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I PRINCIPLES OF CONVECTION
• Convection depends heavily on fluid flow. Flow must be known for
“h” to be calculated.
• h is usually presented in dimensionless form within Nu=hl/k.
• Prandtl Number , Pr = cp μ/k is important in convection
• Forced Convection is driven by mechanical means, e.g. fan; it is
influenced strongly by Re=ρvl/μ, which represents ratio of inertia
force to viscous force.
• Natural(free) convection is driven by buoyancy forces; it is influenced
strongly by Gr =(g β(Tw-T∞ ) L3/ν2) which represents ratio of
buoyancy-force to viscous force. The coefficient of thermal expansion
β=1/T for an ideal gas. The product Gr.Pr = Ra
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FE-Convection H.T.
ρu ∞ L
Re L =
μ
_
hL
Nu L = = 0.6640 Re1L/ 2 Pr1 / 3 (ReL < 105)
k
_
hL
Nu L = = 0.0366 Re 0L.8 Pr1 / 3 (ReL > 105)
k
Knudsen and Katz present the following relation for the average heat transfer
coefficient in cross-flow:
hd u d
Nu D = = C ( ∞ ) n Pr 1f / 3 , where:
kf νf
Red,f C n
0.4 – 4 0.989 0.330
4-40 0.911 0.385
40-4000 0.683 0.466
4000-40000 0.193 0.618
40000-400000 0.0266 0.805
all properties being evaluated at the film temperature, Tf.
iii. Flow Over a Sphere of Diameter D
hD
Nu D = = 2.0 + 0.690 Re1D/ 2 Pr1 / 3 ( 1< ReD < 70,000; 0.6 < Pr <400)
k
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FE-Convection H.T.
b) Internal Flow
For pipe flow : ReD= ρumD/μ
Laminar pipe flow occurs for ReD < 2300; turbulent flow for ReD > 2800.
Properties are evaluated at mean bulk temperature, Tb, defined by:
r
∫ ρuc T (2πrdr )
p
total energy flow across the tube
Tb = 0
=
∫ mass − flow × c p
r
∫ ρuc
0
p (2πrdr )
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FE-Convection H.T.
Characterized with very small values of Pr: ( 0.003 < Pr < 0.05)
Nu D = 6.3 + 0.0167 Re 0D.85 Pr 0.93 (uniform heat flux)
Nu D = 7.0 + 0.025 Re 0D.8 Pr 0.8 (constant Tw)
iv) Non-Circular Ducts:
The equivalent hydraulic diameter Dh replaces D in all terms of eqns.
4 × cross − sec tional area
Dh ≡
wetted perimeter
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FE-Convection H.T.
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