Nepal

 Conceptual Questions

You have been provided the following statements along with

the terms related to the statements. You are required to write
the term behind the blank in each statement.

1. New Accounting System

2. Government Accounting
3. Commercial Accounting
4. Double entry system of book keeping
5. Central Level
6. Operating Level
7. Auditor General
8. Finance Comptroller General
9. Treasury and Comptroller
10. Auditing
11. Internal Audit
12. Statutory Audit

 Very Short Answer Questions

1. When was accounting committee formed to recommend new
accounting system?
Ans : The new accounting system was formed on Magh 20,
2017 B.S.

2. Mention the fiscal year when new accounting system come

into operation.
Ans : The new accounting system came into operation in
2019/20 B.S.

3. When the new accounting system became fully operation

throughout Nepal?
Ans : It was in full operation from Shrawan 2025 B.S.

4. Name the offices involved in central level.

Ans : Central level includes ministries, departments and
constitutional bodies.

5. Mention the name of offices involved in operating level.

Ans : Operating level offices include district, zonal and
regional offices.
6. When was the office of the Finance Comptroller General
formed?
Ans : The office of Finance Comptroller General was
formed in 2032 B.S.

7. Mention the fiscal year in which offices of the treasury and

comptroller established throughout the Nepal.
Ans : The office of treasury and comptroller was
established in 2038/39 B.S. in Nepal.

8. Mention the Latin word from which the word audit is derived.
Ans : The word audit is derived from the Latin word ‘’audire’’
which means to “’hear’’.

9. What are different types of audit? Write.

Ans : There are two types of audit: - Internal Audit and
External Audit.

 Short Answer Questions

1. Explain any five features of new accounting system of
Government of Nepal.
Ans : The new accounting system was introduced with a
view to tackle its previous deficiencies. It aims at providing
the necessary information required to the offices of
government of Nepal. Some of its basic features are:
a. Double Entry System
The improved accounting system is based on double
entry system of book keeping which states that every
financial transaction has two aspects i.e. debit and credit.
The dual aspects help in maintaining arithmetical
accuracy and to detect and rectify accounting errors.

b. Emphasis on banking transactions.

The new accounting system emphasizes on
accountability as it allows receipts and payments only
through bank. It has clearly stated that all the
government revenues must be deposited into bank and
all payments to be made through cheques except petty
cash expenses.

c. History of financial transactions

It provides history of financial transactions of government
offices. These historical data help in preparing budgets,
 plans, policies and making decisions and implementing
them.

d. Secrecy
The transactions are recorded in different forms,
receipts, slips voucher, books etc. Only responsible
staffs are authorized to maintain and handle accounting
records. As a result there is no chance of leakage of
official secrets to the outsiders.

2. Describe, in brief, the importance of new accounting system.

Ans : Accounting is a very essential rod to measure a
transparency of any firm or organizations. Keeping this in
mind, new accounting system is designed to provide
required information, data, statistics and other financial
details for administration and financial decisions. Following
are the importance of new accounting system:
a. Implementation of plans and policies
It is helpful in preparing plans and policies of government
by supplying necessary data, statistics and other
information. It bolsters in continuing or ending particular
operations depending upon its effectiveness.
b. Reflects financial transactions
New accounting system believes in transparency. It
facilitates in keeping records of government expenditure
 and revenues thus assigning appropriate responsibility
to every authority.
c. Facilitates preparation of budget
For proper budgeting, correct estimation is of vital
importance. New accounting system provides all data,
statistics and information necessary for efficient budget
formulation and implementation.
d. Control over financial matters
New accounting system helps to maintain control over
financial transactions of government offices. All the
transactions are recorded thus avoiding any
embezzlement and manipulation of government funds.

3. Explain any five objectives of new accounting system.

Ans : The Account Committee, 2017 has recommended the
following objectives of the new accounting system:

a. Maintenance of systematic accounting of financial

transactions
As government offices are accountable to public,
systematic recording of transaction is essential.
Systematic accounting helps in allocation of
responsibilities in such manner that one civil servant is
automatically checked by another. It further strengthens
internal control system.
b. To provide information about funds and their utilization.
For proper utilization of funds it is essential that
authorities know about the status of various funds and
their utilization. It provides necessary information about
the position of funds, actual data of budget release and
expenditures incurred under different budget headings.
c. Safeguarding physical properties.
Government has huge inventory of valuable physical
properties. The aim of new accounting system is to
maintain record of such assets in matters of purchase,
operation, sales, repair and maintenance etc.
d. To make auditing simple and economical.
The new accounting system ensures that the financial
transactions in government offices are maintained in
accordance with the financial rules and regulations. It
enables the office of Auditor General to examine and
ensure that the records are true and fair.

4. What are different levels of government offices? Explain.

Ans : In order to maintain the new accounting system,
government offices are divided into two levels on the basis
of nature of functions they perform. They are:
a. Central level
Central level incorporates ministries and departments.
Relatively they have fewer transactions as they are
concerned with providing imprest fund and budget
 release to operating level. Departments play the role of
bridge between ministries and operating level offices.
They receive budget from ministries through the office of
the Treasury and Financial Comptroller General and
release to operating level on the basic of budget
allocation.
b. Operating level
Operating level comprises of district, zone and regional
offices. It receives imprest fund and budget from central
level which they utilize for administration and
developmental activities. At the end of every month,
statement of expenditures and other reports should be
prepared and submitted to central level. This continues
till the end of fiscal year.

5. Introduce office of the Finance Comptroller General. Write its

major rights, duties and functions.
Ans : Office of Finance Comptroller General falls under
Ministry of Finance. It is responsible for maintaining record
of government revenue and expenditures. It was formed in
2032 BS by replacing the Office of Account General.
As per Financial Administration Rule 2056, following are
some of the rights, duties and functions of Office of the
Finance Comptroller General:
a. It operates and controls national budget and manages fund.
b. It keeps proper record of consolidated fund and other
government funds.
c. It creates and designs formats of forms and statements used
for maintaining account of cash and goods.
d. It provides guidance in making amendments to finance acts,
rules and regulations.
e. It helps in carrying out internal audit of both revenue and
budget expenditure.

6. Write about office of the Treasury and Comptroller. Mention

its rights, duties and functions.
Ans : The Office of the Treasury and Comptroller comes
under department of Ministry of Finance. The main function
of this office is to release the approved budget to operating
level offices. This office was fully functional in all 75 districts
by 2038/39.
As per the provisions made in government revenue-
expenditure operation rule 2038, following are the rights,
duties and functions of the Office of the Treasury and
Comptroller:
a. To release one sixth of the total expenditures of the previous
fiscal year as initial imprest fund to every operating level of
office at the beginning of the fiscal year due to the absence of
approval of annual budget.
b. To reconcile the daily statement of revenue received from
every office and bank statement received for the same
transaction.
c. To conduct internal audit of all the district level offices
operating under its supervision.
d. To verify any balance of amount in imprest fund of district level
offices before the end of fiscal year and process for refund.

7. Introduce office of the Auditor General. Mention its rights,

duties and functions.
Ans : The provision of Office of Auditor General has been
made in section 12 of the Interim Constitution of Nepal
2063. It is responsible for final auditing of all the
government offices and corporations having full investment
of government. The head of this office is Auditor General
who is appointed by the Constitutional Council.
As per the provisions of Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063
the Office of the Auditor General has following rights, duties
and functions:
a. It conducts audit of books of accounts of all the Offices of
Government of Nepal, Constitutional bodies, Nepal Army,
Nepal Police etc.
b. It recommends the form and design for Auditor General Form
used by all government offices to maintain uniformity in
accounting procedures throughout the bureaucracy.
c. It sets guidelines regarding the audit of books of accounts of
government offices and other institutions.
d. It provides suggestion for appointing statutory auditor in the
entities having government interests.
8. Define the term audit. Explain its importance.
Ans : Audit is the verification of financial statements by
independent and expert authority to ensure reliability and
accuracy in preparation and presentation of these
documents. Since audit is usually conducted by those who
do not have any interest in company shareholders,
creditors, customers, government authorities and other
stakeholders can trust the results reflected by these
financial statements.
The significance of financial statements is briefly discussed
below:
a. Ensures accuracy
The auditors verify the recorded transactions by cross-
checking the records with evidential documents like bills,
vouchers. This facilitates in preparing the final accounts
with accurate figures.
b. Acts as reliable evidence.
The statutory audit is performed by experts in field of
accounting and auditing who are independent. They
produce unbiased audit reports which serve as reliable
evidence for stakeholders to assess the financial
integrity of the organization.
c. Facilitates obtaining loan.
The banks and other financial institutions consider
audited financial statements to assess the liquidity and
credit ratings of the entities. Since these documents are
prepared by registered auditors they rely on documents
prepared by them.
d. Proper valuation of assets.
 Audited financial statements reflect the true and fair
value of assets of a firm. This helps in creating a hassle
free documentation for other functions like dissolution of
firm, admission or retirement of partners, amalgamation
of companies etc.

9. What are different types of audit? Explain.

Ans : The word audit is derived from the Latin word ‘’audire’’
which means to hear. Auditing is concerned with examining
the accounting data and information in detail to determine
the accuracy of final accounts and ensure accountability
and transparency.
Different types of audit are discussed below:
a. Internal audit
Auditing functions performed by the employee within an
organization is called internal audit. The internal auditor
need not be qualified with professional qualification.
Internal audit helps in development of efficient
accounting system and detection and prevention of
frauds and errors. It guides management in terms of
installing proper internal checks to avoid hassle free
environment for final audit.
b. External audit
Auditing functions performed by a qualified auditor
according to the rule of organization taking into account
the accounting and auditing standards and laws of the
country is called external audit. Only a qualified auditor
 who has obtained the audit license from the Office of the
Auditor General according to Auditing Act 2048 is
authorized to conduct standard audit.

10. Introduce internal audit. Explain its objectives.

Ans : Auditing functions performed by the employee within
an organization is called internal audit. The internal auditor
need not be qualified with professional qualification.
Internal audit helps in development of efficient accounting
system and detection and prevention of frauds and errors.
The objectives of internal audit are:
a. Verification of books of accounts
Internal auditor verifies books of accounts maintained by
accounting department and verifies it by cross checking
them with the evidence like vouchers, bills. This helps in
detection of embezzlements and omission.
b. Highlights the deficiencies
The measures taken in internal audit help to identify the
deficiency in accounting systems, attendance systems,
assets control etc. The management can take decision
on the basis of these internal audit reports whether to
continue or cease a particular operation.
c. Facilitates statutory audit
Public companies generally have their accounts audited
by registered auditor. The internal audit helps in proper
preparation and presentation of financial statements
 according to the appropriate accounting standards thus
making final audit convenient.

11. What do you mean by external audit? Explain the

objectives of external audit.
Ans: Auditing functions performed by a qualified auditor
according to the rule of organization taking into account
the accounting and auditing standards and laws of the
country is called external audit. Only a qualified auditor
who has obtained the audit license from the Office of the
Auditor General according to Auditing Act 2048 is
authorized to conduct standard audit.
The objectives of final audit:
a. Protection of stakeholders
External auditor is independent. He is not biased so he
will verify the final accounts with evidences like bills,
vouchers et cetera to ensure transparency and
accountability. He raises questions with management to
protect the interest of shareholders.
b. To provide true and fair statement.
The objective of external auditing is to provide true and
fair financial statement of a company. It is believed that
audited financial documents are in line with the prevalent
laws and accounting/auditing standards thus ensuring
true and fair statement.
c. To maintain ethics and provide advice
 The statutory auditor keeps certain systems and
procedures to conduct audit. These measures help to
maintain morale check on staff for accomplishing given
work with trustworthiness. Also since an auditor is
finance expert, he helps management in preparing future
financial policies.

12. Mention difference between internal and external audit.

Ans : Distinctions between internal audit and external audit:

Basis Internal Audit External Audit

Auditor The internal auditor is The external auditor
someone within the is registered and
employee of independent
organization. person.
Scope of duties The scope and extent The scope and
of internal audit is extent of external
determined by audit is set by
management. Companies Act and
auditing standards.
Nature of It is continuous in It is periodical and
occurrence nature and carried generally done at
throughout the year. the end of every
financial year.
Government offices Office of the Treasury Office of the Auditor
and Comptroller is General is
 responsible for responsible for
internal audit in govt external audit in
offices. govt offices.

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Accounting System used in Nepal

The main accounting system followed by the Government of

Nepal before the introduction of present new accounting system

were as follows:

1. Wasil Baki Sreshta Pranali

2. Syaha Sreshta Pranali
3. FaamSreshta Pranali
4. Bhuktani Sreshta Pranali (Payment Accounting System)

Wasil Baki Sreshta Pranali

The offices who perform the jobs of temporary nature having only

the limited number of transactions uses this accounting system.

Under this system, the revenues were recorded on one side of the

page and expenditure on the other side. It is proved to be

unscientific and impracticable for the modern period because it

does not have a provision of classifying the revenues or

expenditures into different heads for ready reference.

Syaha Sreshta Pranali

This system was introduced by Kharidar Gunawanta in 1936 B.S.

In this accounting system, the revenues and expenditures are

recorded separately on the same leaf and their total balances can

be shown on the same leaf when required. Under this system, the

following three types of books were used:

 Syaha: Syaha was the book of original entry like the journal.
It was prepared in Nepali Kagaz in 'T' shape and every
transaction of government offices were first recorded in it.
The Syaha was classified into Nagadi Syaha, Jinsi Syaha
and Dharauti Syaha.
i. Nagadi Syaha:Nagadi syaha was used to keep the record
of cash transaction i.e. cash receipt and payment.
ii. Jinsi Syaha: Jinsi Syaha was used to keep the record of
property transaction i.e. furniture, rack, etc.
iii. Dharauti Syaha: Dharauti Syaha was used to keep the
record of deposit transaction.

 Awarje: Awarje was the second step of keeping the record.

It was a kind of ledger and prepared with the help of
transactions recorded in Syaha to find out the incomes and
expenditures under different heads of accounts. Awarje was
of two types: (i) Income awarje- for recording government
 revenues and (ii) Vinjalik awarje- for recording and
classifying expenditures.

 Dhapot:Dhapot was the final statement of transactions of an

office. It was the summarized statement to be prepared to
show the financial position of a government office for the
particular fiscal year. It was classified into three types: job
termination Dhapot, month termination Dhapot and year
termination Dhapot.

Faram Sreshta Pranali

Under this Pranali, a large number of forms were used to record

the repetitive transactions. Therefore this pranali was called a

Form Sreshta Pranali. There were all about 51 different forms in

use, among them monthly cash statement, statement of land tax,

Daily cash book, Monthly payroll, etc. were common forms.

Bhuktani Sreshta Pranali

This system was based on the principles of double entry system.

The division of offices into central and operating levels, financial

control through audit, the concept of decentralization, lapsing or

freezing of all budget amounts and depositing all lapsed amounts

into the consolidated fund are the notable characteristics of this

system of accounting. This accounting system was replaced by

government New Accounting System in the year 2018 B.S.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GOVERNMENT AND

COMMERCIAL ACCOUNTING

Basis of
Government Accounting Commercial Accounting
difference

This system is used to record This system is used to reco

Use transactions in government and transactions in commercial

semi-government organizations.organizations.

It is maintained by the
It is maintained by the
commercial organization to
Objectives government offices to know the
the profit or loss and financ
public fund position.
position of the business.

This accounting is maintained This accounting is maintain

Basis
on the cash basis. cash as well as the accrual
 It has the system of the central It has no provision of the ce
Classification of
level and operating level level and operating level
accounting
accounting. accounting.

It is fully directed and controlled It is not affected by any typ

Control with the help of budget formal budget. It is controlle

approved by the parliament. the management as per ne

It is not affected by the

It must be maintained by the
Financial rules government rules and regu
financial rules and regulations
and acts but maintained by the intern
prescribed by the government.
rules of the firm.

It is audited by the constitutional

It is audited by the professi
Auditing body constituted by the
having valid audit license.
government.

Under this system, separate Under this system, separat

Funds bank account are opened for bank accounts are not oper

the operation of funds raised by for the operation of funds. A

 the government for different funds are operated through

purposes. one bank account.

References:

Sharma, Narendra et.al., Principles of Accounting-XI, Bundipuran

Prakashan, Kathmandu

Koirala, Yadav Raj et.al., Principles of Accounting-XI, Asmita

Books Publication, Kathmandu

Shrestha, Dasharaha et.al., Accountancy-XI, M.K. Prakashan

Kathmandu

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New accounting system

what is New accounting system & Importance of new
accounting system?
Concept of new accounting system
As we have already discussed in the previous chapter that
shyaha srestha pranali and form srestha pranali failed to record
the increasing number of transaction in a systematic way. As a
result. Bhuktani srestha pranali was introduced in 2017 B.S. but
this system also became unsuitable to re

cord all the revenues and expenditure of the government in a

more systematic and scientific way. Therefore, to make
suggestions and recommendations in a more systematic efficient
accounting system, an account committee, have four members
was formed on magh 20, 2017 B.S. the four members of
committee comprised of:
• Accounting general of his majesty government
• Under secretary of ministry of finance (foreign aid
department)
• Public administrative of the U.S. aid.
• Accounting specialist of the U.N.

The committee, after a detailed study for about 288 days.

Presented a draft as suggestions and recommendations for the
scientific, modernization, improvement and decentralization of
accounting systems in Nepal. The draft was approved by the
auditor general on 20th magh 2018. B.S. and it was also
approved by his majesty the king of 2nd chaitra 2018. The system
was introduced as a new accounting sytems of his majesty
government and it was implemented in the office of Kathmandu
valley since the fiscal year 2019/2020 B.S. it was called 'new
accounting system". The new accounting system became fully
operational from shrawan 2025 through Nepal.
Feature and characteristics of new accounting system
Some of the basic features of new accounting systems of his
majesty government may be studied under the following
headings:
1. Based on the principle of double entry system: new
accounting system is based on double entry system of book
keeping. Under this principle, each financial transaction has two
aspects i.e. each tractions is recorded on both debit and credit
sides of books of account with the same monetary value thus,
arithmetical accuracy can be easily tested and accounting errors
are also detected and rectified.
2. Uniformity and simplicity: new accounting systems are used
in the entire government officer throughout the keeping of Nepal.
It is simple to understand and easy to operate because it is based
on the principle of double entry system. An employee having
lower qualification can easily understand it.
3. Emphasis of banking transaction: there are more probability
of misuse and manipulation of cash. The new accounting system
of HMG has given more emphasis of banking transaction. every
government officer should deposit all revenues into bank and
payment are made through cheques except petty cash payment.
4. Classification of offices: government organizations are
classified into central level offices of organization (ministry) and
operating level office on the basis of their financial transaction.
5. Secrecy: in new accounting system, high degree of secrecy
can be maintained for accounting records. Separate forms,
receipts slips etc are used for the separate nature of transaction.
6. Based on budget heads: the new accounting systems is
based upon different budget heads for making expenditures of
public government officer should not make expenditures more
than allocated to a head.
7. Inter-head transfer of budget: in new accounting systems,
the surplus amount of a budget head can be transferred from one
budget head to another budget head by taking permission of
finance ministry.
8. Used of bracket: use of bracket is another most important
feature of new accounting system. The bracket is used to show
the amount to be credited. It the time of payment for effective
budgetary control.
9. Treatment of advance: in new accounting system, an advance
payment given for any expenditure is treated as budgeting
expenditures at the time of payment for effective budgetary
control.
10. Level of government office and decentralization: the new
accounting system is given emphasis is decentralization for
accounting work. The government officers have been classified
into two level i.e. central level and operating level accounting.
Central level account is maintained by central level office and
operation level account by operating level office. Central level
offices do not interfere in regular accounting work of operating
level office.
11. Provision of auditing: in new accounting systems, there is
the provision of audit, so audit of books of accounts is compulsory
to detect and payment the misuse of government property and
revenue. The office of the auditor general is responsible for audit
in government officer.
Objective of new accounting system
The following are the objectives of new accounting system
started by the account committee 2017:
• To provide financial data this is required time to time for
preparing financial report.
• To prepared proper systematic accounting for cash and other
properties to control such possible misuses.
• To provide necessary and relevant information required for the
preparation of budget to the concerned office.
• To determine the level and position of officers who are
responsible to submit the accounts of different projects
implemented.
• To check the financial transactions if they are true and fair
thought the auditing.
• To make the audit job simple, less time consuming and
economical.
• To collect the historical data of budget head.
Important of new accounting system
The important of new accounting system are summarized
below:
• To keep the real picture of financial transaction of government
offices to prepared the records of government fund. Investment,
revenue, and expenses.
• To provides all financial data, statistics and other information
required for financial administration and control.
• To provide proper guidance to government for the preparation
and implementations of economic plan and policy of the nation.
• To provide necessary information and financial data to the
government for preparation of annual budget.
• To control the financial activities of the government because all
the revenues and expenditures of government are recorded
according to the financial rules and procedures.
• To prevent the measure of government revenues and its
properties because there is a to provision of audit of the books of
account.
• To provide certain guidelines for preparation of finical
statements.
• To ensure and effective uses of the aid and loan amount
provided by foreign donors and agencies.
Limitation of new accounting system
New accounting systems of HMG are also not free from
weakness and limitations. Some of the limitations are:
• There is no proper mechanism to check frauds and errors
committed in the books of account and also if failed to control
corruption, misuse and embezzlement of government cash and
properties.
• It has given less emphasis on goods, properties and assets
because it has given emphasis only on expenditures.
• It is based on cash basis of accounting. No record is made on
accruals basis.
• There are higher chances of misappropriation of stock
(investment) due to the lack of systematic and proper store
keeping system.
• It cannot provide necessary information or data for making
decision on the cost of production and labor efficiency.
• It does not following the principle of double entry system in
practice. For example, entry for advance transaction required
triple positing inn bank cash book.
• All the forms are designed by the department of general do not
fulfill the requirement of managerial need.
Levels of new accounting system
HMG's officers are divided into two levels i.e. central level and
operating level under new accounting system.
Central level accounting
Central level accenting refers to the accounting maintained by
central level offices. Those officers received budget directly
directly from the ministry of financial and release them to
operating level officers. The ministry of financial does not release
budget directly to operating level officer. They co-ordinate and
control the operating level officer thought the country. Ministries,
department and the legal bodies come under come under central
level officers. The accounting. Under this accounting, the budget
received from the ministry of financial and released to operating
level officer in terms of advance basis and cleaning the advances
as against their monthly reports are recorded. The following are
some major account maintained by central level offices.
a. Journal voucher
b. General ledger
c. Subsidiary books
d. Advance ledger
e. Bank statements
f. Statement of advance given
 g. Control ledger for the amount deposited into consolidated
fund etc.
Operating level accounting
Operating level officer refer to those government branches or
regional officer which received budget from central level officer
and make expenditure according to the prescribed budget heads.
The accounting systems adopted by operating level officer are
known as operating level accounting. The operating officers are
responsible for their respective central officer and have to submit
their statement of expenditures to the concerned central level
officer. In shown operating level:

• Receives budget under different heads.

• Incurs budget expenditure accounting to the budget instruction
and prescribed rules and regulations.
• Creates records of budget received and spent.
• Forward monthly report and statement to clear advance
remaining in its name.
• Gets its accounts audited internally from the office of the
treasury and comptroller and financial from the department of
audit general.
• Prepares budget estimate for the next fiscal year.
The following are the accounting documents maintained by
the operating level officers.
a. Journal voucher
b. Bank cash bank
c. Subsidiary ledger

d. Statement of expenditures.
Different between central level and operating level
accounting
Basis

1. Office
2. Accounts
3. Recording
4. Responsible
5. Forms
6. Helps

Central level accounting

 It is maintained by central level office.

 It is maintained both by the central as well as operating level
accounts.
 It records budget received from ministry of finance and release
made to operating level offices.
 Central level offices are responsible for the ministry of finance and
reports are submitted to ministry of finance.
 Under this system only a few number of accounting and
statements are used for making records.
 Central level officer helps the office of the comptrollers general in
preparing central accounts.

Operating level accounting

 It is maintained by operating level office

 It is maintained only by operating level accounts.
 It keeps record of budget received from concerned central level
offices and the expenditure made on different heads.
 Operating level officers are responsible to the central level officer
and reports are submitted to the concerned central level officer.
 Under this system a large number of accounting forms are used
for making accounting records.
 Operating level officer do not directly help in the preparation of
central account.
Forms used in new accounting system
The new accounting system prescribes a number of forms to be
used at central level as well as operating level officers. The
following are some form in new accounting system.
1. Primary books
a. Journal voucher
b. Cash receipts
c. Cash payment slip
2. ledger
a. budget sheet
b. bank cash book
c. cash receipts book
3. reports
a. statement of expenditures
b. monthly reports regarding revenue
c. requisition form for the reimbursement of cash payment
d. monthly report of unclear advance
e. statement of bank account
f. summary of bank account
g. statement of budget sheet
h. statement of outstanding payments
i. monthly report of security deposits
4. miscellaneous
a. cash payment slip and cash receipts control
b. budget requisition form

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Malaysian Governmental Accounting: National Context and
User Orientation

Abstract
Recent years have seen changes in governmental accounting
from a cash-based accounting system to an accrual-based
accounting system. According to Lüder, development in
governmental accounting system is influenced by its environment.
Lüder hypothesized that specific contextual variables and primary
user orientation of governmental accounting and reporting could
determine the design of the governmental accounting systems.
These variables could indicate whether or not a particular
governmental accounting system is favourable towards change.
Assessment of the national context and development of the
Malaysian governmental accounting shows support for Lüder's
hypothesis.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265042235_Malaysian_
Governmental_Accounting_National_Context_and_User_Orientati
on