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We want to assign port 3 of our Catalyst 2950 switch to VLAN 3. What command will
achieve this?
1. switch(config)#switchport access vlan 3
2. switch#switchport access vlan 3
3. switch(config-if)#switchport vlan 3
4. switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 3
———————————————
Question 2: (QID=25148)
Which command will allow only ssh connections to the router?
1. transport input telnet ssh
2. transport input ssh
3. transport ssh
4. transport ssh enable
———————————————
Question 3: (QID=2986)
Which utility would we use to test all 7 OSI layers?
1. Ping
2. Trace route
3. Telnet
4. Show arp
———————————————
Question 4: (QID=1286)
You are the network administrator and are given the tasks to plan for the future expansion
of the network. You decide to subnet the current network of 172.15.0.0. What will be the
subnet mask be if every subnet has to allocate 500 hosts.
1. 255.255.0.0
2. 255.0.0.0
3. 255.255.240.0
4. 255.255.254.0
———————————————
Question 5: (QID=2359)
What address range is commonly used for testing purposes?
1. 10.0.0.0/16
2. Any available IP Address
3. 127.0.0.0/8
4. 240.0.0.0 – 255.255.255.255
———————————————
Question 6: (QID=2975)
If we have multiple IOS versions on our router, how can we view which ones are available?
1. Show version
2. Show memory
3. Show file systems
4. Show flash:
———————————————
Question 7: (QID=2375)
What do you use when you want to display a message to all the terminals connected to a
router?
1. banner login
2. banner motd
3. banner exec
4. banner slip-ppp
———————————————
Question 8: (QID=1294)
Given the following IP Address 172.16.0.0/27 what is the 4th subnet’s network address,
host range and broadcast address? The router is running IOS version 12.2.
1. Subnet address 172.16.1.0, host range 172.16.1.1 – 172.16.1.30, broadcast address
172.16.1.31
2. Subnet address 172.16.0.128, host range 172.16.0.129 – 172.16.0.158, broadcast
address 172.16.0.159
3. Subnet address 172.16.0.96, host range 172.16.0.97 – 172.16.0.126, broadcast address
172.16.0.127
4. Subnet address 172.16.1.128, host range 172.16.1.129 – 172.16.1.158, broadcast
address 172.16.0.159
———————————————
Question 9: (QID=2995)
Which of the following symbols indicate that a ping was successful?
1. !
2. .
3. ?
4. U
———————————————
You are the administrator of network X. You decided to implement RIP in the following
topology (click exhibit). You do not want R3 to receive RIP updates. What configuration
changes need to be implemented?
1. Implement a passive-interface on R1
2. Nothing needs to be configured
3. Create a sub-interface on R1
4. Change the routing protocol to OSPF
———————————————
Question 34: (QID=25124)
How do you enable SSH on your switch?
1. switch(config-line)#input ssh
2. switch(config-line)#transport input ssh
3. switch(config-line)#transport ssh
4. SSH is enabled by default
———————————————
After connecting two routers back-to-back we are unable to ping across the serial
connection. A closer look reveals that both serial interfaces have the following status:
‘Serial0 is up, line protocol is down’
What needs to be configured on one of the routers to bring the serial interface up? [See the
exhibit for network topology]
A) router1(config)# interface serial 0
router1(config-if)#clock rate 64000
B) router1(config)#interface serial 0
router1(config-if)#clockrate 64000
C) router2(config)#interface serial 0
router2(config-if)#clockrate 64000
D) router2(config)#interface serial 0
router2(config-if)#clock rate 64000
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
———————————————
We try to look at the log on the router but we get the following [see exhibit]. What do we
need to do in order to view the log?
1. Reboot the router
2. Use the logging buffered global configuration command
3. Use the enable log all global configuration command
4. We can not do anything since there is no such thing as a log
———————————————
Question 1: (QID=2961)
We want to assign port 3 of our Catalyst 2950 switch to VLAN 3. What command will
achieve this?
1. switch(config)#switchport access vlan 3
2. switch#switchport access vlan 3
3. switch(config-if)#switchport vlan 3
4. switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 3
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 4
Explanation: The switchport access vlan [number] command will configure a switch port to
that VLAN. You can also use the switchport access vlan dynamic command to configure the
switch port automatically in a certain VLAN depending on the VLAN membership of the
incoming packets. For both commands to work properly the switch port needs to be in
access mode.
[Implement a small switched network]
——————————————————————————–
Question 2: (QID=25148)
Which command will allow only ssh connections to the router?
1. transport input telnet ssh
2. transport input ssh
3. transport ssh
4. transport ssh enable
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 2
Explanation: The transport input ssh line configuration commands allows ssh connections
only to the router.
[Implement a small switched network]
——————————————————————————–
Question 3: (QID=2986)
Which utility would we use to test all 7 OSI layers?
1. Ping
2. Trace route
3. Telnet
4. Show arp
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 3
Explanation: If we can telnet from one device to the other we have proven that the routing
(layer 3) and the physical layer are working properly. Since telnet is an application layer
utility it gives us confirmation that all 7 OSI layers are working correctly between the two
devices.
[Implement a small switched network]
——————————————————————————–
Question 4: (QID=1286)
You are the network administrator and are given the tasks to plan for the future expansion
of the network. You decide to subnet the current network of 172.15.0.0. What will be the
subnet mask be if every subnet has to allocate 500 hosts.
1. 255.255.0.0
2. 255.0.0.0
3. 255.255.240.0
4. 255.255.254.0
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 4
Explanation: The requirement of having to allocate 500 hosts on each subnet can be
achieved by the following: 2^9 = 512. So deducting the broadcast and network address we
have 510 possible hosts on each subnet. We used 9 bits to allocate the hosts, this leaves us
7 bits for possible subnets. Those 7 bits in binary is 1111 1110 or 254 in decimal.
[Implement an IP addressing scheme and IP services to meet network requirements for a
small branch office]
——————————————————————————–
Question 5: (QID=2359)
What address range is commonly used for testing purposes?
1. 10.0.0.0/16
2. Any available IP Address
3. 127.0.0.0/8
4. 240.0.0.0 – 255.255.255.255
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 3
Explanation: The 127.0.0.0/8 address range in the Class A range is a reserved address
range and used for testing purposes.
[Implement an IP addressing scheme and IP services to meet network requirements for a
small branch office]
——————————————————————————–
Question 6: (QID=2975)
If we have multiple IOS versions on our router, how can we view which ones are available?
1. Show version
2. Show memory
3. Show file systems
4. Show flash:
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 4
Explanation: The show flash: command displays the contents of the flash file system.
[Implement a small routed network]
——————————————————————————–
Question 7: (QID=2375)
What do you use when you want to display a message to all the terminals connected to a
router?
1. banner login
2. banner motd
3. banner exec
4. banner slip-ppp
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 2
Explanation: This MOTD banner is displayed to all terminals connected and is useful for
sending messages that affect all users (such as impending system shutdowns). Use the no
exec-banner or no motd-banner command to disable the MOTD banner on a line. The no
exec-banner command also disables the EXEC banner on the line. When a user connects to
the router, the MOTD banner appears before the login prompt. After the user logs in to the
router, the EXEC banner or incoming banner will be displayed, depending on the type of
connection. For a reverse Telnet login, the incoming banner will be displayed. For all other
connections, the router will display the EXEC banner. Connection, Menu, and System Banner
Commands
[Implement a small switched network]
——————————————————————————–
Question 8: (QID=1294)
Given the following IP Address 172.16.0.0/27 what is the 4th subnet’s network address,
host range and broadcast address? The router is running IOS version 12.2.
1. Subnet address 172.16.1.0, host range 172.16.1.1 – 172.16.1.30, broadcast address
172.16.1.31
2. Subnet address 172.16.0.128, host range 172.16.0.129 – 172.16.0.158, broadcast
address 172.16.0.159
3. Subnet address 172.16.0.96, host range 172.16.0.97 – 172.16.0.126, broadcast address
172.16.0.127
4. Subnet address 172.16.1.128, host range 172.16.1.129 – 172.16.1.158, broadcast
address 172.16.0.159
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 3
Explanation: The default subnet mask for a class B address is /16 so we will have 11 bits for
subnets.
12.2 is the IOS mentioned and that has the IP Subnet-Zero command enabled by default.
So the total amount of subnets is 2^11 = 2048 subnets. On each subnet we will have 2^5 –
2 = 30 hosts on each subnet.
Now we will calculate the subnet ranges. The following table is the binary version of the last
octet.
subnet bits host bits IP address role
000 00000 172.16.0.0 1st subnet network address
000 00001 172.16.0.1 host # 1
000 00010 172.16.0.2 host # 2
000 11110 172.16.0.30 host # 30
000 11111 172.16.0.31 broadcast address for 1st subnet
001 00000 172.16.0.32 2nd subnet network address
001 00010 172.16.0.34 host # 2 on 2nd subnet
001 11111 172.16.0.63 broadcast address for 2nd subnet
010 00000 172.16.0.64 3rd subnet network address
010 11111 172.16.0.95 broadcast address 3rd subnet
011 00000 172.16.0.96 4th subnet network address
011 11111 172.16.0.127 broadcast address 4th subnet
[Implement an IP addressing scheme and IP services to meet network requirements for a
small branch office]
——————————————————————————–
Question 9: (QID=2995)
Which of the following symbols indicate that a ping was successful?
1. !
2. .
3. ?
4. U
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 1
Explanation: The following table explains the output generated by ping:
! – reply received
. – timed out
U – unreachable
C – congestion
? – unknown packet type
& packet lifetime exceeded
[Implement a small routed network]
——————————————————————————–
Question 10: (QID=25114)
Which layer of the OSI Model does a gateway operate at?
1. Session
2. Application
3. Network
4. Datalink
5. Physical
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 2
Explanation: [Describe the operation of data networks]
——————————————————————————–
Question 11: (QID=3629)
What are the 2 sublayers of the Data Link layer of the OSI model?
1. Logical Layer Control
2. Logical Link Control
3. Media Access Control
4. Medium Access Control
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 2 3
Explanation:
Layer Name Protocol/Services Details
7 Application Telnet, FTP, WWW, SMTP Provides and interface by which user applications
access the network
6 Presentation ASCIIm, EBCDICm JPG, MIDI Encryption, compression and translation
5 Session RPC, NetBIOS Establishing, maintaining and mananging communication sessions
4 Transport TCP, UDP, SPX Flow and error control but for the end-to-end connection of 2
devices whose logical connection traverses a series of data links
3 Network IP, IPX, ARP, ICMP Routing of data across logical network paths is enabled here
and defines packet and addressing format
2 Data Link (Sub-layers are Media Access Control and Logical Link Control) Frame Relay,
LAPB, PPP, Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI Controls how the medium is shared and accessed,
how the devices are identified, how data is framed before transmission on the medium
1 Physical Electrical/optical protocols Voltage levels, timing of voltage changes, physical
data rates, maximum transmission distances, physical connectors and other similar
attributes are defined here
[Describe the operation of data networks]
——————————————————————————–
Question 12: (QID=25126)
Which of the following are valid actions of port-security?
1. shutdown
2. restrict
3. protect
4. reset
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 1 2 3
Explanation: The switchport port-security violation interface configuration command has the
following options:
Shutdown (the default)
Restrict
Protect
[Implement a small switched network]
——————————————————————————–
Question 13: (QID=2341)
Why would a network administrator implement VLANs?
1. Security
2. Higher latency
3. Performance enhancement
4. No more need for routers
5. Broadcast control
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 1 3 5
Explanation: Here are some common reasons that a company might have VLANs:
Security – Separating systems with sensitive data from the rest of the network decreases
the chance that someone will gain access to information they are not authorized to see.
Projects/Special applications – Managing a project or working with a specialized application
can be simplified by the use of VLAN that brings all of the required nodes together.
Performance/Bandwidth – Careful monitoring of network use allows the network
administrator to create VLANs that reduce the number of router hops and increase the
apparent bandwidth for network users.
Broadcasts/Traffic flow – Since a principle element of a VLAN is the fact that it does not
pass broadcast traffic to nodes that are not part of the VLAN, it automatically reduces
broadcasts. Access lists provide the network administrator with a way to control who sees
what network traffic. An access list is a table the network administrator creates that lists
what addresses have access to that network.
Departments/Specific job types – Companies may want VLANs set up for departments that
are heavy network users (such as Multimedia or Engineering) or a VLAN across departments
that is dedicated to specific types of employees (such as managers or sales people).
[Implement a small switched network]
——————————————————————————–
Question 14: (QID=2354)
Which of the following describe full-duplex Ethernet?
1. it uses point-to-point connections
2. is limited to speeds of 100Mb
3. stations can transmit and receive at the same time
4. it uses point-to-multipoint connections
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 1 3
Explanation: Using full-duplex Ethernet makes it possible for devices to transmit and receive
at the same time which results in bandwidth optimization. Point-to-point connections are
used between the device and switch. The IEEE802.x committee designed a standard for full
duplex that covers 10BaseT, 100BaseX and 1000BaseX.
[Implement a small switched network]
——————————————————————————–
Question 15: (QID=25140)
Which of the following would you use if you wanted to transfer data securely across the
internet?
1. VPN
2. Leased Line
3. URL Filtering
4. Anti-x
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 1
Explanation: A VPN is used to securely transfer data across insecure media, like the
Internet.
[Identify security threats to a network and describe general methods to mitigate those
threats]
——————————————————————————–
Question 16: (QID=25145)
The address field in a frame-relay header is called?
1. MAC
2. DLCI
3. PVC
4. SVC
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 2
Explanation: The DLCI (Data-Link Connection Identifier) is the address field in a frame-relay
header.
[Implement and verify WAN links]
——————————————————————————–
Question 17: (QID=3619)
What is the default encapsulation on a Cisco router serial interface?
1. Frame-Relay
2. SDLC
3. PPP
4. HDLC
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 4
Explanation: High-Level Data Link Control. Bit-oriented synchronous data link layer protocol
developed by ISO. Derived from SDLC, HDLC specifies a data encapsulation method on
synchronous serial links using frame characters and checksums. [Describe the operation of
data networks]
——————————————————————————–
Question 18: (QID=25144)
You are the administrator of network X. You decided to implement RIP in the following
topology (click exhibit). You do not want R3 to receive RIP updates. What configuration
changes need to be implemented?
1. Implement a passive-interface on R1
2. Nothing needs to be configured
3. Create a sub-interface on R1
4. Change the routing protocol to OSPF
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 1
Explanation: To block RIP broadcasts on an interface connected to a subnet of a RIP-
enabled network add the passive-interface command to the RIP Process.
[Implement a small routed network]
——————————————————————————–
Question 34: (QID=25124)
How do you enable SSH on your switch?
1. switch(config-line)#input ssh
2. switch(config-line)#transport input ssh
3. switch(config-line)#transport ssh
4. SSH is enabled by default
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 3
Explanation: The transport input ssh command will allow SSH sessions to your switch. You
also need to create a user and password and generate a public and private key pair.
[Implement a small switched network]
——————————————————————————–
Question 35: (QID=25136)
When we have a variation in delay it is called?
1. Loss
2. Latency
3. Delay
4. Jitter
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 4
Explanation: Jitter occurs when there is a variation in the delay.
[Describe the operation of data networks]
——————————————————————————–
Question 36: (QID=2998)
After connecting two routers back-to-back we are unable to ping across the serial
connection. A closer look reveals that both serial interfaces have the following status:
‘Serial0 is up, line protocol is down’
What needs to be configured on one of the routers to bring the serial interface up? [See the
exhibit for network topology]
A) router1(config)# interface serial 0
router1(config-if)#clock rate 64000
B) router1(config)#interface serial 0
router1(config-if)#clockrate 64000
C) router2(config)#interface serial 0
router2(config-if)#clockrate 64000
D) router2(config)#interface serial 0
router2(config-if)#clock rate 64000
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 4
Explanation: When connecting router back-to-back with a DTE/DCE cross-over cable we
need to set the clocking on the DCE side of the connection. The show controllers serial
[interface nr] command tells you what side is DTE or DCE.
[Implement and verify WAN links]
——————————————————————————–
Question 37: (QID=3002)
We try to look at the log on the router but we get the following [see exhibit]. What do we
need to do in order to view the log?
1. Reboot the router
2. Use the logging buffered global configuration command
3. Use the enable log all global configuration command
4. We can not do anything since there is no such thing as a log
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 2
Explanation: To enable system messages to a local buffer use the logging buffered [size]
command in global configuration mode. The default size is 4096k and once this is full older
messages will be overwritten with newer ones.
[Implement a small routed network]
——————————————————————————–
Question 38: (QID=3633)
HTTP and FTP are found at which OSI layer?
1. Network layer
2. Transport layer
3. Application layer
4. Presentation layer
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 3
Explanation:
Layer Name Protocol/Services Details
7 Application Telnet, FTP, WWW, SMTP Provides and interface by which user applications
access the network
6 Presentation ASCIIm, EBCDICm JPG, MIDI Encryption, compression and translation
5 Session RPC, NetBIOS Establishing, maintaining and mananging communication sessions
4 Transport TCP, UDP, SPX Flow and error control but for the end-to-end connection of 2
devices whose logical connection traverses a series of data links
3 Network IP, IPX, ARP, ICMP Routing of data across logical network paths is enabled here
and defines packet and addressing format
2 Data Link (Sub-layers are Media Access Control and Logical Link Control) Frame Relay,
LAPB, PPP, Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI Controls how the medium is shared and accessed,
how the devices are identified, how data is framed before transmission on the medium
1 Physical Electrical/optical protocols Voltage levels, timing of voltage changes, physical
data rates, maximum transmission distances, physical connectors and other similar
attributes are defined here
[Describe the operation of data networks]
——————————————————————————–
Question 39: (QID=25117)
For the network 192.168.1.0/27, what is the 5th subnet’s network address, broadcast
address and host range? IP Subnet-zero is configured.
1. Subnet 192.168.1.0, Broadcast 192.168.1.31, hosts 192.1683.1.1 – 192.168.1.30
2. Subnet 192.168.1.160, Broadcast 192.168.1.191, hosts 192.168.1.161 – 192.168.1.190
3. Subnet 192.168.1.96, Broadcast 192.168.1.127, hosts 192.168.1.97 – 192.168.1.126
4. Subnet 192.168.1.128, Broadcast 192.168.1.159, hosts 192.168.1.129 – 192.168.1.158
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 4
Explanation: The default subnet mask for a class C address is /24 so we will have 3 bits for
subnets.
So the total amount of subnets is 2^3 = 8 subnets
On each subnet we will have 2^5 – 2 = 30 hosts on each subnet
Now we will calculate the subnet ranges:
The following table is the binary version of the last octet.
Subnet bits Host Bits IP Address Role
000 00000 192.168.1.0 1st subnet network address
000 00001 192.168.1.1 host nr 1
000 00010 192.168.1.2 host nr 2
000 11110 192.168.1.30 host nr 30
000 11111 192.168.1.31 broadcast address for 1st subnet
001 00000 192.168.1.32 2nd subnet network address
001 00010 192.168.1.34 host nr 2 on 2nd subnet
001 11111 192.168.1.63 broadcast address for 2nd subnet
011 00000 192.168.1.96 4th subnet network address
011 11111 192.168.1.127 broadcast address 4th subnet
100 00000 192.168.1.128 5th subnet network address
100 11111 192.168.1.159 broadcast address 5th subnet
[Implement an IP addressing scheme and IP services to meet network requirements for a
small branch office]
——————————————————————————–
Question 40: (QID=25137)
What kind of attack is designed to gather information?
1. DoS attack
2. DDoS attack
3. Reconnaissance attack
4. Access attack
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 3
Explanation: A reconnaissance attack is an attack aimed at gathering information as
preparation for further attacks.
[Identify security threats to a network and describe general methods to mitigate those
threats]
——————————————————————————–
Question 41: (QID=25143)
Which of the following are considered CPE?
1. CSU/DSU
2. Telco switch
3. Router
4. Demarcation point
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 1 3
Explanation: The CSU/DSU and router are considered CPE, Customer Premises Equipment.
[Implement and verify WAN links]
——————————————————————————–
Question 42: (QID=2378)
What command do we use to determine if a Serial interface on a Cisco router is either DTE
or DCE?
1. Show interface serialx
2. Show ip interface serialx
3. Show controllers serial x
4. Show role serial x
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 3
Explanation: Click here for sample output of this command.
[Implement and verify WAN links]
——————————————————————————–
Question 43: (QID=25115)
Which of the following protocols can you find at the Transport layer of TCP/IP model?
[Select all that apply]
1. ICMP
2. TCP
3. IP
4. FTP
5. ARP
6. UDP
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 2 6
Explanation: The Transport layer of the TCP/IP model corresponds with the Transport layer
of the OSI model. TCP and UDP is found at these layers of the TCP/IP or OSI model.
[Describe the operation of data networks]
——————————————————————————–
Question 44: (QID=2987)
Our router has restarted and we want to know what caused this. Which command can we
use to find out?
1. Show history
2. Show version
3. Show startup-config
4. Show ip protocols
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 2
Explanation: When issuing the show version command we the output displays a line ‘System
restarted by’ followed by a reason. This line will give a good indication what the reason was
why the router restarted.
[Implement a small routed network]
——————————————————————————–
Question 45: (QID=1479)
Which of the following statements are true? [Select all that apply]
1. Switches control broadcast domains
2. Hubs control collision domains
3. Routers control broadcast domains
4. Hubs control broadcast domains
5. Switches control collision domains
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 3 5
Explanation: Routers are the border of a broadcast domain because they don’t forward
broadcasts by default. A switch can control a broadcast domain if VLANs are configured on
the switch otherwise they divided the network in separate collision domains.
[Implement a small switched network]
——————————————————————————–
Question 46: (QID=25138)
What is described by a self-propagating piece of software that replicates itself on the
network and usually used in DoS attacks?
1. Virus
2. Trojan
3. Spyware
4. Worm
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 4
Explanation: A worm is a program that self-propagates on the network without user
intervention and is commonly used in DoS attacks.
[Identify security threats to a network and describe general methods to mitigate those
threats]
——————————————————————————–
Question 47: (QID=25122)
Which of the following terms describes an IP address that represents a host on an
enterprise network?
1. Inside global
2. Inside local
3. Outside global
4. Outside local
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 2
Explanation: The inside local address is the IP Address of a host that is local to the
enterprise network.
[Implement and verify WAN links]
——————————————————————————–
Question 48: (QID=25142)
How many bytes make up the network portion of a class C address?
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
5. 6
6. 8
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 3
Explanation: The first 3 octets of a class C address represents the network part, an octet is
1 byte long.
[Implement an IP addressing scheme and IP services to meet network requirements for a
small branch office]
——————————————————————————–
Question 49: (QID=2965)
We want to create an additional VLAN on our Catalyst 2950 switch. Which command do we
use?
A) Switch1(config)#vlan 45
Switch1(config-vlan)#end
B) Switch1(config-vlan)#vlan 45
Switch1(config-vlan)#end
C) Switch1(enable)#vlan 45
D) Switch1(config-vlan)#vlan 45
Switch1(config-vlan-database)#end
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
———————————————
Correct answer(s): 1
Explanation: We create a new VLAN in global configuration mode. After creating the VLAN
with the vlan VLAN_ID command we exit the VLAN database by using the end command to
update this database.
[Implement a small switched network]
——————————————————————————–
Question 50: (QID=25134)
Which of the following is a mechanism used by TCP/IP to protect buffer space and routing
devices?
1. Flow control using windowing
2. Connection establishment and termination
3. Error recovery
4. Multiplexing using ports
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Correct answer(s): 1
Explanation: Flow control using windowing is a mechanism used by TCP/IP to protect buffer
space and routing devices in the transport layer of the OSI model.
[Describe the operation of data networks]