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Aerospace Design
• Overview & recap
• Aircraft balance
Dr. Fabrizio Oliviero (FPP)
Delft
University of
Technology
• Weight&balance
• Definition
• Estimation of the OEW CG
• Definition of the loading diagram
• Sensitivity to the Wing shift
A ir c r a ft T r a in in g S u p p o rt F a c ilitie s P e rs o n n e l
Segments
E n v ir o n m e n ta l A v io n ic s E le c tr ic a l I n te r io r s M e c h a n ic a l P ro p u ls io n A u x ilia ry A ir fr a m e
segm ent segm ent segm ent segm ent segm ent segm ent segm ent segm ent
C re w A u x ilia ry
A ir E le c tr ic a l F lig h t
A u to flig h t accom oda- Fuel pow er F u s e la g e
c o n d itio n in g pow er c o n tr o l s
tio n s s y s te m
C a b in C o m m u n ic a ti S h ip s id e Passenger H y d ra u lic
P y lo n Em pennage
p re s s u re ons lig h tin g accom oda- power
tio n s
Ic e a n d r a in In d ic a tin g a n d L a n d in g Pow er
W in g
p r o te c tio n re c o rd in g g e a rs p la n t
W a te r , w a s te ,
la vs , g a lle y s
O xyg e n N a v ig a tio n & p lu m b in g Pow er
c o n tr o l
P n e u m a tic E m e rg e n c y
p ro v is io n s
• Tail Sizing
• Control
(maneuverability)
All these aspect will be mainly faced for the longitudinal plane. The same
analysis must be applied also to the lateral-directional characteristics.
%MTOW
OEW1
What if OEW1 ≠ OEW2 ?
• Iterate until perc. diff < 1%
• Be aware of the OEW2
Mission + OEW/MTOW consequences!!!
loading X-plot
diagram
AE3211-I Systems Engineering and Aerospace Design 17
The aircraft balance process. The OEW c.g. position
To compute the c.g. position of the operative empty aircraft, it is
necessary to know the location of all the weight components with
respect to the aircraft reference system.
x W CGi i
xCGOEW i
W i
i
Tail**:
Engine:
Data provided directly by the
manufactures
Why?
The position of the landing gear, as the position of the wing,
affects not only the CG position but also the CG limits due to
clearance and stability requirements during ground operations.
The main landing gear is positioned relatively to the wing (i.e. to the
wing a.c.) , typically at 45-50% MAC, to guarantee ease of rotation at
take off.
xLEMAC
MAC
o o
ac c.g.
Mac
Estimation of the aircraft c.g. travel
during operation
MZFW
OEW
Calculated
AE3211-I Systems Engineering with class
and Aerospace II
Design methods 28
The passenger loading
Usually we rely on a statistical prediction
of the passenger distribution normally
managed by the different airliners.
The “window seating rule” can be
adopted.
Most forward
Most aft
A typical location of 10-15% MAC behind the most aft c.g. limit, which also
prevents the aircraft from tip-over