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FE-Convection H.T.

CHAPTER III : CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER

I PRINCIPLES OF CONVECTION
• Convection depends heavily on fluid flow. Flow must be known for
“h” to be calculated.
• h is usually presented in dimensionless form within Nu=hl/k.
• Prandtl Number , Pr = cp μ/k is important in convection
• Forced Convection is driven by mechanical means, e.g. fan; it is
influenced strongly by Re=ρvl/μ, which represents ratio of inertia
force to viscous force.
• Natural(free) convection is driven by buoyancy forces; it is influenced
strongly by Gr =(g β(Tw-T∞ ) L3/ν2) which represents ratio of
buoyancy-force to viscous force. The coefficient of thermal expansion
β=1/T for an ideal gas. The product Gr.Pr = Ra

II. FORCED CONVECTION


a) External Flow
Fluid properties are always evaluated at film temperature Tf=(Tw+T∞)/2

i. Flat Plate of Length L in Parrallel Flow

On a flat plate transition from Laminar to Turbulent occurs when:


Re = ρ u∞ x / μ > 5 × 105

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FE-Convection H.T.

ρu ∞ L
Re L =
μ
_
hL
Nu L = = 0.6640 Re1L/ 2 Pr1 / 3 (ReL < 105)
k
_
hL
Nu L = = 0.0366 Re 0L.8 Pr1 / 3 (ReL > 105)
k

ii. Cylinder of Diameter D in Cross Flow

Knudsen and Katz present the following relation for the average heat transfer
coefficient in cross-flow:
hd u d
Nu D = = C ( ∞ ) n Pr 1f / 3 , where:
kf νf
Red,f C n
0.4 – 4 0.989 0.330
4-40 0.911 0.385
40-4000 0.683 0.466
4000-40000 0.193 0.618
40000-400000 0.0266 0.805
all properties being evaluated at the film temperature, Tf.
iii. Flow Over a Sphere of Diameter D
hD
Nu D = = 2.0 + 0.690 Re1D/ 2 Pr1 / 3 ( 1< ReD < 70,000; 0.6 < Pr <400)
k

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FE-Convection H.T.

b) Internal Flow
For pipe flow : ReD= ρumD/μ

Laminar pipe flow occurs for ReD < 2300; turbulent flow for ReD > 2800.
Properties are evaluated at mean bulk temperature, Tb, defined by:
r

∫ ρuc T (2πrdr )
p
total energy flow across the tube
Tb = 0
=
∫ mass − flow × c p
r

∫ ρuc
0
p (2πrdr )

Which is an energy-average fluid temperature across the tube.


Heat transfer between fluid and wall is thus: q″ = h(Tw – Tb)
i) Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes

Fully developed Flow


NuD = 4.36 (for uniform heat flux)
NuD= 3.66 (for Tw constant)
Combined entry and developed:
D μ
Nu d = 1.86(Re D Pr)1/ 3 ( )1/ 3 ( b ) 0.14 (for Tw constant)
L μw

ii) Turbulent Flow in Circular Tubes


Seider –Tate eqn for ReD > 104, Pr > 0.7, for either uniform
surface temperature or uniform heat flux:
0.14
⎛ μb ⎞
Nud = 0.023 Re Pr 0.8 1/ 3
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ μw ⎠
D

iii) Liquid Metals

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FE-Convection H.T.

Characterized with very small values of Pr: ( 0.003 < Pr < 0.05)
Nu D = 6.3 + 0.0167 Re 0D.85 Pr 0.93 (uniform heat flux)
Nu D = 7.0 + 0.025 Re 0D.8 Pr 0.8 (constant Tw)
iv) Non-Circular Ducts:
The equivalent hydraulic diameter Dh replaces D in all terms of eqns.
4 × cross − sec tional area
Dh ≡
wetted perimeter

v) Circular Annulus ( Do > Di):


Dh replaces D, where Dh=Do-Di.

II. NATURAL CONVECTION

Some expts indicate that :


N̅uf = C ( Raf )m , where Tf =(T∞+Tw)/2
subscript “f” indicates properties are evaluated at Tf, and Rayleigh number,
Ra ≡ (Gr . Pr). For vertical plates and cylinders the characteristic length is
the vertical height L, whereas for horizontal cylinders it is the diameter D.

“C” and “m” constants of eqn for isothermal surfaces


Geometry Raf C m
Vertical planes and cylinders of large D/L 104-109 0.59 1/4
Ra=gβ(Tw-T∞)L3/ν2 . Pr 109-1013 0.10 1/3
Long Horizontal cylinders 10-3-102 1.02 0.148
Ra=gβ(Tw-T∞)D3/ν2 . Pr 102-104 0.85 0.188
104-107 0.480 1/4
107-1012 0.125 1/3

III. CONDENSATION OF A PURE VAPOR

On a sufficiently cool surface(temperature below vapor saturation temp)


vapor condenses on surface

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FE-Convection H.T.

i) Film Condensation: if liquid wets the surface, a smooth film is formed


and the surface is blanketed by film; the film represents a thermal resistance
with a temperature difference across it.
ii) Dropwise Condensation: if the liquid does not wet the surface, droplets
are formed which fall down the surface in random fashion; large areas of
surface are still directly exposed to vapor environment.

Heat transfer rates in dropwise condensation may be 10 x higher than in film


condensation. Surface texture and fluid properties influence mode of
condensation. Following eqns refer to “film condensation”.

i) Condensation on a Vertical Cylinder


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hL ⎡ gh fg ρl2 L3 ⎤
Nu L = = 0.943⎢ ⎥
k ⎢⎣ μ .kl (Tsat − Tw ) ⎥⎦
where subscript “l” indicates liquid properties evaluated at average of Tsat and Tw.
ii) Condensation on Outside of Horizontal Tubes
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hD ⎡ ρ 2 gh D 3 ⎤
Nu D = = 0.729⎢ l fg ⎥
k ⎢⎣ μl kl (Tsat − Tw ) ⎥⎦

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