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KULIAH KE-9
(Karakteristik Lalu Lintas)
• 5 vehicles over a given one-mile section with travel times (in minutes) of
1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 0.75 and 1.0 respectively. Average travel time = 5.45/5=1.09
min = 0.0182 hr. u = 1/0.0182 = 55.05 mph.
• Time mean speed is the arithmetic average of all vehicles passing a given
“spot” on a roadway section. Space mean speed < time mean speed
Speed-Flow-Density
Relationships
• Density is defined as the number of vehicles occupying a given
length of a lane or roadway at a particular instant; density can be
computed using the relationship: k = n/l. Alternatively, if q is the
rate of flow and u is average travel speed, k = q/u. Unit of density
is vehicles per mile (vpm).
• Spacing is defined as the distance (ft) between successive vehicles
in a traffic stream, as measured from front bumper to front bumper;
headway is the time (sec) between successive vehicles, as their
front bumpers pass a given point. Headway (sec/veh) = spacing
(ft/veh)/speed (ft/sec). Density = 5,280/spacing. Flow rate or
practical capacity = 3,600/average headway.
k2 um = u / 2 q m = u m ∗ k m
2 f
q = u k -
u
u = u 1- k
q=k u-u
u ∗k
f k
f k j
f
j
j
km = k / 2 q = f j
j m 4
Greenshields’ Model (1935)
uf
Speed
0 kj
Density
Flow-Density
Relationship
Optimal flow
or
capacity,qmax
Flow (qq)
Uncongested Congested
flow flow
Jam
Density (k) Optimal
density, kj
density, ko
Speed-Flow
Relationship
Free-Flow Uncongested
Speed, uf flow
Speed (u)
Congested
flow
Flow (q)
Empirical Speed-Flow
Relationship
S0
SF
SC
F C Flow(V)
Equation of S-F Relationship
• S1(V) = A1 – B1V V < F ........................ (2)
• S2(V) = A2 – B2V F<V<C ............ (3)
• A1 = S0 B1 = (S0 – SF) / F
• A2 = SF + {F(SF – SC)/(C – F)} B2 = (SF – SC) / (C – F)
t0
C Flow (V)
Equation of F-D Curve
• t(V) = t0 + aVn V<C ........................ (4)
tF
t0
F C Flow (V)
Fundamentals of Queuing Theory
• Arrivals – uniform or random
• Departures – uniform or random
• Service rate – departure channels
• Discipline – first-in-first-out (FIFO) and last-in-
first-out (LIFO) being popular
• Notation of queues: X/Y/N
– X – arrival rate nature
– Y – departure rate nature
– N – number of service channels
• Popular notations: D/D/1, M/D/1, M/M/1, and in
general M/M/N
Simple Queuing Theory Applications
• Use D/D/1 only when absolutely sure that both arrivals and departures are
deterministic
• Use M/D/1 for controls unaffected by neighboring controls
• Use M/M/1 or M/M/N as general case
• Factors that could affect your analysis:
– Neighboring system (system of signals)
– Time-dependent variations in arrivals and departures
• Peak hour effects in traffic volumes, human service rate changes
– Breakdown in discipline
• People jumping queues! More than one vehicle in a lane!
– Time-dependent service channel variations
• Grocery store counter lines
Graphically Analyzing Queues
Delaymax
D/D/1
Qmax
Queue
Dissipation
Vehicles
Total Vehicle
Delay
Delay of nth
Queue at arriving vehicle
time t1
t1
Time
Queuing Components
Multi-Channel Queues
Numerically Analyzing
Queues
ρ = λ/µ, and <1 Average Arrival
Rate
λ Average Departure
Rate
µ
M/D/1 M/M/1 M/M/N
Q= 2ρ - ρ 2 Q= ρ
(1- ρ)
Q= P0 ρN+1 1
N!N (1− ρ N)2
+ρ
2(1- ρ)
1 ρ 1 λ 1 1
w= P0 =
2µ 1−ρ
w= w = Q
− N −1
ρn ρN
µ µ −λ
C
λ
µ ∑n +
ρ
nC = 0 C! N !(1 − )
N
1 2 - ρ 1 Q P0 ρ N +1
t= t= t= P
n>N
=
N! N(1 − ρ N )
2µ 1−ρ
µ -λ
λ
KULIAH KE-10
Kapasitas Jalan Indonesia
(KAJI)
• KONSEP KAPASITAS
(Ruas dan simpang)
• DEGREE OF SATURATION
DS = Q / C
Q = arus (volume)
C = kapasitas
SI – 2241
PENGANTAR SISTEM
TRANSPORTASI
KULIAH KE-11
PERSIMPANGAN DAN
KENDALI LALU LINTAS
Jenis-jenis Pengaturan Simpang
Jenis-jenis konflik
Keterangan :
Konflik Primer
Konflik Sekunder
Arus Kendaraan
Arus Pejalan Kaki
Yield Sign
Stop Sign
R-2
36” x 36” x 36”
R1-1
30" x 30"
Contoh Simpang dengan Channelization
Contoh Konflik Primer dan Sekunder Pada
Persimpangan dengan Lampu Keterangan :
Konflik Primer
Konflik Sekunder
Arus Kendaraan
Arus Pejalan Kaki
Penentuan Titik Konflik Kritis dan Jarak untuk Keluar (SE) dan Masuk (SA)
Kontrol dua-fasa, hanya konflik primer yang dipisah
Multi-fasa dengan fasa terpisah untuk lalu lintas belok kanan pada jalan
utama.
Cycle Time
Hasil Simulasi dari Pengaruh Variasi Panjang Waktu Siklus Terhadap Tundaan, untuk
Persimpangan 4 kaki 2 fasa, Arus sama untuk seluruh kaki, Arus jenuh sama sebesar
1800 kend/jam, Waktu hijau sama. Kehilangan Waktu/Waktu Siklus = 10 s