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This Technical Note describes how the program calculates the positive bend-
ing moment capacity for a composite section assuming a plastic stress distri-
bution.
Overview
The plastic moment capacity of a composite cross-section is calculated in the
program on the following basis (BS 4.4.2):
distribution is the basic distribution of stress used by the program when con-
sidering a plastic stress distribution for positive bending. Note that if the
metal deck ribs are parallel to the beam, the concrete in the ribs is also con-
sidered.
0.45f cu
CConc
a
zp
CSteel
py
Plastic neutral axis (PNA)
TSteel
yc
yp
py
Figure 2 illustrates how the program idealizes a steel beam for calculating the
plastic stress distribution. Two different cases are shown, one for a rolled
section and the other for a user-defined section. The idealization for the rolled
section considers the fillets whereas the idealization for the user-defined sec-
tion assumes there are no fillets because none are specified in the section
definition. Although not shown in Figures 1 and 2, the deck type and orienta-
tion may be different on the left and right sides of the beam as shown in
Figure 2 of Technical Note Effective Width of the Concrete Slab Composite
Beam Design.
For a rolled steel section, the fillets are idealized as a rectangular block of
steel. The depth and width of this rectangular block are given by:
kdepth = k - T (Rolled)
Overview Page 2 of 14
Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90 Composite Plastic Moment Capacity for Positive Bending
Be
tc
Ds
T top
Dp
k
kwidth
kdepth
B top
D
d
t
kdepth
T bot
kwidth
k
Tcp
Bcp
B bot
Be
tc
Ds
T top
Dp
B top
D
d
t
T bot
Tcp
Bcp
B bot
Overview Page 3 of 14
Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90 Composite Plastic Moment Capacity for Positive Bending
For welded sections, the fillets are non-existent. However, for the purpose of
plastic moment capacity calculation, the depth and width of the rectangular
blocks of fillets are taken as the following. This definition of the fillets for
welded, user-defined sections allows them to be treated under the same
framework as the rolled sections.
kdepth = 0 (Welded)
kwidth = t (Welded)
The basic steps in computing the positive plastic moment capacity are as fol-
lows:
Determine the size of concrete stress block, a, and the location of the bot-
tom of the stress block, yc.
Fconc,max = [0.45 fcu Be (Ds − Dp)]left + [0.45 fcu Be (Ds − Dp)]right (BS 5.4.4.1)
If the deck ribs are parallel to the beam, the contributions of the ribs as well
as the contributions from the slabs are considered. In such cases, Fconc,max is
calculated as follows (BS 5.4.4.1):
br D p br D p
Fconc,max = 0.45 f cu Be t c + + 0.45 f cu Be t c +
sr sr
left right
In the preceding expressions, As is the total area of steel section alone. For
welded sections, As is computed from plate dimensions. For rolled sections, As
is given in the section definition.
In practical cases, especially when the shear connection between the slab and
the steel beam is partial, the force in the concrete will not attain Fconc,max, and
the force in the steel section will not attain Fsteel,max. Assuming that the partial
composite connection ratio is PCC, the maximum concrete force and total
steel tensile force will be equal to Fstud, which is given by the following equa-
tion:
The value of PCC ranges between 0 and 1. For full composite connection, PCC
is 1 and Fstud is the minimum of maximum concrete force and maximum steel
tensile force. In such cases, if Fconc,max is greater than Fsteel,max, yp will be equal
to the full depth of the beam d and the depth of compression block will be
smaller than Ds. For full composite connection and if Fsteel,max is greater than
Fconc,max, yp will be less than h and the depth of the compression block will be
equal to Ds. For partial composite connection, yp is always less than D, and
the depth of the compression block is always less than Ds.
plastic neutral axis, yp, depth of the compression block, a, and plastic mo-
ment capacity, Mp, are calculated from this condition.
yc = D + Ds - a
For simple cases when the deck on the left and right sides of the beam have
the same thicknesses and the same rib depths, the calculation of a and yc is
simple. This calculation is also simple when there is only one slab on either
the left or right side of the beam. However, the program considers the gen-
eral condition where the slabs on the left and right sides are different. In such
cases, the compression block may include part of the slab on either side or
both sides, full slab and part of the ribs on either side or both sides. Also note
that if the deck ribs are perpendicular to the beam, the ribs do not contribute
to the compression block. The deck ribs may orient differently, parallel or
perpendicular to the beam, on the two sides of the beam. Those geometric
variations make the calculation of a and yc. The program handles these gen-
eralities using an efficient iterative procedure. In the iterative procedure, the
program starts with a small value of a and progressively increases its value
until the compression in concrete based on the assumed compression block
becomes equal to Fstud. If the concrete decks are the same on both sides, or if
there is one concrete deck at either side, and if the block sizes are smaller
than the slab thickness, the iterative procedure will converge in a single step.
Figures 3 and 4 show the internal forces for the conditions where the com-
pression stress block lies in the slab and the deck rib, respectively, for a sim-
ple case where decks at the left and right sides are the same.
a
CC 1
yc
Fstud
D
Figure 3: Rolled Steel Section with PNA in Concrete Slab Above Metal
Deck, Positive Bending (For User-Defined Welded Sections,
Ignore the Fillets)
CC 1
a
CC 2
block
Fstud
The location of the PNA is heavily influenced by the partial composite connec-
tion ratio, PCC. If the PCC is 1 and Fconc,max is greater than Fsteel,max, yp will be
equal to the full depth of the beam D. If PCC is less than 1, or if PCC is 1 but
Fsteel,max is greater than Fconc,max, Fstud will be less than Fsteel,max, and the PNA
will be below the top of the top flange. The location of the PNA can lie in any
of the six following general locations depending on the relative value of Fstud
and Fsteel,max. See Figures 5 to 10 for more details.
Within the beam top fillet (applies to rolled shapes from the program's
section database only).
Within the beam bottom fillet (applies to rolled shapes from the program's
section database only).
Note it is very unlikely that the PNA would be below the beam web but there
is nothing in the program to prevent it. This condition would require a very
large beam bottom flange and/or cover plate and a small PCC.
For typical composite beams with equal flange and moderate PCC, the PNA
would lie in the upper side of the web, in the top fillet, or in the top flange.
Adding a cover plate would drag the PNA down.
The program calculates the value of yp using an efficient procedure. The pro-
gram starts with a value of yp equal to D and progressively decreases its
value until the total tensile force in the steel section (including the cover plate
if present) based on the assumed location of the PNA becomes equal to Fstud.
In that procedure, if the location of the PNA is known to lie in any one of the
six general locations described previously, the value of yp is determined di-
rectly. That means the value of yp can be obtained by at best six trials. The
details of the expressions for different cases are given as follows:
yp = D,
else if Fstud ≥ Fsteel,max − 2 (Ttop Btop + kdepth kwidth+ t d + kdepth bwidth) py then,
else if Fstud ≥ Fsteel,max − 2 (Ttop Btop +2 kdepth kwidth+ t d + Tbot Bbot) py then,
Figures 5 through 10 show the internal forces for the conditions where the
PNA lies in the six general locations of the steel sections. Those locations
were described previously in this section of this Technical Note. In the figures,
the rolled sections and welded sections are treated under uniform framework,
even though there is no fillet in the welded section. For welded sections, the
depth of the fillets should be considered as zero in all expressions. Also, Fig-
ures 6 and 8 should be ignored for welded sections.
Fstud
zp
CF T
TF T
TK T
yp
TWeb
TK B
TF B
TC P
Figure 5: Rolled Steel Section with PNA within Beam Top Flange,
Positive Bending (For User-Defined Welded Sections, Ignore
the Fillets)
Fstud
zp
CF T
CK T
TK T
TWeb
TK B
TF B
TC P
Figure 6: Rolled Steel Section with PNA within Beam Top Fillet, Positive
Bending (This Case Does Not Apply for Welded Sections)
Fstud
zp
CF T
CK T
CWeb
Plastic neutral axis (PNA)
TWeb
yp
TK B
TF B
TC P
Figure 7: Rolled Steel Section with PNA within Beam Web, Positive
Bending (For User-Defined Welded Sections, Ignore the Fillets)
Fstud
CF T
CK T
zp
CWeb
CK B
TK B
yp
TF B
Plastic neutral axis (PNA) TC P
Figure 8: Rolled Steel Section with PNA within Beam Bottom Fillet, Posi-
tive Bending (This Case Does Not Apply for Welded Sections)
Fstud
CF T
CK T
zp
CWeb
CK B
CF B
TF B
yp
Figure 9: Rolled Steel Section with PNA within Beam Bottom Flange,
Positive Bending (For User-Defined Welded Sections, Ignore
the Fillets)
Fstud
CF T
CK T
zp
CWeb
CK B
CF B
CCP
yp
Figure 10: Rolled Steel Section with PNA within Cover Plate, Positive
Bending (For User-Defined Welded Sections, Ignore the
Fillets)
If the shear is high, the web of the steel section is ignored in computing the
plastic moment capacity. In general, the forces in the following individual
elements are considered.
Depending on the size of the concrete compression block, some of the forces
in concrete can be zero, because concrete tensile strength is assumed to be
zero. Also, depending on the location of the PNA, some of the forces in any of
the six elements can be compressive and some can be tensile. However, the
element in which the PNA will lie has been split into two parts: one involving
tension and the other part involving compression.
Because the total axial force over the whole composite section is zero, the
moment can be computed using any axis. The program uses the bottom of
the bottom flange as the reference axis for calculating the plastic moment ca-
pacity.