Titration

GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Lab Report
CHEMISTRY LAB MS. SANGUANSAT,
20 FEBRUARY 2018 PATRAPHORN

THANAREE  POOMVISET 5961048

THAYA  NGAMPRAVATDEE 5961075
KASIDET  NUMFUG 5961032
PAPONE  SAKULRATANACHAROEN 5961190
CHOSIYA  LOSUWONKUL 5961090
WORAKAMON NAPAVORAKUL 5961040
Abstract
                In this lab, we tried to neutralize the acidic solution and
basic solution using phenolphthalein and bromophenol blue as the
indicator by doing titration and to find the concentration of an
unknown HCl solution. First of all, we used 10.00 mL of the acid
solution or hydrochloric into the volumetric pipette and transferred
this solution into an Erlenmeyer flask and added a few drops of
phenolphthalein to the acid solution in the flask. Then we placed
the flask under the buret and started adding the base solution of
the sodium hydroxide that we add to the buret. When pink started
to develop, we added the solution more slowly. At this point, we
added one drop at a time followed by swirling until a very light pink
color persists for at least 30 seconds. After we cleaned the
glassware, we did the second trial of the experiment. We refill the
buret with the sodium hydroxide and repeated all the steps again.
After all, we conducted the additional titrations until the volume of
NaOH used in two of them differ by no more than 1 mL. We repeat
all the steps again but, this time, we used bromophenol blue as the
indicator instead of phenolphthalein until it turned in purple. The
concentration of the HCL unknown solution differences were too
large. Therefore, the results did not meet the expectation due to the
human errors. 
 Inroduction
Titration is a technique to determine
the concentration of an unknown
solution. As illustrated in the
titration setup, a solution of known
concentration (titrant) is used to
determine the concentration of an
unknown solution (titrand or
analyte) ("Acid-base titration
curves", 2018) [1]. Acid and base can
be separated into strong acid/base
and weak acid/base.
                  In addition, acids and bases that are completely ionized
when dissolved in water are called strong acids and strong bases. The
concentrations of acids and bases are often expressed in terms of pH,
which there are ways to convert concentrations into pH and pOH.
Also, the pH scale can be used to determine the hydronium ion and
hydroxide ion concentrations. The lower numbers indicate higher
acidity.  On the pH scale, the higher numbers indicate higher basicity
and higher concentration of the hydroxide ion. ("Converting [H+] to
pH, pOH, and [OH-] » Science Matters", 2018) [2]. The pH scale is
defined as the negative log of the concentration of H+: pH = -log[H+].
The pOH scale is defined as the negative log of the concentration of
OH-, [OH-]: pOH = -log[OH-]. However, when adding the pH and pOH
together, it will always equal to 14.
  On this experiment, we need to use two indicators which are
Phenolphthalein and Bromophenol blue to see the reaction of the
experiment. Indicators are substances whose solutions change color
due to changes in pH. These are called acid-base indicators. They are
usually weak acids or bases, but their conjugate base or acid forms
have different colors due to differences in their absorption spectra
("Indicators", 2018) [3]. Our expectation in this experiment is to see
the change in color of the solutions when mixed with indicators. The
change in color of the solution will change when it reach the
equivalence point or ending point from after adding a known
concentration (titrant)  to a known volume of another unknown
concentration until the solution reach neutralization, which we can
see by a color change. It is called a titration when a solution of known
concentration is used to determine the concentration of an unknown
solution. Knowing the volume of titrant added allows the
determination of the concentration of the unknown. ("What is a
Titration?", 2018) [4].  
     Moreover, neutralization reaction is when an acid and a base react
to form water and a salt and involves the combination of H+ ions and
OH- ions to generate water. The neutralization of a strong acid and
strong base has a pH equal to 7. On the other hand, the neutralization
of a strong acid and weak base will have a pH of less than 7, and
conversely, the resulting pH when a strong base neutralizes a weak
acid will be greater than 7 ("Neutralization", 2018) [5]. Therefore,
neutralization reaction will occur when the salts from acid and base
are formed equally. However, there is formula to find the unknown
concentration of the analyte after you get the volume of acid and
base as shown below.
Objective

          In this experiment, we will focus on finding the

concentration of an unknown solution. We will use Sodium
hydroxide solution which is a strong base to neutralized with
unknown hydrochloric acid solution which is  a strong acid by
using two indicators as Phenolphthalein and Bromophenol blue.
Moreover, we will be able to find the mole, molarity,
neutralization, and titration process which we will get these
data from the volume that we record while doing the titration
experiment.
 Materials
Instruments
Chemical  Beaker
HCI Buret
NaOH Funnel
Bromophenol blue Buret stand
Sodium hydroxide solution Erlenmeyer flask
Phenolphthalein Pipette
Distilled water pH meter
DIstilled water bottle
Pipette Bulb
Set-up
 Procedures
1. Record the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution on the
data sheet
2. Obtain about 100 mL of the sodium hydroxide solution in a
clean beaker. This should be enough for the initial cleaning of
your buret and for your first 3 trials.
3. Clean your buret: Add about 5 mL of the base solution from the
beaker to the buret (use a funnel to pour). Move the funnel around
while adding to ensure the sides of the buret are coated with
base. Alternatively, you can remove the buret with the 5 mL of
titrant from the buret stand and carefully tilt and rotate to coat all
interior surfaces with the titrant. Drain the solution through the
stopcock into a waste beaker. Repeat this rinse with a second 5
mL portion of base.
4. Pour more of the sodium hydroxide solution into the buret until
it is near the 0.00 mL mark. Open the stopcock to allow several
drops to rinse through the tip of the buret. This should eliminate
any air bubbles in the buret tip. Record your initial buret reading
on the data sheet for trial 1 (the volume does not need to be
exactly 0.00 mL).
5. Draw 10.00 mL of the acid solution into the volumetric pipette
and transfer this solution into an Erlenmeyer flask. Add 2‐3 drops
of phenolphthalein to the acid solution in the flask.
6. Place the flask under the buret and start adding the base
solution to the Erlenmeyer flask. When pink starts to develop, add
the solution more slowly. At this point you should add one drop at
a time followed by swirling until a very light pink color persists for
at least 30 seconds. Remember, the lighter the pink the better!!!
7. Record the final reading of the buret. Wash the contents of the
flask down the drain with water.
8. Refill the buret with more sodium hydroxide solution if
necessary. Record the new volume under trial 2 on the data sheet.
Pipette another sample of acid and add the phenolphthalein as
before and titrate as before.
9. Conduct additional titrations until the volume of NaOH used in
two of them differ by no more than 1 ml.
10. Measure the pH of mixing solution by using pH meter.
11. Repeat the step 5 by using bromophenol blue as indicator
instead of phenolphthalein
12. Complete the data sheet and post‐lab questions. 
 Result
1. How will you know when your titration is finished?
you expect the colour change when titation is complete.
2. Label the pH scale below with acid, base, and neutral,
indicating numbers for each.
3. On the scale above, use an arrow to show where your
equivalence point is located.
4. Write the neutralization reaction that occurs between
hydrobromic acid (HBr) and lithium hydroxide (LiOH).
HBr(aq) + LiOH(aq) ---> LiBr(aq) + H2O(l)
5. What is the concentration of 10.00 mL of HBr if it takes 16.73 mL
of a 0.253 M LiOH solution to neutralize it?
0. 253 M / 0. 01673 L  =  x M / 0.01 L
0. 151 Mol
Result
 Calculation
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl(aq) + H 2O (l)
Molarity = mol/volume (L)
mol base = molarity x volume                         
 = 0.1 x 0.0038 = 3.8X10^-4 mol acid
From equation: Acid to Base mole ratio = 1:1
Thus, mol acid
= mol base
= 3.8x10^-4mol
Molarity of base = 3.8X10^-4           
0.0038 = 0.1 mol/L
Average acid concentration
= Σ concentration of acid
= 4.65X10^-2+5.1510^-22=4.9X10^-2mol/L
 Discussion
1. How would it affect your results if you used a beaker with
residual water in it to measure out your standardized sodium
hydroxide solution?
The result wouldn’t be accurate because the water will mixed with
the solution and lowered its concentration, making it more dilute
than it should be. It will also affect the pH of the acid in the flask.
2. How would it affect your results if you used a wet Erlenmeyer
flask instead of a dry one when transferring your acid solution
from the volumetric pipette?
The chemical that we put in will be contaminated by the chemical
inside the erlenmeyer flask. If the substance inside is basic or
acidic, it’s even worse because it would greatly affect the pH of
the chemical substance that we put in and shift the result of the
lab entirely.
3. How do you tell if you have exceeded the equivalence point in
your titration?
To know the equivalence point of the solution, the indicators in
the experiment need to be changed because both of them can’t be
used to determined the pH of 7. They can only be used to
determined the endpoint which is 4 for bromophenol blue and 9
for phenolphthalein. Instead, we can use other indicators to tell if
the equivalence point is reached. For instance, bromothymol
blue. Its colour will turn yellow in acidic, green in neutral, and
blue in basic solution.
 Calculation

4. Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid (CH3COOH) in water.

For quality control purposes, it can be titrated using
sodium hydroxide to assure a specific % composition. If
25.00 mL of acetic acid is titrated with 9.08 mL of a
standardized 2.293 M sodium hydroxide solution, what is
the molarity of the vinegar?

Vinegar molarity: 0.83 M

Solution
CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O(l) + CH3COON(aq)
mol NaOH = concentration of NaOH x volume of NaOH =
0.00908 x 2.293 = 0.02082044 mol
0.02082044 mol NaOH = 0.02082044 mol CH3COOH
CH3COOH concentration = 0.02082044 mol / 0.025 L =
0.8328176 mol/L
 Error
                         During the lab, there are some solution that are
titrated until they   becomes neutral and some that don’t. The
ones that doesn’t work is resulted from the over titrating that we
did. Its colour turns out to be intense pink instead of light pink
and purple instead of grey for phenolphthalein and bromophenol
blue, respectively. As for the ones that is titrated correctly, the
chemical (NaOH) used might also not be totally accurate due to
human error. The final solution might not be perfectly neutral
because even the slightest change can make a difference. For
instance, if the solution turns light pink or grey and we add one
more drop of NaOH, the colour might still be the same, but the
amount of chemical uses is now different. 
 Conclusion
                                      In conclusion, I am pretty satisfied about my
result with our result in our lab we use 2 type of indicator. The
name of our indicator are Phenolphthalein and Bromophenol
blue. When we did titration our result come out very similar to the
color that we expected which light pink and grey. Our objective is
we want to know the concentration; mol and molality of
hydrochloric acid by using Phenolphthalein and Bromophenol
blue. Average mol of Phenolphthalein is 4.65x10^-4.and for
average for Bromophenol blue is 5.15x10^4. And the last one is
molality of Phenolphthalein and Bromophenol blue. For average
Phenolphthalein is 4.65x10^2,and for Bromophenol blue is
5.15x10^-2. 

Suggestion
Be sure to…
Clean all the glassware thoroughly and properly so that there
would be no contamination.
Have many members reading the amount of substance used in
titration to make it more accurate.
Be more careful when turning on and off the buret and swirling
the erlenmeyer flask.
Drop the chemical from the buret slower once the colour takes
longer to disappear.
 Reference
[1] Acid-base titration curves. (2018). Khan Academy. Retrieved 23
February 2018, from https://www.khanacademy.org/test-
prep/mcat/chemical-processes/titrations-and-solubility-
equilibria/a/acid-base-titration-curves

Worklog
Thanaree Poomviset Abstract, Template of the lab
report
Thaya gampravatdee Introduction, Objective,
Worklog
Kasidet Numfug Result, Calculation,Material
Papone Sakulratanacharoen Conclusion, Procedure
Chosiya Losuwonkul   Discussion, Suggestion
Worakamon Napavorakul  Pre-lab, determination of
glassware equiment and
chemical equiment