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TECHNICAL ~OTES
No. 705
By Isidore G. Recant
Langley Memo rial Aeronautical Laboratory
Washin~ton
May 19;.(9
By Isidore G. Recant
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
Models
Wind Tunnel
Ground Representation
~---
4 N . A . C . A . Te chnic a l Note No . 705
. Tes ts
)
N.A.C.A. Te chnical Note No . 705 5
em ( a. c.
).
0
pitching-moment coefficient about aerodynamic
center of plain wing (MCa. c . )o/qcwS)'
where
L is lift.
D, drag.
S, wi ng area .
q, d yn&mic p re ssu re
Ground Distance
Wind-Tunnel Co rr ections
The tests run with out the ground pla t e in the tunnel
we r e corrected for tunnel effect to aspect ratio 6 i n free
a ir. The no~mal jet-boundary c orrect i ons were applied
( r eference 11) . The tests run with he g r ound plate in
the various pos itions be l ow the wing were not corrected
because th e tunnel-wall i nterfe r ence facto rs calculated
fo r these condit i ons were smal l enough to be disregarded .
The method of calculat i ng the inter fe r ence factors for the
ground-board installation is given i n the appendix.
_____ J
N . A . C .A. Techni c a l No t e No . 705 7
P r ecis i on
ex, - ±O . lo
±O . OOl
±0 . 005
±O . OO l
0
CD
min
- - - - - - - ±0 . 0005 (Sf = 0 )
C . - - - - - - ±O . OOI
m(a . c . )0
of - - - - - " -- ±l . Oo
h - - - - - - ±1/16 inch
CONCLUSIONS
_ _J
I
I
N .A.C.A . Te chnic a l No te No . 705 11
APPENDIX
,- s i n h nr.a
- "2 CD S In
. he nrrr)l
-"2-
°1 = - 1
- - - - - I l o.g - -- - - - --
4n r cy 2 ~.!:Q:
+ 2:
1
log ( 1 - - - - - - - -- --
. 2 nrn
(1 )
L 2 \ s I nh - - --
2 .J
whe r e
r = b/h
cy = 2 s/b
b, wid th of tunne l.
s, s em i sp an of w i ng .
L
N.A. O. A. Technical Note No . 705 13
r (x + s)
= 4n
------~- - ---------2
(x + s) + (h - 2 d)
V
= S_ _ __________ _________ _~ s - x
2
4n J (s _ x) 2 + (h _ 2 d) 2
=J_ -------2-----------2
s - x
4n (s - x) + (h - 2 d)
+ V =r x+s +L s-x
2 4n (x+s)2 + (h _ 2d)2 4n (s _ x)2 + (h _ 2d) 2
= 1'_
4TT
J:'..{
= BTT lo g I (x
L
+ S )2 + (h - 2d)jL
2d)"JL
r-
I
S_ {
8TT
10 '
'" l(s - x)a + (h -
= y- [1 ~
g ~_±-§~_±_lQ_=_g~~
2JS
BTT a 2
(s - x) + (h - 2d) -s
=
r lO IS ~~~~_~_i~_:_~lJ~_
BTT (h - 2 d )4'
or
r
D = BTT
1V
where
r 28 p V = 12 C1 P va 8
C1 V8
r = 4s
Therefo re ,
C1 VS
D = 32TTS
1V
N.A.C .A. Technical Note No. ' , 705 15
6 a. = ~1 °L
----a-
D °L.8
'if = ----"2"- \jJ
S " bh
0:; °L S
V = 2sV = 64TTS
::::
64TTS bh 0
0:;
b'h
= ---'2 i/I :::: - - '-1- - -
64TTS 16TT0'2r
'"
1 [4s 2 + (h 2d) 2 J2 -
0:; :::: log -----------~-----
16TT;a; (h - 2d)
or
1
:::: -----
2
log
l6TT(j r
and
°1 +
°2 - 0:; :::: ON
S
6cx. :::: ON C CL x 57 . 3
60 .§ 2
D
::::
ON C °L
REFERENCES
!
I \
I
8-~
I
I
I
I
I
I I ~1
I--::-b / 2 =30 "=-:J b/2=30"
I
.~-- b 60 '~---------j------..j
z
b=60'
(a) Plain rectangular wing . (a) Plain tapered wing.
( i ,~
: I\ I
I i g s==L~
I 0, i"' U~
----JI ---- ---------------- ~ i
(
---- ----I
I
----------------- 1 '
r::-:--b/2=30" ==J b/2=30"
t<----b=60" ~ b-60"
(b) Rectangular wing with (b) Tapered wing wi.th
0.20cw split flap. 0.2.0c w spli t flap .
IT!--+------
J
J
I -
~
- ~ ~
-=== TI
I
I o ~
....... u
"~t\.l
z-. -==_
i (J co
C
r-i
D ,,
I __ _
______ L
--~-------------
------- ----
b/2-30"~ b/2=30"
I
1<--'- - - b = 60" ----------1----1
(c) Rectangular wing with (c) Tapered wing with
O.2556cw slotted flap. O.2.556cw slotted flap.
Figure 1.- N.A . C.A . 23012 rectan- Figure 2.. - N. A . C. A. 2.3012. tapered
gular wing models. wing mod e 15.
N.A. C.A. Technical Note No. ?O5 J'ig. 3
N .A. C. A. Technical Note No. 705 Figs. 4,5
,
+' 0
c:: ~ ....,
Q)
.....u - .1 "
~
Q)
0
u - .2
+' h/cw h/c w
c: o 0.5
Q) o 0. 5
E - .3 .6. 1. 0 .6. 1. 0
o
E o 2.0 o 2 .0
I
'001.6 <> 3.0 <> 3.0
c + 00 + co
44
..c:
.;:; 1.4
.....
P-. 40
1.2
~ V ~>/\
36
1.0
CL /J ~ CL /, ~~
/ ~ / '~V
32.
.8 /~ ;; V u
~
Vjr 1/ 11 28 ....,-
u
-l
.6
/, ~ /~ . \::
+'
fjJ Val r .~
24 4-4
..IV. .
C
Q) .4 IA ~W 4-<
QJ
r;t (jJ I o
.....u I' 20 u
4-4
4-<
U
Q)
0
+'
4-<
.-l
. 2.
0
J
, ~
/J
)
j'
A'f
~
,
I
16
'00
C'(j
(j t · 12
- .2 // I
fL d.'i/ /; il 08
- .4
W) ~ ';, V k;i II
'I ~~ ~~..--::::i
-.6 ~
""'= o::::iit'
d ~
IP' CD
~ --p ~ ~ CD
04
-4 0 4 8 12 16 -4 0 4 8 12 16 0
Angle of attack , d. , deg. Ang1e of attack, d J deg .
Figure 4. - Rectangular wing". Figure 5. - Tapered wing;
taper ratio, 5: I.
Effect of ground proximity on aerodynamic characteristics of N.A.C.A. 23012
wing.
N.A.C.A . Tech n i c al No te No 705 Figs.G,7
o
I
,, ><<<~ "'. "
o
.....
u
......
~
- 1
-.-
Q)
o ~
u - .2
+'
c +
(\)
E -.3
o
E
I
-.4
tlo
r:
;C 2.0
LV 44
u ~ ~
~ 17 [g '"
0: 1. 8 ~ 40
lb It CL J
1.6
A!I" / 1; A. P
36
CL: ~ ~ ~~
VI
/\ I .,.
1.4 ~ 1/ V v: /
)t:'/;
11 /
32
i ~J / /) V I V u
Cl
.....:j ~ V?
V/ / CD Vj V i/ /; 2.8
u 1.2 +-'-
Vi V /, /-:,y k I
h r; / I~/ r:
.....Q)
~ VI ~ r/ / ~ V CD
V"'"
r:
Q) 1. 0 ./ I I /, (0'
.~
24 .......
~V //) 17
I
... . /~ ~ V ,/ il I
)'
......
.....u Q)
....,
~ .8
td ~ V ,.----
,.----
~
I
I h ~ / ~ V ./~ 20 S
~ ~V ~ ~ ~ /~ V
-)
o V tl.O
u
f7)); 11 ~ v ~ V C\l
~ .6
~~
16 c5
W h/cw h /cw
.4 o 0.5 o 0 .7 12
6. 1. 0 6. 1. 0
I o 2. 0 o 2 .0
.2 o 3.0 o 3.0 08
+ CD + co
o e-~ I
04
-4 - .2
0 4 8 12 16 -4 0 4 8 12. 16 0
Ang l e of att a ck , d , deg. Angle of attack ) d, deg .
Fi gu r e 6 . - Rectan g u1ar wing. Figure 7. - Tape red wing;
taper ratio, 5 : 1.
Effect of ground proximi t y on aerodynamic characteri s tics of N .A .C.A. 23012-
wing with full - span 0.20cw split flap.
N .A . C. A . Techni c al Note No. 705 Figs. 8,9
~
o
u
d
J=
+-' 0
C
Q) -f--
U -.l I
~
Q) f-
o
U - .2 f-- -- - f--- - -
+'
\:
Q) P-= -
V
yO'
~
I
-
E -.3
o
E
H-- 1,..0
~ I
f- f-L - ~
- ._- f -
I --' + +---+1 17 I
'0.0- .4
\:
;: 2.2
I i l? I I
44
~
I
1- J!-j.
H-- f--l
:
U -r
......
I j I I i I 7~
0: 2 . 0 40
!~ ~
b ~ /~~ I
, ,
1.8 H-! +-
---I- + // )..<,.j
CL j
V- -
'P I
I
36
1.6 f---
~JA1/} I J -+
i 32
I I / Jf u
c:::l
l.4 j
CL ) '1' J // W i/ 19 I
28
, ¥
-oJ-
Jf
v:
.I AI /j
V-
I
"
...J \:
~- -
I I· Q)
U
lI'l 1/ ;/;
..; 1.2 I
j y J,rJ j
, 24 . ~
/,'/) . ) I
c '+-<
Q) , I
+-~ ~ _ L -4-
'+-<
QJ
8
+'
.8
r
L /y¥
1/J0
)/ ~
I
~ I
i
y/v /v
l.0.~ ./ /1,/
.£
~-.
-+ -
-
16
'0.0
<\l
t;
'--'
--l .6 I~ ~// V h /cw W~ ~v h /cw
0.7 12
,h~ V/C n 0.5
~ ;y-' ~17
0
0
I
.4 ~ VV t:.
o 2.0
1. 0
~ k;; ~ Cn
t:. 1. 0
o 2 .0 08
~ ~ 1
o 3.0 _I-- 0 3. 0 - r - - t - I - -
I + co , I + 00
.2. 04
I I I
I I !
-4
oo 4 8 12 16 - 4 a 4 8 12 l6 0
Angle of atta c k, d., deg . Angle of attack, d., deg.
Figure 8 . - Rectangular wing . figure 9. - Tapered wing;
taper ratio, 5:1 .
Effect of ground proxim it y on aero d y n am i c characteristics of N.A.C.A. 23012
w ing wi th full- span O. 2556cw slotted fl ap.
N.A.C .A. Technical Note No. 705 Fig::; . 10,11
~ 9
I I I
01
I I I
I I I
I
"l"'bo
" c::
I
I I
0 4-<.~
I
I
I Oc.() ~
I to b.o
I
I I "
4-<
~ l-,
p., h
co .~
I I
I I
c.() rO..-; ~
.-<;:J
\ I
~ 'H bo '"d
\ I
I
\ 0. '"d (::
co
.-< +-> (j)
(j)
co Q)
~
\ I
I \\ I '-H +-> u P..
+->Q) co
\ I
I
I
I
I
I
+-> ocr: b
'r-< .--; I
'\
II b.op.,
.--; (/)
I
1\ \ I
c:: U) ~
I
~ \ I I . r< I
I I
~ ~u I
~ \ I uw I
\ I h l()
I +->
. ,...< 0 L!) '+-0(::;
\
\f'\. \ I
I COC\lC\l
.-<
I
I .--;(j) ° (j)
\
, ~ ~ I 0....00 I
I
.c: +->u
(J ......
~~
"Ii 'H (j) 'H
I
I
0 0 <l I ...... 'H
lilo 'H(j)
'0 WO
U
+-> I
co . +->
o C\.l oJ:!:: 0'+-0
.--; .r<
C\.l Q)
l-,
;:::J
tID
. ~
24
+->
'H
./'
.r<
20
r-'
o Rectangular wing p7
E o Tapered wing I
;:J /'
...... c:: 16
~+-'
V
X (j)
co u
E
V
r....
12 V
(::; (j)
p., ./ V'
(j)
Ul 8
/ V
co
(lJ
/ ,/'"
l-,
u 4
V V
OJ
Q 1/ ,/"' /
./
C"'"
o .4 .8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4
Free-air maximum lift coefficient, CLmax
Figure 11 . - Effect of free-air maximum lift coefficient on
decrease in maximum lift due to ground effect at
0.7 Cw below wing.
z
~
(')
y
~
20
.1 I. 1
I I Pl1 t-'j
>< o aln wIng I I I I I I " IC~ c~ <1l
u
.....J
ttl
EllB o 0.20cw sp1i t flap,.6f=600 - I--
D. O. 2556cw slot t ed fl ap, of =40 "-
I
g...... .
~ 16
Rectangular wing ()
0)
...-4 ------Tapered wing ,
2h t-'
~
'-<
14
\" b-,
, .........
r--- I -f- I
~IGiClIG' ~
rI-
<1l
"-
,, G _ ~ c~
'-. I 2h
---i----- _ _ _ ._
~
s 12 -- -- --
I
--J
§
.......
,, - - ~- -- - -- 1--<> 2h o
01
hr X
,
><10 , ---
-S-m+-
-~xS-
---' X - - I
(Ij
s I-- "t:,., ,
, A* 1-_- -c~- - 1- -9-",-A
- --C~-
~
l f
+-' Q I'--- ::::" '-
- -"-- C- C
I I
( h - 2d )
al
0
.......
.....
B
~
~
,
--
r--
r-- r--
r--- ===
r-
- r- -- --
--<
t--
r-
- - - .....
r -<>-
B-*-- --- -C~- -~ _ ~p -C--=--: )- --LB
2h
-------j-- ---
al 6 I
I TG --,
>-..
I-- - -
~ 4
>-..
"0
I - I-- 2h C) TG f CI C~:)
I
-+-'
"-'
....... 2 - ---
y I~ C~J I c~:)
.....J
0 5 1 2 3 4 k -b -->i
Ratio of height of quarter-chord point
to chord, h/cw
I-%j
1-"
Figure 12.- Effect of ground proximity on figure 14 .- Image pattern that satisfies boundary ()'Q
UJ
lift-drag ratios at maximum condition for closed rectangular
lift of N.A.C.A. 23012 wings. tunnel with wing offset from center . I-'
N
I-'
.t.
---=------~~------------~~~--------------------------------------------~------------------~------~
~
,.1- - b =1 20'1 ~
II Z
·:x>
1
42"
1
---,I~
·0
·:x>
·
g,
::s1-'-
l
various positions of ground d o
board. Pl
11 I f-'
~ I S-.- ->r- e = 30. -4 ~ ~~
t- -- -~
----- ~-- --------
--------- ~5z
1 ~
ill
Lh
h
L
~= -.---;- --------- La
4J25
----- --~-----
, ----- CJl
h a
L ,- ___ _ _ 1 5
a
h
---- --- -
L t f,
t'l
(5=
co
II 1
r:a se a (i n . ) h ( in . ) d( i n . ) r=b /h d/b
1 . 65>~
C = bh sic 01 O2 01 +0 2 ~ ~
(1J
co ON sic
<0 +...
b ( sq.i n.)
co ,
1 5
~~ : ~;
47 -- '---
1 8- . 5 0 .1 5 4 0 . 412 ~ J?40 0 .10 6 - 0 . 0 75 O _~ 0 . 301 0 . 298 0 . 0 03 0 . 00032
2 7 49 17 . 5 . 146 . 412 5 , e20 .1 02 -.0 72 . 326 . 2 5 4 . 249 . 005 . 00051
3 10 52 16 2 .31 . 133 . 4 12 6 , 2 50 . 09 6 - . 0 68 . 275 . 2 0 7 .19 9 . 008 . 00077
4 20 62 11 1. 94 . 092 . '±12 7, 450 . 0 86 -. 054 . 192 . 138 .112 . 02 6 . 0022
5 30 72 6 1. 67 . 050 . 4.12 2 , 640 .0 69 -. 042 . 1 55 . 113 . 073 . 0 40 . 0027 ~
I
I i
1-'-
6 42 84 0 1. 43 0 . '±12 10 , 090 . 059 - . 02 8 . 140 ____ 1l2 1 · ~= . OE3 . 0037 I ()Q
- .. __ I . ..
f-'
CN