PROJECT 1

.BATCH 1 PROJECT BASED CAPACITANCE METER

When we come across circuit boards which are previously designed or we take out one from old TV or
computer, in attempt to repair it. And sometimes we need to know the capacitance of particular capacitor in the board
to eliminate the fault. Then we face a problem in getting the exact value of capacitor from the board especially if it is a
Surface Mount Device. We can buy equipment for measuring the capacitance, but all these devices are costly and not
for everyone. With that in mind we are going to design a simple Arduino Capacitance Meter to measure the
capacitance of unknown capacitors.

This meter can be easily made and also cost effective. We are going to make Capacitance Meter using Arduino
Uno, Schmitt trigger gate and 555 IC timer.
Required Components:

 555 timer IC
 IC 74HC14 Schmitt trigger gate or NOT gate.
 1K Ω resistor (2 pieces), 10KΩ resistor
 100nF capacitor, 1000µF capacitor
 16*2 LCD,
 Breadboard and some connectors.

Circuit Explanation:
The circuit diagram of the Capacitance Meter using Arduino is shown in below figure. Circuit is simple, a LCD
is interfaced with Arduino to display the measured Capacitance of capacitor. A Square wave Generator Circuit (555
in Astable mode) is connected to Arduino, where we have connected the Capacitor whose capacitance needs to be
measured. A Schmitt trigger gate (IC 74LS14) is used to ensure that only rectangular wave is fed to Arduino. For
filtering the noise we have added couple of capacitors across power.
This circuit can accurately measure capacitances in range 10nF to 10uF.
 The output signal frequency depends on RA, RB resistors and capacitor C. The equation is given as,
Frequency (F) = 1/ (Time period) = 1.44/ ((RA+RB*2)*C).
Here RA and RB are resistance values and C is capacitance value. By putting the resistance and capacitance values
in above equation we get the frequency of output square wave.

We are going to connect 1KΩ as RA and 10KΩ as RB. So the formula becomes,
Frequency (F) = 1/ (Time period) = 1.44/ (21000*C).
By rearranging the terms we have,
Capacitance C = 1.44/ (21000*F)
In our Program Code (see below), for getting the capacitance value accurately we
have calculated the result in nF by multiplying the obtained results (in farads) with
“1000000000”. Also we have used ‘20800’ instead of 21000, because the accurate
resistances of RA and RB are 0.98K and 9.88K.
So if we know the frequency of the square wave we can get the capacitance value.

Schmitt Trigger Gate:

The signals generated by the timer circuit are not completely safe to be directly given to the Arduino Uno. With the
sensitivity of UNO in mind, we use Schmitt trigger gate. Schmitt trigger gate is a digital logic gate.
This gate provides OUTPUT based on INPUT voltage level. A Schmitt Trigger has a THERSHOLD voltage level,
when the INPUT signal applied to the gate has a voltage level higher than the THRESHOLD of the logic gate,
OUTPUT goes HIGH. If the INPUT voltage signal level is lower than THRESHOLD, the OUTPUT of gate will be
LOW. With that we don’t usually get Schmitt trigger separately, we always have a NOT gate following the Schmitt
trigger. Schmitt Trigger working is explained here: Schmitt Trigger Gate

We are going to use 74HC14 chip, this chip has 6 Schmitt Trigger gates in it. These SIX gates are connected
internally as shown in below figure.

The Truth Table of Inverted Schmitt Trigger gate is show in below figure, with this we have to program the
UNO for inverting the positive and negative time periods at its terminals.

We connect the signal generated by timer circuit to ST gate, we will have rectangular wave of inverted time periods
at the output which is safe to be given to UNO.
 PROJECT 2

BATCH 2 DESIGN OF COST EFFECTIVE MEASURMENT OF ACTIVE POWER FOR 3 PHASE FOR
LABORATORY PURPOSE

AIM: To measure the

1. Power drawn by a 3-phase inductive load using 2-wattmeter method and 2. To calculate
the power factor of the load from the readings of two wattmeters.

APPRATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Equipment Type Specification Quantity

1. Wattmeter Dynamometer 2

5/10A,
150/300/600
V

2. Ammeter Moving iron 0-5-10 A, AC 1

3. Voltmeter Moving iron 0-300-600 V, 1

AC

4. Balanced Resistive 2Kw, 415 V in 1

Load, 3- Steps of 200
Phase Watts

5. Balanced Inductive 2K VAR, 415 1

load, 3-phase V, 2.75 A, 3-
phase
Variable

THEORY:
Power consumed by a 3-phase balanced or unbalanced load (star connected) can be
measured by using 2-wattmeters properly connected in the circuit.The current coil of the
wattmeter are connected in series with the load in any two line. Where as the pressure coils
are connected between these two lines and the third line. The phasor diagram of this circuit
assuming balanced lagging load has been shown in the figure. Under running conditions the
power consumed by the three phase system is the sum o the two individual wattmeters.

Mathematically, the total power consumed,

𝑊1 + 𝑊2 = √3 × 𝑉𝐼{cos⁡(30 − Ø) + cos⁡(30 + Ø)⁡}

Where,

Power consumed by wattmeter1=√3 × 𝑉𝐼{cos(30 − Ø)}

Power consumed by wattmeter 2=√3 × 𝑉𝐼{cos⁡(30 + Ø)⁡}

When the load power factor is less then 0.5 then wattmeter 2 will show the correct
deflection and first wattmeter will show the reverse deflection. In the first wattmeter the
current coil or voltage coil connection is reversed. Thus the wattmeter pointer direction is
corrected. The net power is obtained by adding the two wattmeter readings.

Power angle is given by

(𝑊1 − 𝑊2)
Ø = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √3 ×
(𝑊1 + 𝑊2)

Then the power factor of the load can be calculated as:

(𝑾𝟏 − 𝑾𝟐)
𝒄𝒐𝒔Ø = 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡[𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 √𝟑 × ]
(𝑾𝟏 + 𝑾𝟐)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.

2. Vary the inductive load.
3. Note down the reading carefully.
4. If one wattmeter reads negative or gives reverse reading, the reading of wattmeter is
taken by reversing the current coil terminal.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sl. No. Voltage Current Power Power Total Power

W2 Power Factor=cosØ
VL IL W1
(Watts) P=W1+W2
(volts) (amp) (Watts)
 PROJECT 3

BATCH 3 ARDUINO-ENERGY-METER

http://www.instructables.com/id/DIY-Amp-Hour-Meter-Arduino/

http://yo3hjv.blogspot.in/2015/01/arduino-energy-meter.html

For my off-grid Ham Radio and Solar projects, I needed a way to measure volts, amps, watts, amp hours and watt

hours. There's a couple of commercial products that can do this, but not with the flexibility I wanted. I designed a

Arduino micro-controller based solution that is very extensible. Right now it monitors the above values of attached

gear, and I'm thinking about adding web monitoring and a sd card for data collection. Well, let's get started.

Step 1: Voltage Divider

UPDATE 9/9/2014 !

The Arduino can accept up to 5v on a

analog input. Our voltage can range as high as

20vdc in certain situations (open circuit pv

voltage), so we designed a voltage divider that

would provide 5v at 20v battery voltage, and

less at various lower voltages.

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_divider for more information on Voltage Dividers.

First we visit our friendly Voltage Divider Calculator. I input 20v as the input, 5v as the output, and 10k for R2

(experiment with <10k resistors till you get a likely pair). This calculates a R1 of 30K.

R1 = 30k Ohms

R2 = 10k Ohms

Vout = (R2 / (R1 + R2)) * Vin

Vout = (10000 / (30000 + 10000)) * 20v

Vout = (10000 / 40000) * 20v

Vout = .25 * 20v

Vout = 5v

Ratio = Vin / Vout

Ratio = 4

Because the Arduino has a 10-bit ADC, it outputs 0-1023 (1024 steps) for a 0-5v input. That's 0.00488v / step.

With a Voltage Divider with R1 = 30k Ohm and R2 = 10k Ohm, A 12v battery would calculate as follows:

12v / Ratio = 3v on the A4 pin.

3v / .00488 = 615 (ADC Reading - round up)

so A4 pin Voltage = .00488 * ADC

reading (615 in this case), or 3.00 volts.

Then battery voltage = A4 pin voltage *

Ratio (3 * 4 = 12)

The code to read that value is as follows:

ADCVal = analogRead(batMonPin); //

read the voltage on the divider on pin A4

pinVoltage = ADCVal * 0.00488; // Calculate the voltage on the A/D pin

// A reading of 1 for the A/D = 0.00488mV

// if we multiply the A/D reading by 0.00488 then

// we get the voltage on the pin.

batteryVoltage = pinVoltage * Ratio; // Use the Ratio calculated for the voltage divider

// to calculate the battery voltage, Ratio = Vin / Vout

More details at http://arduinotronics.blogspot.com/2012/04/voltage-monitor.html

UPDATE:

Improved voltage reading circuit and sketch at AC Volt Meter (works with DC as well). Rock solid voltage

measurement, and very accurate.

Step 2: Current Monitoring

The next step is to track the current being consumed by a load, or produced by a source. We are using a ACS715 Hall

Effect sensor to track the current being passed.

Update! ACS714 Bidirectional current sensor now being deployed. This will enable a battery "gas gauge" for
"AH IN - AH OUT = AMP Remaining" type monitoring.http://www.hacktronics.com/Sensors/Current-Sensor-30-

to-30-Amp/flypage.tpl.html

Update! ACS712 5amp sensor project at

http://arduinotronics.blogspot.com/2014/01/volt-amp-watt-hour-meter-shield.html

// read the analog in value:

sensorValue = analogRead(analogInPin);

// convert to milli amps

outputValue = (((long)sensorValue * 5000 / 1024) - 500 ) * 1000 / 133;

amps = (float) outputValue / 1000;

More details at http://arduinotronics.blogspot.com/2012/04/monitoring-power-consumption-with.html

Step 3: Math Alert!

To calculate watt (volts * amps), amp hours (amps * hours), and watt hours (watts * hours) requires tracking the time
component, and performing a bit of math:

float watts = amps

* batteryVoltage;

sample = sample +
1;

msec = millis();

time = (float) msec

/ 1000.0;

totalCharge = totalCharge + amps;

averageAmps = totalCharge / sample;

ampSeconds = averageAmps*time;

wattHours = batteryVoltage * ampHours;

 Hours
(wh) = );

Serial.println(wattHours);Step 5: LCD Display

 PROJECT 4

BATCH 5 BURGULAR ALARM USING ARDUINO AND PIR SENSOR

http://www.circuitstoday.com/burglar-alarm-using-arduino-and-pir-sensor

https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/raspberry-pi-motion-detector-pir-sensor

In this tutorial, we are building an interesting application using Arduino and PIR Sensor. A Burglar Alarm – is
basically an intruder alarm or an anti theft alarm. So this project is all about building an anti theft alarm or an intruder
alarm using Arduino and PIR sensor. It is possible to enhance this project with many features like adding a GSM
module to send SMS alerts to specified mobile numbers when an intruder is detected (when a motion is detected inside
the range of PIR sensor). So lets get to building our burglar alarm project using arduino.

Lets first build a simple diy burglar alarm using Arduino, PIR sensor and a buzzer only. If you are a beginner, you need
to read the following tutorials to build this circuit perfectly.

1. What is Arduino – read this article if you are very new to Arduino.

2. Blink LED with Arduino – say Hello World! – Learn how to blink leds using Arduino!

3. Simple LED Projects using Arduino – Get your hands in it! Do some LED projects using Arduino to get the
basics!

4. Interface PIR Sensor to Arduino – Learn about how a PIR sensor works and how it is interfaced to Arduino.

Go through above tutorials before you try building this burglar alarm system using arduino! So lets begin our project.

The circuit diagram to build a simple burglar alarm or an intruder alarm using arduino is given below. You may
assemble the circuit as shown in the diagram. Before getting into working of the alarm circuit, I shall brief the
components used in this project.

PIR Sensor – is the heart of this simple burglar alarm circuit using arduino. A PIR sensor – is basically a motion
sensor or a motion detector which identifies any object that moves inside its range of view. PIR sensor identifies infra
red radiations emitted by any object under its radar range.

Buzzer – is used to create a sound alarm when ever a movement is identified inside the range of PIR sensor. A
transistor 2N2222 is used to drive the buzzer. The maximum current that can be sourced or sinked from an arduino pin
is 20mA (the total current being 200mA from different pins). But the buzzer will need more than just 20mA for its
proper functioning. So how to give the necessary current required fir buzzer ? We use switching transistor 2N222 for
this purpose. It can act as a switch and at the same time it provides the required current amplification. A 2N2222
transistor with a gain of 100 can give upto 1A current at its output. Another purpose of using a transistor in between
arduino pin and buzzer is isolation. A short circuit of the buzzer will destroy only the collector – emitter junction of
transistor. Since their is isolation at the base region of transistor (base is connected to arduino), the destruction of
collector-emitter junction will not affect base and hence our arduino will be safe from getting burned! The 100 ohms
resistor at base is used to limit base current of transistor.

Switch – a push button switch is used to reset the burglar alarm once its activated. The capacitor is used for bypassing
bouncing effects of a switch ( debouncing capacitor).

Connections Explained

Arduino – Pin 7 – Output of PIR Sensor | Pin 6 – Push button switch | Pin 8 – Buzzer

Buzzer – + pin to Vcc (5 volts) | other pin to collector side of 2N2222

Transistor – 2N2222 – NPN – Collector to Buzzer | Emitter to Ground | Base to Arduino through 100 Ohm Resistor

Switch – One end of switch to +5V | Other end to Ground through a 10K current limiting resistor

PIR Sensor – has got 3 pins – Vcc to +5 volts | GND to Ground | OUT pin to Arduino pin 7

Note:- Wire all grounds together at a common point

Burglar Alarm using Arduino – Circuit Diagram

.
 Project 5
Batch 5 HOME SECURITY BASED ON BIOMETRIC SYSTEM
https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/fingerprint-based-biometric-security-system-arduino-uno

Security is a major concern in our day to day life, and digital locks have become an important part of
these security systems. There are many types of security systems available to secure our place. Some
examples are PIR based Security System, RFID based Security System, Digital Lock System, bio-
matrix systems, Electronics Code lock. In this post, we will Interface a Fingerprint Sensor Module
with Arduino and will build a Fingerprint based Biometric Security System with door locking. Finger
Print is considered one of the safest key to lock or unlock any system as it can recognize any person
uniquely and can’t be copied easily.

Components Required:
1. Arduino Uno
2. Finger Print Module
3. Push Button -4
4. LEDs -2
5. 1K Resistor -3
6. 2.2K resistor -1`
7. Power Supply
8. Connecting wires
9. Cardboard Box
10. Servo Motor -1
11. 16x2 LCD -1
12. Bread Board -1

Finger Print Sensor Module with Arduino:

Finger Print Sensor Module or Finger Print Scanner is a module which captures finger’s print
image and then converts it into the equivalent template and saves them into its memory on selected
ID (location) by Arduino. Here all the process is commanded by Arduino like taking an image of finger
print, convert it into templates and storing location etc.
In this Arduino Fingerprint Sensor Project, we have used Fingerprint Sensor Module to take
finger or thumb impression as input in the system. Here we are using 4 push buttons to Enroll/back,
Delete/OK, UP and Down. Every key has double features. Enroll key is used for enrolling new finger
impression into the system and back function as well. Means when the user wants to enroll new
finger then he/she needs to press enroll key then LCD asks for the ID or Location where user wants
to store the finger print output. Now if at this time user do not want to proceed further then he/she can
press enroll key again to go back (this time enroll key behave as Back key). Means enroll key has
both enrollment and back function. DEL/OK key also has same double function like when user
enrolls new finger then he/she need to select finger ID or Location by using another two key namely
UP/MATCH AND DOWN/MATCH (which also has double function) now user needs to press DEL/OK
key (this time this key behaves like OK) to proceed with selected ID or Location. UP/DOWN keys also
support Finger print match function. Check the Video at the end for full demonstration.

orking Explanation:
Working of this Fingerprint Sensor Door Lock is easy. In this project, we have used a gate that will
be open when we place stored finger at the finger print module. First of all, the user needs to enroll
finger with the help of push button/keys. To do this user need to press ENROLL key and then LCD
asks for entering location/ID where finger will be a store. So now user needs to enter ID (Location) by
using UP/DOWN keys. After selecting Location/ID user needs to press an OK key (DEL key). Now
LCD will ask for placing finger over the finger print module. Now user needs to put his finger over
finger print module. Then LCD will ask to remove the finger from finger print module and again ask for
placing the finger. Now user needs to put his finger again over finger print module. Now finger print
module takes an image and converts it into templates and stores it by selected ID in to the finger print
module’s memory. Now user can open the gate by placing the same finger that he/she have added or
enrolled into the system and then press MATCH key (UP/Down key). By the same method, the user
can add more fingers. Check the Video below for full demonstration.

ow if the user wants to remove or delete any of stored ID then he/she need to press DEL key, after
pressing DEL key, LCD will ask for select location means select ID that to be deleted. Now user
needs to select ID and press OK key (same DEL key). Now LCD will let you know that finger has
been deleted successfully. Now the user may check it was deleted or not by placing the same finger
over the finger print module and pressing MATCH key (UP/Down key).
When placed finger will be valid Green LED will glow for five second and gate also opens at the same
time. After 5-seconds gate will be closed automatically. The user may customize gate/door opening
and closing according to their requirement. Servo motor is responsible for open and closing of the
gate.

Circuit Explanation:
The circuit of this Arduino Fingerprint Security System is very simple which contains Arduino
which controls whole the process of the project, push button, buzzer, and LCD. Arduino controls the
complete processes.
The push button is directly connected to pin D14(ENROL),D15(DEL), D16(UP) and D17(DOWN) of
Arduino with respect to ground And Yellow LED is connected at Digital pin D7 of Arduino with respect
to ground through a 1k resistor and Green LED is connected to D6 of Arduino with the same method.
Finger Print Module’s Rx and Tx directly connected at Software Serial or Digital pin D2 and D3 of
Arduino. 5v supply is used for powering finger print module taken from Arduino board and Servo
motor is also connected to PWM pin D5 of Arduino. A 16x2 LCD is configured in 4-bit mode and its
RS, EN, D4, D5, D6, and D7 are directly connected at Digital pin D13, D12, D11, D10, D9, and D8 of
Arduino.
Note: here D14, D15, D16, D17 are A0, A1, A2, A3 respectively.
 Project 6
Batch 6 Arduino Based Vehicle Accident Alert System using GPS, GSM and
Accelerometer

Here in this project, we are going to build a Arduino based vehicle accident alert system using
GPS, GSM and accelerometer. Accelerometer detects the sudden change in the axes of vehicle and
GSM module sends the alert message on your Mobile Phone with the location of the accident. Location
of accident is sent in the form of Google Map link, derived from the latitude and longitude from GPS
module. The Message also contains the speed of vehicle in knots. See the Demo Video at the end.
This Vehicle Accident alert project can also be used as a Tracking System and much more, by just
making few changes in hardware and software.

Components Required:
 Arduino Uno
 GSM Module (SIM900A)
 GPS Module (SIM28ML)
 Accelerometer (ADXL335)
 16x2 LCD
 Power Supply
 Connecting Wires
 10 K-POT
 Breadboard or PCB
 Power supply 12v 1amp

Before going into Project, we will discuss about GPS, GSM and
Accelerometer.

GPS Module and Its Working:

GPS stands for Global Positioning System and used to detect the Latitude and Longitude of any
location on the Earth, with exact UTC time (Universal Time Coordinated). GPS module is used to
track the location of accident in our project. This device receives the coordinates from the satellite for
each and every second, with time and date. We have previously extracted $GPGGA string in Vehicle
Tracking System to find the Latitude and Longitude Coordinates.
GPS module sends the data related to tracking position in real time, and it sends so many data in
NMEA format (see the screenshot below). NMEA format consists several sentences, in which we
only need one sentence. This sentence starts from $GPGGA and contains the coordinates, time and
other useful information. This GPGGA is referred to Global Positioning System Fix Data. Know
more about NMEA sentences and reading GPS data here.

We can extract coordinate from $GPGGA string by counting the commas in the string. Suppose you
find $GPGGA string and stores it in an array, then Latitude can be found after two commas and
Longitude can be found after four commas. Now, this latitude and longitude can be put in other
arrays.

GSM Module:
The SIM900 is a complete Quad-band GSM/GPRS Module which can be embedded easily used by
customer or hobbyist. SIM900 GSM Module provides an industry-standard interface. SIM900 delivers
 GSM/GPRS 850/900/1800/1900MHz performance for voice, SMS, Data with low power consumption.
It is easily available in the market.

 SIM900 designed by using single-chip processor integrating AMR926EJ-S core

 Quad - band GSM/GPRS module in small size.
 GPRS Enabled

Accelerometer:
Pin Description of accelerometer:

1. Vcc 5 volt supply should connect at this pin.

2. X-OUT This pin gives an Analog output in x direction
3. Y-OUT This pin give an Analog Output in y direction
4. Z-OUT This pin gives an Analog Output in z direction
5. GND Ground
6. ST This pin used for set sensitivity of sensor

Also check our other projects using Accelerometer: Ping Pong Game using
Arduino and Accelerometer Based Hand Gesture Controlled Robot.

Circuit Explanation:
Circuit Connections of this Vehicle Accident Alert System Project is simple. Here Tx pin of GPS
module is directly connected to digital pin number 10 of Arduino. By using Software Serial
Library here, we have allowed serial communication on pin 10 and 11, and made them Rx and Tx
respectively and left the Rx pin of GPS Module open. By default Pin 0 and 1 of Arduino are used for
serial communication but by using the SoftwareSerial library, we can allow serial communication on
other digital pins of the Arduino. 12 Volt supply is used to power the GPS Module.
GSM module’s Tx and Rx pins of are directly connected to pin D2 and D3 of Arduino. For GSM
interfacing, here we have also used software serial library. GSM module is also powered by 12v
supply. An optional LCD’s data pins D4, D5, D6, and D7 are connected to pin number 6, 7, 8, and
9 of Arduino. Command pin RS and EN of LCD are connected with pin number 4 and 5 of Arduino
and RW pin is directly connected with ground. A Potentiometer is also used for setting contrast or
brightness of LCD.
An Accelerometer is added in this system for detecting an accident and its x,y, and z-axis ADC
output pins are directly connected to Arduino ADC pin A1, A2, and A3

Working Explanation:
In this project, Arduino is used for controlling whole the process with a GPS Receiver and GSM
module. GPS Receiver is used for detecting coordinates of the vehicle, GSM module is used for
sending the alert SMS with the coordinates and the link to Google Map. Accelerometer namely
ADXL335 is used for detecting accident or sudden change in any axis. And an optional 16x2 LCD is
also used for displaying status messages or coordinates. We have used GPS Module SIM28ML
and GSM Module SIM900A.
 When we are ready with our hardware after programming, we can install it in our vehicle and power it
up. Now whenever there is an accident, the car gets tilt and accelerometer changes his axis values.
These values read by Arduino and checks if any change occurs in any axis. If any change occurs
then Arduino reads coordinates by extracting $GPGGA String from GPS module data (GPS working
explained above) and send SMS to the predefined number to the police or ambulance or family
member with the location coordinates of accident place. The message also contains a Google Map
link to the accident location, so that location can be easily tracked. When we receive the message
then we only need to click the link and we will redirect to the Google map and then we can see the
exact location of the vehicle. Speed of Vehicle, in knots (1.852 KPH), is also sent in the SMS and
displayed on the LCD panel. Check the full Demo Video below the Project.

Here in this project, we can set the sensitivity of Accelerometer by putting min and max value in
the code.

http://www.ebay.in/itm/SIM28-GPS-Module-Modem-with-GPS-antenna-
/232472329398?hash=item36206e3cb6:g:w0cAAOSwj85YNBGO

https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/arduino-based-accident-alert-system-using-gps-gsm-
accelerometer
 PROJECT 7
BATCH 7 Arduino Weight Measurement using Load Cell and HX711 Module

https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/arduino-weight-measurement-using-load-cell

Today we are going to Measure the Weight by interfacing Load Cell and HX711 Weight Sensor with Arduino.
We have seen weight machines at many shops, where machine displays the weight just by placing any item on the
weighing platform. So here we are building the same Weighing machine by using Arduino and Load cells, having
capacity of measuring upto 40kg. This limit can be further increased by using the Load cell of higher capacity.

Required Components:

 Arduino Uno
 Load cell (40kg)
 HX711 Load cell Amplifier Module
 16x2 LCD
 Connecting wires
 USB cable
 Breadboard
 Nut bolts, Frame and base

Load Cell and HX711 Weight Sensor Module:

Load cell is transducer which transforms force or pressure into electrical output. Magnitude of this electrical
output is directly proportion to the force being applied. Load cells have strain gauge, which deforms when pressure
is applied on it. And then strain gauge generates electrical signal on deformation as its effective resistance changes
on deformation. A load cell usually consists of four strain gauges in a Wheatstone bridge configuration. Load cell
comes in various ranges like 5kg, 10kg, 100kg and more, here we have used Load cell, which can weight upto 40kg.
Now the electrical signals generated by Load cell is in few millivolts, so they need to be further amplify by some
amplifier and hence HX711 Weighing Sensor comes into picture. HX711 Weighing Sensor Module has HX711 chip,
which is a 24 high precision A/D converter (Analog to digital converter). HX711 has two analog input channels and we
 can get gain up to128 by programming these channels. So HX711 module amplifies the low electric output of Load
cells and then this amplified & digitally converted signal is fed into the Arduino to derive the weight.

Load cell is connected with HX711 Load cell Amplifier using four wires. These four wires are Red, Black, White
and Green/Blue. There may be slight variation in colors of wires from
module to module. Below the connection details and diagram:

 RED Wire is connected to E+

 BLACK Wire is connected to E-
 WHITE Wire is connected to A-
 GREEN Wire is connected to A+

This step is optional and you can directly put the weights on the Load cell
without Platform and can simply clamp it without fixing it with any base, but
it’s better to attach a platform for putting the large things on it and fix it on a
Base so that it stand still. So here we need to make a frame or platform for
putting the things for weight measurement. A base is also required to fix
the load cell over it by using nuts and bolts. Here we have used a hard cardboard for the frame for placing things over it
and a wooden board as Base. Now do the connections as shown in the circuit diagram and you are ready to go.

Circuit Explanation:
Connections for this project are easy and schematic is given
below. 16x2 LCD pins RS, EN, d4, d5, d6, and d7 are connected
with pin number 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 of Arduino respectively.
HX711 Module’s DT and SCK pins are directly connected with
Arduino's pin A0 and A1. Load cell connections with HX711
module are already explained earlier and also shown in the below
circuit diagram.
Working Explanation:
Working of this Arduino Weight Measurement project is easy.
Before going into details, first we have to calibrate this
system for measuring correct weight. When user will power it up
then system will automatically start calibrating. And if user wants
to calibrate it manually then press the push button. We have
created a function void calibrate() for calibration purpose, check
the code below.
For calibration, wait for LCD indication for putting 100 gram over the load cell as shown in below picture. When
LCD will show “put 100g” then put the 100g weight over the load cell and wait. After some seconds calibration
process will be finished. After calibration user may put any weight (max 40kg) over the load cell and can get the
value over LCD in grams.

In this project, we have used Arduino to control whole the

process. Load cell senses the weight and supplies a electrical
analog voltage to HX711 Load Amplifier Module. HX711 is a
24bit ADC, which amplifies and digitally converts the Load
cell output. Then this amplified value is fed to the Arduino.
Now Arduino calculate the output of HX711 and converts that
into the weight values in grams and show it on LCD. A push
button is used for calibrating the system. We have written a Arduino program for whole process, check the Code
and demo Video at the end of this tutorial.
 PROJECT 8

BATCH 8 Y Digital RPM tachometer with Arduino

Some time we required to check the RPM of the motor while creating projects. A few days back when I was creating a project that
time I required an RPM Tachometer to check the rotational speed of motor but did not have the RPM meter then I decided to
make it myself as I know how to make it and I had all the equipment required.
So in this article, I am going to explain you about DIY Digital Tachometer with Arduino.

This article is about DIY digital RPM tachometer, After reading this article you will be able to check the speed of dc motor or any
kind of rotational device.

So just the take the advantage and update yourself.

things are required to make RPM meter.

1. Optical speed sensor
2. Arduino
3. OLED display
4. Breadboard
5. Jumper wire

http://www.circuitmagic.com/arduino/diy-digital-rpm-tachometer-with-arduino/

https://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fcircuitdigest.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fprojecti
mage_mic%2FArduino-based-Tachometer.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fcircuitdigest.com%2Fmicrocontroller-
projects%2Ftachometer-using-
arduino&docid=w6zcGMz2Hx7NXM&tbnid=3suYH3Bbt12A0M%3A&vet=10ahUKEwim9L7H2cLWAhXCN48KHbKcC8Q
QMwgrKAUwBQ..i&w=650&h=353&bih=625&biw=1024&q=%20arduino%20OLED%20display%20tachometer%20%20
circuit&ved=0ahUKEwim9L7H2cLWAhXCN48KHbKcC8QQMwgrKAUwBQ&iact=mrc&uact=8
PROJECT 9

Solar tree