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FEATURE / ROHINGYA

Rohingya refugees share stories of sexual violence

Myanmar's army killed many of the women they raped. Survivors in refugee camps in Bangladesh say they want
justice.
by Annette Ekin
29 Sept 2017
 

Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh - Twenty-year-old Ayesha Begum sat on a plastic mat inside her family's bamboo and
tarpaulin shelter in the sprawling makeshift refugee settlement of Balukhali.

She cradled her one-year-old son in her arms, blowing on his face every so often to give him some relief from the
sweltering heat.

"I was raped just 13 days ago," said the Rohingya refugee.

Ayesha, who arrived in Bangladesh less than a week ago, said she was eating dinner with her four sisters-in-law
in their village of Tami in Myanmar's Buthidaung Township when army troops attacked the hamlet. Soldiers
entered their home and forced the women into a room.

They ripped Ayesha's baby from her arms and kicked

READ MORE: Scores of Rohingya feared drowned after boat
him "like a football". capsizes

Ayesha said the soldiers stripped the women naked. A

soldier held a knife to her throat and began to rape her. Twelve soldiers took turns to rape the women over the
course of what she believes was several hours.

"I felt like they would kill me," said Ayesha, her dark eyes alert. "I was afraid my child was dead," she added,
running a hand over his head.

Speaking in the presence of her mother, brother, sister and husband, with nothing but bamboo slats and plastic-
sheet walls dividing them from their neighbours on either side, Ayesha said it took eight days to walk to
Bangladesh.

While fleeing Myanmar, two of her sisters-in-law who had been raped with her died. "They were so weak they
died," she said.

For more than a month, the Myanmar army has

waged a brutal military campaign in northern Rakhine
state against the Rohingya - a Muslim-majority ethnic
group to whom the Myanmar government denies
citizenship and basic rights - after fighters with a
Rohingya armed group carried out attacks on security
forces on August 25.

The Myanmar army has carried out a number of such

offensives since the 1970s, during which Rohingya WATCH: Fleeing Rohingya refugees recall Myanmar
attacks (02:32)
have reported rapes, torture, arson and murder. The
United Nations has called the latest military offensive
ethnic cleansing.

More than 501,800 Rohingya have fled the Buddhist-majority country and crossed into Bangladesh since August
25. Densely populated refugee settlements have mushroomed around the arterial road in Bangladesh's Cox's
Bazar district that borders Myanmar.

The refugees, the majority of whom are women and children, are in desperate need of humanitarian aid, including
shelter, food, sanitation and medical care. Many women and girls were raped and sexually assaulted by Myanmar
army soldiers.

More than half a million Rohingya refugees fled Myanmar and crossed over to Bangladesh since August 25 [Annette Ekin/Al Jazeera]

Survivors and witnesses have shared accounts of women and girls being raped then locked inside houses that
were torched. They have recounted stories of torture, mutilations, being stripped naked and other atrocities and
acts of humiliation.

"[Soldiers] entered our house and they took away our sister. She was very beautiful," said Mohsina Begum, 20,
also from Tami village. She said soldiers sexually assaulted and attempted to rape her until the village chairman
intervened.

While Mohsina and her family were fleeing, they found the body of her 19-year-old sister, but couldn't stop to bury
her.

Rajuma's story: 'They ripped my son from me and cut his throat'
Rajuma Begum, 20, survived the August 30 massacre in Tula Toli, believed to have been one of the most brutal
incidents of Myanmar army violence. Villagers were taken to a beach by the river where the men were separated
from the women and children and then gunned down, hacked to death and bayoneted.

Rajuma was holding her son, Mohammed Saddique, in her arms, when four or five soldiers began taking women
away in groups of five to seven.

"They took me along with another four women inside a house," Rajuma recounted, speaking at a school in
Kutupalong refugee camp.

"They ripped my son from my arms and threw him [on the ground] and cut his throat," she said, before burying
her head in her hands and starting to wail.

"I am thirsty to hear someone calling me 'ma'," Rajuma said between sobs. "I had a younger brother who is 10
years old. I'm sorry to him because they took him and I couldn't save him."

Rajuma was held in a room with three other mothers,

READ MORE: How Myanmar expelled the majority of its
one teenage girl and one woman who was about 50 Rohingya

years old. The soldiers raped them all except the

older woman. Rajuma was raped by two men for what she said felt like two or three hours.

Afterwards, they beat the women with wooden sticks, then flashed torches on them three times to make sure they
were dead. The soldiers locked them inside the house and set fire to it.

It was the heat from the blaze that made Rajuma regain consciousness. She was able to break through the
bamboo walls and escape. She hid on a hill for a day and when she came out on the other side encountered
three other women from her village and an orphan.

Naked, she dressed herself in clothes abandoned by fleeing Rohingya. When she crossed the border, a
Bangladeshi helped her get to Kutapalong where she was treated at a clinic. In Bangladesh, she was reunited
with her husband Mohammed Rafiq, 20, who had survived by swimming across the river before the massacre in
Tula Toli began.
Rajuma, who was raped by Myanmar soldiers and witnessed the murder of her infant son, was reunited with her husband in Kutupalong
refugee camp [Annette Ekin/Al Jazeera]

"My family members were killed, and now there is only me, my brother and my husband here. I want to share this
with all the world so they can bring some peace," said Rajuma, who has scars from being beaten on her chin and
on the right side of her head where her hair has been shaved and is hidden by a red headscarf.

"The military killed seven of my family members. My mother, Sufia Khatun, 50 years old, Rokeya Begum and
Rubina Begum, one of them was 18, and the other was 15, both of my sisters were taken by the army and raped
and killed. Musa Ali, my brother, 10 years old, I am guessing he died, and my sister-in-law Khalida who was 25
years old, and her son Rojook Ali, who is two a half years old, and my son Mohammed Saddique, who was one
year and four months."

Rajuma said: "It's important to know our story, what happened to us as the Rohingya."

Echoes of Rwanda genocide

Peter Bouckaert, emergencies director at Human Rights Watch who investigates war crimes and crimes against
humanity, said in an interview the group is collecting data on "what is happening across the border as this ethnic
cleansing campaign continues against the Rohingya people" with the intention of prosecuting those responsible
for the crimes.

"In my 20 years working at Human Rights Watch, these are some of the most shocking and horrific abuses that I
have documented. They really bring back memories of the genocide in Rwanda in terms of the level of hatred and
extreme violence shown - especially towards women and children," he said.

"We're seeing pretty widespread rape and sexual assault on women," Bouckaert explained.

"The majority of the women who were raped were

READ MORE: 'Lost and found booth' reunites Rohingya
killed. There is no doubt about that," he said, adding families
that "racist hatred" is the motivation behind much of
the violence.
"[The] campaign of dehumanisation and racism against the Rohingya is really what is driving this extreme
violence, including sexual violence, against the community," he said, referring to how officials have long
stigmatised the Rohingya as "terrorists", or too "dirty" for soldiers to rape.

"This campaign of hatred ... really does remind us of what happened with Tutsis in the Rwandan genocide, who
were called 'cockroaches' by their government. You know these kinds of campaigns impact directly on the kind of
violence that we see."

Bouckaert said the "ultimate intent" of Myanmar's military is to "completely cleanse Burma of the Rohingya
population".

"They're not recognised as citizens in their own country, and they're not even recognised as refugees when they
flee this brutality. So it's hard to think of a more abandoned people in the world. It's their very identity which is
being destroyed."

Mental health implications of sexual violence

Kate White, emergency medical coordinator for Doctors Without Borders (MSF), which has on-the-ground clinics
in Bangladesh's Rohingya refugee camps, said the sexual violence "is definitely widespread".

Since August 25, MSF had treated at least 23 cases of sexual and gender-based violence. Their services include
medical care for physical injuries, sexually transmitted infection prophylactics and menstrual regulation for those
who suspect they are pregnant.

Understanding just how widespread this violence has been, said White, is a challenge as those who are willing to
come forward and seek care represent "the tip of the iceberg".

In the current crisis, where people are more vulnerable because of broken families and support structures and
more households are now headed by women, White said people are forced to choose between collecting food or
seeking healthcare. "Right now their priority is survival," she said.
Human Rights Watch says the Myanmar army is carrying out an ethnic cleansing campaign of the Rohingya [Annette Ekin/Al Jazeera]

White anticipates the long-term impact of the sexual violence will be on mental health. Many survivors MSF has
treated are traumatised after being raped by multiple perpetrators or on multiple occasions while fleeing, said
White, who spoke at MSF's Cox's Bazar office.

"I must admit this is some of the worst mental health outcomes that I've seen in terms of sexual violence. In terms
of the impact that it's having on them - it's extreme," she said, describing how some survivors are unable to
function on a daily basis.

The cultural stigma and shame associated with rape in Rohingya society mean many survivors are unlikely to
speak about their experiences, let alone seek help, particularly unmarried girls who fear of being rejected by
potential husbands.

Rajuma, the Tula Toli survivor, said her husband knows her story and stands by her. "He gives me the love he
used to give," she said.

Yasmine's story: 'I thought I was dying'

In the newer refugee settlement of Palong Khali, further away from the food aid distribution and with few medical
care outposts, along slippery mud tracks and surrounded by bright green rice paddies, lives Yasmine, whose
name has been changed to protect her privacy. In an unfamiliar place, she said she is too ashamed to speak to
anyone about what happened to her.

But she agreed to tell her story after her husband gave his consent.

The 45-year-old comes from Chawprang village in Buthidaung township. She arrived in Bangladesh with her
husband and 11 children 19 days ago. The slender woman with a dusty yellow shawl draped over her head and
her eyes wet with tears, described how, before the Myanmar army attacked her village, her family had grazed
cattle and cultivated rice. Her children sold vegetables, betel leaves and river fish at the market.

"We were leading a good life before this crisis," said Yasmine, whose youngest child is four and eldest 26.
She doesn't remember the exact day troops attacked her village, but in the days leading up to it soldiers, beat
villagers and stole their livestock, she said. Then they came one day at noon while she was feeding her three
youngest children.

"They declared that you have weapons, surrender

your weapons. If the villagers said that they had no
weapons, then they started to kill them, started to
torture them, started to beat them," she recalled.

Eight soldiers entered her house. They kicked and

punched her children aged four, six and eight.

She covers her mouth with her shawl, looks down and
speaks in a low voice. When the children were taken
WATCH: Rohingya refugees accuse Myanmar army of
out of the house, she said five soldiers of different rape (02:30)
ages raped her while three waited outside.

"I'm not able to express this completely," she said through tears.

Her youngest child, a girl, wandered over, sat quietly next to her mother, and put her hand on her lap.

"I thought that I was dying," she said. The family fled several days later and paid a boatman to take them across
the Naf River to Bangladesh.

"In Myanmar, I can't sleep properly. There is safety in my life, so I feel better here," she said.

'We want justice'

Back in Balukhali camp, Ayesha recounted how after she crossed the Naf River she set about looking for her
husband, Asadullah, 25, who was a teacher at an Islamic school in Myanmar. He fled soon after August 25 when
soldiers rounded up men from their village, murdered and tortured them. They beat him so badly that his leg is
now deformed.

When she arrived in Bangladesh, she saw some villagers she knew and asked them if they had seen her
husband. "Then one told another, one told another," she said. "This is how, after three days, I found my husband."

Asadullah said he is filled with anger. "I feel bad inside. I can't do anything to them," he said, adding he believes
what happened to them was fate. "That's why I don't complain about what happened to my wife. I love her."

Ayesha said she has "pain inside my heart". For this reason, she added, "I tell this thing that happened to me, to
reduce the pain, I speak about it."

In the cramped space, Ayesha spoke frankly, her eyes shining. "We want justice. What I want the people around
the world to know is: we want justice," she said.

On the other side of the bamboo and plastic-sheet wall, a woman's voice called out: "We want justice."
WATCH: Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh speak of 'horrors in Myanmar' (02:12)

SOURCE: AL JAZEERA NEWS

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Annette Ekin

 @ evakillen

Asia Rohingya Bangladesh Myanmar

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