Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
T A − TB
q= = U . A.ΔToverall
1 Δx 1
+ +
h1 A kA h2 A
1/10
FE-HEAT EXCHANGERS
• with time deposits and corrosion on the heat transfer surfaces increase
resistance to heat flow. A fouling factor or fouling resistance must
1 1
then be introduced; it is defined by : Rf = − .
U dirty U clean
2/10
FE-HEAT EXCHANGERS
3/10
FE-HEAT EXCHANGERS
− dq dq
dT h = , dT c =
m& h c h m& c c c
− dq dq 1 1
∴ d (Th − Tc ) = dT h − dT c = − = − dq ( + )
m& h c h m& c c c m& h c h m& c c c
but dq = U (Th − Tc ).dA
1 1
d (Th − Tc ) = −U (Th − Tc )( + ).dA
m& h c h m& c c c
hence
d (Th − Tc ) 1 1
= −U ( + ).dA
(Th − Tc ) m& h c h m& c c c
assuming c and U are constant, integration yields:
Th 2 − Tc 2 1 1 1 1 − UA
ln( ) = −UA( + ) = −UA( + )= {(Th1 − Th 2 ) + (Tc 2 − Tc1 )}
Th1 − Tc1 m& h c h m& c cc q q q
(Th1 − Th 2 ) (Tc 2 − Tc1 )
Therefore: q = U A {(Th2 –Tc2) – (Th1-Tc1)} / ln[(Th2-Tc2)/(Th1-Tc1)]
4/10
FE-HEAT EXCHANGERS
• If a heat exchanger other than the double pipe type is used , the heat
transfer is calculated by using a correction factor “F” applied to
LMTD for the same hot and cold fluid temperatures in a double pipe
counter-flow H.E., i.e. q = U A F ∆Tm
• For boiling or condensation of one fluid: F=1.0
Ex Water at the rate of 68 kg/min is heated from 35 to 75oC by an oil having a
specific heat of 1.4 kJ/kg oK. The fluids are used in a counter-flow pipe heat
exchanger, and the oil enters the exchanger at 110oC and leaves at 75oC. Given
U=320 W/m2 oK, calculate the heat exchanger area.
Sol :
q = m& w .c w .ΔTw = 68×4180×(75-35)=11.37 MJ/min = 189.5 kW
(110 − 75) − (75 − 35)
ΔTm = = 37.44 o C
ln[(110 − 75) /(75 − 35)]
•
Defining heat capacity C ≡ m c p , then:
actual heat transfer(q)= Ch(Thi – Tho)= Cc(Tco –Tci)
maximum heat transfer(qmax) = Cmin (Th,in – Tc,in)
where Cmin is smaller of Ch and Cc.
Ch (Thi − Tho ) C (T − T )
∴ε = = c co ci
Cmin (Thi − Tci ) Cmin (Thi − Tci )
5/10
FE-HEAT EXCHANGERS
Effectiveness-NTU Relations
Cmin
Defining heat capacity ratio Cr = ,
Cmax
for parallel flow concentric tube heat exchanger it can be shown that:
1 − e [ − NTU (1 + C r )]
ε =
1 + C r
ln[1 − ε (1 + Cr )]
NTU = −
1 + Cr
1 ⎛ ε −1 ⎞
NTU = ln⎜⎜ ⎟ (Cr < 1)
Cr − 1 ⎝ Cr ε − 1 ⎟⎠
ε
NTU = (Cr = 1)
1− ε
ε = 1-e-NTU
6/10
FE-HEAT EXCHANGERS
7/10
FE-HEAT EXCHANGERS
Ex. The H.E. of last example is used for heating water as described in the
example. Using the same entering fluid temperatures, calculate the exit
water temperature when only 40 kg/min of water is heated but the same
quantity of oil is used. Also calculate the total heat transfer under these new
conditions.
Sol.
ṁ h .ch. ΔTh = ṁc .cc. ΔTc
from previous example → ṁh = 68×4180×(75-35)/[1900×(110-75)]
=170.97 kg/min (oil)
ṁh ch = (170.97/60) ×1900 = 5414 W/ K, ṁccc=(40/60)×4180=2787 W/ K
Cmin/Cmax =2787/5414 =0.515, NTU= U A/Cmin = 320×15.82/2787=1.816
Table(10-3) → ε = 0.744 = ΔTcold/ΔTmax = ΔTcold/(110-35) →
ΔTcold = 55.8oC. (ΔTcold corresponds to min C)
8/10
FE-HEAT EXCHANGERS
Ex. Hot oil at 100oC is used to heat air in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger.
The oil makes 6 tube passes and the air makes one shell pass; 2.0 kg/s of air
are to be heated from 20 to 80oC. The specific heat of the oil is 2100 J/kg K,
and its flow rate is 3 kg/s. Calculate the area of the H.E. for U=200 W/m2 K.
Sol.
ṁo co ΔTo = ṁa ca ΔTa
3×2100×(100-Toe) = 2.0×1009×(80-20) → Toe =80.78oC
ṁh ch = 3.0×2100 = 6300 W/ K, ṁc cc = 2.0×1009=2108 W/ K =(ṁc)min
C= Cmin/Cmax = 2018/6300 = 0.3203, ε=ΔTc/ΔTmax = (80-20)/(100-20)=0.75
2 −1 / 2 ⎡ 2 / ε − 1 − C − (1 + C 2 )1 / 2 ⎤
Table(10-4): N = −(1 + C ) . ln ⎢ 2 1/ 2 ⎥
⎣ 2 / ε − 1 − C + (1 + C ) ⎦
Ex: A shell and tube heat exchanger is used as an ammonia condenser with
ammonia vapor entering the shell at 50oC as a saturated vapor. Water enters
the single pass tube arrangement at 20oC and q=200 kW, U=100 W/m2 K.
Determine the area to achieve ε=60 % with an exit water temperature of
40oC. What percent reduction in heat exchange would result if the water
flow is reduced in half while keeping the heat exchanger area and U the
same?
Sol .
q= 200 kW = ṁw cw ΔTw → ṁw = 200/[4.18×(40-20)] = 2.39 kg/s
since it is a condenser, water is the minimum fluid:
Cmin=ṁw cw =2.39×4.18=10 kW/ K
and: N=-ln(1-ε) = -ln(1-0.6) =0.916;
A=Cmin.N/U=10000×0.916/1000=1.832
9/10
FE-HEAT EXCHANGERS
10/10