Introduction to GIS

 Geographic
◦ because data collected is associated with some
location in space
 Informational
◦ because attributes or the characteristics (data)
about the space is what we want to learn about
 System
◦ because there must be a tie from the information to
the geography in a seamless operation
is a computer system used by people capable
of assembling, storing, manipulating and
displaying geographically referenced
information
a computer based info system used to digitally
represent and analyze the geographic features
present on the earth’s surface and the events
that take place on it
 A computer-based system to aid in the
collection, maintenance, storage, analysis,
output, and distribution of spatial data and
information
 A tool for making and using spatial
information
Can be used for:
a. collecting,
b. storing,
c. retrieving at will,
d. transforming, and
c. displaying
-spatial data from the real world for a
particular set of purpose (Burrough, 1986)
In most cases, a GIS
can be thought of
as a computerized
map containing
various layers or
“themes” (e.g., rice
culture, roads,
contours, river, etc.)
 Information is stored
in layers.

 Similar data types or

“themes” are stored
in each layer.

 Data are then

displayed by
overlaying all data
requested on a
single map.
 refers to computer component that form the
physical framework on which the system
operates
 capabilities affect processing speed, ease of
use, and the type of output available
 categorized into input devices, storage
devices, processor and output devices
 refers to various computer programs that
provide the functions and tools needed to
store, analyse and display geographic
information
 ArcView, ArcGIS, QGIS and IDRISI (TerrSet) are
some of the most popular GIS software
1. Data entry
-manual coordinate capture
-attribute capture
-data import
2. Editing
-manual point, line and area feature editing
-manual attribute editing
3. Data Management
-copy, subset, merge data
-data registration and projection
-summarization and data reduction
4. Analysis
5. Output
4. Analysis
-spatial query
-attribute query
-buffering
-boundary dissolve
-spatial data overlay
5. Output
-map design and layout
-hardcopy printing
-export format generation
-digital map serving
 refer to the well-designed plans or
management frameworks that are followed in
the operation of GIS
 these models and operating practices are also
unique and are mainly based on the
objectives set by different organizations
 this is the most important
component in a GIS. People must
develop the procedure and define the
tasks of the GIS.
 involve various tasks such as data input,
database management, modeling and
analysis, output production or system
administration
 should have understandings on the rudiment
concepts, principles and applications of GIS
 the availability and accuracy of the
data can affect the results of any
query or analysis
 refer to spatially referenced dataset
typically composed of two types -
◦ geometric data and attribute data
 The selection and purchase of hardware and
software is often the easiest and quickest
step in the development of GIS

 Data collection and organization, personnel

development and establishment of protocols
for GIS use are often more difficult and time
consuming endeavors
1. Geometry or Spatial Data- represents the
geographic features associated with real-
world locations.
2. Attribute data- provide descriptive
characteristics of the geographic features.
Types of Spatial Data

Vector
Representation

Raster
Representation
Example of the Example of the
structure of a structure of a
raster file. vector data
file.
 digital data have been captured as points,
lines (a series of point coordinates), or areas
(shapes bounded by lines) (fig. 12).
 An example of data typically held in a vector
file would be the property boundaries for a
particular housing subdivision.
Point – represents single location. It
defines a map object too small to show as
a line or polygon.
Line – a set of connected ordered
coordinates representing the linear shape
of a map object that may be too narrow to
display as an area.

Polygon / Area – is a closed figure whose

boundary encloses a homogenous area
such as town, property, soil type, lake.
POIN
T
POLYGON
LINE
 data structures are represented in a grid or
pixel that is referenced to some coordinate
system
 Raster files can be
◦ manipulated quickly by the computer,
◦ but they are often less detailed and
◦ may be less visually appealing than vector data
files,
 Vector Data
◦ in ArcGIS/ArcView, vector data are in shape file
format mandatory files - shp (shape format), shx
(shape index format) and dbf (attribute format)
other files - prj (projection format), sbn and sbx
(spatial index of the features), shp.xml (geospatial
metadata)
 Raster Data
◦ in ArcGIS, raster data formats include TIFF, BMP,
ENVI, BIL, BIP, BSQ, GIF, GRID, IMAGINE Image, JP2,
JPG, PNG
Figure 13a. Figure 13b.
Magnified view of Magnified views of
the same GIS data the same GIS data
file, shown in raster file. converted into
format. vector format.
 “act of assigning locations to different points
of interests (POIs) on the basis of a
coordinate system” (Longley et al., 2001)
 Improved information sharing and flows
 Better-informed decision making
 Stronger competitive ability
 Greater analysis and understanding of
problems
 Sound justification for decisions made
 Enormous time savings for routine and
repetitive tasks
 Faster and up-to-date information can be
provided
GIS can be used to perform the following
functions
 Data handling (i.e., capturing, organizing,
storing)
 Data manipulation (i.e., processing and
analysis)
 Data output- (i.e., displaying)
 1
TAKE DATA
ACTION COLLECTION

5 2

INFORMATION FOR INPUT OF

DECISION-MAKING DATA

4 DATA 3
RETRIEVAL
& ANALYSIS
There are three basic type of GIS Applications
 Inventory applications,
 Analysis applications, and
 Management applications.
Inventory Analysis Management

Soil properties Soil/crop suitability Optimum landuse

Land cover Market accessibility pattern
Forest type Landuse change Scenario-building
Rice culture for landuse
Political border alternative

Geographic Decision
Data Management Support system
 ACTIVITY APPLICATION
Agriculture Agricultural
capability analysis
Land suitability
Crop zoning
Land conservation
Market analysis or whole farm
planning
Etc.
 ACTIVITY APPLICATION
Forestry Timber Assessment and
management
Harvest scheduling and
planning
Environmental impact
assessment
Pest management
Etc.
GIS provide foresters and
natural resource managers
with powerful tools for
better analysis and decision
making, such as developing
long-term supply strategies,
forecasting silvicultural
stock, determining
harvesting system options,
and many more.
 GIS in Education
Universities use the
latest technologies to
both prepare students
for the 21st century as
well as enhance
research. It uses GIS
to change the way we
solve problems and
manage data.
Universities improve the basic spatial
literacy of workers and researchers of
tomorrow by teaching underlying spatial
science to students.
ACTIVITY APPLICATION
Wildlife
Habitat assessment
and management
Identification of
rare/endangered
species and habitats
Impact assessment
Etc.
ACTIVITY APPLICATION
Archaeology *Mapping and protection
of prehistoric sites
*Site vandalism studies
*Site management studies
*Etc.
ACTIVITY APPLICATION
Geology and Oil, gas, and mineral
Management exploration
Geographic mapping and
terrain analysis
Open pit mine design and
reclamation
Geologic hazard mapping
Etc.
GIS has been an integral
component in
environmental
management. A GIS links
geographic and attribute
data, such as lab and field
data, which allows you to
do predictive modeling for
planning and compliance
purposes.
 ACTIVITY APPLICATION
Socio-
economic/ Health
government Local government
 Transportation
planning
 Service planning
 Urban management
 Single criteria evaluation
 Criteria – province with an income of P20M -
P30M/yr.
 Input – database of income of all the provinces
 Geocoding the income of all the provinces
 Classifying the provinces with high income
Philippine Map by Province
Philippine Map by Province
1. Ilocos Norte 13. Isabela
2. Ilocos Sur 14. Aurora
3. La Union 15. Nueva Ecija
4. Pangasinan 16. Bulacan
5. Benguet 17. Rizal
6. Nueva 18. Laguna
Viscaya
19. Quezon
7. Zambales
20. Oriental
8. Tarlac Mindoro
9. Bataan 21. Antique
10. Pampanga 22. Aklan
11. Cavite
12. Batangas

Provinces with P20M - P30M income per year

Today, GIS is no longer a luxury for the
academe and policy makers, it now becomes
a necessity.


THANK YOU!!!