Liquid dosage form

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Liquid Dosage form :
Vikrant Saluja Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences PCTE Group of Institutes Liquid Dosage form

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Solutions A solution is a homogenous one-phase system consisting of two or more components. Liquid
preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of
solvents.

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Pharmaceutical Solutions Aqueous Douches Enemas Gargles Mouthwashes Nasal washes Sprays Otic
solutions Inhalations Sweet &/or Viscid Syrups Honeys Nonaqueous Elixirs Spirits Collodions Glycerins
Liniments

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SYRUPS Syrups are concentrated solutions of sucrose or other sugars to which medicaments or flavourings
are often added. For example, Codeine Phosphate Syrup is used as a cough suppressant Simple syrup:
when water is used alone for making syrup. Medicated syrup: when the aqueous preparation contains some
added medicinal substance Flavored syrup: which contains aromatic or pleasantly flavored substances and
is intended to be used as a vehicle or flavor for prescription.

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Syrups can contain up to 85% of sugars Syrups often include sufficient of a polyhydric alcohol such as
sorbitol, glycerol or propylene glycol in order to prevent crystallization and to maintain solubility of all
ingredients. Syrups containing 65% by weight or more of sugars, are capable of resisting bacterial growth by
virtue of their osmotic effect. Syrups often contain additional preservatives due to possibility of surface
dilution of a syrup in a closed container. The crystallization of the sugar can be avoided by the addition of
the polyhydric alcohols or by the inclusion of invert syrup, which is a mixture of glucose and fructose.

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ELIXIRS Are clear, pleasantly flavored, sweetened hydroalcoholic liquids intended for oral use. The
percentage of alcohol varies from 4-40 %. They are used as flavors and vehicles e.g. Dexamethasone Elixir
USP and Phenobarbital Elixir USP. The main ingredients in elixirs are ethanol and water but glycerin,
sorbitol, propylene glycol, flavoring agents, preservatives, and syrups are often used in the preparation of
the final product. An elixir may contain water and alcohol soluble ingredients.

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Linctuses A linctus is a viscous preparation, usually prescribed or the relief of cough. It normally consists of
a simple solution of the active agent in a high concentration of sucrose, often with other sweetening agents
ie simple syrups act as vehicle Glycerin is added very often to provide sweet taste as well as demulcent
effect on the mucous membrane of throat Should be taken as such without dilution and must be sipped
slowly so as to prolong action of drug

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Drops They are liquid preparations meant for paediatrics. Generally , vitamins and antibiotics are given in
the form of drops. Supplied in bottle with calibrated dropper to determine number of drops equivalent to the
prescribed dose. Supplied in small volume cotainer eg. 5-10 ml.

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Draughts Are oral liquid preparations of which only one or two large doses (usually 50 ml) are prescribed.
Each dose is supplied in a separate bottle Medicaments that are deteriorate rapidly are given in the form of
draught Usaual expiry period of draughts is one or two days.

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LINIMENTS Are usually alcoholic and oily liquid preparations (monophasic) or emulsion (biphasic). They are
intended for external application with rubbing to the affected area Alcoholic liniments are used generally for
their rubefaciant and counterirritant effects. Such liniments penetrate the skin more readily than do those
with an oil base. The oily liniments are milder in their action and may function solely as protective coatings.
Liniments should not be applied to skin that are bruised or broken. Rubefacient A substance for external
application that produces redness of the skin e.g. by causing dilation of the capillaries and an increase in
blood circulation. Counterirritant A medicine applied locally to produce superficial inflammation in order to
reduce deeper inflammation

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Lotions Are usually aqueous, alcoholic or oily liquid preparations (monophasic) or suspension and emulsion
(biphasic). They are intended for external application without rubbing to the affected area Usually applied
with the help of some absorbent material such as cotton wool or gauze. used generally to provide cooling,
soothing and protective action.

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COLLODIONS Are liquid preparations containing pyroxylin (a nitrocellulose) in a mixture of ethyl ether and
ethanol. They are applied to the skin by means of a soft brush or other suitable applicator and, when the
ether and ethanol have evaporated, leave a film of pyroxylin on the surface. The official medicated collodion,
Salicylic Acid Collodion USP, contains 10 % w/v of Salicylic Acid in Flexible Collodion USP and is used as a
keratolytic agent in the treatment of corns and warts. Collodion is made flexible by the addition of castor oil
and camphor.

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Nasal Solutions Nasal solutions are usually aqueous solutions designed to be administered to the nasal
passages in drops or sprays. Ephedrine Sulfate Nasal Solution USP local effect - nasal congestion
Commercial nasal preparations include antibiotics, antihistamines and drugs for asthma prophylaxis Nasal
decongestant solutions are employed in the treatment of rhinitis of the common cold and for allergic rhinitis
(hay fever). Nasal solutions are prepared so that they are similar in many respects to nasal secretions, so
that normal ciliary action is maintained thus aqueous nasal solutions usually are isotonic and slightly
buffered to maintain a pH of 5.5 to 6.5.

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EYE DROPS Sterile, aqueous/oily solutions or suspensions intended for instillation in eye sac. Eye drops
may contain buffers, stabilizing agents, dispersing agents, solubilizing agents, anti-oxidants & agents
required for tonicity/ viscosity adjustment. Single dose container should not contain anti-microbial
preservative. In case of multi dose container a dropper should be supplied with it for administration.
Maximum size of such containers is 10 ml.

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Otic Solutions The main classes of drugs used for topical administration to the ear include local anesthetics,
e.g. : benzocaine; antibiotics e.g.; neomycin; and anti-inflammatory agents, e.g.; cortisone. These
preparations include the main types of solvents used, namely glycerin or water. The viscous glycerin vehicle
permits the drug to remain in the ear for a long time. Viscous liquids like glycerin or propylene glycol either
are used alone or in combination with a surfactant to aid in the removal of cerumen (ear wax). In order to
provide sufficient time for aqueous preparations to act, it is necessary for the patient to remain on his side
for a few minutes so the drops do not run out of the ear.

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Douches Douche is an aqueous solution, which is directed against a part or into a cavity of the body. It
functions as a cleansing or antiseptic agent. Eye douches are used to remove foreign particles and
discharges from the eyes. It is directed gently at an oblique angle and is allowed to run from the inner to the
outer corner of the eye. Pharyngeal douches are used to prepare the interior of the throat for an operation
and to cleanse it in supportive conditions. Similarly, there are nasal and vaginal douches.

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Enemas These preparations are rectal injections employed to: Evacuate the bowel (evacuation enemas),
Influence the general system by absorption (retention enemas) e.g. nutritive, sedative or stimulating
properties. Affect locally the site of disease (e.g. anthelmintic property) They may contain radiopaque
substances for X-ray examination of the lower bowel.

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Gargles Gargles are aqueous solutions used for treating throat infection (pharynx and nasopharynx part)
Frequently containing antiseptics, antibiotics and/or anesthetics Supplied in concentrated forms with
directions of dilution with warm water before use Mouthwashes Mouthwashes are aqueous liquid
preparation used for rinsing, deodrant, refreshing or antiseptic action Utilize to remove loose food or derbis
from the mouth

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suspension A biphasic liquid dosage form in which finely divided, insoluble solid particles(the disperse
phase) is dispersed in a fluid (the dispersion medium or continuous phase).

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Classification of suspensions: 1- Based On General Classes Oral suspension e.g. antacid, antibiotic
Externally applied suspension e.g.lotion Parenteral suspension Ophthalmic suspension 2- Based On
Proportion Of Solid Particles Dilute suspension (2 to10% w/v solid) Concentrated suspension (50% w/v
solid) 3- Based On Electrokinetic Nature Of Solid Particles Flocculated suspension Deflocculated
suspension

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Applications: For drug which is insoluble or poorly soluble. E.g. Prednisolone suspension. To prevent
degradation of drug or to improve stability of drug. E.g. Oxytetracycline suspension. Suspension can mask
the unpleasant/ bitter taste of drug. E.g. Chloramphenicol palmitate For topical application. They are
designed to leave a light deposit of the active agent on the skin after quick evaporation of the dispersion
medium. For parenteral administration in order to control the rate of absorption of the drug. Vaccines for the
induction of immunity are often formulated as dispersions of killed microorganisms Some X-ray contrast
media are formulated in suspension form.

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Theory of Suspensions Sedimentation means settling of particle or floccules under gravitational force in
liquid dosage form. η Velocity of sedimentation expressed by Stoke’s equation V= d2 (ρ s- ρ o ) g 18 Where,
vsed. = sedimentation velocity in cm / sec d = Diameterof particle r = radius of particle ρ s= density of
disperse phase ρ o= density of disperse media g = acceleration due to gravity η = viscosity of disperse
medium in poise

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FORMULATION OF SUSPENSIONS

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Emulsion An emulsion is a thermodynamically unstable system consisting of at least two immiscible liquid
phases one of which is dispersed as globules in the other liquid phase stabilized by a third substance called
emulsifying agent.

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A’. Two immisicble liquids, not emulsified; B’. An emulsion of Phase B dispersed in Phase A; C’. The
unstable emulsion progressively separates; D’. The (purple) emulsifying agent positions itself on the
interfaces between Phase A and Phase B, stabilizing the emulsion

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Simple emulsions (Macro emulsions) Oil-in-water (O/W) Water-in-oil (W/O) Multiple emulsions Oil-in-water-
in-oil (O/W/O) Water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) Micro emulsions Types of emulsions

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Emulsifying agent Assist in formation of emulsion by 3 mechanism Reduction of interfacial tension-
thermodynamic stabilization Formation of rigid interfacial film- mechanical barrier to coalescence Formation
of electrical double layer- electrical barrier to approach of particle.

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Classification of emulsifying agents Surface active agents (monomolecular film) Hydrophilic colloids
(multimolecular film) Finely divided solid particles (Particulate film)

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