CHAP1 - 2 (Well and Reservoir-Chouikhi Mounir)

FORMATION QUALIFIANTE SEREPT - ENIT
PG
Tunis, 30 Janvier 2014
Well and reservoir

(Chouikhi Mounir)
ENIT
Slide 1 - Formation qualifiante 2014
Agenda
1. Introduction and generalities
2. PVT
3. Well test interpretation
5. Nodal analysis
6. Artficial lift using GL and ESP
7. Production logging and monitoring
8. Wells in Ashtart Filed
ENIT
Agenda
1. Introduction and generalities
2. PVT
3. Well test interpretation
5. Nodal analysis
6. Artficial lift using GL and ESP
7. Production logging and well monitoring
8. Wells in Ashtart Filed
ENIT
Petroleum system
-Source rock
-Migration
-Reservoir rock
-seal rock
-Trap
-Dont forget also the timing!!!!!!!
ENIT
HYDROCARBON FORMATION
Enfouissement - Compaction – élévation de
Dépôt des sédiments
température
Craquage – expulsion - migration Piégeage dans des réservoirs
ENIT
FIELD LIFE STEPS
-Prospection:identification of traps and formation depths and geomoetry
-Exploration :Drilling of exploration wells
-Discovery:the first positive well
-Delineation: Drilling of appraisal wells to identify reservoir limits and fluid

quality and sampling
-Development strategy :How the field will be developped and exploited
-Economic Calculations
-Field Exploitation
ENIT
RESERVOIR DEFINITION
GAZ
HUILE
EAU Impermeable formation(seal rock) EAU
A Reservoir is a porous and permeable rock containing hydrocarbon

fluids able to circulate between pores.the reservoir is coverd with an
impermeable formation (seal rock)
ENIT
Rock Properties
 Porosity
Fraction of the void space in the reservoir rock
 Fluid Saturation
Fraction of the pores of the rock that are filled with
specific fluids
 Permeability
Ability to allow fluid to flow through interconnected
pores
 Rock Compressibility
Ability of the rock to compress or expand as the
pore pressure increases or decreases
ENIT
Porosity
Vb − Vgr Vp
φ= =
Vb Vb
 φ = porosity, fraction
 Vb = bulk volume of the reservoir rock
 Vgr = grain volume
 Vp = pore volume
ENIT
Porosity
Vp
Vp
φ=
V
V = Vp + Vr
Vr
Usually φ= 0.05 – 0.40

ENIT
Porosity
Rock Matrix and Pore Space
ENIT Rock matrix Pore space

Porosity
2 types of porosity:
-Total porosity
Total porosity is the total void space in the rock whether or not it contributes to
fluid flow
-Effective porosity
The interconnected pore volume or void space in a rock that contributes to

fluid flow or permeability in a reservoir. Effective porosity excludes isolated
pores and pore volume occupied by water adsorbed on clay minerals or other
grains
ENIT
Fluid Saturation
Vo Vg Vw
So = Sg = Sw =
Vp Vp Vp
So = oil saturation
Sg = gas saturation
Sw = water saturation
Vo = volume of oil in the rock
Vg = volume of gas in the rock
Vw = volume of water in the rock
Vp = pore volume of the rock
ENIT
Permeability
kA ∆p
q=
µ L
q = flow rate
 k = permeability
 A = cross sectional area
 µ = viscosity
 ∆p = change in pressure
 L = length
ENIT
Permeability
is a measure of the ability of a porous material (often, a rock or unconsolidated

material) to allow fluids to pass through it.
Permeability k [D, mD]

- ‘capacity of rock to transmit fluid’
- function of open space and its interconnection
- depends on properties of rock formation
ENIT
Porosity/Permeability
Material can be porous without being permeable, but it cannot be permeable
without being porous.
Porous and
permeable
Porous, but not
permeable
ENIT
Porosity/Permeability
ENIT
Permeability
Permeability impact (number of drilled wells)
ENIT
Effective Permeability
ENIT
Relative Permeability
ENIT
Relative Permeability
ENIT
Rock Compressibility
1  ∂V p 
cr =  
Vp  ∂p 
cr = rock compressibility
Vp = pore volume
ENIT
Wettability
Wettability of a solid is the preference of its surface to be coverd by a fluid
instead of another one.
ENIT
Wettability
ENIT
Wettability
GAZ/LIQUID
The Liquid is always the wetting phase
OIL/WATER
Water wet: if water is occupying the surface of the rock pore and oil is
occupying the center of big pores
Oil wet :if oil is occupying the surface of the rock pore and water is
occupying the center of big pores
Intermediate wettability : no particular preference
ENIT
CAPILLARY PRESSURE-DEFINITION
 The pressure difference existing across the interface separating two
immiscible fluids in capillaries (e.g. porous media).
 Calculated as:
Pc = pnwt - pwt
Where:
Pc = capillary pressure
Pnwt = pressure in nonwetting phase
pwt = pressure in wetting phase
• One fluid wets the surfaces of the formation rock (wetting phase) in preference to the other (non-wetting
phase).
• Gas is always the non-wetting phase in both oil-gas and water-gas systems.
• Oil is often the non-wetting phase in water-oil systems.
ENIT
CAPILLARY PRESSURE
In General
Pc=P1-P2
If Pc is Positive Fluide 2 is the wetting Phase
If Pc is Negative Fluide1 is the wetting phase
ENIT
DRAINAGE AND IMBIBITION
DRAINAGE
• Fluid flow process in which the saturation

of the nonwetting phase increases
• Mobility of nonwetting fluid phase

increases as nonwetting phase saturation
increases
Drainage IMBIBITION
• Fluid flow process in which the saturation

Pc of the wetting phase increases
• Mobility of wetting phase increases as

wetting phase saturation increases
Pd
Imbibition Four Primary Parameters

S Si = irreducible wetting phase saturation
Sm
i Sm = 1 - residual non-wetting phase saturation
0 0.5 1.0 Pd = displacement pressure, the pressure required

to force non-wetting fluid into largest pores
ENIT Swt
CAPILLARY TUBE MODEL AIR/WATER SYSTEM
pa1
pw1 Air
∆h
pa2
pw2
Water
Water rise in capillary tube depends on the density difference of fluids.
Pa2 = pw2 = p2
pa1 = p2 - ρa g ∆h
pw1 = p2 - ρw g ∆h
Pc = pa1 - pw1
= ρw g ∆h - ρa g ∆h
= ∆ρ g ∆h
ENIT
CAPILLARY TUBE MODEL :AIR / WATER SYSTEM
 The height of water in a capillary tube is a function of:

 Adhesion tension between the air and water
 Radius of the tube
2 σ aw cos θ
 Density difference between fluids ∆h =
r g ∆ρ aw
This relation can be derived from balancing the upward force due to adhesion tension and downward forces
due to the weight of the fluid . The wetting phase (water) rise will be larger in small capillaries.
∆h = Height of water rise in capillary tube, cm
σaw = Interfacial tension between air and water,
dynes/cm
θ = Air/water contact angle, degrees
r = Radius of capillary tube, cm
g = Acceleration due to gravity, 980 cm/sec2
∆ρ aw = Density difference between water and air, gm/cm3
θ Contact angle, , is measured through the more dense phase (water in this case).
ENIT
CAPILLARY PRESSURE – AIR / WATER SYSTEM
 Combining the two relations results in the following expression

for capillary tubes:
2 σ aw cos θ
Pc =
r
ENIT
CAPILLARY PRESSURE – OIL / WATER SYSTEM
 From a similar derivation, the equation for capillary

pressure for an oil/water system is
2 σ ow cos θ
Pc =
r
Pc = Capillary pressure between oil and water
σow = Interfacial tension between oil and water, dyne/cm
θ = Oil/water contact angle, degrees
r = Radius of capillary tube, cm
ENIT
Capillary pressure
Capillary pressure from Lab to reservoir
ENIT
Capillary Pressure in Reservoirs
A B dpw=ρwg/D dh
dpo=ρog/D dh
Free
Reservoir, ρo
Depth
Water Pc = po-pw = 0
Level 3
2
1
Aquifer, ρw
Pressure
ENIT
Capillary Pressure in Reservoirs
ENIT
Capillary Pressure in Reservoirs: J-Function
ENIT
Reservoir types
- Carbonate Reservoir:
Dolomite, Limestone :low porosity, hetregenous,fractured
- Clastic reservoirs:
Sand:uncosolidated (not well cemented):sand production problem
Sandstone: consolidated
ENIT
PETROLEUM FLUIDS
ENIT
Petroleum genesis
ENIT
Hydrocarbon Definition
Hydrocarbons are compounds formed by two elements only, hydrogen

and carbon. Because of their different molecular structures, they have
different chemical and physical properties.
They could be in saturated (simple links) or unsaturated (double link).
ENIT
ENIT
ENIT
DEFINITIONS
ENIT
Fluid composition
Que ce soit de l’huile, du gaz, de l’eau ou un mélange des trois, l’effluent
se décompose en :
-éléments carbonés simples (éthane, méthane, etc..)
-éléments spécifiques(N2, CO2, H2O, etc..).
Chaque élément possède ses caractéristiques propres (pression critique,

température critique, masse molaire etc..). Il est défini dans la composition
globale par le pourcentage de sa quantité présente dans l’effluent
Toutes ces variables sont déterminées en laboratoire et servent de
base dans tous les calculs effectués par la suite (process, pertes de
charges, etc ...). Notamment pour le dimensionnement des
équipements du puits.
Cette composition est inexploitable si on ne donne pas les conditions

P et T nécessaires pour définir l’enveloppe de phase.
ENIT
Fluid composition
ENIT
Phase Diagram
Cette enveloppe de phase spécifie l’état (liquide/gaz) dans lequel est

l’hydrocarbure en fonction de la pression et de la température du milieu où il se
trouve (réservoir, fond du puits, surface).
ENIT
Phase Diagram
ENIT
Phase Diagram
ENIT
Phase Diagram
Au-dessus et à gauche du point critique, l'effluent est monophasique liquide, à droite
il n’y a que du gaz.
Dans la surface sous la courbe, il y a un mélange di-phasique de liquide et de gaz.
Le cricondentherme est le point de température maximum de l'enveloppe

diphasique.
Le cricondenbar est le point de pression maximum de l'enveloppe diphasique.
Courbe de bulle : c’est la partie de la courbe enveloppe de phase pour

laquelleT<TC. Elle représente les conditions dans lesquelles la première bulle de gaz
apparaît dans la phase liquide.
Courbe de rosée : c’est la partie de la courbe enveloppe de phase pour laquelle T

> TC. Elle représente les conditions dans lesquelles la première goutte d’huile
apparaît dans la phase gaz.
ENIT
Typical Petroleum in Reservoirs
GAS GAS CAP
GAS-OIL CONTACT
OIL
OIL ZONE
CLOSURE
OIL-WATER CONTACT
WATER ZONE
SPILL POINT
WATER WATER
EDGE WATER BOTTOM WATER EDGE WATER
ENIT
The Five Reservoir Fluids
Under saturated oil

Saturated oil
Gas condensate
Wet gas
Dry gas
ENIT
Oil Reservoirs
Undersaturated reservoir
Reservoir pressure is above the bubble point
Saturated reservoir
Reservoir pressure is below the bubble point
ENIT
PVT
Under saturated oil
Pres
C
Psep
Tsep Tres T
ENIT
Undersaturated Oil Reservoir
Gas
-Small Vol.
Pressure - Flare or
- use as Fuel
Temperature
OIL
High Press.
&Temp OIL
OIL-WATER CONTACT
SPILL POINT
WATER WATER
ENIT
PVT
Saturated oil: P. Bulle >= P. Rres
Pres
Psep
Tsep Tres T
ENIT
Saturated Oil Reservoir
Pressure Gas
- Large
Temperature - Sales
OIL
Gas
High Press.
&Temp OIL
OIL-WATER CONTACT
SPILL POINT
WATER WATER
ENIT
PVT
Condensate Gas
P
Pres
Des condensats seront
formés dans le
C réservoir
Psep
T
Tsep Tres Tcricon
ENIT
Gas Condensate Reservoir
Gas
Pressure
Temperature
Condensate
Press.
Drop
High Press.
&Temp Gas
OIL-WATER CONTACT
SPILL POINT
WATER WATER
ENIT
PVT
Wet Gas
P
P
P res
SP
Liquides en surface
C mais
pas dans le réservoir
Psep
Tcricon
TT
Tsep Tres
ENIT
Wet Gas Reservoir
Gas
Pressure
Temperature
Condensate
High Press.
&Temp Gas
OIL-WATER CONTACT
SPILL POINT
WATER WATER
ENIT
PVT
Dry gas
P
Pres
Psep
Tcricon
T
Tsep Tres
ENIT
Dry Gas Reservoir
Gas
Pressure
Temperature
Water
High Press.
&Temp Gas
OIL-WATER CONTACT
SPILL POINT
WATER WATER
ENIT
DIAGRAMME PRESSION - TEMPERATURE
Pression TC TCC (température cricondentherme)

Point
critique Gaz à
condensat
H G
•
Gaz sec ou humide
Courbe de
bulle
H+
Courbe de
G rosée
Températur
e
Gisement Gisement
ENIT "Huile" "Gaz"
Properties of Oil
Formation volume factor

Solution gas oil ratio
Specific gravity
Isothermal compressibility of oil
Viscosity of oil
ENIT
Formation Volume Factor of Oil
ENIT
Solution Gas Oil Ratio
ENIT
Density and API
γ =
ρ
ρ
o
o
w
141.5
o
API = − 131.5
γo
ENIT
Gas Oil Ratio
ENIT
Gas Oil Ratio
ENIT
Gas Oil Ratio
ENIT
Viscosity of Oil
ENIT
Isothermal Compressibility of Oil
1  ∂V   ∂ ln V 
co = −   = − 
V  ∂p T  ∂p T
ENIT
Oil Properties
Standard condition
Reservoir condition
300 m³ of
gas
1 m³ of oil
P>Pb 0.9 m³ of oil
Calculate Bo, Rs and GOR
ENIT
Oil Properties
Produced gas
?
?
?
? Oil standard
1m3
conditions
(P, T) Res (P, T)standrad

P< PBulle
ENIT
Oil Properties
GOR-Rs
Produced gas
GOR
Rs
(GOR-Rs)*Bg
Bo Oil standard
1m3
conditions
(P, T) (P, T)standrad

P< PBulle
ENIT
Water properties
ENIT
Properties of Gas
Compressibility factor
Density of real gas
Apparent molecular weight
Specific gravity of gas
Gas formation volume factor
Isothermal compressibility of gas
Viscosity of oil
ENIT
Gas Compressibility factor
ENIT
ENIT
ENIT
ENIT
ENIT
ENIT
ENIT
Isothermal compressibility of gas
ENIT
Gas Formation Volume Factor
ENIT
Density of Gas
ENIT
Gas Viscosity
ENIT
Fluid Sampling
Measurements
• Sampling
• Analysis
• PVT studies (oils - condensate gases)
ENIT
Fluid Sampling
ENIT
Fluid Sampling
ENIT
Fluid Sampling
ENIT
Fluid Sampling
ENIT
PVT EXPERIMENTS
ENIT
Reservoir Fluid Study (PVT Analysis)
 Flash Vaporization or Flash test
- A sample is placed in a laboratory cell

- Pressure is adjusted to a value equal to or greater than
initial reservoir pressure
- Temperature is set at reservoir temperature
- Pressure is reduced by increasing the volume in increments
- No gas or liquid is removed from the cell
- At each step, the pressure and volume are measured
- These measurements are used to determine fluid properties
ENIT
Flash Vaporization Test
Called also constant mass expansion

1 2 3 4 5
gas gas
V t3 = V b
V t1
V t2 V t4 V t5
oil oil oil
oil
oil
Hg Hg Hg
Hg
Hg
P 1 >> P b P2 > P b P3 = P b P4 < P b P5 < P 4
Temperature of Test = Reservoir Temperature

ENIT
ENIT
ENIT
ENIT
Reservoir Fluid Study (PVT Analysis)
 Differential Vaporization
- A sample is placed in a laboratory cell

- Pressure is adjusted to the bubble point pressure
- Temperature is set at reservoir temperature
- Pressure is reduced by increasing the volume in increments
- Gas is removed from the cell while the pressure is held
constant by reducing the cell volume
- At each step, the quantity and specific gravity of the gas
and the volume remained the cell are measured
- These measurements are used to determine fluid properties
ENIT
Differential Vaporization Test
Gas off
1 2 3 4 5
gas gas
gas
oil
oil oil oil
Hg oil
Hg Hg oil
Hg
Hg
P1 = Pb P2 < Pb P2 < Pb P2 < Pb P3 < P2 < Pb
Temperature of Test = Reservoir Temperature
ENIT
ENIT
At each pressure, we calculate :
-the oil volume
-the removed gas volume
And finally the residual oil volume @ standard conditions
-The Bo @ each pressure step will be equal to oil volume @ P/residual

oil
-the Rs will be equal to (the cumulative removed gas @ standard

conditions minus the cumulative removed gas @ pressure step)/residual
oil
-the Bg will be equal to the volume of removed gas @P/volume of
removed gas @ standard conditions
ENIT
Constant mass expansion for a condensate gas
ENIT
Constant mass expansion for a condensate gas
ENIT

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FORMATION QUALIFIANTE SEREPT - ENIT

Tunis, 30 Janvier 2014

Well and reservoir

3. Well test interpretation

6. Artficial lift using GL and ESP

7. Production logging and monitoring

8. Wells in Ashtart Filed

3. Well test interpretation

6. Artficial lift using GL and ESP

7. Production logging and well monitoring

8. Wells in Ashtart Filed

-Dont forget also the timing!!!!!!!

Craquage – expulsion - migration Piégeage dans des réservoirs

-Prospection:identification of traps and formation depths and geomoetry

-Exploration :Drilling of exploration wells

-Discovery:the first positive well

-Delineation: Drilling of appraisal wells to identify reservoir limits and fluid

-Development strategy :How the field will be developped and exploited

EAU Impermeable formation(seal rock) EAU

A Reservoir is a porous and permeable rock containing hydrocarbon

Usually φ= 0.05 – 0.40

ENIT Rock matrix Pore space

The interconnected pore volume or void space in a rock that contributes to

is a measure of the ability of a porous material (often, a rock or unconsolidated

Permeability k [D, mD]

The Liquid is always the wetting phase

Intermediate wettability : no particular preference

Pnwt = pressure in nonwetting phase

pwt = pressure in wetting phase

If Pc is Positive Fluide 2 is the wetting Phase

If Pc is Negative Fluide1 is the wetting phase

• Fluid flow process in which the saturation

• Mobility of nonwetting fluid phase

• Fluid flow process in which the saturation

• Mobility of wetting phase increases as

Imbibition Four Primary Parameters

0 0.5 1.0 Pd = displacement pressure, the pressure required

Water rise in capillary tube depends on the density difference of fluids.

 The height of water in a capillary tube is a function of:

 Combining the two relations results in the following expression

 From a similar derivation, the equation for capillary

Hydrocarbons are compounds formed by two elements only, hydrogen

They could be in saturated (simple links) or unsaturated (double link).

-éléments carbonés simples (éthane, méthane, etc..)

-éléments spécifiques(N2, CO2, H2O, etc..).

Chaque élément possède ses caractéristiques propres (pression critique,

Cette composition est inexploitable si on ne donne pas les conditions

Cette enveloppe de phase spécifie l’état (liquide/gaz) dans lequel est

Dans la surface sous la courbe, il y a un mélange di-phasique de liquide et de gaz.

Le cricondentherme est le point de température maximum de l'enveloppe

Le cricondenbar est le point de pression maximum de l'enveloppe diphasique.

Courbe de bulle : c’est la partie de la courbe enveloppe de phase pour

Courbe de rosée : c’est la partie de la courbe enveloppe de phase pour laquelle T

GAS GAS CAP

EDGE WATER BOTTOM WATER EDGE WATER

Under saturated oil

Under saturated oil

Saturated oil: P. Bulle >= P. Rres

Pression TC TCC (température cricondentherme)

Formation volume factor

P>Pb 0.9 m³ of oil

Calculate Bo, Rs and GOR

(P, T) Res (P, T)standrad