Crack and Deflection

Engineering, Consulting, Contracting Company
SLAB CRACKING and DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS

M. Zafer GEÇİM1
December 2008
ABSTRACT
Elastic deflection of a reinforced concrete slab is easily computable by simple
formulas and creep and shrinkage effects can be included by using coefficients.
However, to have a more accurate deflection estimation, the time dependent
properties together with non-linear stress-strain relation of concrete must be
involved in the calculations. Reliable results become important since slab
deflections may reach high values and fail to satisfy their serviceability
requirements. Besides, excessive cracking may cause questioning the stability of
the slab. The current study was prepared to calculate the cracking and
deflection of a slab of a reinforced concrete building in the Russian Federation
by including time dependent properties and non-linear characteristics of
concrete according to Russian Codes.
1. Description of the Building

The building complex being designed by Structoris is located in the Russian Federation.
The building is a complex of monolithic reinforced concrete framework and consists of
three main high rise blocks, each block also subdivided into three 26 storey blocks forming
a diamond shape. The complex is composed of residential, office, various commercial and
technical areas and underground parking. Each of the three main blocks are 63500 m², so
the total area of the complex is approximately 190000 m².
2. Purpose of the Study

As a project development mentality, Structoris provides its’ Clients with data and
calculations to prove and ensure that the most economical, safe and practical solutions
are developed. Moreover, Structoris team can support project managements with data,
calculations, opinions and recommendations to ensure healthy project implementation.
Thus the productions on site are closely followed by the Structoris team.
1
Civil Engineer, M.Sc., Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, Structoris Eng. Cons. Co.
1
www.structoris.co.uk info@structoris.co.uk
After the production of slabs of the mentioned building, crackings were reported.
The nature and reasons of the cracking were needed to be clarified in order to make a
sound evaluation of the situation.
For reinforced concrete slabs, cracks can be either expected up to a level depending
on the structural design, or production mistakes, which can be further sub-classified such
as low strength concrete, dimensional mistakes (thickness, width) etc. A careful
investigation was carried out on site in order to determine the locations, length and depth
of the cracks supported by photographs. Then, in the light of the site data, calculations
were carried out to determine the reasons of the cracking and impact on the bearing
capacity and working characteristics of building.
3. Data obtained from Site inspection

According to the site investigation, it has been reported that the cracks occurred on
the bottom side of the slab. No cracks were observed on the upper side. The cracks were
located at the flight. A simple drawing showing the location of the crack can be seen on
Figure 1. The widths of the cracks were measured to be up to 2 mm. Similar cracks were
observed also on other slabs in the building.
The location and nature of the cracks have shown that the cracks occurred where
maximum positive bending moments exist.
Figure 1: Crack location determined on the site
2
The design moments Mx and My values were obtained from structural analysis and
can be seen on Figure 2 and 3.
Figure 2: Moment diagram x-direction (Mx)
1 -5.89 -4.91 2 -3.92 -2.94 3

-1.96 -0.981 3'
-0.0397 4
0.0397 0.981 1.96 5 2.94 3.92 3.97 6
1
Изополя напряжений по Mx
Единицы измерения - (т*м)/м

B B
A A
X 1 2 3 3' 4 5 6
Figure 3: Moment diagram y-direction (My)
1 -4.88 2
-4.07 -3.25 -2.44 3 -1.63 -0.813 3' -0.0279 4 0.0279 0.813 5 1.63 2.44 2.79 6
1
Изополя напряжений по My
Единицы измерения - (т*м)/м

B B
A A
X 1 2 3 3' 4 5 6
3
4. Method of Calculation
The following calculations were done in order to evaluate the situation:
I. Calculation of crack formation moment at project characteristics of structure
materials.
II. Testing bending from design loads
III. Testing bearing ability of slab
IV. Analysis of loads during construction period.
5. Calculations
a. Calculation of cracking moments
In this section, the sectional and mechanical properties of concrete will be used
to determine at which moment value the cracking will occur. The calculation
will be done for the mid-span and two support regions. The supports are
located in axis 5 and 6 of the floor plan. The material properties are as follows:
Concrete Class: B30 Modulus of Elasticity = 32500 MPa
Ultimate strain of concrete on tension = -0,0015
Tensile strength of concrete = 12,2 kgf/cm²
Tensional strength of concrete at first stage = 7,32 kgf/cm²
Maximum tensile strain at first stage = 0,000022
Maximum tensile strain at second stage = 0,0001
Compressive Strength of Concrete = 173 kgf/cm²
Maximum compressive strain of concrete = 0,0035
Compressive strength of concrete at first stage = 103,8 kgf/cm²
Maximum compressive strain at first stage = 0,000313
Maximum compressive strain at second stage = 0,002
4
Reinforcement:
Steel Class = A III
Modulus of Elasticity of Steel = 2 x 105 MPa
Compressive/Tensile Strength of Steel= 365 MPa
Section Properties
Width of section = 100 cm
Height of section = 25 cm
Thickness of cover concrete = 2,5 cm
Table 1 Reinforcement Detail

Location Top Bottom
Support (axis-5) 5 φ10 5 φ12
Mid-span 5 φ10 5 φ12
Support (axis-6) 5 φ10 + 5 φ16 5 φ12
i. Cracking Moment of the mid-span region

Diameter of upper reinforcement = 10 mm
Number of bars = 5
Diameter of bottom reinforcement = 12 mm
Number of bars = 5
Area of upper reinforcement = 3,927 cm²
Area of bottom reinforcement = 5,655 cm²
Stress strain relationship of concrete in tension

σbt ( ε ) := 0 if ε > 0
Eb⋅ ε if ε > εbt1 ∧ ε < 0
 1 − σbt1  ⋅ ε − εbt1 + σbt1  ⋅ Rbt if ε ≤ εbt1 ∧ ε > εbto
  
 Rbt  εbto − εbt1 Rbt 
Rbt if ε ≤ εbto
5
Defining c as the neutral axis depth, then for tension the resultant concrete force
location can be calculated by;
h− c
⌠ εbtult
 b ⋅ σbt  ⋅ ( h − c − x) ⋅ x dx
 h − c 
⌡
0
CGb( c) :=
h− c
⌠ εbtult
 b ⋅ σbt  ⋅ ( h − c − x) dx
 h − c 
⌡
0
Stress strain relationship of concrete in compression

σb ( ε ) := 0 if ε < 0
Eb⋅ ε if ε < εb1 ∧ ε ≥ 0
 1 − σb1  ⋅ ε − εb1 + σb1  ⋅ Rb if ε ≥ εb1 ∧ ε < εbo
  
 Rb  εbo − εb1 Rb 
Rb if ε ≥ εbo
Similarly for compression,

h
⌠ εbtult
 b⋅ σb  ⋅ ( h − c − x) ⋅ x dx
 h − c 
⌡
h− c
CGt( c) :=
h
⌠ εbtult
 b⋅ σb  ⋅ ( h − c − x) dx
 h − c 
⌡
h− c
Stress on the reinforcement in terms of strain

σs ( ε ) := sign ( ε ) min( ε ⋅ Es , Rs)
The stress in the section in terms of strain

σ( ε ) := if ε ≥ 0
Eb⋅ ε if ε < εb1 ∧ ε ≥ 0
  
Rb if ε ≥ εbo
if ε < 0
Eb⋅ ε if ε > εbt1 ∧ ε < 0
  
Rbt if ε ≤ εbto
6
Resultant force of concrete at the ultimate strain

h
⌠ εbtult
Fb( c) :=  b ⋅ σ ⋅ ( h − c − x) dx
  h − c 
⌡
0
Resultant force of reinforcement for compression and tension are:

εbtult
Fsb ( c) := σs  ⋅ ( h − c − d1) ⋅ Asb
h − c 
εbtult
Fst ( c) := σs  ⋅ ( −c + d1) ⋅ Ast
h − c 
Sum of forces on the section
F( c) := Fst ( c) + Fsb ( c) + Fbt ( c) + Fbb ( c)
Summing the moments created by these forces will give the cracking moment of the
section
M := Fbt ( x) ⋅ CGt( x) + Fbb ( x) ⋅ CGb( x) + Fsb ( x) ⋅ d1 + Fst ( x) ⋅ ( h − d1)
3
M = 2.544 × 10 ⋅ kgf ⋅ m
ii. Cracking Moment of the support region at axis 5

Number of bars = 5
Number of bars = 5
Area of upper reinforcement = 5,655cm²
Using the similar approach as described in the mid-span calculations, the cracking
moment is calculated as
3
M = 2.479 × 10 ⋅ kgf ⋅ m
iii. Cracking Moment of the support region at axis 6

Number of bars = 5
7

Number of bars = 5
Diameter of additional bottom reinforcement = 16 mm
Number of additional bars = 5
Using the similar approach as described in the mid-span calculations, the cracking
moment is calculated as
3
M = 2.904 × 10 ⋅ kgf ⋅ m
b. Determination of Moment-Curvature relation taking into consideration crack

formation and non-linear characteristics of concrete
Initial Modulus of Elasticity of concrete = 32500 MPa

Ultimate strain of concrete on tension = -0,0015
Tensile strength of concrete = 17,5 kgf/cm²
Tensional strength of concrete at first stage = 10,5 kgf/cm²
Maximum tensile strain at first stage = 0,000032
Maximum tensile strain at second stage = 0,0001
Compressive Strength of Concrete = 220 kgf/cm²
Maximum compressive strain of concrete = 0,0035
Compressive strength of concrete at first stage = 132 kgf/cm²
Maximum compressive strain at first stage = 0,000398
Maximum compressive strain at second stage = 0,002
Reinforcement properties are the same as in crack moment calculations.
8
i. Mid Span

Number of bars = 5
Number of bars = 5
Tensile stress on concrete depending on strain,

σbt ( ε) := 0 if ε > 0
Eb ⋅ ε if ε > εbt1 ∧ ε < 0
 1 − σbt1  ⋅ ε − εbt1 σbt1 

if ε ≤ εbt1 ∧ ε > εbto
  +  ⋅ Rbt
Rbt if ε ≤ εbto ∧ ε > εbtult
0 if ε ≤ εbtult
Tensile force on concrete depending on strain
h − χ ⋅h
⌠
Fbb( χ , εbt ) :=  b⋅ σbt 
 −εbt ⋅ ( h − χ ⋅ h − x) dx


⌡  χ⋅h 
0
Location of the resultant tensile force of concrete
h − χ ⋅h
⌠
  − εbt ⋅ ( h − χ ⋅ h − x) ⋅ x dx
b ⋅ σbt 


⌡
 χ⋅h 
0
CGb( χ , εbt ) :=
h − χ ⋅h
⌠
  − εbt ⋅ ( h − χ ⋅ h − x) dx
b ⋅ σbt 


⌡  χ⋅h 
0
Similarly, compressive stress on concrete depending on strain,
σb ( ε) := 0 if ε < 0
Eb ⋅ ε if ε < εb1 ∧ ε ≥ 0
 1 − σb1  ⋅ ε − εb1 σb1 
  +  ⋅ Rb if ε ≥ εb1 ∧ ε < εbo
Rb if ε ≥ εbo
Compressive force of concrete depending on strain
h
⌠
Fbt( χ , εbt ) := 
 − εbt ⋅ ( h − χ ⋅ h − x) dx
b ⋅ σb 


⌡h − χ ⋅h  χ⋅h 
9
Location of the resultant compressive force of concrete

h
⌠
  −εbt ⋅ ( h − χ ⋅ h − x) ⋅ x dx
b ⋅ σb 


⌡h − χ ⋅h  χ⋅h 
CGt( χ , εbt ) :=
h
⌠
  −εbt ⋅ ( h − χ ⋅ h − x) dx
b ⋅ σb 


⌡h − χ ⋅h  χ⋅h 
Stress strain relation of reinforcement

σs ( ε) := sign ( ε) min ( ε ⋅ Es , Rs )

σ ( ε) := if ε ≥ 0
Eb ⋅ ε if ε < εb1 ∧ ε ≥ 0

  
Rb if ε ≥ εbo
if ε < 0
Eb ⋅ ε if ε > εbt1 ∧ ε < 0

  
0 if ε ≤ εbtult
Compressive force on concrete in terms of strain
h
⌠
 −εbt ⋅ ( h − χ ⋅ h − x) dx
Fb( χ , εbt ) :=  b ⋅ σ 


 χ⋅h 
⌡
0
Tensile and Compressive forces on the bottom and top reinforcement
σs 
 − εbt ⋅ ( h − χ ⋅ h − d1 )

Fsb ( χ , εbt ) :=
 χ⋅h  ⋅ Asb
ψs( χ , εbt )
Fst( χ , εbt ) := σs 
 −εbt ⋅ ( − χ ⋅ h + d1 ) ⋅ Ast

 χ⋅h 
Sum of forces,
SF( χ , εbt ) := Fst ( χ , εbt ) + Fsb ( χ , εbt ) + Fb( χ , εbt )
Sum of moments,
SM( χ , εbt ) := Fbt( χ , εbt ) ⋅ CGt( χ , εbt ) + Fsb ( χ , εbt ) ⋅ d1 + Fst ( χ , εbt ) ⋅ ( h − d1 ) + Fbb( χ , εbt ) ⋅ CGb ( χ , εbt )
*
10
Moment in terms of strain

M( ε ) := 0 if ε = 0
otherwise
χ ← 0.5
χ1 ← root( SF( χ , ε) , χ )
SM( χ1 , ε )
g
Curvature in terms of strain
Curv( ε ) := χ ← 0.5
χt ← root( SF( χ , ε) , χ )
ε
χ⋅h
Defining the strain range as

ε := 0 , 0.00001.. 0.0035
Graph 1 : Moment curvature diagram for the mid-span region

3
5×10
3
4.5×10
3
4×10
3
3.5×10
3
3×10
3
M ( ε) 2.5×10
3
2×10
3
1.5×10
3
1×10
500
0
−3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3
0 1.4×10 2.8×10 4.2×10 5.6×10 7×10 8.4×10 9.8×10 0.0112 0.0126 0.014
Curv( ε)
11
ii. Support at axis 5

Number of bars = 5
Number of bars = 5
Carrying out similar calculations as in mid-span region, the Moment-curvature diagram

can be obtained as shown in Graph 2.
Graph 2: Moment curvature diagram for the support zone at axis 5

3
4×10
3
3.8×10
3
3.6×10
3
3.4×10
3
3.2×10
3
3×10
3
2.8×10
3
2.6×10
3
2.4×10
3
2.2×10
3
M ( ε) 2×10
3
1.8×10
3
1.6×10
3
1.4×10
3
1.2×10
3
1×10
800
600
400
200
0
−4 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3
0 8×10 1.6×10 2.4×10 3.2×10 4×10 4.8×10 5.6×10 6.4×10 7.2×10 8×10
Curv( ε)
12
iii. Support at axis 6

Number of bars = 5
Number of bars = 5


4
1.2×10
4
1.14×10
4
1.08×10
4
1.02×10
3
9.6×10
3
9×10
3
8.4×10
3
7.8×10
3
7.2×10
3
6.6×10
3
M ( ε) 6×10
3
5.4×10
3
4.8×10
3
4.2×10
3
3.6×10
3
3×10
3
2.4×10
3
1.8×10
3
1.2×10
600
0
−4 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3
0 7.96×101.592×10
2.388×10
3.184×103.98×104.776×105.572×10
6.368×107.164×107.96×10
Curv( ε)
13
c. Determination of Moment-Curvature relation taking into consideration crack

formation, creep and non-linear characteristics of concrete
Initial Modulus of Elasticity of concrete = 32500 MPa
Creep Coefficient of concrete = 2,3
Modulus of Elasticy taking into account creep:

Ebi
Eb :=
1 + φbcr
Eb = 9848⋅ MPa
Other properties of concrete will be taken as in section 5.b.
i. Mid Span
Number of bars = 5
Number of bars = 5
Tensile stress on concrete depending on strain,

σbt ( ε) := 0 if ε > 0
Eb ⋅ ε if ε > εbt1 ∧ ε < 0

  
0 if ε ≤ εbtult
Tensile force on concrete depending on strain
h − χ ⋅h
⌠
Fbb( χ , εbt ) := 
 −εbt ⋅ ( h − χ ⋅ h − x) dx
b⋅ σbt 


⌡  χ⋅h 
0
Location of the resultant tensile force of concrete
14
h − χ ⋅h
⌠
  − εbt ⋅ ( h − χ ⋅ h − x) ⋅ x dx
b ⋅ σbt 


⌡
 χ⋅h 
0
CGb( χ , εbt ) :=
h − χ ⋅h
⌠
  − εbt ⋅ ( h − χ ⋅ h − x) dx
b ⋅ σbt 


⌡  χ⋅h 
0
Similarly, compressive stress on concrete depending on strain,
σb ( ε) := 0 if ε < 0
Eb ⋅ ε if ε < εb1 ∧ ε ≥ 0
  
Rb if ε ≥ εbo
Compressive force of concrete depending on strain
h
⌠
Fbt( χ , εbt ) := 
 − εbt ⋅ ( h − χ ⋅ h − x) dx
b ⋅ σb 


⌡h − χ ⋅h  χ⋅h 
Location of the resultant compressive force of concrete

h
⌠
  −εbt ⋅ ( h − χ ⋅ h − x) ⋅ x dx
b ⋅ σb 


⌡h − χ ⋅h  χ⋅h 
CGt( χ , εbt ) :=
h
⌠
  −εbt ⋅ ( h − χ ⋅ h − x) dx
b ⋅ σb 


⌡h − χ ⋅h  χ⋅h 
Stress strain relation of reinforcement

σs ( ε) := sign ( ε) min ( ε ⋅ Es , Rs )

σ ( ε) := if ε ≥ 0
Eb ⋅ ε if ε < εb1 ∧ ε ≥ 0

  
Rb if ε ≥ εbo
if ε < 0
Eb ⋅ ε if ε > εbt1 ∧ ε < 0

  
0 if ε ≤ εbtult
15
Compressive force on concrete in terms of strain

h
⌠
 −εbt ⋅ ( h − χ ⋅ h − x) dx
Fb( χ , εbt ) :=  b ⋅ σ 


⌡  χ⋅h 
0
Tensile and Compressive forces on the bottom and top reinforcement
 − εbt ⋅ ( h − χ ⋅ h − d1 )
σs  
Fsb ( χ , εbt ) :=
 χ⋅h  ⋅ Asb
ψs( χ , εbt )
Fst( χ , εbt ) := σs 
 −εbt ⋅ ( − χ ⋅ h + d1 ) ⋅ Ast

 χ⋅h 
Sum of Forces,
SF( χ , εbt ) := Fst ( χ , εbt ) + Fsb ( χ , εbt ) + Fb( χ , εbt )
Sum of Moments,
SM( χ , εbt ) := Fbt( χ , εbt ) ⋅ CGt( χ , εbt ) + Fsb ( χ , εbt ) ⋅ d1 + Fst ( χ , εbt ) ⋅ ( h − d1 ) + Fbb( χ , εbt ) ⋅ CGb ( χ , εbt )
*
Moment in terms of strain

M( ε ) := 0 if ε = 0
otherwise
χ ← 0.5
χ1 ← root( SF( χ , ε) , χ )
SM( χ1 , ε )
g
Curvature in terms of strain
Curv( ε ) := χ ← 0.5
χt ← root( SF( χ , ε) , χ )
ε
χ⋅h
Defining the strain range as

ε := 0 , 0.00001.. 0.0035
16
Graph 4 : Moment curvature diagram for the mid-span region

3
5 ×10
3
4.5 ×10
3
4 ×10
3
3.5 ×10
3
3 ×10
3
M ( ε) 2.5 ×10
3
2 ×10
3
1.5 ×10
3
1 ×10
500
0
−3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3
0 1.4 ×10 2.8 ×10 4.2 ×10 5.6 ×10 7 ×10 8.4 ×10 9.8 ×10 0.0112 0.0126 0.014
Curv ( ε)
ii. Support at axis 5

Number of bars = 5
Number of bars = 5

17

3
4 ×10
3
3.8 ×10
3
3.6 ×10
3
3.4 ×10
3
3.2 ×10
3
3 ×10
3
2.8 ×10
3
2.6 ×10
3
2.4 ×10
3
2.2 ×10
3
M ( ε) 2 ×10
3
1.8 ×10
3
1.6 ×10
3
1.4 ×10
3
1.2 ×10
3
1 ×10
800
600
400
200
0
−4 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3
0 8 ×10 1.6 ×10 2.4 ×10 3.2 ×10 4 ×10 4.8 ×10 5.6 ×10 6.4 ×10 7.2 ×10 8 ×10
Curv ( ε)
iii. Support at axis 6

Number of bars = 5
Number of bars = 5

18

4
1.2 ×10
4
1.14 ×10
4
1.08 ×10
4
1.02 ×10
3
9.6 ×10
3
9 ×10
3
8.4 ×10
3
7.8 ×10
3
7.2 ×10
3
6.6 ×10
3
M ( ε) 6 ×10
3
5.4 ×10
3
4.8 ×10
3
4.2 ×10
3
3.6 ×10
3
3 ×10
3
2.4 ×10
3
1.8 ×10
3
1.2 ×10
600
0
−3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3
0 1.5 ×10 3 ×10 4.5 ×10 6 ×10 7.5 ×10 9 ×10 0.0105 0.012 0.0135 0.015
Curv ( ε)
d. Calculation of Deflections
The deflections will be calculated on Tables 2 and 3.
Table 2. Calculation of deflection with cracking stress and operational Stresses
L Mu Md 1/f ∆L Мuср 1/fср f
0,0 -2,60 -3,00 -8,00000E-04
0,1 -2,46 -0,00074 0,00018229
0,1 -2,33 -2,66 -6,80000E-04
0,1 -2,19 -0,0006269 0,00013751
0,2 -2,06 -2,32 -5,73740E-04
0,1 -1,93 -0,0005269 0,00010176
0,3 -1,80 -2,00 -4,80000E-04
0,1 -1,68 -0,0004229 7,0894E-05
0,4 -1,55 -1,69 -3,65800E-04
0,1 -1,43 -0,0003373 4,8184E-05
0,5 -1,31 -1,38 -3,08700E-04
0,1 -1,19 -0,0002739 3,2552E-05
0,6 -1,07 -1,08 -2,39116E-04
0,1 -0,96 -0,0002389 2,2824E-05
0,7 -0,84 -0,80 -2,38630E-04
0,1 -0,73 -0,0001768 1,29E-05
19
0,8 -0,62 -0,52 -1,14873E-04

0,1 -0,51 -8,504E-05 4,3503E-06
0,9 -0,40 -0,25 -5,52000E-05
0,1 -0,30 -2,647E-05 7,9586E-07
1,0 -0,20 0,01 2,25500E-06
0,1 -0,10 3,0446E-05 -2,954E-07
1,1 0,00 0,26 5,86370E-05
0,1 0,10 8,57E-05 8,5036E-07
1,2 0,20 0,50 1,12763E-04
0,1 0,29 0,0001387 3,9965E-06
1,3 0,38 0,73 1,64635E-04
0,1 0,47 0,00019057 8,9516E-06
1,4 0,56 0,96 2,16506E-04
0,1 0,64 0,00024019 1,5467E-05
1,5 0,73 1,17 2,63866E-04
0,1 0,81 0,00028638 2,3222E-05
1,6 0,89 1,37 3,08900E-04
0,1 0,97 0,00033606 3,2613E-05
1,7 1,05 1,57 3,63229E-04
0,1 1,12 0,00038898 4,3668E-05
1,8 1,20 1,75 4,14726E-04
0,1 1,27 0,00044047 5,5831E-05
1,9 1,34 1,93 4,66220E-04
0,1 1,41 0,00049054 6,8924E-05
2,0 1,47 2,10 5,14861E-04
0,1 1,54 0,00053471 8,2092E-05
2,1 1,60 2,25 5,54559E-04
0,1 1,66 0,00057686 9,565E-05
2,2 1,72 2,40 5,99153E-04
0,1 1,77 0,00062001 0,00010997
2,3 1,83 2,54 6,40858E-04
0,1 1,88 0,00066231 0,00012463
2,4 1,93 2,67 6,83753E-04
0,1 1,98 0,00070355 0,00013949
2,5 2,03 2,79 7,23349E-04
0,1 2,08 0,0007415 0,00015395
2,6 2,12 2,90 7,59645E-04
0,1 2,16 0,00077779 0,00016818
2,7 2,20 3,01 7,95941E-04
0,1 2,24 0,00138481 0,00031036
2,8 2,28 3,10 1,97369E-03
0,1 2,31 0,00199828 0,00046213
2,9 2,35 3,18 2,02288E-03
0,1 2,38 0,00204477 0,00048599
3,0 2,41 3,26 2,06665E-03
0,1 2,43 0,00208583 0,0005076
3,1 2,46 3,32 2,10501E-03
0,1 2,48 0,00212147 0,00052677
3,2 2,51 3,38 2,13794E-03
20
0,1 2,53 0,0021517 0,00054333

3,3 2,54 3,43 2,16545E-03
0,1 2,56 0,0021765 0,00055717
3,4 2,58 3,46 2,18754E-03
0,1 2,59 0,00219588 0,00056815
3,5 2,60 3,49 2,20422E-03
0,1 2,61 0,00220984 0,00057621
3,6 2,62 3,51 2,21547E-03
0,1 2,62 0,00221838 0,00058127
3,7 2,62 3,52 2,22130E-03
0,1 2,63 0,0022215 0,00058329
3,8 2,63 3,52 2,22171E-03
0,1 2,62 0,0022192 0,00058226
3,9 2,62 3,51 2,21670E-03
0,1 2,61 0,00221148 0,00057818
4,0 2,61 3,50 2,20627E-03
0,1 2,60 0,00219834 0,0005711
4,1 2,59 3,47 2,19042E-03
0,1 2,57 0,00217978 0,00056106
4,2 2,56 3,43 2,16915E-03
0,1 2,54 0,0021558 0,00054814
4,3 2,53 3,39 2,14246E-03
0,1 2,50 0,0021264 0,00053246
4,4 2,48 3,33 2,11035E-03
0,1 2,46 0,00209202 0,00051423
4,5 2,43 3,27 2,07369E-03
0,1 2,40 0,00205315 0,00049373
4,6 2,38 3,20 2,03260E-03
0,1 2,34 0,00200622 0,00047028
4,7 2,31 3,11 1,97984E-03
0,1 2,28 0,00138954 0,00031628
4,8 2,24 3,02 7,99241E-04
0,1 2,20 0,00078274 0,00017227
4,9 2,16 2,92 7,66244E-04
0,1 2,12 0,0007481 0,00015846
5,0 2,08 2,81 7,29948E-04
0,1 2,03 0,00071015 0,00014403
5,1 1,98 2,69 6,90350E-04
0,1 1,93 0,0006689 0,00012915
5,2 1,88 2,56 6,47457E-04
0,1 1,83 0,00062623 0,00011436
5,3 1,77 2,42 6,05000E-04
0,1 1,71 0,00058424 0,00010015
5,4 1,66 2,28 5,63478E-04
0,1 1,59 0,0005397 8,6069E-05
5,5 1,53 2,12 5,15912E-04
0,1 1,47 0,00049064 7,2029E-05
5,6 1,40 1,95 4,65370E-04
0,1 1,33 0,00044009 5,8708E-05
21
5,7 1,27 1,78 4,14800E-04

0,1 1,19 0,00038806 4,6282E-05
5,8 1,12 1,60 3,61322E-04
0,1 1,04 0,00033853 3,534E-05
5,9 0,97 1,40 3,15737E-04
0,1 0,89 0,00029317 2,6029E-05
6,0 0,81 1,20 2,70600E-04
0,1 0,72 0,00024694 1,789E-05
6,1 0,64 0,99 2,23270E-04
0,1 0,55 0,00019846 1,0989E-05
6,2 0,47 0,77 1,73656E-04
0,1 0,38 0,00014772 5,549E-06
6,3 0,28 0,54 1,21784E-04
0,1 0,19 9,4721E-05 1,8018E-06
6,4 0,10 0,30 6,76580E-05
0,1 0,00 3,9467E-05 -1E-08
6,5
-0,10 0,05 1,12760E-05
0,1 -0,20 -1,717E-05 3,4792E-07
6,6 -0,30 -0,21 -4,56160E-05
0,1 -0,41 -7,471E-05 3,0636E-06
6,7 -0,52 -0,48 -1,03803E-04
0,1 -0,62 -0,0001339 8,367E-06
6,8 -0,73 -0,75 -1,64002E-04
0,1 -0,85 -0,0001951 1,6525E-05
6,9 -0,96 -1,04 -2,26212E-04
0,1 -1,08 -0,0002583 2,7807E-05
7,0 -1,19 -1,33 -2,90434E-04
0,1 -1,31 -0,0003259 4,2802E-05
7,1 -1,43 -1,64 -3,61429E-04
0,1 -1,56 -0,0004004 6,2365E-05
7,2 -1,68 -1,95 -4,39464E-04
0,1 -1,81 -0,0004846 8,7665E-05
7,3 -1,94 -2,27 -5,29821E-04
0,1 -2,07 -0,0005769 0,00011929
7,4 -2,20 -2,61 -6,24000E-04
0,1 -2,33 -0,0006755 0,00015765
7,5 -2,47 -2,95 -7,26960E-04
0,1 -2,61 -0,0007793 0,0002032
7,6 -2,75 -3,30 -8,31696E-04
0,1 -2,89 -0,0011726 0,00033866
7,7 -3,03 -3,66 -1,51348E-03
0,1 -3,18 -0,0015912 0,00050543
7,80 -3,32 -4,03 -1,66900E-03
0,1 -3,40 -0,0017083 0,00029011
7,85 -3,47 -4,21 -1,74750E-03
∑ = 0,01565362
Which is L / 501
22
Table 3. Calculation of deflection with cracking stress and operational stresses and
creep effect
L Mu Md 1/f ∆L Мuср 1/fср f
0,0 -2,60 -3,00 -3,96522E-03
0,1 -2,46 -0,0037487 0,00092343
0,1 -2,33 -2,66 -3,53217E-03
0,1 -2,19 -0,0033209 0,00072849
0,2 -2,06 -2,32 -3,10957E-03
0,1 -1,93 -0,0029035 0,00056077
0,3 -1,80 -2,00 -2,69739E-03
0,1 -1,68 -0,001873 0,00031399
0,4 -1,55 -1,69 -1,04870E-03
0,1 -1,43 -0,00096 0,00013716
0,5 -1,31 -1,38 -8,71304E-04
0,1 -1,19 -0,0007948 9,4458E-05
0,6 -1,07 -1,08 -7,18313E-04
0,1 -0,96 -0,0006231 5,9536E-05
0,7 -0,84 -0,80 -5,27885E-04
0,1 -0,73 -0,0004357 3,1802E-05
0,8 -0,62 -0,52 -3,43585E-04
0,1 -0,51 -0,0002545 1,302E-05
0,9 -0,40 -0,25 -1,65412E-04
0,1 -0,30 -7,935E-05 2,3856E-06
1,0 -0,20 0,01 6,70563E-06
0,1 -0,10 9,0586E-05 -8,79E-07
1,1 0,00 0,26 1,74467E-04
0,1 0,10 0,00025525 2,5327E-06
1,2 0,20 0,50 3,36032E-04
0,1 0,29 0,00041372 1,1921E-05
1,3 0,38 0,73 4,91402E-04
0,1 0,47 0,00056599 2,6586E-05
1,4 0,56 0,96 6,40575E-04
0,1 0,64 0,00071629 4,6126E-05
1,5 0,73 1,17 7,92000E-04
0,1 0,81 0,0008425 6,8315E-05
1,6 0,89 1,37 8,93000E-04
0,1 0,97 0,000946 9,1802E-05
1,7 1,05 1,57 9,99000E-04
0,1 1,12 0,001054 0,00011833
1,8 1,20 1,75 1,10900E-03
0,1 1,27 0,0017075 0,00021643
1,9 1,34 1,93 2,30600E-03
0,1 1,41 0,0024096 0,00033856
2,0 1,47 2,10 2,51320E-03
0,1 1,54 0,0025966 0,00039865
2,1 1,60 2,25 2,68000E-03
0,1 1,66 0,00276967 0,00045925
2,2 1,72 2,40 2,85934E-03
23
0,1 1,77 0,00293868 0,00052122

2,3 1,83 2,54 3,01802E-03
0,1 1,88 0,0030921 0,00058188
2,4 1,93 2,67 3,16618E-03
0,1 1,98 0,003235 0,00064139
2,5 2,03 2,79 3,30381E-03
0,1 2,08 0,00336737 0,00069912
2,6 2,12 2,90 3,43092E-03
0,1 2,16 0,00348921 0,00075448
2,7 2,20 3,01 3,54750E-03
0,1 2,24 0,00360053 0,00080693
2,8 2,28 3,10 3,65356E-03
0,1 2,31 0,00370132 0,00085598
2,9 2,35 3,18 3,74909E-03
0,1 2,38 0,00379159 0,00090117
3,0 2,41 3,26 3,83409E-03
0,1 2,43 0,00387133 0,00094211
3,1 2,46 3,32 3,90857E-03
0,1 2,48 0,00394054 0,00097845
3,2 2,51 3,38 3,97252E-03

0,1 2,53 0,00399923 0,00100986
3,3 2,54 3,43 4,02594E-03
0,1 2,56 0,00404739 0,0010361
3,4 2,58 3,46 4,06885E-03
0,1 2,59 0,00408503 0,00105695
3,5 2,60 3,49 4,10122E-03
0,1 2,61 0,00411214 0,00107223
3,6 2,62 3,51 4,12307E-03
0,1 2,62 0,00412873 0,00108182
3,7 2,62 3,52 4,13439E-03
0,1 2,63 0,00413479 0,00108565
3,8 2,63 3,52 4,13519E-03
0,1 2,62 0,00413033 0,00108368
3,9 2,62 3,51 4,12546E-03
0,1 2,61 0,00411533 0,00107594
4,0 2,61 3,50 4,10521E-03
0,1 2,60 0,00408982 0,00106248
4,1 2,59 3,47 4,07443E-03
0,1 2,57 0,00405377 0,00104341
4,2 2,56 3,43 4,03312E-03
0,1 2,54 0,00400721 0,00101889
4,3 2,53 3,39 3,98129E-03
0,1 2,50 0,00395011 0,00098912
4,4 2,48 3,33 3,91893E-03
0,1 2,46 0,00388249 0,00095434
4,5 2,43 3,27 3,84605E-03
0,1 2,40 0,00380435 0,00091486
4,6 2,38 3,20 3,76264E-03
0,1 2,34 0,00371567 0,000871
24
4,7 2,31 3,11 3,66871E-03

0,1 2,28 0,00361648 0,00082316
4,8 2,24 3,02 3,56425E-03
0,1 2,20 0,00350675 0,00077178
4,9 2,16 2,92 3,44926E-03
0,1 2,12 0,00338651 0,00071732
5,0 2,08 2,81 3,32375E-03
0,1 2,03 0,00325573 0,00066032
5,1 1,98 2,69 3,18771E-03
0,1 1,93 0,00311443 0,00060134
5,2 1,88 2,56 3,04115E-03
0,1 1,83 0,0029626 0,00054101
5,3 1,77 2,42 2,88406E-03
0,1 1,71 0,00280203 0,0004803
5,4 1,66 2,28 2,72000E-03
0,1 1,59 0,002634 0,00042006
5,5 1,53 2,12 2,54800E-03
0,1 1,47 0,0024425 0,00035857
5,6 1,40 1,95 2,33700E-03
0,1 1,33 0,00172965 0,00023074
5,7 1,27 1,78 1,12230E-03
0,1 1,19 0,0010695 0,00012755
5,8 1,12 1,60 1,01670E-03
0,1 1,04 0,0009683 0,00010108
5,9 0,97 1,40 9,19890E-04
0,1 0,89 0,00086487 7,6789E-05
6,0 0,81 1,20 8,09859E-04
0,1 0,72 0,00073625 5,3339E-05
6,1 0,64 0,99 6,62637E-04
0,1 0,55 0,00058852 3,2588E-05
6,2 0,47 0,77 5,14402E-04
0,1 0,38 0,00043719 1,6423E-05
6,3 0,28 0,54 3,59971E-04
0,1 0,19 0,00027966 5,3198E-06
6,4 0,10 0,30 1,99345E-04
0,1 0,00 0,00011593 -2,939E-08
6,5
-0,10 0,05 3,25223E-05
0,1 -0,20 -4,831E-05 9,7885E-07
6,6 -0,30 -0,21 -1,29134E-04
0,1 -0,41 -0,0002115 8,6729E-06
6,7 -0,52 -0,48 -2,93855E-04
0,1 -0,62 -0,0003791 2,3686E-05
6,8 -0,73 -0,75 -4,64271E-04
0,1 -0,85 -0,0005523 4,6781E-05
6,9 -0,96 -1,04 -6,40382E-04
0,1 -1,08 -0,0007313 7,8718E-05
7,0 -1,19 -1,33 -8,22188E-04
0,1 -1,31 -0,0009113 0,00011968
7,1 -1,43 -1,64 -1,00046E-03
25
0,1 -1,56 -0,0010793 0,00016808

7,2 -1,68 -1,95 -1,15809E-03
0,1 -1,81 -0,0012449 0,00022519
7,3 -1,94 -2,27 -1,33180E-03
0,1 -2,07 -0,0014187 0,00029333
7,4 -2,20 -2,61 -1,50551E-03
0,1 -2,33 -0,0019123 0,00044629
7,5 -2,47 -2,95 -2,31900E-03
0,1 -2,61 -0,0024784 0,0006462
7,6 -2,75 -3,30 -2,63780E-03
0,1 -2,89 -0,0027971 0,00080784
7,7 -3,03 -3,66 -2,95634E-03
0,1 -3,18 -0,0031059 0,00098655
7,8 -3,32 -4,03 -3,25550E-03
0,1 -3,40 -0,0033327 0,00056592
7,85 -3,47 -4,21 -3,40993E-03
∑ = 0,03811731
Which is L / 206
6. Discussion of Results
Table 4 : Design Moments (Md):
Location Md (kgf.m)
Support (axis-5) -3000
Mid-span 3500
Table 5 : Crack Formation Moments (Mcr):
Location Mcr (kgf.m)

Mid-span 2554
Table 6 : Plastic hinge moments (Mp):

a. Operational Loads
Location Mp (kgf.m)
Mid-span 4750
26
b. Operational Loads + Creep Effect
Location Mp (kgf.m)
Mid-span 4584
Table 7 : Moments at Unit Loading (Mu):
Location Mu (kgf.m)
Mid-span 2600
Table 8 : Deflection values:
Loading conditions Deflection Allowable value by SNiP

(mm) (mm)
Operational Loads 15,6 (L/501) 31,4 (L/250)
Operational Loads + Creep 38,1 (L/206) 52,3 (L/150)
Referring to Tables 4 and 5, it can be seen that moments at design loads exceed
moments of cracks formation, therefore the cracking was expected. Since floor slab with
cracks has lower rigidity than solid floor slab, calculation was carried out for bending taking
into account cracking, non linear features and creep of concrete. As seen on table 8, the
calculated deflection of the floor slab with cracks is L/501, which is much less than allowable
L/150. Bending of floor slab, considering creep of concrete is L/206 which also doesn’t exceed
limits allowable by norms.
Table 6 shows the moments values when slab comes to plastic hinge condition, which
are higher values than the design loads given in Table 4. This shows that the slab has sufficient
load bearing capacity. Therefore, cracking doesn’t impact bearing ability of slab and its
working characteristics.
27
7. Conclusion
Taking into consideration the site data and the results of the above calculations, the following
comments and recommendations can be stated:
I. The project takes into consideration the probability of cracks formation. Thus,
cracks in floor slabs do not impact their bearing ability and working characteristics
of building.
II. Cracks appeared as a result of loading slab during casing of upper floor slab.
III. In order to avoid cracks formation it is recommended to leave formworks of 2
bottom floor slabs under the one being cased. It is also possible to install racks for
load distribution of slab being cased to 2-3 bottom slabs.
IV. Stripping of formworks must be done only after concrete strength becomes at least
80% of designed one.
V. Should width of cracks in flight be more than 0.2 mm – they must be treated with
special repair composite.
VI. These cracks must be controlled. Their further opening or formation of new ones,
near treated cracks is possible. Should new cracks appear they must be treated as
specified in item V.
28

Crack and Deflection

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Crack and Deflection

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Engineering, Consulting, Contracting Company

SLAB CRACKING and DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS

1. Description of the Building

2. Purpose of the Study

3. Data obtained from Site inspection

Figure 1: Crack location determined on the site

Figure 2: Moment diagram x-direction (Mx)

1 -5.89 -4.91 2 -3.92 -2.94 3

Figure 3: Moment diagram y-direction (My)

Concrete Class: B30 Modulus of Elasticity = 32500 MPa

Ultimate strain of concrete on tension = -0,0015

Tensile strength of concrete = 12,2 kgf/cm²

Tensional strength of concrete at first stage = 7,32 kgf/cm²

Maximum tensile strain at first stage = 0,000022

Maximum tensile strain at second stage = 0,0001

Compressive Strength of Concrete = 173 kgf/cm²

Maximum compressive strain of concrete = 0,0035

Compressive strength of concrete at first stage = 103,8 kgf/cm²

Maximum compressive strain at first stage = 0,000313

Maximum compressive strain at second stage = 0,002

Table 1 Reinforcement Detail

i. Cracking Moment of the mid-span region

Stress strain relationship of concrete in tension

Stress strain relationship of concrete in compression

Similarly for compression,

Stress on the reinforcement in terms of strain

The stress in the section in terms of strain

Resultant force of concrete at the ultimate strain

Resultant force of reinforcement for compression and tension are:

ii. Cracking Moment of the support region at axis 5

iii. Cracking Moment of the support region at axis 6

Diameter of bottom reinforcement = 10 mm

b. Determination of Moment-Curvature relation taking into consideration crack

Initial Modulus of Elasticity of concrete = 32500 MPa

Reinforcement properties are the same as in crack moment calculations.

Diameter of upper reinforcement = 10 mm

Tensile stress on concrete depending on strain,

 1 − σbt1  ⋅ ε − εbt1 σbt1 

Location of the resultant compressive force of concrete

Stress strain relation of reinforcement

The stress in the section in terms of strain

 1 − σb1  ⋅ ε − εb1 + σb1  ⋅ Rb if ε ≥ εb1 ∧ ε < εbo

 1 − σbt1  ⋅ ε − εbt1 + σbt1  ⋅ Rbt if ε ≤ εbt1 ∧ ε > εbto

Moment in terms of strain

Defining the strain range as

Graph 1 : Moment curvature diagram for the mid-span region

ii. Support at axis 5

Diameter of upper reinforcement = 12 mm

Carrying out similar calculations as in mid-span region, the Moment-curvature diagram

Graph 2: Moment curvature diagram for the support zone at axis 5

iii. Support at axis 6

Diameter of upper reinforcement = 12 mm

Carrying out similar calculations as in mid-span region, the Moment-curvature diagram

Graph 3: Moment curvature diagram for the support zone at axis 6

c. Determination of Moment-Curvature relation taking into consideration crack

Initial Modulus of Elasticity of concrete = 32500 MPa

Creep Coefficient of concrete = 2,3

Modulus of Elasticy taking into account creep:

Tensile stress on concrete depending on strain,

 1 − σbt1  ⋅ ε − εbt1 + σbt1  ⋅ Rbt if ε ≤ εbt1 ∧ ε > εbto

Location of the resultant compressive force of concrete

Stress strain relation of reinforcement

The stress in the section in terms of strain

 1 − σb1  ⋅ ε − εb1 + σb1  ⋅ Rb if ε ≥ εb1 ∧ ε < εbo