Title Page

SIGNIFICANCE OF COMPUTER SPECIFICATIONS

IN PERSONAL COMPUTERS

A Library Research Submitted as One of

the Requirements in English 2 (Writing in the Discipline)
2nd Semester S.Y. 2017 – 2018

Ranel T. Lualhati
BSIT/1A
MTH 7:30 – 9:00

March 16, 2018

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 Table of Contents
Contents Pages

Title Page..................................................................................................................................... i
Outline ....................................................................................................................................... iii
Chapter 1: Introduction............................................................................................................... 1
Background of the Study .............................................................................................. 1
2: Some Inventors and Innovators of Communication Devices in the world ................. 2
Some Communication Devices that Changed the World Error! Bookmark not defined.
Telegraph and the Morse code ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Telephone................................................................................................................ 2
Cellphone ................................................................................................................ 2
Television ................................................................................................................ 3
Radio ....................................................................................................................... 3
Satellite .................................................................................................................... 3
Some Inventors of Communication Devices that Amazed the World ............................ 3
Samuel Finley Breese Morse ................................................................................... 3
Alexander Graham Bell ............................................................................................ 5
Martin Cooper .......................................................................................................... 8
John Logie Baird ...................................................................................................... 9
Nikola Tesla ............................................................................................................10
Guglielmo Marconi ..................................................................................................11
Mikhail Kladievich Tikhonravov ...............................................................................14
Some Key Innovators in Communication Technology ..................................................14
SONY .....................................................................................................................15
TOSHIBA ................................................................................................................16
Apple ......................................................................................................................17
Motorola..................................................................................................................22
Samsung ................................................................................................................24
3 Conclusions................................................................................................................26
Summary .......................................................................................................................26
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CURRICULUM VITAE

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 SIGNIFICANCE OF COMPUTER SPECIFICATIONS
IN PERSONAL COMPUTERS

The persons behind the innovation and invention of communication devices that changed
the world.

OUTLINE

I. Introduction
A. Background of the study
II. Some Inventors and Innovators of Communication Devices in the World
A. Some Communication Devices that Changed the World
a. Telegraph and the Morse code
b. Telephone
c. Cellphone
d. Television
e. Radio
f. Satellite
B. Some Inventors of Communication Devices that Amazed the World
a. Samuel Finley Breese Morse
b. Alexander Graham Bell
c. Martin Cooper
d. John Logie Baird
e. Nikola Tesla
f. Guglielmo Marconi
g. Mikhail Kladievich Tikhonravov
C. Some Key Innovators in Communication Technology
a. SONY
b. TOSHIBA
c. Apple
d. Motorola
e. Samsung

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 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents a general concept of the study entitled, “Significance of Computer
Specifications in Personal Computers”

Background of the Study

Computer technology has transformed our lives for over 50 years. First introduced to
alleviate the tedious work of calculating long data tables for the military, we now find computers
recording and processing every aspect of our daily activity. The modern computer is no longer
just a numeric calculator; it is a multimedia device that displays images, sound, and video through
operating systems and applications that give the user unprecedented control over information.
Visionaries such as Alan Turing and Vannevar Bush articulated the direction for such computers,
but it was the development of microelectronics that brought multimedia to our desktops. Powerful
computing devices make multimedia applications possible. They capture and convert input from
various analog sources, process and store the digital data, and output in ways that empower
users to create, distribute, search, and share information as never before. Hardware powers the
development and delivery of multimedia.

A personal computer (PC) is a system that uses a microprocessor to provide computing

to a single user. Personal computers have many different names and configurations including
microcomputer, laptop, desktop, and tablet (Figure 3.1). The first personal computers were
developed in 1975 by computing enthusiasts who wanted their own computer rather than share
a large centralized mainframe. Their efforts were energized in 1971 when Intel introduced the
microprocessor. A microprocessor is a single silicon chip that contains all the elements of a central
processing unit (CPU). This miniature CPU was not as powerful as a mainframe, but it was much
smaller and cheaper. It was perfect for a single user who wanted computing capability on the
desktop.

Computer Specifications or ‘specs’ of a PC is a list of the key components that make up

the computer. It is provided by retailers to help buyers decide which PC, and which combination
of features, they need. When buying a PC, it is important to start by deciding what it is you want
the PC to do. This then informs what specification you actually need. When reviewing a computer
specification, the most important components to take account of are the processor, the amount
of RAM and the size of the hard drive as these are central to the overall capability of the system.
If it is planned to use specialized programs for students with special needs (e.g., scan/read
software), it is advisable to purchase a suitable specification computer to meet the system
requirements for these programs.

This study deals with the identification of key computer specifications.

The purpose of this study is to provide the necessary information a lay person would need
in deciding the specs for the system they want to build.

This study will benefit students and the lay person in matching the right specs for their
needs.

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 Chapter 2
SIGNIFICANCE OF COMPUTER SPECIFICATIONS
IN PERSONAL COMPUTERS

This chapter present data about the topic taken from the Internet.

Computer Specifications of a PC

The specification or ‘spec’ is a list of the key components that make up the computer. It is
provided by retailers to help buyers decide which PC, and which combination of features, they
need. When buying a PC, it is important to start by deciding what it is you want the PC to do. This
then informs what specification you actually need. When reviewing a computer specification, the
most important components to take account of are the processor, the amount of RAM and the
size of the hard drive as these are central to the overall capability of the system. If it is planned to
use specialized programs for students with special needs (e.g., scan/read software), it is
advisable to purchase a suitable specification computer to meet the system requirements for
these programs.
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn

Morse code remained popular during the major part of the Cold War, but was eventually
replaced by other transmission methods. In the Navy, Morse code was used as a backup measure
for many years, with the well-known, SOS (··· --- ··· ), being internationally recognized as an
emergency signal. Today, Morse code is no longer officially used, but it remains relatively popular
with radio amateurs (HAMs), although it is no longer mandatory for a HAM Radio License in most
countries, including the US and most European countries. For most people it is rather easy to
learn (Reinhold, n.d.)

Telephone

The telephone (meaning “far sound “) is the most widely used telecommunications device.
It was invented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell (with James Watson). Bell patented his
invention on March 1876 (patent no. 174,460) His device transmitted speech words over electric
wires, and his idea has remands one of the most useful inventors and made. After the telegraph
was invented, others continued to experiment with electromagnets and their potential in
telecommunication devices. With so many active inventors turning ideas and developing
machines with overlapping concepts, there is some dispute as to the original inventors of the
telephone. Several decades earlier, telephone type devices require the listener to speak and listen
through the same piece. Later, the phone evolved into a device where the listener had to hold
one piece to their ear and speak into the main phone unit. A later version was made with which
we are more familiar with today included both earpiece and mouthpiece on one handle (Ford,
2003)

Cellphone

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 In the 1970s, a researcher at Motorola named Martin Cooper began working on portable
communication devices. In 1973, he developed a type of mobile phone. It was a large, clunky
prototype, now colloquially referred to as “the brick” for its awkward size and shape. For the next
couple of decades, the main aim of many cell phone manufacturers was to make phones that
were smaller and sleeker. With digital cell phones, new options were added, such as the ability to
store phone numbers, change ring tones and even play games. In recent years, this has given
way to smart phones. These devices combine computing power into a cell phone, giving the user
Internet access and basic computer functionality all in a pocket-sized cell phone (Doyle, n.d.).

Television

Television is the electronic transmission device of moving images with accompanying

sound, sent-usually in color- from a central source or sources to home television screens. From
the 1980’s when television viewing first became common in united states, until the mid – 1970’s
the technology available to the television audience was relatively simple and consisted eventually
of a TV set. The last decade, however has been an explosion of new devices for home
entertainment, all of them outgrowths itself, is now referred to as video, a word that includes in its
meaning about all the systems devoted in electronically creating images (Groiler, 1989).

Radio

Radio is a form communication in which intelligence is transmitted without wires from one
point to another by means of electromagnetic waves. Early forms of communication over great
distances were the telephone and the telegraph. They required wires between the sends and
receiver. Radio, on the other hand, requires no such physical connection. It relies on the radiation
of energy from a transmitting antenna in the form of radio waves. These radio waves travelling at
the speed of light (300,00km/sec; 186,00mi/sec); carry the information. When the waves arrive at
a receiving antenna, small electrical voltage is produced. After this voltage has been suitably
amplified, the original information contained in the radio waves is retrieved and presented in an
understandable form. This form may be sound from a loudspeaker, a picture on a television, or a
printed page from a teletype machine (Groiler, 1989).

Satellite

Satellite is a specialized wireless receiver/transmitter that is launched by a rocket and

placed in orbit around the earth. There are hundreds of weather forecasting, television broadcast,
amaterm radio communications, Internet, and the Global Positioning System (GPS). Satellites are
usually semi-independent computer controlled systems. Satellite subsystems attend many tasks,
such as power generation, thermal control, telemetry, altitude control and orbit control (Swath,
2005)

Some Inventors of Communication Devices that Amazed the World

Samuel Finley Breese Morse

Samuel Finley Breese Morse, (born April 27, 1791, Charlestown, Massachusetts, U.S.—
died April 2, 1872, New York, New York), American painter and inventor who, independent of
similar efforts in Europe, developed an electric telegraph (1832–35). In 1838 he developed the
Morse code.

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 He was the son of the distinguished geographer and Congregational clergyman Jedidiah
Morse. From Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, where he had been an unsteady and
eccentric student, his parents sent him to Yale College (now Yale University) in New Haven,
Connecticut. Although he was an indifferent scholar, his interest was aroused by lectures on the
then little-understood subject of electricity. To the distress of his austere parents, he also enjoyed
painting miniature.

After graduating from Yale in 1810, Morse became a clerk for a Boston book publisher.
But painting continued to be his main interest, and in 1811 his parents helped him go to England
in order to study that art with American painter Washington Allston. During the War of 1812,
between Great Britain and the United States, Morse reacted to the English contempt for
Americans by becoming passionately pro-American. Like the majority of Americans of his time,
however, he accepted English artistic standards, including the “historical” style of painting—the
Romantic portrayal of legends and historical events with personalities gracing the foreground in
grand poses and brilliant colors.

When, on his return home in 1815, Morse found that Americans did not appreciate his
historical canvases, he reluctantly took up portraiture again to earn a living. He began as an
itinerant painter in New England, New York, and South Carolina. After 1825, on settling in New
York City, he painted some of the finest portraits ever done by an American artist. He combined
technical competence and a bold rendering of his subjects’ character with a touch of the
Romanticism he had imbibed in England.

Although often poor during those early years, Morse was sociable and at home with
intellectuals, the wealthy, the religiously orthodox, and the politically conservative. In addition, he
possessed the gift of friendship. Among his friends in his middle years were a French hero of the
American Revolution, the marquis de Lafayette, whose attempts to promote liberal reform in
Europe Morse ardently endorsed, and the novelist James Fennimore Cooper. Morse and Cooper
shared several traits: both were ardent U.S. republicans, though both had aristocratic social
tastes, and both suffered from the American preference for European art.

Morse also had the gift of leadership. As part of a campaign against the licentiousness of
the theatre, he helped launch, in 1827, the New York Journal of Commerce, which refused theatre
advertisements. He also was a founder of the National Academy of Design, organized to increase
U.S. respect for painters, and was its first president from 1826 to 1845.

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 In 1832, while returning by ship from studying art in Europe, Morse conceived the idea of
an electric telegraph as the result of hearing a conversation about the newly discovered
electromagnet. Although the idea of an electric telegraph had been put forward before 1800,
Morse believed that his was the first proposal. He probably made his first working model by 1835.
Meanwhile, he was still devoting most of his time to painting, teaching art at the University of the
City of New York (later New York University), and to politics (he ran on anti-immigrant and anti-
Roman Catholic tickets for mayor of New York in 1836 and 1841). But by 1837 he had turned his
full attention to the new invention. A colleague at the university, chemist Leonard Gale, introduced
Morse to Joseph Henry’s work on electromagnetism, and a friend, Alfred Vail, offered to provide
materials and labour to build models in his family’s ironworks in Morristown, New Jersey. Gale
and Vail became partners in Morse’s telegraph rights. By 1838 he and Vail had developed the
system of dots and dashes that became known throughout the world as the Morse Code. In 1838,
while unsuccessfully attempting to interest Congress in building a telegraph line, he acquired
Maine Congressman F.O.J. Smith as an additional partner. After failing to organize the
construction of a Morse line in Europe, Morse alone among his partners persevered in promoting
the telegraph, and in 1843 he was finally able to obtain financial support from Congress for the
first telegraph line in the United States, from Baltimore to Washington. In 1844 the line was
completed, and on May 24 he sent the first message, “What hath God wrought.”

Morse was immediately involved in legal claims by his partners and by rival inventors. A
natural controversialist like his father, he fought vigorously in this and other controversies, such
as those in art with painter John Trumbull, in religion with Unitarians and Roman Catholics, in
politics with the Irish and abolitionists, and in daguerreotype—of which he was one of the first
practitioners in America—with Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre’s pupil, François Gouraud. The
legal battles over the telegraph culminated in an 1854 U.S. Supreme Court decision that
established his patent rights. As telegraph lines lengthened on both sides of the Atlantic, his
wealth and fame increased. By 1847 Morse had bought Locust Grove, an estate overlooking the
Hudson River near Poughkeepsie, New York, where, early in the 1850s, he built an Italian villa-
style mansion. He spent his summers there with his large family of children and grandchildren,
returning each winter season to his brownstone home in New York City.

In his old age, Morse, a patriarch with a flowing beard, became a philanthropist. He gave
generously to Vassar College, of which he was a founder and trustee; to his alma mater, Yale
College; and to churches, theological seminaries, Bible societies, mission societies, and
temperance societies, as well as to poor artists.

Even during Morse’s own lifetime, the world was much changed by the telegraph. After
his death in 1872, his fame as the inventor of the telegraph was obscured by the invention of the
telephone, radio, television, and the Internet, while his reputation as an artist has grown. At one
time he did not wish to be remembered as a portrait painter, but his powerful and sensitive
portraits, among them those of Lafayette, the American writer William Cullen Bryant, and other
prominent men, have been exhibited throughout the United States. The number of Morse
telegraphic operators has decreased sharply, but his memory is perpetuated by the Morse
Telegraph Club (1942), an association dedicated to the history of telegraphy. His 1837 telegraph
instrument is preserved by the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of American History in
Washington, D.C, while his estate, Locust Grove, is now designated a national historic landmark
(Mabee , 2017).

Alexander Graham Bell

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 Alexander Graham Bell, (born March 3, 1847, Edinburgh, Scotland—died August 2, 1922,
Beinn Bhreagh, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada), Scottish-born American inventor,
scientist, and teacher of the deaf whose foremost accomplishments were the invention of the
telephone (1876) and the refinement of the phonograph (1886).

Alexander (“Graham” was not added until he was 11) was born to Alexander Melville Bell
and Eliza Grace Symonds. His mother was almost deaf, and his father taught elocution to the
deaf, influencing Alexander’s later career choice as teacher of the deaf. At age 11 he entered the
Royal High School at Edinburgh, but he did not enjoy the compulsory curriculum, and he left
school at age 15 without graduating. In 1865 the family moved to London. Alexander passed the
entrance examinations for University College London in June 1868 and matriculated there in the
autumn. However, he did not complete his studies, because in 1870 the Bell family moved again,
this time immigrating to Canada after the deaths of Bell’s younger brother Edward in 1867 and
older brother Melville in 1870, both of tuberculosis. The family settled in Brantford, Ontario, but in
April 1871 Alexander moved to Boston, where he taught at the Boston School for Deaf Mutes. He
also taught at the Clarke School for the Deaf in Northampton, Massachusetts, and at the American
School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut.

One of Bell’s students was Mabel Hubbard, daughter of Gardiner Greene Hubbard, a
founder of the Clarke School. Mabel had become deaf at age five as a result of a near-fatal bout
of scarlet fever. Bell began working with her in 1873, when she was 15 years old. Despite a 10-
year age difference, they fell in love and were married on July 11, 1877. They had four children,
Elsie (1878–1964), Marian (1880–1962), and two sons who died in infancy.

While pursuing his teaching profession, Bell also began researching methods to transmit
several telegraph messages simultaneously over a single wire—a major focus of telegraph
innovation at the time and one that ultimately led to Bell’s invention of the telephone. In 1868
Joseph Stearns had invented the duplex, a system that transmitted two messages simultaneously
over a single wire. Western Union Telegraph Company, the dominant firm in the industry, acquired
the rights to Stearns’s duplex and hired the noted inventor Thomas Edison to devise as many
multiple-transmission methods as possible in order to block competitors from using them.
Edison’s work culminated in the quadruplex, a system for sending four simultaneous telegraph
messages over a single wire. Inventors then sought methods that could send more than four;
some, including Bell and his great rival Elisha Gray, developed designs capable of subdividing a
telegraph line into 10 or more channels. These so-called harmonic telegraphs used reeds or
tuning forks that responded to specific acoustic frequencies. They worked well in the laboratory
but proved unreliable in service.

A group of investors led by Gardiner Hubbard wanted to establish a federally chartered

telegraph company to compete with Western Union by contracting with the Post Office to send
low-cost telegrams. Hubbard saw great promise in the harmonic telegraph and backed Bell’s
experiments. Bell, however, was more interested in transmitting the human voice. Finally, he and
Hubbard worked out an agreement that Bell would devote most of his time to the harmonic
telegraph but would continue developing his telephone concept.

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 From harmonic telegraphs transmitting musical tones, it was a short conceptual step for
both Bell and Gray to transmit the human voice. Bell filed a patent describing his method of
transmitting sounds on February 14, 1876, just hours before Gray filed a caveat (a statement of
concept) on a similar method. On March 7, 1876, the Patent Office awarded Bell what is said to
be one of the most-valuable patents in history. It is most likely that both Bell and Gray
independently devised their telephone designs as an outgrowth of their work on harmonic
telegraphy. However, the question of priority of invention between the two has been controversial
from the very beginning.

Despite having the patent, Bell did not have a fully functioning instrument. He first
produced intelligible speech on March 10, 1876, when he summoned his laboratory assistant,
Thomas A. Watson, with words that Bell transcribed in his lab notes as “Mr. Watson—come
here—I want to see you.” Over the next few months, Bell continued to refine his instrument to
make it suitable for public exhibition. In June he demonstrated his telephone to the judges of the
Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition, a test witnessed by Brazil’s Emperor Pedro II and the
celebrated Scottish physicist Sir William Thomson. In August of that year, he was on the receiving
end of the first one-way long-distance call, transmitted from Brantford to nearby Paris, Ontario,
over a telegraph wire.

Gardiner Hubbard organized a group that established the Bell Telephone Company in July
1877 to commercialize Bell’s telephone. Bell was the company’s technical adviser until he lost
interest in telephony in the early 1880s. Although his invention rendered him independently
wealthy, he sold off most of his stock holdings in the company early and did not profit as much as
he might have had he retained his shares. Thus, by the mid-1880s his role in the telephone
industry was marginal.

By that time, Bell had developed a growing interest in the technology of sound recording
and playback. Although Edison had invented the phonograph in 1877, he soon turned his attention
to other technologies, especially electric power and lighting, and his machine, which recorded and
reproduced sound on a rotating cylinder wrapped in tinfoil, remained an unreliable and
cumbersome device. In 1880 the French government awarded Bell the Volta Prize, given for
achievement in electrical science. Bell used the prize money to set up his Volta Laboratory, an
institution devoted to studying deafness and improving the lives of the deaf, in Washington, D.C.
There he also devoted himself to improving the phonograph. By 1885 Bell and his colleagues (his
cousin Chichester A. Bell and the inventor Charles Sumner Tainter) had a design fit for
commercial use that featured a removable cardboard cylinder coated with mineral wax. They
called their device the Graphophoneand applied for patents, which were granted in 1886. The
group formed the Volta Graphophone Company to produce their invention. Then in 1887 they
sold their patents to the American Graphophone Company, which later evolved into the Columbia
Phonograph Company. Bell used his proceeds from the sale to endow the Volta Laboratory.

Bell undertook two other noteworthy research projects at the Volta Laboratory. In 1880 he
began research on using light as a means to transmit sound. In 1873 British scientist Willoughby
Smith discovered that the element selenium, a semiconductor, varied its electrical resistance with
the intensity of incident light. Bell sought to use this property to

Develop the photo phone, an invention he regarded as at least equal to his telephone. He
was able to demonstrate that the photo phone was technologically feasible, but it did not develop
into a commercially viable product. Nevertheless, it contributed to research into the photovoltaic
effect that had practical applications later in the 20th century.

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 Bell’s other major undertaking was the development of an electrical bullet probe for
surgical use. The origin of this effort was the shooting of U.S. President James A. Garfield in July
1881. A bullet lodged in the president’s back, and doctors were unable to locate it through physical
probing. Bell decided that a promising approach was to use an induction balance, a by-product of
his research on canceling out electrical interference on telephone wires. Bell determined that a
properly configured induction balance would emit a tone when a metal object was brought into
proximity with it. At the end of July, he began searching for Garfield’s bullet, but to no avail.
Despite Garfield’s death in September, Bell later successfully demonstrated the probe to a group
of doctors. Surgeons adopted it, and it was credited with saving lives during the Boer War (1899–
1902) and World War I (1914–18).

In September 1885 the Bell family vacationed in Nova Scotia, Canada, and immediately
fell in love with the climate and landscape. The following year, Bell bought 50 acres of land near
the village of Baddeck on Cape Breton Island and began constructing an estate he called Beinn
Bhreagh, Scots Gaelic for “Beautiful Mountain.” The Scottish-born inventor had been an American
citizen since 1882, but the Canadian estate became the family’s summer retreat and later
permanent home.

During the 1890s Bell shifted his attention to heavier-than-air flight. Starting in 1891,
inspired by the research of American scientist Samuel Pierpont Langley, he experimented with
wing shapes and propeller blade designs. He continued his experiments even after Wilbur and
Orville Wright made the first successful powered, controlled flight in 1903. In 1907 Bell founded
the Aerial Experiment Association, which made significant progress in aircraft design and control
and contributed to the career of pioneer aviator Glenn Hammond Curtiss.

Throughout his life, Bell sought to foster the advance of scientific knowledge. He
supported the journal Science, which later became the official publication of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science. He was one of the founders of the National
Geographic Society in 1888 and succeeded his father-in-law, Gardiner Hubbard, as president of
the society between 1898 and 1903. In that year his son-in-law, Gilbert H. Grosvenor, became
editor in chief of the National Geographic Magazine. Bell died at his Nova Scotia estate, where
he was buried (Hochfelder, 2017).

Martin Cooper

Martin Cooper, byname Marty Cooper, (born December 26, 1928, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.),
American engineer who led the team that in 1972–73 built the first mobile cell phone and made
the first cell-phone call. He is widely regarded as the father of the cellular phone.

Cooper graduated from the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) in Chicago with a
bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering (1950). He joined the U.S. Navy and served during
the Korean War. After the war, he joined the Teletype Corporation, and in 1954 he began working
at Motorola. He earned a master’s in electrical engineering from IIT (1957). At Motorola, Cooper
worked on many projects involving wireless communications, such as the first radio-controlled
traffic-light system, which he patented in 1960, and the first handheld police radios, which were
introduced in 1967. He later served as a vice president and director of research and development
(1978–83) for the company.

8
 Mobile telephones had been introduced by the American Telephone & Telegraph
Company (AT&T) in 1946. However, in a given area only 11 or 12 channels were available, so
users often had to wait to use the system. Another weakness of the first mobile phones was that
the large amount of power needed to run them could be supplied only by car batteries. Thus,
there were no truly portable phones but only car phones.

In 1947 AT&T Bell Laboratories engineers, W. Rae Young and Douglas H. Ring showed
that more mobile users could be added by breaking down a large area into many smaller cells,
but that required more frequency coverage than was then available. However, in 1968 the U.S.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) asked AT&T for a plan for employing a little-used
portion of the UHF (ultrahigh frequency) television band. AT&T proposed a cellular architecture
to expand its car-phone service.

Motorola did not want AT&T to have a monopoly on cell phones and feared the end of its
mobile business. Cooper was placed in charge of the urgent project to develop a cell phone. He
thought that the cell phone should not be chained to the car but should be portable. The result,
the DynaTAC (Dynamic Adaptive Total Area Coverage) phone, was 23 cm (9 inches) tall and
weighed 1.1 kg (2.5 pounds). It allowed 35 minutes of talk before its battery ran down.

On April 3, 1973, Cooper introduced the DynaTAC phone at a press conference in New
York City. To make sure that it worked before the press conference, he placed the first public cell-
phone call, to engineer Joel Engel, head of AT&T’s rival project, and gloated that he was calling
from a portable cellular phone.

In 1983, after years of further development, Motorola introduced the first portable cell
phone for consumers, the DynaTAC 8000x. Despite its price of $3,995, the phone was a success.
That same year, Cooper left Motorola and founded Cellular Business Systems, Inc. (CBSI), which
became the leading company in billing cellular phone services. In 1986 he and his partners sold
CBSI to Cincinnati Bell for $23 million, and he and his wife, Arlene Harris, founded Dyna, LLC.
Dyna served as a central organization from which they launched other companies, such as
ArrayComm (1996), which developed software for wireless systems, and GreatCall (2006), which
provided wireless service for the Jitterbug, a cell phone with simple features meant for the elderly.
Cooper received the Charles Stark Draper Prize from the National Academy of Engineering in
2013 (Gregersen, 2017).

John Logie Baird

John Logie Baird, (born Aug. 13, 1888, Helensburgh, Dunbarton, Scot.—died June 14,
1946, Bexhill-on-Sea, Sussex, Eng.), Scottish engineer, the first man to televise pictures of
objects in motion.

Educated at Larchfield Academy, the Royal Technical College, and the University of
Glasgow, he produced televised objects in outline in 1924, transmitted recognizable human faces
in 1925, and demonstrated the televising of moving objects in 1926 at the Royal Institution,
London. The German post office gave him facilities to develop a television service in 1929. When
the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) television service began in 1936, his system was in
competition with one promoted by Marconi Electric and Musical Industries, and in February 1937
the BBC adopted the Marconi EMI system exclusively. Baird demonstrated colour television in
1928 and was reported to have completed his researches on stereoscopic television in 1946 (The
Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, 2017).

9
Nikola Tesla

Nikola Tesla, (born July 9/10, 1856, Smiljan, Austrian Empire [now in Croatia]—died
January 7, 1943, New York, New York, U.S.), Serbian American inventor and engineer who
discovered and patented the rotating magnetic field, the basis of most alternating-current
machinery. He also developed the three-phase system of electric power transmission. He
immigrated to the United States in 1884 and sold the patent rights to his system of alternating-
current dynamos, transformers, and motors to George Westinghouse. In 1891 he invented the
Tesla coil, an induction coil widely used in radio technology.

Tesla was from a family of Serbian origin. His father was an Orthodox priest; his mother
was unschooled but highly intelligent. As he matured, he displayed remarkable imagination and
creativity as well as a poetic touch. Training for an engineering career, he attended the Technical
University at Graz, Austria, and the University of Prague. At Graz he first saw the Gramme
dynamo, which operated as a generator and, when reversed, became an electric motor, and he
conceived a way to use alternating current to advantage. Later, at Budapest, he visualized the
principle of the rotating magnetic field and developed plans for an induction motor that would
become his first step toward the successful utilization of alternating current. In 1882 Tesla went
to work in Paris for the Continental Edison Company, and, while on assignment to Strassburg in
1883, he constructed, after work hours, his first induction motor. Tesla sailed for America in 1884,
arriving in New York with four cents in his pocket, a few of his own poems, and calculations for a
flying machine. He first found employment with Thomas Edison, but the two inventors were far
apart in background and methods, and their separation was inevitable.

In May 1888 George Westinghouse, head of the Westinghouse Electric Company in

Pittsburgh, bought the patent rights to Tesla’s polyphone system of alternating-current dynamos,
transformers, and motors. The transaction precipitated a titanic power struggle between Edison’s
current systems and the Tesla-Westinghouse alternating-current approach, which eventually won
out.

Tesla soon established his own laboratory, where his inventive mind could be given free
rein. He experimented with shadowgraphs similar to those that later were to be used by Wilhelm
Röntgenwhen he discovered X-rays in 1895. Tesla’s countless experiments included work on a
carbon button lamp, on the power of electrical resonance, and on various types of lighting.

In order to allay fears of alternating currents, Tesla gave exhibitions in his laboratory in
which he lit lamps by allowing electricity to flow through his body. He was often invited to lecture
at home and abroad. The Tesla coil, which he invented in 1891, is widely used today in radio and
television sets and other electronic equipment. That year also marked the date of Tesla’s U.S.
citizenship.

Westinghouse used Tesla’s alternating current system to light the World’s Columbian
Exposition at Chicago in 1893. This success was a factor in their winning the contract to install
the first power machinery at Niagara Falls, which bore Tesla’s name and patent numbers. The
project carried power to Buffalo by 1896.

In 1898 Tesla announced his invention of a teleautomatic boat guided by remote control.
When skepticism was voiced, Tesla proved his claims for it before a crowd in Madison Square
Garden.

10
 In Colorado Springs, Colorado, where he stayed from May 1899 until early 1900, Tesla
made what he regarded as his most important discovery—terrestrial stationary waves. By this
discovery he proved that Earth could be used as a conductor and made to resonate at a certain
electrical frequency. He also lit 200 lamps without wires from a distance of 40 km (25 miles) and
created man-made lightning, producing flashes measuring 41 meters (135 feet). At one time he
was certain he had received signals from another planet in his Colorado laboratory, a claim that
was met with derision in some scientific journals.

Returning to New York in 1900, Tesla began construction on Long Island of a wireless
world broadcasting tower, with $150,000 capital from the American financier, J. Pierpont Morgan.
Tesla claimed he secured the loan by assigning 51 percent of his patent rights of telephony and
telegraphy to Morgan. He expected to provide worldwide communication and to furnish facilities
for sending pictures, messages, weather warnings, and stock reports. The project was abandoned
because of a financial panic, labor troubles, and Morgan’s withdrawal of support. It was Tesla’s
greatest defeat.

Tesla’s work then shifted to turbines and other projects. Because of a lack of funds, his
ideas remained in his notebooks, which are still examined by enthusiasts for unexploited clues.
In 1915 he was severely disappointed when a report that he and Edison were to share the Nobel
Prize proved erroneous. Tesla was the recipient of the Edison Medal in 1917, the highest honor
that the American Institute of Electrical Engineers could bestow.

Tesla allowed himself only a few close friends. Among them were the writers Robert
Underwood Johnson, Mark Twain, and Francis Marion Crawford. He was quite impractical in
financial matters and an eccentric, driven by compulsions and a progressive germ phobia. But he
had a way of intuitively sensing hidden scientific secrets and employing his inventive talent to
prove his hypotheses. Tesla was a godsend to reporters who sought sensational copy but a
problem to editors who were uncertain how seriously his futuristic prophecies should be regarded.
Caustic criticism greeted his speculations concerning communication with other planets, his
assertions that he could split the Earth like an apple, and his claim of having invented a death ray
capable of destroying 10,000 airplanes at a distance of 400 km (250 miles).

After Tesla’s death the custodian of alien property impounded his trunks, which held his
papers, his diplomas and other honors, his letters, and his laboratory notes. These were
eventually inherited by Tesla’s nephew, Sava Kosanovich, and later housed in the Nikola Tesla
Museum in Belgrade. Hundreds filed into New York City’s Cathedral of St. John the Divine for his
funeral services, and a flood of messages acknowledged the loss of a great genius. Three Nobel
Prize recipients addressed their tribute to “one of the outstanding intellects of the world who paved
the way for many of the technological developments of modern times.” (Hunt, 2017).

Guglielmo Marconi

Guglielmo Marconi, (born April 25, 1874, Bologna, Italy—died July 20, 1937, Rome),
Italian physicist and inventor of a successful wireless telegraph (1896). In 1909 he received the
Nobel Prize for Physics, which he shared with German physicist Ferdinand Braun. He later
worked on the development of shortwave wireless communication, which constitutes the basis of
nearly all modern long-distance radio

11
 Marconi’s father was Italian and his mother Irish. Educated first in Bologna and later in
Florence, Marconi then went to the technical school in Leghorn, where, in studying physics, he
had every opportunity for investigating electromagnetic wave technique, following the earlier
mathematical work of James Clerk Maxwell and the experiments of Heinrich Hertz, who first
produced and transmitted radio waves, and Sir Oliver Lodge, who conducted research on
lightning and electricity.

In 1894 Marconi began experimenting at his father’s estate near Bologna, using
comparatively crude apparatuses: an induction coil for increasing voltages, with a spark
discharger controlled by a Morse key at the sending end and a simple coherer (a device designed
to detect radio waves) at the receiver. After preliminary experiments over a short distance, he first
improved the coherer; then, by systematic tests, he showed that the range of signaling was
increased by using a vertical aerial with a metal plate or cylinder at the top of a pole connected to
a similar plate on the ground. The range of signaling was thus increased to about 2.4 km (1.5
miles), enough to convince Marconi of the potentialities of this new system of communication.
During this period, he also conducted simple experiments with reflectors around the aerial to
concentrate the radiated electrical energy into a beam instead of spreading it in all directions.

Receiving little encouragement to continue his experiments in Italy, he went, in 1896, to

London, where he was soon assisted by Sir William Preece, and the chief engineer of the post
office. Marconi filed his first patent in England in June 1896 and, during that and the following
year, gave a series of successful demonstrations, in some of which he used balloons and kites to
obtain greater height for his aerials. He was able to send signals over distances of up to 6.4 km
(4 miles) on the Salisbury Plainand to nearly 14.5 km (9 miles) across the Bristol Channel. These
tests, together with Preece’s lectures on them, attracted considerable publicity both in England
and abroad, and in June 1897 Marconi went to La Spezia, where a land station was erected and
communication was established with Italian warships at distances of up to 19 km (11.8 miles).

There remained much skepticism about the useful application of this means of
communication and a lack of interest in its exploitation. But Marconi’s cousin Jameson Davis, a
practicing engineer, financed his patent and helped in the formation of the Wireless Telegraph
and Signal Company, Ltd. (changed in 1900 to Marconi’s Wireless Telegraph Company, Ltd.).
During the first years, the company’s efforts were devoted chiefly to showing the full possibilities
of radiotelegraphy. A further step was taken in 1899 when a wireless station was established at
South Foreland, England, for communicating with Wimereux in France, a distance of 50 km (31
miles); in the same year, British battleships exchanged messages at 121 km (75 miles).

In September 1899 Marconi equipped two American ships to report to newspapers in New
York City the progress of the yacht race for the America’s Cup. The success of this demonstration
aroused worldwide excitement and led to the formation of the American Marconi Company. The
following year the Marconi International Marine Communication Company, Ltd., was established
for the purpose of installing and operating services between ships and land stations. In 1900 also,
Marconi filed his now-famous patent No. 7777 for Improvements in Apparatus for Wireless
Telegraphy. The patent, based in part on earlier work in wireless telegraphy by Sir Oliver Lodge,
enabled several stations to operate on different wavelengths without interference. (In 1943 the
U.S. Supreme Court overturned patent No. 7777, indicating that Lodge, Nikola Tesla, and John
Stone appeared to have priority in the development of radio-tuning apparatus.)

12
 Marconi’s great triumph was, however, yet to come. In spite of the opinion expressed by
some distinguished mathematicians that the curvature of the Earth would limit practical
communication by means of electric waves to a distance of 161–322 km (100–200 miles),
Marconi succeeded in December 1901 in receiving at St. John’s, Newfoundland, signals
transmitted across the Atlantic Ocean from Poldhu in Cornwall, England. This achievement
created an immense sensation in every part of the civilized world, and, though much remained to
be learned about the laws of propagationof radio waves around the Earth and through the
atmosphere, it was the starting point of the vast development of radio communications,
broadcasting, and navigation services that took place in the next 50 years, in much of which
Marconi himself continued to play an important part.

During a voyage on the U.S. liner Philadelphia in 1902, Marconi received messages from
distances of 1,125 km (700 miles) by day and 3,200 km (2,000 miles) by night. He thus was the
first to discover that, because some radio waves travel by reflection from the upper regions of the
atmosphere, transmission conditions are sometimes more favourable at night than during the day.
This circumstance is due to the fact that the upward travel of the waves is limited in the daytime
by absorption in the lower atmosphere, which becomes ionized—and so electrically conducting—
under the influence of sunlight.

In 1902 also, Marconi patented the magnetic detector in which the magnetization in a
moving band of iron wires is changed by the arrival of a signal causing a click in the telephone
receiver connected to it. During the ensuing three years, he also developed and patented the
horizontal directional aerial. Both of these devices improved the efficiency of the communication
system. In 1910 he received messages at Buenos Aires from Clifden in Ireland over a distance of
approximately 9,650 km (6,000 miles), using a wavelength of about 8,000 metres (5 miles). Two
years later Marconi introduced further innovations that so improved transmission and reception
that important long-distance stations could be established. This increased efficiency allowed
Marconi to send the first radio message from England to Australia in September 1918.

In spite of the rapid and widespread developments then taking place in radio and its
applications to maritime use, Marconi’s intuition and urge to experiment were by no means
exhausted. In 1916, during World War I, he saw the possible advantages of shorter wavelengths
that would permit the use of reflectors around the aerial, thus minimizing the interception of
transmitted signals by the enemy and also effecting an increase in signal strength. After tests in
Italy (20 years after his original experiments with reflectors), Marconi continued the work in Great
Britain and, on a wavelength of 15 metres (49 feet), received signals over a range of 30–160 km
(20–100 miles). In 1923 the experiments were continued on board his steam yacht Elettra, which
had been specially equipped. From a transmitter of 1 kilowatt at Poldhu, Cornwall, signals were
received at a distance of 2,250 km (1,400 miles). These signals were much louder than those
from Caernarfon, Wales, on a wavelength several hundred times as great and with 100 times the
power at the transmitter. Thus began the development of shortwave wireless communication that,
with the use of the beam aerial system for concentrating the energy in the desired direction, is the
basis of most modern long-distance radio communication. In 1924 the Marconi company obtained
a contract from the post office to establish shortwave communication between England and the
countries of the British Commonwealth.

13
 A few years later Marconi returned to the study of still shorter waves of about 0.5 metres
(1.6 feet). At these very short wavelengths, a parabolic reflector of moderate size gives a
considerable increase in power in the desired direction. Experiments conducted off the coast of
Italy on the yacht Elettra soon showed that useful ranges of communication could be achieved
with low-powered transmitters. In 1932, using very short wavelengths, Marconi installed a
radiotelephone system between Vatican Cityand the pope’s palace at Castel Gandolfo. In later
work Marconi once more demonstrated that even radio waves as short as 55 cm (22 inches) are
not limited in range to the horizon or to optical distance between transmitter and receiver.

Marconi received many honours and several honorary degrees. He was awarded the
Nobel Prize for Physics (1909) for the development of wireless telegraphy; sent as plenipotentiary
delegate to the peace conference in Paris (1919), in which capacity he signed the peace treaties
with Austria and with Bulgaria; created marchese and nominated to the Italian senate (1929);
and chosen president of the Royal Italian Academy (1930). (Smith-Rose, R.L. 2017).

Mikhail Kladievich Tikhonravov

Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov (July 29, 1900, Vladimir – March 3, 1974) was a Soviet
aerospace engineer and scientist who was a pioneer of spacecraft design and rocketry. Mikhail
Tikhonravov was born in Vladimir, USSR. Attended the Zhukovsky Air Force Academy from 1922
to 1925, where he was exposed to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's ideas of spaceflight.

After graduation and until 1931 worked in several aircraft industries and was engaged in
developing gliders. From 1931 and on, devoted himself to the development of the field of rocketry.
In 1932, he joined Group for the Study of Reactive Motion, as one of the four brigade leaders. His
brigade built the GIRD-09 rocket, fueled by liquid oxygen and jellied gasoline, and launched on
August 17, 1933.

From 1938 Tikhonravov researched rocket engines with liquid fuel and developed rockets
for the purpose of upper atmosphere layers’ research. In the end of the 1930s, the development
of rockets with liquid fuel was stopped and Tikhonravov concentrated on the development of the
projectiles of the weapon system Katyusha rocket launcher.

Tikhonravov remained in GIRD as it evolved into RNII, the jet propulsion institute, and
then NII-1. In 1946, he became deputy chief of NII-4 in the Academy of Artillery Science and
developed Project BP-190. Tikhonravov in 1948 proposed a type of multistage rocket in which
the engines would work in parallel (packet) in order to achieve a greater flight range. His
announcement was met with ridicule and skepticism by his scientific colleagues because at that
time, it was believed that 1000 km was the absolute limit for rocket range. In NII-4 he led a team
of researchers that did important studies on packet rockets, satellite orbital motion, and optimal
pitch control programs for launching into orbit, reentry trajectories and heat shielding. This team
designed Sputnik-3, Luna-1, and Luna-3, Luna-4 and the early Venus and Mars probes. In 1956,
Sergey Korolev had Tikhonravov and his team transferred into his bureau, OKB-1.

After the launch of Sputnik-1 and a satellite with an animal on board, Tikhonravov (along
with a number of other scientists) received the Lenin award (1957). The classically educated
Tikhonravov has been credited for coining and popularizing the term cosmonaut ("space
traveler"), to be distinct from the English astronaut. Tikhonravov Crater on Mars is named after
Mikhail Tikhonravov (Brienszki, & Gruntman, 2006).

Some Key Innovators in Communication Technology

14
SONY

Sony, in full Sony Corporation, major Japanese manufacturer of consumer electronics

products. It also was involved in films, music, and financial services, among other ventures. The
company was incorporated by Ibuka Masaru and Morita Akio in 1946 as Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo
(“Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation”). Ibuka, who’s Japan Precision
Instruments Company had supplied electronic devices during World War II, and Morita, an applied
sciences instructor, had met during World War II as engineers designing heat-seeking missiles
for the Imperial Japanese Army.

Ibuka and Morita worked together for the next 40 years in what has been called one of
“business history’s most productive and intriguing relationships.” Ibuka’s genius with product
development and Morita’s mastery of business management and marketing turned Sony into one
of the most renowned brand names on the globe. Sony, which became the official name for the
company in January 1958, was derived from the Latin sonus (“sound”) and was conceived to be
an international and not a Japanese term.

The company’s first consumer product was an electric rice cooker. Although this product
sold poorly, Totsuko, as the firm’s name was abbreviated, did have a successful business
repairing radios and other electrical equipment. Its repair work for the Japanese radio broadcaster
NHK had to be approved by the U.S. army of occupation, which later gave the young company
repair jobs of its own.

In 1950 Totsuko introduced the first Japanese-designed tape recorder. Although this
consumer item also sold poorly, the company’s fortunes were about to take a dramatic turn. In
1952 Ibuka visited the United States and made the initial contacts for licensing the transistor from
Bell Laboratories, then a division of Western Electric Company, the manufacturing arm of
American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T). The next year Morita went to the United States and
signed the deal with Western Electric.

This watershed agreement led to Totsuko’s first hugely successful product line: transistor
radios. Although Texas Instruments Incorporated was first to market with its Regency transistor
radio in 1955, it was Sony’s TR-63, an inexpensive shirt-pocket-sized all-transistor radio that
caught consumers’ attention when it was released in 1957. Sony’s pocket radios were a
tremendous success and brought international recognition of the company’s brand name.

By 1960 business in the United States had prompted the creation of Sony Corporation of
America, with headquarters in New York City. When the company opened its store on Fifth
Avenue in 1962, it unfurled the first Japanese flag to be flown in the United States since the
beginning of World War II.

At the 1964 New York World’s Fair, Sony introduced the MD-5, the first all-transistor
desktop calculator. In 1968 the company shipped its first Trinitron colour television. By 1971, 40
percent of Japanese households had colour television sets, so Sony introduced the first colour
video cassette recorder (VCR), which led to its introduction of the Betamax VCR in 1975. The
Betamax, though widely considered the best VCR technology ever developed, was more
expensive than its competitor, the VHS (Video Home System). As more and more studios and
video stores turned to VHS, Betamax lost market share, and Sony finally introduced its own VHS
in 1988.

15
 In 1979 the Sony Walkman portable tape player hit the streets. Although Sony’s engineers
were skeptical about designing a device that could only play and not record, Morita insisted on
developing the product, saying he would resign if the Walkman was not a success. The Walkman
was an international sensation and eventually sold hundreds of millions of units. The first compact
disc (CD) player emerged in 1982 from a development agreement between Sony and Dutch
manufacturer Philips Electronics NV. Sony provided pulse-code modulation technology and
combined it with Philips’s laser system. The failure of Betamax had taught Sony a lesson; the
format standard for CDs (and later digital videodiscs [DVDs]) was agreed upon by a wide range
of companies in Japan, Europe, and North America. The next year Sony introduced the first
camcorder

By the late 1980s, Sony executives, especially the company president and the chairman
of Sony Corporation of America, Norio Ohga, wanted to add entertainment content to Sony’s
operations. In 1988 it bought CBS Records Group from CBS Inc. (now CBS Corporation), thus
acquiring the world’s largest record company, and the next year it purchased Columbia Pictures
Entertainment, Inc. The Columbia acquisition, the largest to that time of an American company
by a Japanese firm, ignited a controversy in the United States. The controversy was fanned by
Morita’s contribution to “No to ieru Hihon” (“The Japan That Can Say No”), an essay written with
Japanese nationalist Ishihara Shintarō in 1989. They claimed that Japan no longer depended on
the United States and was a stronger, better nation than its postwar ally.

The early 1990s were difficult years for Sony. The Japanese economy entered a
decadelong recession, and both Ibuka and Morita suffered strokes (in 1992 and 1993,
respectively). Morita officially retired in 1994 and died in 1999. With its founders no longer at the
controls, Sony declared its first loss, more than $200 million, in 1993. Despite the business turmoil,
Sony continued to design and deliver new products. In 1994 its entertainment division introduced
its PlayStation video game console to the Japanese market. By 2002 the game unit was
contributing more than 10 percent of the company’s yearly revenues. Another major profit centre
was Sony Online Entertainment, particularly its Internet virtual reality game EverQuest. The
company’s entertainment group also captured the imagination of many people with its robot dog,
AIBO, introduced in 1999. In 1997 Sony introduced the VAIO line of personal computers. The
VAIO was a high-quality and expensive system that the company marketed to users interested in
developing or playing multimedia programs.

In 2005, following further disappointing annual financial reports, Howard Stringer was
elevated from chairman and chief executive officer of Sony Corporation of America to chairman
and chief executive officer of Sony Corporation. Although the appointment of a non-Japanese to
head the parent company surprised many, some two-thirds of Sony’s employees worldwide were
non-Japanese. In 2009 Stringer also became president of Sony’s electronics division.

In an effort to revive Sony, Stringer focused on streamlining operations and lowering costs.
The company continued to struggle, however, posting record losses as Sony’s key consumer
electronics sector declined. In 2012 Stinger stepped down from his various posts and was
succeeded by Hirai Kazuo, an executive in the company’s video game division. Under his
leadership, Sony concentrated on consumer electronics while undertaking numerous cost-cutting
measures, including selling various real-estate holdings. Notably, in 2013 Sony sold its U.S.
headquarters in New York City for more than $1 billion (Hall, 2017).

TOSHIBA

16
 Toshiba Corporation, major Japanese manufacturer of computers and electronic devices
for consumers and industry. Headquarters are in Tokyo. The company was incorporated in 1939
as Tokyo Shibaura Electric Company, Ltd. (Japanese: Tōkyō Shibaura Denki KK), in the merger
of Shibaura Engineering Works, Ltd., and Tokyo Electric Company, Ltd. It adopted its present
name in 1978.

The original Shibaura Company, formed in 1875, grew out of inventor Tanaka Hisashige’s
factory, with primary concentration on manufacturing engines for ocean vessels. It was taken over
by the Mitsui business combine (zaibatsu) and set to making heavy, high-horsepower steam
engines. It began making machine tools in the mid-1890s. Tokyo Electric Light Company began
manufacturing bamboo-filament electric light bulbs in 1890, with Mitsui financing. The merged
corporation separated from Mitsui with the dissolution of the zaibatsu after World War II, but it
became affiliated with the Mitsui group in 1973.

Both predecessor companies also had close ties with the General Electric Company of
the United States. General Electric (GE) first obtained an interest in Tokyo Electric in 1907 in
return for GE’s aid in updating that company’s technology, which led to the mass production of
Mazda electric lamps in Japan. In 1909 GE entered into a similar arrangement with Shibaura.
Such association represented the first significant infusion of Western technology into Japan and
was a major success. GE is still one of Toshiba’s largest shareholders.

Toshiba, in cooperation with the Sony Corporation and another American firm,
International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), designed the Cell Broadband Engine.
Developed over a four-year period beginning in 2001, this advanced computer chip has multiple
applications, from IBM supercomputers to Toshiba high-definition (HD) televisions to the Sony
PlayStation 3 electronic game system. In 2008 Toshiba introduced a line of laptops, or notebook
computers, based on the Cell processor.

Toshiba manufactures a variety of consumer and business products. In addition to HD

televisions and laptop computers, the company builds DVD players, digital video recorders
(DVRs), printers, copiers, lighting products, medical imaging equipment, surveillance systems,
and liquid crystal display (LCD) devices. It also produces semiconductors as well as equipment
for the generation of electric power, industrial motors, and industrial electronics. It has a number
of subsidiaries in other countries. (The editors of Encyclopedia Brittanica, 2013).

Apple

Apple Inc., formerly Apple Computer, Inc., American manufacturer of personal computers,
computer peripherals, and computer software. It was the first successful personal computer
company and the popularizer of the graphical user interface. Headquarters are located in
Cupertino, California.

17
 Apple Inc. had its genesis in the lifelong dream of Stephen G. Wozniak to build his own
computer—a dream that was made suddenly feasible with the arrival in 1975 of the first
commercially successful microcomputer, the Altair 8800, which came as a kit and used the
recently invented microprocessor chip. Encouraged by his friends at the Homebrew Computer
Club, a San Francisco Bay area group centred on the Altair, Wozniak quickly came up with a plan
for his own microcomputer. In 1976, when the Hewlett-Packard Company, where Wozniak was
an engineering intern, expressed no interest in his design, Wozniak, then 26 years old, together
with a former high-school classmate, 21-year-old Steven P. Jobs, moved production operations
to the Jobs family garage—and the Silicon Valley garage start-up company legend was born.
Jobs and Wozniak named their company Apple. For working capital, Jobs sold his Volkswagen
minibus and Wozniak his programmable calculator. Their first model was simply a working circuit
board, but at Jobs’s insistence the 1977 version was a stand-alone machine in a custom-molded
plastic case, in contrast to the forbidding steel boxes of other early machines. This Apple II also
offered a colour display and other features that made Wozniak’s creation the first microcomputer
that appealed to the average person.

Though he was a brash business novice whose appearance still bore traces of his hippie
past, Jobs understood that in order for the company to grow, it would require professional
management and substantial funding. He convinced Regis McKenna, a well-known public
relations specialist for the semiconductor industry, to represent the company; he also secured an
investment from Michael Markkula, a wealthy veteran of the Intel Corporation who became
Apple’s largest shareholder and an influential member of Apple’s board of directors. The company
became an instant success, particularly after Wozniak invented a disk controller that allowed the
addition of a low-cost floppy disk drive that made information storage and retrieval fast and
reliable. With room to store and manipulate data, the Apple II became the computer of choice for
legions of amateur programmers. Most notably, in 1979 two Bostonians—Dan Bricklin and Bob
Frankston—introduced the first personal computer spreadsheet, VisiCalc, creating what would
later be known as a “killer app” (application): a software program so useful that it propels
hardware sales.

While VisiCalc opened up the small-business and consumer market for the Apple II,
another important early market was primary educational institutions. By a combination of
aggressive discounts and donations (and an absence of any early competition), Apple
established a commanding presence among educational institutions, contributing to its platform’s
dominance of primary-school software well into the 1990s.

Apple’s profits and size grew at a historic rate: by 1980 the company netted over $100
million and had more than 1,000 employees. Its public offering in December was the biggest since
1956, when the Ford Motor Company had gone public. (Indeed, by the end of 1980, Apple’s
valuation of nearly $2 billion was greater than Ford’s.) However, Apple would soon face
competition from the computer industry’s leading player, International Business Machines
Corporation. IBM had waited for the personal computer market to grow before introducing its own
line of personal computers, the IBM PC, in 1981. IBM broke with its tradition of using only
proprietary hardware components and software and built a machine from readily available
components, including the Intel microprocessor, and used DOS (disk operating system) from the
Microsoft Corporation. Because other manufacturers could use the same hardware components
that IBM used, as well as license DOS from Microsoft, new software developers could count on a
wide IBM PC-compatible market for their software. Soon the new system had its own killer app:
the Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet, which won an instant constituency in the business community—a
market that the Apple II had failed to penetrate.

18
 Apple had its own plan to regain leadership: a sophisticated new generation of computers
that would be dramatically easier to use. In 1979 Jobs had led a team of engineers to see the
innovations created at the Xerox Corporation’s Palo Alto (California) Research Center (PARC).
There they were shown the first functional graphical user interface (GUI), featuring n-screen
windows, a pointing device known as a mouse, and the use of icons, or pictures, to replace the
awkward protocols required by all other computers. Apple immediately incorporated these ideas
into two new computers: Lisa, released in 1983, and the lower-cost Macintosh, released in 1984.
Jobs himself took over the latter project, insisting that the computer should be not merely great
but “insanely great.” The result was a revelation—perfectly in tune with the unconventional,
science-fiction-esque television commercial that introduced the Macintosh during the broadcast
of the 1984 Super Bowl—a $2,500 computer unlike any that preceded it.

Despite an ecstatic reaction from the media, the Macintosh initially sold below Apple’s
expectations. Critics noted that the Mac, as it came to be known, had insufficient memory and
storage and lacked standard amenities such as cursor keys and a colour display.

Many skeptics also doubted that adults would ever want to use a machine that relied on
the GUI, condemning it as “toylike” and wasteful of computational resources. In the wake of the
poor sales performance, Jobs was ousted from the company in September 1985 by its chief
executive officer (CEO), John Sculley. (Wozniak had left Apple in February 1985 to become a
teacher.) Under Sculley, Apple steadily improved the machine. However, what saved the Mac in
those early years was Apple’s 1985 introduction of an affordable laser printer along with Aldus
Corporation’s PageMaker, the Mac’s first killer app. Together these two innovations launched the
desktop publishing revolution. Suddenly, small businesses and print shops could produce
professional-looking brochures, pamphlets, and letters without having to resort to expensive
lithographic processes. The graphic arts and publishing industries quickly became the Mac’s
single most important market.

Another innovation was a software database called HyperCard, which Apple included free
with every Macintosh starting in 1987. Using a technique called hyperlinking, this program, written
by Bill Atkinson, was employed by many teachers to organize multimedia elements for classroom
presentations—an idea that anticipated the HTML (hypertext markup language) underpinnings
of the World Wide Web

This was a golden age for Apple; the company’s revenues approached $10 billion, and it
sold more than a million computers a year. Still, Apple’s profits obscured the fact that its share of
the market was falling, despite the technological superiority of its products. The Mac’s
incompatibility with Apple II software, a problem initially ignored, slowed educational sales and
compelled the retention of the outmoded Apple II line through 1993. Consumer sales suffered as
the company discouraged game development out of fear that the Mac would not be taken
seriously in the business community. Moreover, Microsoft, after an unsuccessful attempt to
secure an agreement to market the Mac OS on the Intel processor, introduced Windows, its own
graphical operating system. Apple litigated for years, in vain, to stop Microsoft from copying the
“look and feel” of its operating system, though the Mac OS itself drew upon the PARC GUI.
Meanwhile, as successive versions of Windows were improved and as competition among
multiple PC manufacturers led to greater innovation and lower prices, fewer people were willing
to pay the premiums that Apple had been able to command owing to its reputation for quality.

19
 In a rather surprising development, Apple and IBM announced an alliance in 1991. In
addition to signing a technology agreement with Motorola, Inc., to develop a next-generation RISC
(reduced-instruction-set computing) chip, known as the PowerPC, Apple and IBM created two
new software companies, Taligent, Inc., and Kaleida Labs, Inc., for the development of operating
system software. Taligent was expected to enable versions of both the Mac OS and the IBM OS/2
to run on a new computer hardware standard, the common hardware reference platform (CHRP),
and Kaleida Labs was to develop multimedia software. However, as Apple and IBM began to
quarrel over CHRP’s engineering specifications and as costs mounted to approximately $400
million for Taligent and $200 million for Kaleida Labs, Apple pulled out with little to show for its
investmen

Sculley also promised more than Apple could deliver with Newton, a personal digital
assistant (PDA) that suffered from poor handwriting recognition and that diverted company
engineering and financial resources. In addition, the company vacillated over Claris Corporation,
its software division, first reorganizing it as an independent company and then reabsorbing it when
it began shifting more resources to Windows software.

Sculley was replaced by Michael Spindler in 1993. Spindler’s most notable achievements
as CEO were the successful migration of the Mac OS to the PowerPC microprocessor and the
initiation of a shift away from Apple’s proprietary standards. Nevertheless, Apple struggled with
marketing projections, accumulating large unsalable inventories of some models while
simultaneously being unable to meet a billion dollars in orders for other models. Combined with
drastic quality control problems, notably a defective line of monitors and some highly publicized
combustible portable computers, these failings brought an end to Spindler’s reign in early 1996
with the appointment of Gilbert F. Amelio.

Apple cut operating costs and reestablished quality controls, but by that time only a small
percentage of new computer buyers were choosing Macs over machines running Windows, and
Apple’s financial situation was dire. In December 1996, in order to secure a replacement for the
Mac’s aging operating system following the collapse of CHRP and the company’s protracted
inability to produce one internally, Apple purchased NeXT Software, Inc., the company formed by
Jobs after his 1985 departure. Jobs himself was retained as an advisor to the CEO, but he quickly
became disenchanted and sold all but one share of the Apple stock he had received in the NeXT
sale. When Apple failed to become profitable under Amelio and its worldwide market share fell to
roughly 3 percent, the board of directors, in mid-1997, recruited a surprising temporary
replacement: Jobs, for the first time the undisputed leader of the company he cofounded.

Jobs set about revitalizing the company. He quickly announced an alliance with erstwhile
foe Microsoft; ended a half-hearted (and profit-draining) program to license the Mac OS;
streamlined what had become a confusing product line to focus on the company’s traditional
markets of education, publishing, and consumers; and helped oversee the introduction of more
affordable computers, notably the distinctively designed all-in-one iMac.

Before the introduction of the iMac in 1998, all Macs were built with a special read-only
memory (ROM) chip that contained part of Apple’s operating system and enabled the Mac OS to
run only on particular machines. The new machine, based in part on the scuttled CHRP design,
with PC-standard memory and peripheral interface, was a continuation of Apple’s shift away from
hardware-specific, or proprietary, standards. With built-in high-speed networking capabilities, the
iMac was designed to revive Apple’s consumer and educational market sales.

20
 The iMac quickly became the all-time best-selling Mac and lifted Apple’s U.S. market
share from a record low of 2.6 percent in December 1997 to roughly 13.5 percent in August 1998.
Moreover, Apple had a profitable fiscal year in 1998, its first since 1995.

In 2001 Apple introduced iTunes, a computer program for playing music and for converting
music to the compact MP3 digital format commonly used in computers and other digital devices.
Later the same year, Apple began selling the iPod, a portable MP3 player, which quickly became
the market leader (the term podcasting, combining iPod and broadcasting, is used as both a noun
and a verb to refer to audio or video material downloaded for portable or delayed playback). Later
models added larger storage capacities or smaller sizes, colour screens, and video playback
features. In 2003 Apple began selling downloadable copies of major record company songs in
MP3 format over the Internet. By 2006 more than one billion songs and videos had been sold
through Apple’s Web site.

In 2007 Apple introduced the touch-screen iPhone, a cellular telephone with capabilities
for playing MP3s and videos and for accessing the Internet. The first models were available only
in conjunction with AT&T’s wireless service and could not be used over the latest third-generation
(3G) wireless networks.

Apple rectified the latter limitation in 2008 with the release of the iPhone 3G, or iPhone
2.0, which also included support for the global positioning system (GPS). Like other
“smartphones” such as the BlackBerry, from the Canadian company Research in Motion, the new
iPhone included features geared toward business users. In particular, the storage memory in the
units could be remotely “wiped” if the unit were lost. As with the original iPhone, demand was very
high, and the new iPhone 3G sold one million units in the first three days after its introduction. By
June 19, 2009, when Apple released the iPhone 3G S, which also sold one million units in the
first three days after its release, the company’s share of the smartphone market had reached
about 20 percent (compared with about 55 percent for the BlackBerry line of smartphones). In
addition to hardware changes such as a three-megapixel digital camera that can record digital
videos and an internal digital compass (capable of working with various mapping software), the
iPhone 3G S included a new operating system, the iPhone OS 3.0. The new system included
support for voice-activated controls and peer-to-peer (P2P) play of electronic games with other
iPhone users over Wi-Fi Internet connections. The latter feature was part of Apple’s strategy to
compete in the portable gaming market with the Nintendo Company’s DS and the Sony
Corporation’s PSP. The iPhone can also be used for reading electronic books, or e-books. E-
books in iPhone-compatible formats can be purchased over the Internet from electronic book
dealers, such as the iTunes store and Amazon.com.

In 2010 Apple unveiled the iPad, a touch-screen device intermediate in size between a
laptop computer and a smartphone with a display that measured 9.7 inches (24.6 cm) diagonally.
It was about 0.5 inch (1.2 cm) thin and weighed 1.5 pounds (0.7 kg). The iPad was operated
with the same set of finger gestures that were used on the iPhone. The touch screen was capable
of displaying high-definition video. The iPad also had such applications as iTunes built in and
could run all applications that were available for the iPhone. In partnership with five major
publishers—Penguin, HarperCollins, Simon and Schuster, Macmillan, and Hachette—Apple
developed for the iPad its own e-book application, iBooks, as well as an iBook store accessible
through the Internet.

21
 Apple in 2011 introduced iCloud, a cloud computing service in which a user’s applications,
photographs, documents, calendars, and recently purchased music would be stored in iCloud and
automatically updated in the user’s other devices. Some analysts saw iCloud as Apple’s plan for
a future in which users could dispense with the personal computer as the main place to store
data.

Because of ill health, Jobs resigned as CEO in August 2011 and was succeeded by chief
operating officer Tim Cook; Jobs died that October. In the early years of Cook’s tenure, Apple did
not introduce any all-new products but rather brought out new versions of previous products, such
as the iPhone 4S, which contained a personal assistant program, Siri that could respond to
spoken commands and questions (2011) and the iPad Mini, a smaller version of the iPad (2012).
In 2014 Apple made its largest acquisition by buying the headphone manufacturer and music-
streaming company Beats for $3 billion. The following year Apple introduced a smart watch, the
Apple Watch (Levy, 2017).

Motorola

Motorola, Inc., American manufacturer of wireless communications and electronic

systems. In 2011 it split into two companies: Motorola Mobility and Motorola Solutions. Its
headquarters are located in Schaumburg, Illinois.The company was founded in 1928 in Chicago
by brothers Paul and Joseph Galvin as the Galvin Manufacturing Corporation. Its first product was
the “battery eliminator,” a device that connected direct-current, battery-powered radios to the
alternating current then found in almost two-thirds of U.S. households.

In 1930 the company began selling a low-cost automobile radio, called the Motorola that
became the most popular new-car option, as well as a successful aftermarket kit. In 1937 the
company diversified into home tabletop radios and introduced the first car radio to offer push-
button dialing.

During the Great Depression, Galvin Manufacturing cut its workforce by two-thirds and
saw its revenues drop by more than one-third. To sustain the company during the later years of
the Depression, the Galvin brothers, who opposed unions, took on work from other companies,
such as the Philco Corporation in 1938, whose workers were on strike. In defense of these
actions, the Galvins claimed that their starting wage of 40 to 60 cents per hour surpassed the
industry average of 25 to 35 cents per hour.

In 1940 the company introduced a pair of two-way radio communications products for the
police and military. The first was an AM-band police radio system adopted later that year in
Bowling Green, Kentucky; the second was the Handie-Talkie, an AM-band, handheld device with
a long antenna that ultimately was used by soldiers during World War II. Both AM-based systems
were quickly superseded by FM technologies. The most notable replacement occurred in 1943,
when Galvin Manufacturing invented the FM Walkie-Talkie. This device was carried by battlefield
soldiers in special backpacks and could communicate over longer distances and with far less
static interference than its AM-based predecessor. The two-way radio saw action on all fronts
during the war and is credited as being a decisive factor in many Allied victories in the field.

22
 In 1943 the company sold stock to the public for the first time, and in 1947 it changed its
name to Motorola, Inc., which was by then a well-known brand name. The next year Motorola
extended its role in the U.S. consumer market by introducing the first television set for under $200,
the Golden View. Its seven-inch round picture tube helped Motorola to secure 10 percent of the
U.S. television market by 1954. In 1953 the company, like other television makers, created its
own program, the Motorola TV Hour, to boost interest in the new medium. Robert Galvin, Paul
Galvin’s son and a vice president of the company, hosted the weekly drama series. Motorola’s
consumer product line branched into high-fidelity phonographs in the mid-1950s.

After licensing the design for transistors from Bell Laboratories in 1952, Motorola began
experimenting with them to replace its large, heavy, and expensive radio power supplies. By 1956
the company began to sell hybrid radios with both vacuum tubes and transistors—its first
successful foray into electronic products. That same year the company began to sell its transistors
to other manufacturers and established its Semiconductor Products Division in Phoenix, Arizona.
By 1962 the company had more than 4,000 different electronic components on the market. One
of the largest early markets was for automobiles, whose manufacturers used electronic
components to build alternators, which replaced generators in most cars sold in the 1960s.
Together with the Ford Motor Company and the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), Motorola
developed the eight-track tape player for cars in 1965.

Robert Galvin became president of the company in 1956. Despite Motorola’s ongoing
success and strong brand recognition in consumer products, he shifted the company’s strategy
toward selling directly to business and government.

In 1962 Motorola began supplying radio communications gear to the unmanned Mariner
and later to the manned Gemini space programs. Apollo astronaut Neil Armstrong’s 1969
message from the Moon was carried over a Motorola-designed transponder.

In 1974 the company sold its Quasar television line to Matsushita Electrical Industrial Co.,
Ltd., of Japan, ending most of its historic consumer business. That same year Motorola released
its first microprocessor for sale to computer makers. Its most popular computer chips, the
MC680x0 series, were used in all of the early Apple Macintosh computers and in workstation
computers built by Sun Microsystems, Inc., and Silicon Graphics, Inc., throughout the 1980s and
early ’90s. In 1993 the company developed the first consumer RISC (reduced-instruction-set
computing) chip, the PowerPC, with IBM Corporation and Apple Computer, Inc. (now Apple Inc.),
in an unsuccessful attempt to unseat Intel Corporation as the leading seller of microprocessors.

Motorola was more successful in the market for embedded microprocessors, which
became ubiquitous in automotive control units, industrial control systems, and such common
items as kitchen appliances, pagers, electronic game systems, routers, laser printers, and
handheld personal digital assistants (PDAs). In this market Motorola became the leading
manufacturer.

In 1977 Motorola developed a handheld wireless telephone that was able to communicate
with the public telephone network through a system of short-range “cells.” By 1985 most major
cities in the world were installing cellular systems, and in 1989 the company introduced the
MicroTAC flip cellular phone, which quickly became an international status symbol as well as a
useful personal communications device. The overwhelming success of cellular telephony inspired
the development of Iridium, a system of 66 small satellites deployed in low Earth orbit that enabled
communications over virtually the entire surface of Earth. Operational in 1998, Iridium linked
existing terrestrial communications systems, including faxes, pagers, computers, and telephones.

23
 The service proved too expensive, however, and Motorola divested itself of its interest in
Iridium to limit its liability. Losses associated with creating the service and growing competition
with other cellular telephone manufacturers created a cash-flow problem that induced the
company to begin spinning off various components: its Semiconductor Components Group was
sold to a private equity group as On Semiconductor in 1999; its Integrated Information Systems
group (which built systems for government and defense contractors) was sold to the General
Dynamics Corporation in 2001; its Semiconductor Products Sector (which built the company’s
semiconductors, including the PowerPC) was reorganized as the independent corporation
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., in 2004; and its Embedded Communications Group (which
provided services and products to manufacturers in defense, aerospace, telecommunications,
medical imaging, and industrial automation) was sold to the Emerson Electric Co., in 2007.

Although sales of its semiconductor-based businesses and the introduction of the well-
received RAZR V3 cellular telephone in 2004 improved the company’s bottom line, Motorola
continued to lose money and market share to rival cellular telephone manufacturers. However,
the declining sales began to turn around when in 2009 Motorola introduced smartphones running
Android, an operating system released by the search engine company Google, Inc. In 2011
Motorola split into two independent companies.

Motorola Mobility, the cellular telephone and home networking components, made
smartphones, tablet computers, digital cable television boxes, and modems. Motorola Solutions,
the business and government components, made two-way radios and bar code scanners and
assembled computer networks. In 2012 Google bought Motorola Mobility for $12.5 billion. Google
then sold Motorola Mobility in 2014 to the Chinese computer company Lenovo for $2.91 billion
but retained many of the company’s patents (Hall, 2017).

Samsung

Samsung, South Korean company that is one of the world’s largest producers of electronic
devices. Samsung specializes in the production of a wide variety of consumer and industry
electronics, including appliances, digital media devices, semiconductors, memory chips, and
integrated systems. It has become one of the most-recognizable names in technology and
produces about a fifth of South Korea’s total exports.

Samsung was founded as a grocery trading store on March 1, 1938, by Lee Byung-Chull.
He started his business in Taegu, Korea, trading noodles and other goods produced in and around
the city and exporting them to China and its provinces. After the Korean War, Lee expanded his
business into textiles and opened the largest woolen mill in Korea. He focused heavily on
industrialization with the goal of helping his country redevelop itself after the war. During that
period his business benefited from the new protectionist policies adopted by the Korean
government, whose aim was to help large domestic conglomerates by shielding them from
competition and providing them easy financing.

During the 1970s the company expanded its textile-manufacturing processes to cover the
full line of production—from raw materials all the way to the end product—to better compete in
the textile industry. New subsidiaries such as Samsung Heavy Industries, Samsung Shipbuilding,
and Samsung Precision Company (Samsung Techwin) were established. Also, during the same
period, the company started to invest in the heavy, chemical, and petrochemical industries,
providing the company a promising growth path.

24
 Samsung first entered the electronics industry in 1969 with several electronics-focused
divisions—their first products were black-and-white televisions. During the 1970s the company
began to export home electronics products overseas. At that time Samsung was already a major
manufacturer in Korea, and it had acquired a 50 percent stake in Korea Semiconductor.

The late 1970s and early ’80s witnessed the rapid expansion of Samsung’s technology
businesses. Separate semiconductor and electronics branches were established, and in 1978 an
aerospace division was created. Samsung Data Systems (now Samsung SDS) was established
in 1985 to serve businesses’ growing need for systems development. That helped Samsung
quickly become a leader in information technology services. Samsung also created two research
and development institutes that broadened the company’s technology line into electronics,
semiconductors, high-polymer chemicals, genetic engineering tools, telecommunications,
aerospace, and nanotechnology.

In the 1990s Samsung continued its expansion into the global electronics markets. Despite
its success those years also brought about corporate scandals that afflicted the company,
including multiple bribery cases and patent-infringement suits. Nevertheless, the company
continued to make advancements on the technology and product-quality fronts, with a number of
its technology products—ranging from semiconductors to computer-monitor and LCD screens—
climbing into top-five positions in global market share.

The 2000s witnessed the birth of Samsung’s Galaxy smartphone series, which quickly not
only became the company’s most-praised product but also frequently topped annual lists of the
best-selling smartphones in the world (Bondarenko, 2016).

25
 Chapter 3
CONCLUSIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the research taken from chapter 1 and 2.

Summary

Communication is a variety of behaviors, processes and technologies which meaning is

transmitted or derived from information.

The term is used to describe diverse activities: conversation; data exchange between
computers; counting behavior of birds; the emotional impact of a work of art; the course of a rumor
through a school; and the network of nervous and metabolic subsystems that make up no sharply
defined boundaries delimit the field, no dear-out domains are within it, and no widely accepted
universal model of communication exists. In the electronic world, it is the transfer of data and
information from one location to another.

Communication devices are devices that use to transfer data and information through
technology. In the time of telegraph and first telephones they used electrical signals to transmit
sound and letters of communication.

An inventor is a person who creates or develops an original product, process or method.

As time comes various devices are invented because of curious individuals who saw a need or
identified a problem and with their invention they changed the world.

This library research identifies the inventors who changed communication technology:
Samuel Finley Breese Morse invented the telegraph and Morse Code; Alexander Graham Bell
developed the telephone; Martin Cooper invented the cellphone; Nikola Tesla had the idea of
transmitting and receiving radio waves that Guglielmo Marconi materialize when he invented the
radio; John Logie Baird is credited for the invention of the television, and Mikhail Tikhonravov
conceptualized the geosynchronous satellite.

An innovator is a person or company who develops or create an improvement to an

existing product or device. The companies, Samsung, Sony, Apple, Motorola, and Toshiba are
the key innovators of communication technology today. These innovators made advances in
communication technology that made it accessible, simple and snappy.

No idea is too small that it cannot make a profound impact on the world and change it for
the better. These inventors and innovators brought their ideas, their vision, into reality and
transformed the way we communicate.

26
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Brienzski, M., & Gruntman, M. (2018, January 12). Mikhail Tikhonravov. Retrieved January 11,
2018, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Tikhonrav

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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Guglielmo-Marconi
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name: Christian Banayad Bernal

Birthdate: October 9, 1996

Birthplace: Bulusukan, San Ildefonso, Bulacan

Address: Saint John Village, Calatagan, Tibang, Virac, Catanduanes

Parents:

Father: Salvador S. Bernal Jr.

Mother: Jane V. Banayad

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: Commonwealth Elementary School

S.Y 2014 – 2015

Secondary: Justice Cecilia Munoz Palma High School (ALS SECONDARY)

S.Y. 2015 – 2016

Vocational: Social Services Development Department (EIM NC II)

S.Y. 2016 (April to June)

Tertiary: Catanduanes State University

Calatagan, Virac Catanduanes

S.Y. 2017 – 2018 (present)