5
inverse, additive, 26
inverse, left, 22
inverse, right, 22
inverses, unique, 79
inversion formula, Fourier,
606
invertibility, local, 392
irrational powers, 261
irrationality of e, 142
isolated point, 174
isometry, 234
isomorphism, 43
isoperimetric problem,
648
iterated integrals, 501
iteration, Picard,409
Jacobian determinant,
391
734
Jacobian matrix, 331, 368
Jacobians, product rule
for, 435
Jordan measurable, 452
Julia set, 337
jump discontinuity, 563
kernel, Fejer, 632
Klein, Morris, 513
Lagrange multiplier
theorem, 433
Lagrange multipliers, 414
Lagrange's identity, 98
Lagrange's interpolation
formula, 286
Laguerre functions, 554
Laplace's equation, 600
Laplace transform, 608
largest open subset, 109
law of trichotomy, 27
law, de Morgan, 22
law, distributive, 17
law, parallelogram, 98
laws of cancellation, 28
least upper bound, 45, 85
least upper bound
property, 47, 85
Lebesgue integral, 513
Lebesgue number, 166
Lebesgue's completeness
proof,662
Lebesgue's dominated
convergence theorem,
248
Lebesgue's monotone
convergence theorem,
467,486
Lebesgue's theorem, 455,
476
left-hand limit, 179
left inverse, 22
Legendre polynomials,
554
Leibniz rule, 349, 532
lemma, Morse, 412, 431,
443
lemma, power, 136
lemma,
Riemann-Lebesgue, 559,
628
lemma, sandwich, 37, 80
length of a set, 452
length of a vector, 59, 546
I'Hopital's rule, 100,355
lie in a set, 160
lim inf, 53, 90
lim sup, 53, 90
limit
of a function, 177
inferior, 53, 90
left hand, 179
point, 145
right hand, 179
of a sequence, 36
superior, 53, 90
theorem for
sequences,39,81
limits and derivatives, 516
limits and integrals, 516
limits, interchange of, 514
limits, uniqueness of, 38,
178
Lindemann, C. L. F., 143,
258
line segment, 353
line, long, 102
linear map, continuity of,
228
linear ordering, 27
linear subspace, 58
Lipschitz condition, 276,
334,408
Lipschitz constant, 408
Lipschitz mapping, 195,
198,276,334
Lipschitz property, 276,
334,369
little oh notation, 142
local invertibility, 392
local Lipschitz property,
369
local maximum, 363
local minimum, 363
logarithm, natural, 259
logic, 9
logical connectives, 12
long line, 102
lower bound, 38, 47
lower integral, 207,448
lower semicontinuous,
318
lower sum, 204, 447
lub,45
Luxemburg, W. A. J., 466,
623
M test, 245, 295
magnitude, of a number,
30, 73
Mandelbrot set, 338
map, 17
map, bilinear, 356
map, multilinear, 228
mapping, identity, 5
Index
mapping, Lipschitz, 195,
198,276,408
mathematical induction,
31
matrix of the derivative,
331,368
matrix, Jacobian, 331, 368
maximal connected, 164
maximum, absolute, 189,
214
maximum, local, 363
maximum-minimum
theorem, 189,214
mean approximation,
best, 555, 622
mean completeness
theorem, 562, 623
mean convergence, 548
mean value inequality,
382
mean value theorem, 201,
353,373
mean value theorem for
integrals, 457, 481
mean value theorem,
second,236
measurable, Jordan, 452
measure zero, 452, 491
mechanics, 610
members of a set, 1
metric
bounded,65
discrete, 65, 108
of an inner product
space,94,547
of a normed space, 93
space, 62,64,93, 103
space, compact, 153
space, compactness
of,166
space, completeness
of,123
space, sequence in,
134
word,65
Milnor, John, 540
minimum, absolute, 189
minimum, local, 363
Minkowski's inequality,
324,548
mixed partials, symmetry
of, 357, 374, 519
momentum, angUlar, 614
momentum operator, 614
monotone convergence
theorem, 467, 486
monotone sequence
property, 39
Index
monotone sequences, 35
Morse lemma, 412, 431,
443
multilinear map, 228
multiplication axioms, 26
multiplicative identity, 58
multiplicativity, 77, 92
multipliers, Lagrange, 414
n space, 57
n tosses, game of, 284
natural logarithm, 259
natural number, 31
negative definite, 364
neighborhood, 104
nested set property, 157,
169
non-Archimedean
ordered field, 102
nondecreasing sequence,
39
nondegeneracy, 60, 61,
64,65,68,76,92
nondegenerate critical
point, 412
nonnegative integers, 25
norm of a function, 269,
546
norm, 59, 65
norm, of an inner product
space, 94, 545
norm, supremum, 66
norm, taxicab, 66
normed space, 62, 65
normed space, metric of,
93
normed space, series in,
125
nowhere dense, 175
nowhere differentiable
function, 319, 337
number, absolute value,
30, 70
number, algebraic, 258
number, complex, 70, 72
number, magnitude of, 30
number, natural, 31
numbers, 26
numbers, transcendental,
143,258
number system, real, 43
number systems, 31
odd extension, 575
odd function, 573
one-to-one
correspondence, 5
one-to-one function, 4
onto, 4
open interval, 46
open set, 104
open sets, intersection of,
106
open sets, union of, 106
open, relatively, 174
operations, term by term,
515
operator, energy, 614
operator, position, 614
operator, symmetric, 612
operator, unbounded, 612
optimization, 366
order axioms, 27
order of integration, 504
ordered field, 27
ordered field,
Archimedean, 33, 40,
50,82,102
ordered field,
completeness of, 39
ordered pair, 3
ordering, linear, 27
ordering, partial, 27
ordering, total, 27
ordering, well, 31
orthogonal complements,
62,650
orthogonal functions, 550
orthogonal projection,
550,552
orthogonal vectors, 62, 68
orthonormal family, 552
orthonormal family,
complete, 552, 553
orthonormal vectors, 550
oscillation of a function,
477
overshoot, 658
p-series test, 127, 135
pairing, axiom of, 15
paraboloid, 411
paradox, 11
parallelepiped, volume of,
506
parallelogram law, 98, 101
parallelogram law,
complex, 101, 551
Parseval's relation, 577,
608
Parseval's theorem, 555,
622
partial derivative, defined,
331
partial ordering, 27
735
partial summation
formula, 287, 308
partial sums, 240
partition, 204, 446
partition, refinement of,
220,447
path component of a set,
164
path, continuous, 160
path-connected set, 160,
169, 192
path-connected set,
locally, 173
perfect set, 176
periodic extension, 563
phenomenon, Gibbs',
582, 635, 658
Picard iteration, 409
Plancherel's theorem, 608
Planck's constant, 614
point, fixed, 193, 275, 421
point, interior, 108
point, isolated, 174
point, limit, 145
point, saddle, 363
points, accumulation, 113
points, cluster, 113, 124
pointwise compactness,
273
pointwise convergence of
a sequence, 238
pointwise convergence of
a series, 240
pointwise convergence
theorem, 565, 626
polar coordinates, 498,
508
polar coordinates, area
element in, 499, 508
polar coordinates,
integrals in, 508
polarization identity, 98,
551
polygonal approximation,
322
polynomial, cubic, 193
polynomial,
trigonometric, 286
polynomials, Bernstein,
283, 305
polynomials, Legendre,
554
Porter, G. J., 137
position operator, 614
positive definite, 364
positivity, 60, 61, 64, 65,
68,76,92
power functions, 262
736 Index

power lemma, 136 Pythagorean theorem, root test, 127

power series, 289 551,555 Royden, H. L., 513
power set, 17, 19, 21 rule, chain, 199, 216, 345,
powers, axiom of, 15 quantifiers, 12 371,384
preimage,5 quantum mechanical rule, I'Hopital's, 100, 355
prime number, 9 state, 612 rule, Leibniz, 349, 532
principle of complete quantum mechanics, 469, rule, product, 349
induction, 32 610 rules of differentiation,
principle, contraction quotient rule, 199 199,215
mapping, 275, 301, 420 Russell paradox, 11
probability density, 611 Raabe's test, 148
problem, Dirichlet's, 600, radius of convergence, saddle point, 363
642 289,310 sandwich lemma, 37,80
problem, isoperimetric, range, 4 Sard's theorem, 540
648 range straightening scalar multiplication, 57
problems, boundary theorem, 403, 426 Schrodinger equation,
value, 661 rank theorem, 405, 428 614
problems, Sturn-Liouville, ratio comparison test, Schwartz, Laurent, 470
653 127, 136 second countable space,
process, diagonal, 300 ratio test, 127, 135 319
product formula, Wallis', rational numbers, 27, 32 second derivative, 356
real analytic, 360 second derivative,
648
real number system, 43 symmetry of, 357
product rule for
real part, 73 second mean vaule
Jacobians, 435
real-valued function, 17 theorem, 236, 377
product rule, 199,349
real vector space, 57, 58 second-order Taylor
product, infinite, 648, 661 rea Is, uncountability of, 83 formula, 361
projection, orthogonal, rearrangement of a series, sectionally continuous,
550, 552 315,323 550
properties reciprocal, 26 semicontinuous, lower,
boundary, 145 reductio ad absurdum, 10 318
of closure, 145 refinement of a partition, semicontinuous, upper,
of continuous maps, 220,447 318
186 reflecting waves, 597 semidefinite, 364
of the exponential reflexivity, 27 sentences, atomic, 12
function, 257 regularity, 291 separable space, 319
of exponents, 254, relatively closed, 173 separate continuity, 233
262-3 relatively compact, 235 separation of variables,
of integrals, 223 relatively open, 174 594
of interior, 145 restriction of a function, 6 sequence of functions,
of the integral, 457 Riemann integrable, 205, 238
property 446 sequence,6,36
Archimedean, 33, 40, Riemann-Lebesgue bounded, 38, 86, 115,
50,82,102 lemma, 559, 628 123,133
Bolzano-Weierstrass, Riemann's condition for Cauchy, 49, 88, 123,
50, 153, 165 integrability, 448, 472 549
completeness, 39 Riesz-Fischer theorem, cluster point of, 52, 124
finite intersection, 154 655 convergent, 36, 76, 86,
greatest lower bound, right hand limit, 179 120,133
47,85 right inverse, 22 decreasing, 39
least upper bound, 47, ring, 28,32 in Euclidean space,
85 ring, commutative, 32 134
Lipschitz, 276, 334, 408 ring, with identity, 32 harmonic, 44, 84
monotone sequence, ring, with unity, 32 increasing, 39
39 Rivlin's equation, 203 limit of, 36
nested set, 157, 167 R. n , 57,103 in a metric space, 120,
well-ordering, 31 Itn, metric of, 103 134
propositional function, 10 Rolle's theorem, 200 monotone, 35, 39
Index 737

nondecreasing, 39 length of, 452 Spivak, Michael, 143

in a normed space, 132 locally standard basis, 59
of vectors, 132 path-connected,173 state, quantum
sequences, limit theorem Mandelbrot, 338 mechanical,612
for, 39, 81 members of, 1 step function, Gibbs'
sequentially compact, nowhere dense, 175 phenomenon for, 584
151, 153 open, 104 Stone-Weierstrass
series, 125 path-connected,160, theorem, 284,305,623
absolute convergence 169, 192 strictly decreasing, 39,
of,126,323 perfect, 176 200,217
alternating, 127, 136 power, 17 strictly increasing, 39,
binomial, 325 preimage of, 5 200,217
comparison test for, theory, axioms of, 7 Sturm-Liouville problems,
126,135 theory, history of, 8 653
convergence of, 125 totally disconnected, subcover, 152
dominated 176 subcover. finite, 152
convergence uncountable, 6 subsequence, 7,49,86,
theorem, 496 volume of,451 88
double, 322 sets, growing, 157 subset, 1
Fourier, 553 sets, intersection of, 2, 14 subspace, 58
of functions, 240 sets, union of, 2, 15 substitution, axiom of, 17
geometric, 126, 135 shape, wave, 543 sum rule, 199
hypergeometric,148 signal,280 summabilitv, Cesaro, 290,
integral test for, 127, signed area, 204 571
136 simple convergence of a summation, Abel, 292
and integrals, 248 sequence,238 sums, partial, 240
p-series, 127, 135 simple convergence of a sums, upper and lower,
power, 289 series, 240 204,447
ratio comparison test simple function, 320 sup,45,95,96
for, 127, 136 sine series, Fourier, 569, supremum, 45, 90, 95, 96
ratio testfor, 127, 135 573,574 supremum norm, 66
rearrangement of, 315 sine transform, Fourier, surjection, 4
roottestfor, 127, 136 607 symmetric operator, 612
sesquilinear form, 77 sine, 263 symmetry, 61, 64, 68, 77,
set, 1 Sobolev, S. L.,470 92
area of,452 solution, d'Alembert's, symmetry, Hermitian, 77
boundary of, 118 605 symmetry of mixed
Cantor, 176,494 solutions, fundamental, partials, 357,374,519
cardinality of, 6 543 symmetry of the second
cartesian product. 3 source, 4 derivative, 357, 374
closed,110 space
closure of, 116 Banach, 270 tangent line, 197
compact, 152 of bounded functions, target, 4
complement, 2 269 Tauberian theorem, 292
component of, 164 complete, 270 taxicab norm, 66
connected, 163,169, of continuous Taylor formula,
191 functions, 268 second-order, 361
convex,354 Hilbert, 549 Taylor's theorem, 359,
countable, 6 inner product, 62 375
dense, 148 metric, 62, 103 term by term operations,
denumerable, 6 normed,62 515
disconnected,163 second countable, 319 test, Abel, 287, 308
discrete, 174 separable, 319 test, comparison for
finite,6 topological,106 improper integrals, 461,
image of,5 specification, axiom of, 14 462,464
infinite, 6 spectral theorem, 613 test, Dirichlet, 287, 309,
interior of, 108, 109 spherical coordinates, 493
Julia, 337 439,510 test functions, 471
738 Index

theorem second mean value, union of closed sets, 110

Abel's, 292, 311 236,377 union of open sets, 106
Arzela-Ascoli, 27; 299 spectral,613 unions, axiom of, 15
Baire category, 175 Stone-Weierstrass, unique inverses, 79
Bolzano-Weierstrass, 284,305,623 uniqueness of limits, 38,
153, 165 Tauberian, 292 178
Brouwer fixed point, Taylor's, 359, 375 upper bound, 38
275 uniform continuity, upper bound, least, 45
change of variables, 194,215,515 upper integral, 207,448
505,523 topological space, 106 upper semicontinuous,
composite function, topology of Euclidean 318
345 space, 103 upper sum, 204, 447
Darboux', 448, 472 total derivative, 331 upper-lower integral
Dini's, 314 total ordering, 27 inequality, 219
Dirichlet-Jordan, 570 totally bounded, 153,166
domain straightening, totally disconnecteed set, value, expectation, 613
401,426 176 variation, bounded, 570
dominated transcendental numbers, vector addition, 57
convergence, 248 143,258 vector space, 57
Fejer's, 571, 632 transform, Laplace, 608 vector space, complex, 58
Fubini's, 500, 519, 521 traveling waves, 596 vector space, normed, 65
fundamental, 209, 226 triangle inequality, 30, 61, vector space, real, 58
Heine-Borel, 151, 155, 64,65,92,103 vector subspace, 58
167 triangle inequality, vector, length of, 59, 546
implicit function, 397, alternate version of, 30 vector, norm of, 59
424 trichotomy, 27
vectors, 57
integration for Fourier trigonometric Fourier
vectors, orthogonal, 62
series, 576, 634 series, 574
vectors, orthonormal,
intermediate value, trigonometric functions,
263 550,552
191,215
inverse function, 202, trigonometric polynomial, velocity, 335
218, 393,420 286 vibrating drum, 597
Lagrange multiplier. trigonometric system, 553 Volterra integral
433 tube, 239 equations, 277
Lebesgue's, 455, 476 volume of a ball in
Lebesgue's monotone unbounded operator, 612 n-space, 532
convergence, 467, uncertainty principle, 615, volume of a rectangle, 447
486 617 volume of a set, 451
maximum-minimum, uncountability of the volume of parallelepiped,
189,214 rea Is, 83 506
mean completeness, uncountable set, 6 volume zero, 452
562,623 uniform continuity,
mean value, 201, 353, definition, 194 Wallis' product formula,
373 uniform continuity 648
mean value of theorem, 194,215,515 wave equation, 543, 593
integrals, 457, 481 uniform convergence wave shape, 543
Parseval's, 555, 622 Cauchy criterion for, Weierstrass M test, 245,
Plancherel's,608 244,295 295
pointwise and derivatives, 249, well-ordering, 31
convergence, 565, 516 Wiener. Norbert, 337
626 . of Fourier series, 588, word metric, 65
Pythagorean, 555 636 Wright, E. M., 143
range straightening, and integrals, 247, 516
403,426 of a sequence, 239 zero content, 452
rank, 405, 428 of a series, 240 zero measure, 452, 491
Riesz-Fischer, 655 uniformly with respect to, zero vector, 57
Rolle's, 200 233 zero volume, 452
Sard's,54O union, 2, 15 Zygmund, A., 662