Variational Based FEM

CE 5155: FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Muhammad Fahim
hmf.engr2@gmail.com
Quiz: 12:00 to 12:15
• Find approximate solution for the BVP using Variational Method:
0 0 1
• The boundary conditions are:
0 1
1 2 1 1
Contents
• Classical FEM formulation
• FEM formulation based on Variational method
Basic FEM Concepts
Basic FEM Concepts
Basic FEM Concepts
• Assume a linear polynomial as trial solution over an element,

Basic FEM Concepts
• Subtracting first equation from the second gives
• Substituting Into the first equation
Basic FEM Concepts
• Substituting in
Sub topic: Shape functions
• In the finite element method, continuous models are approximated
using information at a finite number of discrete locations.
• Dividing the structure into discrete elements is called discretization.
• Interpolation within the elements is achieved through shape
functions
• Shape functions required to approximate quantities between nodes
Basic FEM Concepts
Basic FEM Concepts: Example 3
• Obtain approximate solution for the BVP:
0 0 1
0 1 Essential boundary condition
1 2 1 1 Natural boundary condition
• The equivalent function of the problem can be derived as:
1
1 1
2
One element solution
• If the entire domain is considered as one element with the nodes
placed at the ends, x1 = 0 and x2 = 1, length l=1.
• The nodal parameters are u1 and u2.
• The trial solution is:
1
• Therefore trial solution becomes:
1
• Based on essential BC: 0 1
1
1
1
1 1
2
• Integrating and simplifying:
5 9 3
12 4 2
5 9 3
12 4 2
9
0 → 3 0 → 3/4
4
• The approximate solution becomes:
1
1 0.75
1 0.25 ′ 0.25
Two element solution
• Divide the domain into two equal length elements: x1 = 0, x2 = 0.5 and

x3 = 1, length l=0.5
• Using boundary conditions: u(0) = u1 = 1 and u(1)= u3
• Trial solution for element 1:
2 0.5 2
2 0.5 2
2 2
• Trial solution for element 2:
2 1 2 0.5
2 1 2 0.5
2 2
/
1 1
1 1
2 / 2
• Substituting the trial solution
/
1
2 2 2 0.5 2
2
1
2 2 2 1 2 0.5
/ 2
1
95 206 192 113 192 192
96
103
0 → 4 2 0
48
113
0 → 2 4 0
96
• Solving these two equations:
0.9115 0.75
• For element 1:
2 0.5 2 0.9115
1 0.177 0.177
• For element 2:
2 1 0.9115 2 0.5 0.75
1.073 0.323 ′ 0.323

Three elements solution
• Divide the domain into three equal length elements: x1=0, x2=1/3,
x3=2/3, and x4=1.
• Length of each element: l =1/3
Classical Approx. Methods Vs. FEM
• In classical techniques the trial solutions are defined over the entire
solution domain
• Often these trial solutions must include a large number of terms to represent
the solution accurately
• In FEM the solution is domain is divided into a finite number of
elements and the trial solutions are defined over each element
• By suitably combining these solutions, a complete solution for the
entire domain is obtained
• Since each element covers only a small portion of the solution
domain, a low degree polynomial can usually be used as trial solution
over an element.
Classical Approx. Methods Vs. FEM
• In the classical methods the unknown coefficients in the trial solution
do not have any physical meaning
• They are just mathematical quantities which when substituted into the
assumed trial solution give an approximate solution
• In the FEM the polynomial coefficients are defined in terms of
unknown solution at the key points over the element, called nodes
• This physical nature of unknown parameters makes it very easy to
satisfy the essential boundary conditions
• All that one has to do is to set the corresponding nodal parameter
equal to the value specified by the essential boundary condition
Advantages of FEM
1. As the number of elements is increased the FE solution gets better
even with a fairly simple trial solution over an element
• A simple trial solution obviously requires less effort in carrying out
required integrations and differentiations
Advantages of FEM
2. Generally with the approximate methods, the solution itself converges
fairly quickly, however, the derivatives converge much more slowly.
• Using low order trial solutions over an element, for example a linear
polynomial, make this situation even worse
• For the linear element the solution is continuous across the element
boundaries but its first derivative has discontinuities
• Thus a very large number of low order elements must be used if the goal is
to get a good derivative solution
• Of course using higher order polynomial trial solutions would alleviate this
situation
Advantages of FEM
3. With the physical nature of unknown parameters, it is easy to apply
essential boundary conditions
4. The variables at the nodes must be selected in such a way that the
essential boundary conditions can be imposed directly
• Thus for a fourth order problem, it is necessary to choose the solution
as well as its first derivatives at each node as the unknown nodal
parameters
Formal FEM: Example 3
• Obtain approximate solution for the BVP:
0 0 1
0 1 Essential boundary condition
1 2 1 1 Natural boundary condition
• Special coordinate s can be expressed in terms of x using linear
interpolation:
2
2
2
1 1
2 2
• In matrix notation:
• Where N is called a vector of shape functions and d is a vector of

unknown nodal solution
• Find the terms in the equivalent functional in terms of s:
1 1 1 1 2
2 2 2 2
1
1 1
• Continue from previous slide:
1 1 1
1 1
1
1 1 1
1 1
1
1 1
2
• For an element without the boundaries:
1
2
1
2
• The first term can be written as:
1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2
1 1

2 2
1 1

2 2
• Where k is:
1
2 2
1 1 1
1 1
• The second term can be written as:

2 2

2 2

• Where
2 2
1
2
2 2 1
2
• r can be written as:
1
2 2
2 1
2 2
2 2
12 4
2 2 2
12 4
• Thus the functional can be written as:
1
2
1
2

Variational Based FEM

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CE 5155: FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

• Divide the domain into two equal length elements: x1 = 0, x2 = 0.5 and

2 1 0.9115 2 0.5 0.75

1.073 0.323 ′ 0.323

• Where N is called a vector of shape functions and d is a vector of

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