Deadline: March 12, 2018 (Monday): 5:00 PM,

Problem Set 1:
Instruction: Print this document in a long bond size paper. Show your solution in another sheet(s)
of paper.

Topic: Fugacity, Activity and Equilibrium Concentration

1. Calculate the CO/CO2 ratio in equilibrium with carbon at 727 ⁰ C assuming that the total
pressure to be 2 atm.
Given:
0
𝟐𝐂 + 𝟎𝟐 = 𝟐𝐂𝐎; ∆G727 C = −95.3 kcal
0
𝐂 + 𝟎𝟐 = 𝐂𝐎𝟐 ; ∆G727 C = −94.0 kcal

2. Calculate the equilibrium partial pressure of Zn vapour and CO at 1200 ⁰ C according to the
following reaction:
< 𝐙𝐧𝐎 > + < 𝐂 > = (𝐙𝐧) + (𝐂𝐎);
0
∆G1200 C = 88.720 + 10.35T log T − 103.33T, cal

Assume that the reaction is carried out in a closed retort containing no air.

3. Will a magnesia crucible decompose at 1000 ⁰ C in a vacuum of 0.01 atm?

Given:
𝟏
< 𝐌𝐠𝐎 > = {𝐌𝐠} + (𝟎𝟐 );
𝟐
0
∆G1000 C = 145,350 + 0.24T log T − 26.95T, cal

4. One stage of an industrial process involves the drying of moist silver carbonate in an air
stream at 110 ⁰C, without decomposing it according to the following reaction:

𝐀𝐥𝟐 𝐂𝐎𝟑 = 𝐀𝐠 𝟐 𝐎 + 𝐂𝐎𝟐 ;

0
∆G110 C = 3.512 kcal

Calculate the minimum partial pressure of 𝐶𝑂2 which must be introduced into the stream of
air used.
Topic: Solutions

1. The liquid solutions of MnO in FeO and of Mn in Fe are virtually ideal at 1600⁰ C. Calculate
the concentration of manganese in iron in wt % which is in equilibrium with a slag
containing 40% MnO and 60% FeO at this temperature.
Given:
(𝐅𝐞𝐎)𝐬𝐥𝐚𝐠 + [𝐌𝐧]𝐅𝐞−𝐌𝐧 = (𝐌𝐧𝐎)𝐬𝐥𝐚𝐠 + [𝐅𝐞]𝐅𝐞−𝐌𝐧 ;
∆𝐺 0 = −29,080 + 3.67 T, cal

Atomic weights of Fe and Mn are 55.85 and 54.94 respectively.

2. Liquid iron contains 0.2% aluminium and 0.05% nitrogen by weight at 1620 ⁰ C. Determine
the possibility of precipitating aluminium nitride, AlN, by thermodynamic calculation:

𝐀𝐥𝐍 = [𝐀𝐥]𝐅𝐞,𝐰𝐭% + [𝐍]𝐅𝐞,𝐰𝐭% ;

𝑘1620 𝐶 = 6 x 10−3

3. The aluminium left in steel after deoxidation can be removed by vacumm treatment at
1600⁰ C in either a silica, magnesia, or alumina crucible, according to the following
reactions:
< SiO2 > +2[Al]Fe,wt% = (SiO) + Al2 O
< 𝑀𝑔𝑂 > +2[𝐴𝑙]𝐹𝑒,𝑤𝑡% = (𝑀𝑔) + 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂
< Al2 O3 > +4[Al]Fe,wt% = 3(Al2 O )

If the minimum pressure attained by the vacuum pump is 10-4 atm, which of the crucible
/crucibles can be used to obtain aluminium-free steel?