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General working principle
Heat Electricity
Convert to
mechanical energy
Wind Water / Steam
Internal Combustion
• A. Intake Valve‐
• J. Exhaust Valve‐
Valve and Related Parts
Camshaft
Oil seal
Valve face
44.5°
Valve head or 45.5°
Exhaust Intake
valve valve
(1/4)
• D. Head / cylinder
• F. Engine Block‐ cast in one piece. The basis
for most of the parts of the engine.
• I. Camshaft‐ a round shaft with lobes, that rotates to
open and close the intake and exhaust valves.
Drive gears
Intake Camshaft
Timing belt
Exhaust Camshaft
Crankshaft
• K. Spark Plug‐ a device, inserted into the
combustion chamber for firing an electrical
spark to ignite air‐fuel mixture
• M. Piston‐ the part of the engine that moves
up and down inside the cylinder.
• N. Connecting Rod‐ links the piston to the
crankshaft.
Connecting rod
• P. Crankshaft‐ converts the up and down motion
of the piston into a turning, or rotating motion
Piston rings
Piston
Piston pin
1. crankshaft.
2. Connecting rod.
3. piston
4. Piston rings (oil rings &
compression rings).
5. valve
6. Sump
7. camshaft
SPEAKING
• What do you know about main parts of
engines? (location, shape, function,…)
Match the words with the definitions
1. Engine block a. Body of engine
2. Connecting rod b. Holds large shaft in engine
3. Crankcase c. Creates tight seal
4. Piston ring d. Top part of engine
5. Spark plug e. Transfers power from piston
6. head f. Causes explosion
Read the text. Then, mark the following statements as TRUE or FALSE
An internal combustion engine operates in a cycle that compresses
and ignites fuel and air to generate energy. The starting point is the
cylinder. The cylinder runs through the head and down into the
engine block. A piston within the cylinder moves up and down. At the
start of the cycle, it pulls a mixture of fuel and air through valves and
into the cylinder. It then moves upward compressing the fuel mixture.
A piston ring forms a tight seal between the piston and the cylinder
wall. This ensures that the fuel mixture cannot escape. It also keeps
oil from the sump from entering the combustion chamber. Next, a
spark plug fires and ignites the fuel mixture. The resulting explosion
pushes the piston downward. This in turn moves a connecting rod
attached to the piston. The connecting rod transfers the mechanical
energy from the piston to a crankshaft contained within a crankcase.
1‐ Air enters the cylinder through the valves.
2 – Fuel is compressed by the piston.
3 – The crankshaft connects to the spark plug.
Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the word bank
1. A _____________ controls the flow of air into an engine.
2. The _____________ holds the engine’s supply of oil.
3. The spark plug fires in the _____________.
4. The _____________ moves up and down in a cycle.
5. The connecting rod powers the _____________.
A: I'm still not sure what caused the engine to fail.
B: I'm pretty certain that it was an oil leak
A: Really? I was thinking bad spark plug
B: It couldn't be that. The spark plugs are old, but they
aren't damaged.
A: So the sump is cracked?
B: The sump isn’t the problem.
A: It isn't? But then how could there be an oil leak?
B: Look inside the cylinder and tell me what you see.
A: The walls are discolored and damaged. It looks really dirty too.
B: Exactly. Do you have any idea what caused that?
A: My guess is that oil got in there. Ah, so it was the piston rings.
B: Exactly. They wore out and oil leaked into the chamber.
WRITING
Use the conversation above to fill out the engine problem diagnosis form
ENGINE FAILURE DIAGNOSIS
‐Parts checked: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
‐Cause determined: Y/N
‐Describe what you suspect caused the problem: . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .