3.

0 DIRECT STRESS
3.1 The relationship between direct stress and direct strain.
The force applied to the rod is axial force because it acts with the longitudinal axis. The
magnitude and direction of the force axis will give a different effect on the stress and strain.
Generally the effect axis can be divided into two types:
i. Direct stress
ii. Strain

3.1.1 Direct stress and strain

Direct stress – The direct stress acts perpendicular to the cross section of the body. It
can be either tensile or compression.
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝑃 𝑁
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒; 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝜎 = ; 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝐴 𝑚𝑚2

Strain – is relative change in shape or size of an object due to externally applied

forces or as neither extension nor shortening per unit length or changes in percentage.

𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑙 − 𝑙𝑜 ) 𝛿𝑙
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒; 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝜺 = = ; 𝑁𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑙) 𝑙

3.1.2 Explain the effect of axial force on direct stress and direct strain and Hooke’s Law.
i. Effect of axial force on direct stress and direct strain

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 Modulus of Elasticity or Modulus Young is a constant from Hooke’s Law
equation. It is a ratio between stress and strain.
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎 𝑃𝐿 𝑁
𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒖𝒔 𝒀𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒈; 𝑬 = 𝑜𝑟 ; 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝜀 𝐴𝛿𝑙 𝑚𝑚2

Modulus indicates the strength of the material due to the high value shows the
stress-strain high. Thus, high loads required to produce the same elongation

ii. Hooke’s Law

Robert Hooke (1678) states that the object will return to its original length
after a load is applied, removed from it, as long as it is within the elastic limit.
If the material does not exceed the limit, imposed by the elastic deformation
is directly proportional to the load.
𝛿𝑙 𝛼 𝑃 𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝜎) 𝛼 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 (𝜀)
Hook’s Law requirements;
i. Direct loading
ii. Cross-section of the object is fixed or uniform
iii. Material is homogenous

3.1.3 Discuss the state of mechanical characteristics of material that is ductile, brittle,
elastic and plastic.
i. Ductile (Mulur)

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 Ductile materials are those which could show plastic deformation, can be
drawn or bent or rolled before it reaches its fracture point. Examples ductile
materials are copper, aluminum etc.

ii. Brittle (Rapuh)

It refers to materials that fail in tension at relatively low values of strain.
Examples brittle materials are cast iron, glass, stone, ceramics etc.

iii. Elastic
Elasticity materials are the tendency of solid materials to return to their
original shape after forces applied to them. When the forces are removed the
object will return to its initial shape and size if the material is elastic.
Examples: Rubber,

iv. Plastic
The deformation of a solid material undergoing non-reversible changes of
shape in response to applied forces. Examples: PVC products,

3.1.4 Calculate the cross sectional area, direct stress, direct strain and deformation of
materials
a. Prismatic bar
b. Sectional bar
There is a bar that has a different cross-sectional area at a certain length. In such a
case; stress, strain and changes in the length of each section bar acting separately.
The total change in length is the sum of the change in length on each side of the
cross.

Therefore,

Total elongation is:

3.2 Apply the material mechanical characteristic in direct stress and strain.
3.2.1 Calculate the cross sectional area, direct stress, direct strain and deformation of
materials:

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 a. prismatic bar
b. sectional bar

3.2.2 Draw the graph of load versus elongation and stress versus strain and calculate elastic
modulus.

3.2.3 Show the point of elastic limit, plastic limit, maximum stress and failure point from
3.2.2

i. Elastic Limit (A)

The end point of complying with Hooke's Law

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ii. Plastic Limit (B)
Limit where the material start to acting as plastic characteristic until it failed
and no longer obey Hooke's Law

iii. Yield Point (C)

The yield limit is when an elongation occurs without any increasing of
loading.

iv. Maximum Stress (D)

The maximum load is imposed and material elongates critically until it fails at
point E

v. Failure Point (E)

Material failed (rapture or crack) at this point.