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ABSTRACT
Elastic deflection of a reinforced concrete slab is easily computable by simple
formulas and creep and shrinkage effects can be included by using coefficients.
However, to have a more accurate deflection estimation, the time dependent
properties together with non-linear stress-strain relation of concrete must be
involved in the calculations. Reliable results become important since slab
deflections may reach high values and fail to satisfy their serviceability
requirements. Besides, excessive cracking may cause questioning the stability of
the slab. The current study was prepared to calculate the cracking and
deflection of a slab of a reinforced concrete building in the Russian Federation
by including time dependent properties and non-linear characteristics of
concrete according to Russian Codes.
1
Civil Engineer, M.Sc., Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, Structoris Eng. Cons. Co.
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After the production of slabs of the mentioned building, crackings were reported.
The nature and reasons of the cracking were needed to be clarified in order to make a
sound evaluation of the situation.
For reinforced concrete slabs, cracks can be either expected up to a level depending
on the structural design, or production mistakes, which can be further sub-classified such
as low strength concrete, dimensional mistakes (thickness, width) etc. A careful
investigation was carried out on site in order to determine the locations, length and depth
of the cracks supported by photographs. Then, in the light of the site data, calculations
were carried out to determine the reasons of the cracking and impact on the bearing
capacity and working characteristics of building.
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The design moments Mx and My values were obtained from structural analysis and
can be seen on Figure 2 and 3.
B B
A A
X 1 2 3 3' 4 5 6
1 -4.88 2
-4.07 -3.25 -2.44 3 -1.63 -0.813 3' -0.0279 4 0.0279 0.813 5 1.63 2.44 2.79 6
1
Изополя напряжений по My
Единицы измерения - (т*м)/м
B B
A A
X 1 2 3 3' 4 5 6
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4. Method of Calculation
The following calculations were done in order to evaluate the situation:
I. Calculation of crack formation moment at project characteristics of structure
materials.
II. Testing bending from design loads
III. Testing bearing ability of slab
IV. Analysis of loads during construction period.
5. Calculations
a. Calculation of cracking moments
In this section, the sectional and mechanical properties of concrete will be used
to determine at which moment value the cracking will occur. The calculation
will be done for the mid-span and two support regions. The supports are
located in axis 5 and 6 of the floor plan. The material properties are as follows:
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Reinforcement:
Steel Class = A III
Modulus of Elasticity of Steel = 2 x 105 MPa
Compressive/Tensile Strength of Steel= 365 MPa
Section Properties
Width of section = 100 cm
Height of section = 25 cm
Thickness of cover concrete = 2,5 cm
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Defining c as the neutral axis depth, then for tension the resultant concrete force
location can be calculated by;
h− c
⌠ εbtult
b ⋅ σbt ⋅ ( h − c − x) ⋅ x dx
h − c
⌡
0
CGb( c) :=
h− c
⌠ εbtult
b ⋅ σbt ⋅ ( h − c − x) dx
h − c
⌡
0
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Summing the moments created by these forces will give the cracking moment of the
section
M := Fbt ( x) ⋅ CGt( x) + Fbb ( x) ⋅ CGb( x) + Fsb ( x) ⋅ d1 + Fst ( x) ⋅ ( h − d1)
3
M = 2.544 × 10 ⋅ kgf ⋅ m
Using the similar approach as described in the mid-span calculations, the cracking
moment is calculated as
3
M = 2.479 × 10 ⋅ kgf ⋅ m
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Using the similar approach as described in the mid-span calculations, the cracking
moment is calculated as
3
M = 2.904 × 10 ⋅ kgf ⋅ m
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i. Mid Span
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σs
− εbt ⋅ ( h − χ ⋅ h − d1 )
Fsb ( χ , εbt ) :=
χ⋅h ⋅ Asb
ψs( χ , εbt )
Fst( χ , εbt ) := σs
−εbt ⋅ ( − χ ⋅ h + d1 ) ⋅ Ast
χ⋅h
Sum of forces,
SF( χ , εbt ) := Fst ( χ , εbt ) + Fsb ( χ , εbt ) + Fb( χ , εbt )
Sum of moments,
SM( χ , εbt ) := Fbt( χ , εbt ) ⋅ CGt( χ , εbt ) + Fsb ( χ , εbt ) ⋅ d1 + Fst ( χ , εbt ) ⋅ ( h − d1 ) + Fbb( χ , εbt ) ⋅ CGb ( χ , εbt )
*
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Curv( ε ) := χ ← 0.5
χt ← root( SF( χ , ε) , χ )
ε
χ⋅h
3
4.5×10
3
4×10
3
3.5×10
3
3×10
3
M ( ε) 2.5×10
3
2×10
3
1.5×10
3
1×10
500
0
−3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3
0 1.4×10 2.8×10 4.2×10 5.6×10 7×10 8.4×10 9.8×10 0.0112 0.0126 0.014
Curv( ε)
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i. Mid Span
Diameter of upper reinforcement = 10 mm
Number of bars = 5
Diameter of bottom reinforcement = 12 mm
Number of bars = 5
Area of upper reinforcement = 3,927 cm²
Area of bottom reinforcement = 5,655 cm²
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h − χ ⋅h
⌠
− εbt ⋅ ( h − χ ⋅ h − x) ⋅ x dx
b ⋅ σbt
⌡
χ⋅h
0
CGb( χ , εbt ) :=
h − χ ⋅h
⌠
− εbt ⋅ ( h − χ ⋅ h − x) dx
b ⋅ σbt
⌡ χ⋅h
0
Similarly, compressive stress on concrete depending on strain,
σb ( ε) := 0 if ε < 0
Eb ⋅ ε if ε < εb1 ∧ ε ≥ 0
1 − σb1 ⋅ ε − εb1 + σb1 ⋅ Rb if ε ≥ εb1 ∧ ε < εbo
Rb εbo − εb1 Rb
Rb if ε ≥ εbo
Compressive force of concrete depending on strain
h
⌠
Fbt( χ , εbt ) :=
− εbt ⋅ ( h − χ ⋅ h − x) dx
b ⋅ σb
⌡h − χ ⋅h χ⋅h
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− εbt ⋅ ( h − χ ⋅ h − d1 )
σs
Fsb ( χ , εbt ) :=
χ⋅h ⋅ Asb
ψs( χ , εbt )
Fst( χ , εbt ) := σs
−εbt ⋅ ( − χ ⋅ h + d1 ) ⋅ Ast
χ⋅h
Sum of Forces,
SF( χ , εbt ) := Fst ( χ , εbt ) + Fsb ( χ , εbt ) + Fb( χ , εbt )
Sum of Moments,
SM( χ , εbt ) := Fbt( χ , εbt ) ⋅ CGt( χ , εbt ) + Fsb ( χ , εbt ) ⋅ d1 + Fst ( χ , εbt ) ⋅ ( h − d1 ) + Fbb( χ , εbt ) ⋅ CGb ( χ , εbt )
*
Curv( ε ) := χ ← 0.5
χt ← root( SF( χ , ε) , χ )
ε
χ⋅h
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3
4.5 ×10
3
4 ×10
3
3.5 ×10
3
3 ×10
3
M ( ε) 2.5 ×10
3
2 ×10
3
1.5 ×10
3
1 ×10
500
0
−3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3
0 1.4 ×10 2.8 ×10 4.2 ×10 5.6 ×10 7 ×10 8.4 ×10 9.8 ×10 0.0112 0.0126 0.014
Curv ( ε)
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d. Calculation of Deflections
The deflections will be calculated on Tables 2 and 3.
Table 2. Calculation of deflection with cracking stress and operational Stresses
L Mu Md 1/f ∆L Мuср 1/fср f
0,0 -2,60 -3,00 -8,00000E-04
0,1 -2,46 -0,00074 0,00018229
0,1 -2,33 -2,66 -6,80000E-04
0,1 -2,19 -0,0006269 0,00013751
0,2 -2,06 -2,32 -5,73740E-04
0,1 -1,93 -0,0005269 0,00010176
0,3 -1,80 -2,00 -4,80000E-04
0,1 -1,68 -0,0004229 7,0894E-05
0,4 -1,55 -1,69 -3,65800E-04
0,1 -1,43 -0,0003373 4,8184E-05
0,5 -1,31 -1,38 -3,08700E-04
0,1 -1,19 -0,0002739 3,2552E-05
0,6 -1,07 -1,08 -2,39116E-04
0,1 -0,96 -0,0002389 2,2824E-05
0,7 -0,84 -0,80 -2,38630E-04
0,1 -0,73 -0,0001768 1,29E-05
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Table 3. Calculation of deflection with cracking stress and operational stresses and
creep effect
L Mu Md 1/f ∆L Мuср 1/fср f
0,0 -2,60 -3,00 -3,96522E-03
0,1 -2,46 -0,0037487 0,00092343
0,1 -2,33 -2,66 -3,53217E-03
0,1 -2,19 -0,0033209 0,00072849
0,2 -2,06 -2,32 -3,10957E-03
0,1 -1,93 -0,0029035 0,00056077
0,3 -1,80 -2,00 -2,69739E-03
0,1 -1,68 -0,001873 0,00031399
0,4 -1,55 -1,69 -1,04870E-03
0,1 -1,43 -0,00096 0,00013716
0,5 -1,31 -1,38 -8,71304E-04
0,1 -1,19 -0,0007948 9,4458E-05
0,6 -1,07 -1,08 -7,18313E-04
0,1 -0,96 -0,0006231 5,9536E-05
0,7 -0,84 -0,80 -5,27885E-04
0,1 -0,73 -0,0004357 3,1802E-05
0,8 -0,62 -0,52 -3,43585E-04
0,1 -0,51 -0,0002545 1,302E-05
0,9 -0,40 -0,25 -1,65412E-04
0,1 -0,30 -7,935E-05 2,3856E-06
1,0 -0,20 0,01 6,70563E-06
0,1 -0,10 9,0586E-05 -8,79E-07
1,1 0,00 0,26 1,74467E-04
0,1 0,10 0,00025525 2,5327E-06
1,2 0,20 0,50 3,36032E-04
0,1 0,29 0,00041372 1,1921E-05
1,3 0,38 0,73 4,91402E-04
0,1 0,47 0,00056599 2,6586E-05
1,4 0,56 0,96 6,40575E-04
0,1 0,64 0,00071629 4,6126E-05
1,5 0,73 1,17 7,92000E-04
0,1 0,81 0,0008425 6,8315E-05
1,6 0,89 1,37 8,93000E-04
0,1 0,97 0,000946 9,1802E-05
1,7 1,05 1,57 9,99000E-04
0,1 1,12 0,001054 0,00011833
1,8 1,20 1,75 1,10900E-03
0,1 1,27 0,0017075 0,00021643
1,9 1,34 1,93 2,30600E-03
0,1 1,41 0,0024096 0,00033856
2,0 1,47 2,10 2,51320E-03
0,1 1,54 0,0025966 0,00039865
2,1 1,60 2,25 2,68000E-03
0,1 1,66 0,00276967 0,00045925
2,2 1,72 2,40 2,85934E-03
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6. Discussion of Results
Location Md (kgf.m)
Support (axis-5) -3000
Mid-span 3500
Support (axis-6) -4200
Location Mp (kgf.m)
Support (axis-5) -3346
Mid-span 4750
Support (axis-6) -11259
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Location Mp (kgf.m)
Support (axis-5) -3228
Mid-span 4584
Support (axis-6) -10872
Location Mu (kgf.m)
Support (axis-5) -2600
Mid-span 2600
Support (axis-6) -3500
Referring to Tables 4 and 5, it can be seen that moments at design loads exceed
moments of cracks formation, therefore the cracking was expected. Since floor slab with
cracks has lower rigidity than solid floor slab, calculation was carried out for bending taking
into account cracking, non linear features and creep of concrete. As seen on table 8, the
calculated deflection of the floor slab with cracks is L/501, which is much less than allowable
L/150. Bending of floor slab, considering creep of concrete is L/206 which also doesn’t exceed
limits allowable by norms.
Table 6 shows the moments values when slab comes to plastic hinge condition, which
are higher values than the design loads given in Table 4. This shows that the slab has sufficient
load bearing capacity. Therefore, cracking doesn’t impact bearing ability of slab and its
working characteristics.
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7. Conclusion
Taking into consideration the site data and the results of the above calculations, the following
comments and recommendations can be stated:
I. The project takes into consideration the probability of cracks formation. Thus,
cracks in floor slabs do not impact their bearing ability and working characteristics
of building.
II. Cracks appeared as a result of loading slab during casing of upper floor slab.
III. In order to avoid cracks formation it is recommended to leave formworks of 2
bottom floor slabs under the one being cased. It is also possible to install racks for
load distribution of slab being cased to 2-3 bottom slabs.
IV. Stripping of formworks must be done only after concrete strength becomes at least
80% of designed one.
V. Should width of cracks in flight be more than 0.2 mm – they must be treated with
special repair composite.
VI. These cracks must be controlled. Their further opening or formation of new ones,
near treated cracks is possible. Should new cracks appear they must be treated as
specified in item V.
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