No.

09

How the Landscape

supports Biodiversity
Bagaimana Landskap Menyokong Biodiversiti
There are five critical roles in which the land- Habitat versus species Terdapat lima peranan kritikal di mana landskap
scape supports biodiversity and ecosystem menyokong biodiversiti dan perkhidmatan
services: ekosistem:
Many species
1 Supporting populations of species 1 Menyokong populasi-populasi spesies
The matrix can be managed to support broadly Matriks ini boleh diuruskan untuk menyokong
distributed populations of many species able to populasi pelbagai spesies yang tersebar meluas
thrive or at least partly incorporate the matrix untuk maju atau sekurang-kurangnya menggabung-
into their range. This is important since more kan sebahagian matriks itu ke dalam kawasan
Few species mereka. Ini penting kerana lebih dari separuh
than half of all wild species exist principally
outside Protected Areas (PAs), mostly in agri- semua spesies liar wujud di luar Kawasan
Perlindungan (PA), kebanyakannya dalam landskap
Figures redrawn from Hunter, ML Jr. 1996. Fundamentals of conservation biology. Blackwell

cultural landscapes. Such populations signifi- Science.

cantly supplement populations in the combined pertanian. Populasi sebegini menambah populasi
Restoration of riparian
PAs, Permanent Forest Reserve, and forest on vegetation and connectivity dengan banyak di PA gabungan, Rizab Hutan Kekal,
state land. dan hutan tanah kerajaan.

2 Facilitating movement of species 2 Memudahkan pergerakan spesies

Facilitating connectivity and movement of Memudahkan hubungan dan pergerakan spesies
species in the landscape matrix may prevent dalam matriks landskap boleh mengelakkan populasi
populations of species in forest habitat from spesies di habitat hutan dari menjadi terpencil dan
becoming isolated and fragmented. For plants, berpecah.Untuk tumbuh-tumbuhan, hubungan
connectivity allows for movement of spores, membolehkan pergerakan spora, debunga dan biji
pollen and seeds, and thus species and popula- benih, dan seterusnya, spesies dan populasi. Untuk
tions. For animals connectivity is controlled by haiwan, hubungan itu dikawal oleh keadaan seperti
conditions such as appropriate vegetation cover vegetasi yang bersesuaian atau struktur utama (spt
or key structures (e.g. logs and dead trees). kayu balak dan pokok mati). Satu matriks yang
A matrix that provides a high degree of con- menyediakan kadar hubungan yang tinggi adalah
nectivity is critical since habitat loss, fragmen- kritikal memandangkan kehilangan habitat,
tation of remnant vegetation, and increased pemecahan vegetasi yang tinggal, dan pemencilan
isolation of patches are major reasons for the tompokan adalah sebab-sebab utama kemerosotan
ongoing depletion of biodiversity. biodiversiti yang berterusan.
3 Menimbal kawasan-kawasan sensitif
3 Buffering sensitive areas
USDA/NRCS. 2004. National Biology Handbook. Subpart B – Conservation Planning. Part 613:
Conservation Corridor Planning at the Landscape Level – Managing for wildlife habitat. 190-VI-

Jarang – jika ada – PA yang menyelimuti seluruh

NBH, Nov 2004.

Rarely – if ever – will a PA encompass an entire

ekosistem. Oleh itu, pembentukan strategi-
ecosystem. Consequently, the development of Riparian vegetation and river ecology
strategi yang menyeluruh untuk memelihara
comprehensive strategies to preserve biodi-
biodiversiti memerlukan identifikasi dan perlin-
versity require the identification and protec- Wildlife in riparian corridor
provide biological pest dungan habitat yang sensitif dan penting dari segi
tion of sensitive ecologically important habi- control in adjacent farmland
Insects and fruits are food
ekologi di dalam matriks (spt sungai dan tumbuhan
tats within the matrix (e.g. streams and their source for birds and

riparian yang berkaitan; bukit batu kapur; singka-

mammals

associated riparian vegetation; limestone hills;

pan batuan dan gua). Pengurusan matriks yang baik
rock out-crops and caves). Proper matrix Removal of vege-
tation increases
boleh meningkatkan sumbangan mereka kepada
management may significantly increase their erosion and risk of

pemuliharaan biodiverisiti keseluruhan.

bank collapse

contributions to overall biodiversity conser- Understory vegetation filters

vation. contaminants protection fresh-
water and marine systems 4. Mengekalkan integriti sistem akuatik
Light shade provides shelter for
4 Maintaining integrity of the aquatic system birds, reptiles and frogs Ciri akuatik landskap seperti anak sungai, sungai,
Aquatic features of landscapes such as streams, tanah lembab dan tasik sangat penting kepada Drawing by Yew Kiang Teh

rivers, wetlands and lakes are critically important proses-proses biodiversiti dan ekosistem. Bagaimanapun,
to biodiversity and ecosystem processes. However, the status status sistem-sistem akuatik sangat dipengaruhi oleh
of aquatic systems is significantly influenced by neighbouring amalan guna tanah bersebelahan. Habitat
land use practices. Adjacent terrestrial habitats such as daratan yang bersebelahan seperti
riparian and coastal zones are integral components zon-zon riparia dan pantai adalah
of aquatic systems. When degraded there is a signifi- komponen penting sistem-sistem
cant negative impact on freshwater and marine akuatik. Apabila merosot, terdapat
biodiversity and ecosystem services. kesan negatif yang signifikan ke atas
biodiversiti air tawar dan marin serta
5 Supporting ecosystem services fungsi-fungsi ekosistem.
Landscape matrix management 5 Perkhidmatan ekosistem sokongan.
supports ecosystem processes by
Pengurusan matriks landskap menyokong
emphasising biodiversity in the matrix.
proses-proses ekosistem dengan menekankan
Losses of elements of biodiversity may
biodiversiti di dalam matriks. Kehilangan elemen
impair essential ecosystem functions.
biodiversiti mungkin menjejaskan fungsi-fungsi
Examples include organisms that play key roles
utama ekosistem. Contohnya termasuk organisma
in the decomposition of organic matter, Riparian vegetation is an integral part of river ecology yang memainkan peranan utama dalam pereputan
pollination, seed dispersal, biological pest and may provide connectivity for some species in the
bahan organik, pendebungaan, penyebaran biji
control, and the formation of associations landscape. It also protects downstream habitats such
as freshwater and marine ecosystems (drawing from benih, kawalan perosak biologi, dan pembentukan
between fungi and plants. FISRWG, 2001 ). 1
persatuan di antara fungus dan tumbuhan.
Notes: For more information on the subjects dealt with see A Common Vision on Biodiversity in Government and the Development Process and supporting guidelines which can be downloaded from www.nre.gov.my
Untuk maklumat tambahan berkenaan tajuk-tajuk yang dibincangkan, lihat A Common Vision on Biodiversity in Government and the Development Process dan garis panduan sokongan yang boleh dimuat turun dari www.nre.gov.my
1
FISRWG, 2001. Stream corridor restoration: principles, processes, and practices. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group. USDA. October 1998 revised August 2001.
Published by the Conservation & Environmental Management Division (CEMD) of the Ministry of Natural Resources & Environment. Copyright © NRE 2008. NRE would like to thank agencies and individuals who have offered their comments and support. Design, layout and text by Micael Junkov. Translation to Bahasa Malaysia by Peregrine Services. This poster is published as part
of the Biodiversity Component implemented by the Governments of Malaysia and Denmark under the Environmental Cooperation Programme. The Component took off in November 2006 and runs until December 2009. Funding for this publication has been provided by the Danish International Development Assistance – Danida.