k|zf;g ;'wf/ M l;4fGt, cEof; / k|j[lQ

ljifo k|j]z
k|zf;g /fHoOR5fnfO{ sfof{Gjog / ;+:yfut ug]{ ;+oGq ePsfn] o;sf] :j?k, ;+/rgf, z}nL /
:jefjdf kl/jt{gNofO{ /fHosf] k|efjsfl/tf lj:tf/ ug'{ k|zf;g ;'wf/ xf] eGg] ;fdfGo cy{
lgsfNg ;lsG5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] ljsf;sf p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] zlQm / k|efj
h;n] k|zf;lgs k|0ffnLsf] p2]Zo, ;+/rgf / sfo{ljlwnfO{ kl/jt{g ub{5 egL k|zf;g ;'wf/sf]
kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 . k|zf;g ;'wf/n] sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgdf ;''wf/, Joj:yfksLo sfo{ljlwdf ;'wf/,
;fª\u7lgs ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/ k|zf;sLo sfo{+;+:s[ltdf ;'wf/nfO{ hgfpFb5 . oL ;j}sf] p2]Zo
k|zf;lgs Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' xf] . k|zf;g ;'wf/ lg/Gt/, of]hgfj4 jfl~5t kl/jt{g Nofpg]
vfnsf] x'g] ub{5 . k|zf;gljb h]/fN8 O{=sfO{8]gn] k|lt/f]w lj?4 k|zf;glgs kl/jt{gsf nflu
s[ltd k|f]T;fxg -The artificial inducement of administrative reform against
resistance_ eg]/ o;sf] kl/efiff u/]sf 5g\ . rfx] h]xf]; k|zf;g ;'wf/n] k|0ffnLsf] p2]Zo,
cfsf/, ;+/rgf, sfo{ljlw / sfo{+;:s[ltdf lgof]lht kl/jt{g u/L /fli6«o nIo k|flKtsf] ljlzi6
k|lqmofnfO{ hgfpF5 .
k|zf;g ;'wf/n] k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf, ljlw / k|lqmofdf kl/jt{gsf] ck]Iff /fVb5 . k|zf;lgs
;+oGqdf lqmofzLn /xg] hgzlQmsf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ck]Iff ub{5 . k|zf;lgs Jojxf/ / dgf]j[lQdf
kl/jt{gsf] ck]Iff /fVb5 . lxhf]sf] k[i7e"lddf cfhsf] cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f / d"Nof+sg ub}{ efjL
uGtJo to ug]{ cfwf/ xf] ;'wf/sf] k|lqmof . To;}n] o;nfO{ l;+uf] k4ltsf] ;'wf/sf] ¿kdf lng'
kb{5 . k|zf;g ;'wf/n] hlxn] klg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;+nUg /xg] JolQm, ;d"x / ;+:yfsf
lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;'wf/sf] s]Gb|df /fv]sf] x'G5 . of] gjLgtf k|j4{g ug]{ / l;h{gzLntf clej[l4
ug]{ k|of; xf].
;dsfnLg kl/j]zdf ljsl;t ePsf gJfLg d"No dfGotfnfO{ c+lusf/ ug{sf nflu ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf] ;+/rgf, Jofj:fflos bIftf, sfo{;Dkfbg ckgfOg] ljlw / k|lqmof Pjd\ Jojxf/df
;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf kb{5 . o;sf] cu|efudf gLltut kl/jt{g /x]sf] x'G5 . of] kl/jt{gnfO{
cfTd;ft ug]{ lg/Gt/ k|lqmof xf]. t/ uGtJo xf]Og, uGtJodf k'Ug] dfWod dfq xf]. To;}n] k|zf;g
;'wf/n] ;du| zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ nf]stGqLs/0f ug]{, gful/sd}qL zf;g Joj:yf :yfkgf ug]{,
gful/ssf cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] hu]gf{ ug]{, ;+ljwfgjfbsf dfGotfn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf
ljifonfO{ Jojxf/df ¿kfGt/0f ug]{, cGt/–k':tfut ;dtf -Inter-generational equity) sfod
ug]{ / kof{j/0fdf ;Gt'ng NofO{ bLuf] ljsf; ug]{ h:tf ljifo ;d]6]sf] x'g'kb{5 .

k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] dfu

k|zf;g /fhg}lts k|0ffnLaf6 lglb{i6 /xg] ub{5 . of] p;sf] df}lns :jefj / jfWotf b'j} xf] .
To;}n] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] dfu k|fotM /fhg}lts k|0ffnLdfkm{t cfpg] ub{5 . k|zf;g ;'wf/ /fhg}lts
OR5fdf dfq lge{/ /xg] / ;j}h;f] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf cfof]ux? /fhg}lts g]t[Tjn] dxz'; u/]kl5
u7g ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . t/ /fhg}lts k|0ffnLn] TolQs} k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] dfu u/]sf] eg] x'b}g .
o;sf kl5 c? w]/} sf/0f x'g;Qm5g\, s]jn dfWoddfq /fhgLlt aGg] ub{5 . ;fdfGotM k|zf;g
;'wf/sf] dfu l;h{gf oL kIfaf6 x'g] ub{5 M
 k|zf;glgs sfo{k|0ffnLk|lt ;j{;fwf/0fsf] c;Gt'li6
 k|ljlw kl/jt{g
 ljZjJofkLs/0f / ;fdflhs ;~hfnL/s0f
 ;j{;fwf/0gsf] kl/jt{gk|ltsf] rfxgf
 zf;sLo bz{gdf cfpg] kl/jt{g

1
  sd{rf/L of]ubfgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ;zlQms/0f ug{
 ljQLo em6\sf / kl/jt{g
 cGt/fli6«o ;xof]usf] k|efj
 lghLIf]qsf] bIftf / z}nL k|Tof/f]kg
 ;/sf/ / ;j{;fwf/0faLr ;DaGw ;'wf/ ug{
 k|fl1s vf]h /
 /fhg}lts g]t[Tjsf] rfxgf .

o;y{ k|zf;g ;'wf/ Pull / push factor sf cfwf/df x'g] u/]sf] 5 . cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fn]
k|lt:kwf{ a9fpg of]ubfg u¥of] . o;sf] k|efj k|zf;gdf klg kg{ uPsf] 5 . h:tf] ls gofF
;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgdfkm{t ;fwgsf] bIftf / u|fxs ;Gt'li6sf] lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{;"rL tof/ ePsf]
5 . k|ljlw kl/jt{gn] k|fljlws cu|;/tfsf] bafa k|zf;lgs sfo{k|0ffnLdfly kg{uof] .
k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] If]q
;du| k|zf;lgs k|0ffnL ;'wf/ ug{' k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] nIo xf] . t/ ;'wf/sf If]qx? :yfg /
kl/l:ylt ljz]ifLs[t x'g ;S5g . ;fdfGot M k|zf;g ;'wf/ eGg] ljlQs} oL If]qdf ;'w f/ eGg]
jlemG5 M
 sfo{df ;'wf/ M ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / lghLs/0f -Reform of the function : Decentralization &
privatization_ M k|zf;gn] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ k|zf;g ;'wf/ ug]{ ul/G5
. /fHosf] e"ldsf kl/jt{g / nf]stfGqLs/0fsf] lj:tf/n] sfddf ;'wf/ eGg] ljlQs}
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / lghLs/0f tkm{sf] cled'vLs/0fnfO{ a'emfpb5 .
 o ;ª\u7gdf ;'wf/ M ljz]if1tf / ;dGjodf ;'wf/ -Reform of the organization, reform
of the control & coordination with super national level_ M k|zf;lgs ;ª\u7gsf] Pp6f
/f]u o;sf] csd0o{tf klg xf] . To;}n] ;ª\u7gnfO{ sfo{d"ns agfpg], ljz]if1ftfsf]
ljsf;sf] pkfo vf]hL ug]{ / sfo{k|0ffnLnfO{ ;dGjLt agfpg' klg k|zf;g ;'wf/sf]
sfo{If]q aGg] u/]sf] 5 .
 o sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf ;'wf/ M ;fj{hlgs sd{rf/Lsf] lghLs/0f / pRrtxsf] k|zf;g
;'wf/ -Reform of the personnel privatization of public employment and reform of
the high level bureaucracy_ M sd{rf/L k|zf;g cGtu{t sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL
gLlt tyf sfo{k|0ffnL kb{5g\ . sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{ sd{rf/LtGqLo aGgaf6 /f]Sg /
lghLIf]qsf /fd|f z}nLnfO{ k|Tof/f]k0f ug{ oL kIfdf hf]8 lbg' klg k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] csf]{
sfo{If]q xf] .
 sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/
 sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgdf nrstf
 p2]Zo / glthf cled'vLs/0f
 k|lt:kwL{ / Ifdtfjfg sd{rf/L cfsif{0f
 ;+Vof / nfut 36fpg] .
o ah]6 Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ M vr{ s6f}tL / lgoGq0fsf] ;fwgeGbf Superbudgeting sf]
cjwf/0ff -Reform of the budgeting : from the as a means of spending containment
super budgeting_ M k/Dk/fut cy{df ah]6nfO{ vr{ lgoGq0fsf] cf}hf/sf ?kdf dfq lng]
ul/GYof] . cj ah]6dfkm{t g} k|zf;g ;'wf/ -Govenance ;'wf/_ ug]{ /0fgLlt lng yflnPsf] 5
. ah]6 Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ cGtu{t oL b'O{ kIfdf Wofg lbg yflnPsf] 5 .
 ah]6nfO{ k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] dfWodsf ?kdf ckgfpg] .

2
  ah]6nfO{ political economy sf] ;fwgsf] ?kdf ckgfpg] .
o lgoGq0f ;+oGqdf ;'wf/ M k|efjsf] d"Nof+sg / gful/s a8fkq -Reform of the
instrument of control : evaluation of outcome & citizen charter_ M k|zf;g ;'wf/sf]
dxTjk"0f{ sfo{If]qsf ?kdf hjfkmb]lxtfsf] :j?k / ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g klg Ps xf] . k/Dk/fut
cy{df k|zf;gsf] ;kmntf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] lgoGq0fdf lyof] eg] cj pknlJw / hjfkmb]lxtfsf]
dfu a9]sf] 5 . ;]jfu|fxLx?df dfu Ifdtfsf] lj:tf/ ePsfn] ;/sf/ pQ/bfoL aGg jfWo ePsf]
5 . k|ToIfpQ/bfloTjsf nflu ;]jf a8fkq hf/L ug]{ / sfo{qmdsf] d"Nofª\sg;Dd ;]jfu|fxLnfO{
;+nUg u/fpg] k|rng a9]sf] 5 .
o sfo{k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ M sfg"g / gLltdf ;/nLs/0f -Reform of the procedures, law &
policy_ M k|zf;g hgtfsf] kx"Fraf6 6f9f /xg'df sd{rf/LtGqLo sfo{ljlw klg k|d'v xf] . elgG5,
sd{rf/Ln] v]nsf] lgoddf olt Wofg lbG5 ls v]n lhTg g} e'Ng] ub{5 . p2]Zo t v]n lhTg' xf]
. o;y{ sfo{ljlw / gLltsf] ;/nLs/0f ug'{ k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] csf]{ sfo{If]q xf] . sfo{ljlw ;'wf/sf
If]qx? oL kIfdf s]Gb|Lt /xb} cfPsf 5g\ M
 sfo{ljlwLsf] ;/nLs/0f / ;+If]kLs/0f
 k|zf;lgs sfo{ljlwsf] ljB'tLo clen]v
 ljB'tLo k|flKt k|lqmof
 ;"rgf tyf k[i7kf]if0f ;++/rgfdf ;'wf/ .
o glthftkm{sf] cledvLs/0f M cfjfh k|0ffnL / ;xefuLtfdf lj:tf/ -Performance
orientation & Voice system_ M k/Dk/fut k|zf;gdf /x]sf] sfo{ljlw cled'vLs/0fnfO{ glthf
s]Gb|Lt agfpg] / lzsfot tyf cfhfj k|0ffnL lj:tf/ u/L hjfkmb]lxtf lj:tf/ug]{ sfo{ k|zf;g
;'wf/sf] csf]{ If]q xf] . gJj]sf] bzsb]lv o; kIfdf a9L g} dxTj lbg yflnPsf] 5 .

k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|j[lQ, kfq / k|j]z ljGb'sf cfwf/df ;du| ;'wf/ k|j[lQnfO{ k':tfut
?kdf o;/L pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
s_ klxnf] k':tf M ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] lgoGq0f / ;+oGqsf] Ifdtf lj:tf/ .
v_ bf];|f] k':tf M ;]jf :t/ / gful/s ;DaGw lj:tf/ .

;'wf/sf] klxnf] nx/ M klxnf] k':tfsf ;'wf/sf sfo{;"rL oL kIfdf s]Gb|Lt lyof] M

 5l/tf] ;/sf/ -Less Government_ M ;/sf/sf] sfo{cfotg 36fO{ ;/sf/eGbf jflx/sf
kfq kl/rfng ubf{ ;/sf/dfq 5l/tf] x'g] xf]Og ls on] k|efjsf/L ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff klg
ljsf; ub{5 eGg] dfGotfsf ;fy ;/sf/nfO{ 5l/tf] agfpg] j}rfl/s bz{gn] o; k':tfsf] ;'wf/
Ph]08fnfO{ k|efljt kf/]sf] lyof] h;cGtu{t oL b'O{ /0fgLlt clVtof/ ul/of] .
 5flgPsf lqmofsnfkdf dfq ;/sf/sf] ;+nUgtf sfod /fVg] /0fgLltsf] cjnDjg .
 sNof0fsf/L sfo{sf] Joj:yLs/0f / Jofkfl/s sfo{sf] lghLs/0f .

 k'g;+/rgf -Right sizing/downsizing_ M c;Lsf] bzsaf6 ;/sf/L ;+oGqnfO{ k'g;+/rgf
u/L sfo{d"ns agfpg] /0fgLltsf] cjnDjg ul/of] . dGqfno÷ljefu÷sfof{no 36fpg], sfdnfO{
Joj:yLs/0f ug]{, cjsfz of]hgf Nofpg] sfo{n] o; ;dodf dxTj kfP . Sofgf8fn] dfq tLg
jif{df $% xhf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ cfjsfz of]hgf cGtu{t ;]jfaf6 ljbf lbO{ b/jGbL 36fof] .
lkmgNof08n] ( xfhf/ sd{rf/L s6f}tL dfq u/]g, sl/j Psnfv hlt sd{rf/L ;+:yfg
lghLs/0f;fy lghLIf]qdf x:tfGt/0f ;d]t u¥of] . GohLNof08n] sd{rf/L ;+VofnfO{ #@ xhf/df
emf¥of] . lkmlnlkG;, l;+ufk'/, ci6«]lnof nufotsf d'n'sdf sd{rf/L s6f}tLsf] xf]8 g} rn]sf]

3
lyof] . g]kfndf klg :j}lR5s cjsfz of]hgf / b/jGbL lk|mhsf sf/0f sl/j % hxf/ b/aGbL
vf/]h ul/of] . of] qmd clxn] klg hf/L 5 . ut jif{dfq sl/j !) xhf/nfO{ nIo u/L :j}lR5s
cjsfz of]hgf NofOof] t/ sl/j %$)) sd{rf/L dfq of]hgfdf ;lDdlnt eP .

 bIf ;/sf/ -More efficient Government_ M ;/sf/sf] cfsf/ l5/f]n]/ jf ;+/rgfnfO{
k'gjf]{w u/]/ dfq ;'wf/n] ck]lIft cj:yf kfpg ;Qm}g . ;'wf/sf k|of;x? sfo{pknlJwdf ;'wf/
ug{ s]Gb|Lt x'g'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fVg yflnof] . o;y{ k|efjsf/L ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ckgfpg]
qmddf oL /0fgLltdf k|d'vtf lbOof] M
 ;/sf/L x:tIf]k / ;+nUgtfsf] ;dLIff .
 pknlJw s/f/ / ;]jf s/f/sf] cjnDjg .
 Joj:yfkgnfO{ sfo{:jfoQtf -Letting manager manage_
 k|zf;lgs lgu/fgL / lgoGq0fdf ;lqmotf .
 sd{rf/L Jokj:yfkgdf kbju{L{s/0f nufot gof k|ljlwsf] k|of]u .
 lgIf]lkt Joj:yfkg . sfo{;Dkfbg Joj:yfkg .

;'wf/sf] bf];|f] nx/ M k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] bf];|f] nx/n] s]jn ;+/rgfut kIfdf Wofg glbO{
k|zf;gsf] p2]Zout k'gjf]{wnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ k'Uof] h'g Reinventing Governemnt sf] k|efj
lyof] eGg ;lsG5 . To;}n] o; k':tfdf ;]jfsf] :t/ / gful/s ;DaGwsf kIfdf ljz]if Wofg
lbOof] gls ;+oGqsf] Ifdtf / ;+/rgf ;'b[9Ls/0fdf . o;sf] ;}4flGts k[i7e"ldsf ?kdf oL tLg
kIf k|dv lyP h;n] o; k':tfsf] ;'wf/ cjwf/0ff ljsf; ug{ cfwf/ lbPsf lyP M
– ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfPsf] nuftf/sf] kl/jt{g -h;n] gful/sx?nfO{ ;';"lrt u/L
l56f]5l/tf] / :t/Lo ;]jfsf] ck]Iff a9fof]_ .
– lgj}{olQmtfsf] k|j[lQ -h;n] gful/sx? a9L JolQmut / hl6n 5g\ eGg] k'li6
u¥of] .
– s/k|ltsf] ;+j]bgzLntf -h;n] Best service less cost sf] efjgf a9fof]_ .
– lzIffsf] lj:tf/ h;n] dfgj dlit:ssf] lIflth km/flsnf] agfof] .

;'wf/sf] o; nx/df k|d'vt oL /0fgLltx? clVtof/ ul/P M

o hgtfsf] ghLs k'Ug] ult -Moving Closer to people_

 k/blz{tfsf] k|j{4g
 u|fxs ;Gt'li6sf] lj:tf/
 k|zf;lgs ;]jfsf] kxF"r lj:tf/
 ;xefuLtfsf ;j} dfWodx?sf] lj:tf/ .

o hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f -Enhancing Accountability_

 lghLIf]qsf] cled'vLs/0f
 ahf/Ls/0f / c4{jfh/Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ff cjnDjg
 Jofjxfl/s kxrsf] lj:tf/
 ljs]Gb|Ls/0f
 ;xefuLtfsf] lj:t[tLs/0f
 gful/s a8fkq
 ;fj{hlgs ;Djfb / ;'g'jfO{sf] Joj:yf .

4
k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;kmntf c;kmntfsf lgwf{/s zt{x?
k|zf;g ;'wf/ h6Ln, pRr ;tst{tf rflxg] lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf] . k|ltj]bg lnb}df jf
cg's/0f u/]/ ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;lsb}g . o;nfO{ 36gfsf] ?kdf dfq lnOg' klg x'b}g . k|zf;g
;'wf/ ;kmn jf c;kmn lsg x'G5 eGg] ;Gbe{df oL kIfx? lgwf{/s aGg] ub{5g\M
– /fhg}lts ljsf;sf] :t/
– ;'wf/sf sf/sx?sf] zlQm ;+/rgf / b[9tfsf] :t/
– ;'wf/ k|lqmofsf] agf]6 -;xefuLtfd"ns 5 ls kb;f]kfgo'Qm 5 <_
– sd{rf/LtGqsf] rl/q -sd{rf/LtGq slQsf] ;+:yfut / k|0ffnLj4 5 <_
Jofj;flostfsf] :t/ / cu|;/tf
– ;'wf/sf] :jfdLTj
– ;'wf/sf nflu g]t[Tj lng] s]Gb|Lo k|zf;g lgsfosf] Ifdtf / b[9tfsf] :t/
– ;'wf/ k|lqmofsf] ult kS8fO{
– ;'wf/ sfo{nfO{ cGo gLlt / sfo{qmdsf] ;dy{g
– ;'wf/ k|lqmofdf sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOPsf] dxTj
– ;'wf/k|lt hg;dy{gsf] :t/ .
k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;/sf/sf/sf] k|zf;lgs Ifdtf lj:tf/sf nflu ul/G5 . t/ To:tf] Ifdtf ;/sf/
:jod\ ;Ifd, k|efjsf/L, OdfGbf/ / pQ/bfoL ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq kfpg ;lsG5 . To;}n]
;'wf/nfO{ lglb{i6 ug{ / g]t[Tj Ifdtf klxnf] zt{sf ?kdf /xG5 . g]kfndf k|zf;g ;'wf/n] ck]lIft
ult klS8g g;Sg'df jf :jLsf/ ul/Psf ;'wf/sf l;kmfl/zx? ;dodf sfof{Gjog ug{ g;lsg'df
klxn]f kIf /fhg}lts g]t[Tjsf] OR5fzlQm / To;kl5 dfq cGo kIf lhDd]jf/ 5g\ eGg ;lsG5 .

g]kfndf k|zf;g ;'wf/

sl/j cfwf ztfJbLsf] Oltxf;df g]kfndf ljleGg ;dodf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf dxTjfsf+IfL k|of;x?
ePsf 5g\ . ;/b/ k|To]s bzsdf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] dxTjfsf+IfL of]hgfsf ;fy pRr:t/Lo cfof]u
agfpg] / ;'emfjx? lng] sfo{ ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . lbOPsf ;'emfjx?nfO{ sfof{Gjog klg ul/Psf]
5 . tnsf] tflnsfaf6 k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu ljleGg ;dodf lnOPsf l;kmfl/; / ltgsf]
sfof{Gjog t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 M
k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf gfd lbOPsf k"/f sfof{Gjog cf+lzs sfof{Gjog sfof{Gjog
;'emfjx?sf] ;+Vof ePsf] ;+Vof ePsf} ;+Vof gePsf] ;+Vof
j'r sldzg @))( !@ @ – !)
cfrfo{ cfof]u @)!# !% !# – @
emf cfof]u @)@% #* * !! !(
Yffkf cfof]u @)#@÷## !& $ % *
sf]O/fnf cfof]u @)$* @# @ !! !)
Zff;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd @)^! ^( @ @^ $!
hDDff k|fKt ;'emfj !^$ #! %# *)

5
s] xf] k|zf;g ;'wf/ M
;fdfGotM eGbf k|zf;lgs k|0ffnLsf] ;+u7gfTds 9fFrf -;+/rgf_, sfo{ljlw -k|lqmof_, Jojxf/ /
dgf]j[lQ h:tf kIfdf u'0ffTdstf clej[l4 ug{', ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg' k|zf;g ;'wf/ xf] .
of] of}6f ;[hgfTds / gjk|jt{gfTds sfd xf] . k|zf;lgs ;'wf/ of}6f qmflGt g} t xf]Og t/
qmflGtsf sltko rl/q / ljz]iftfx¿ o;n] ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . k|zf;g ;'wf/sf zf:qLo 1ftf u]/fN8
O=sfO8]g k|zf;g ;'wf/nfO{ …kl/jt{g -;'wf/_ lj/f]wL tTjx¿lj?4sf] k|zf;lgs ¿kfGt/0fsf] of}6f
s[lqd clek|]/0ff dfG5g\ .Ú pgsf] egfOdf of] of}6f ;'ljrfl/t, k"j{ lgof]lht, / gjk|jt{gfTds
k|lqmof xf] . To:t} 8]n] cf]nf]j' eG5g\ …lghfdtL ;]jf ;'wf/sf] p2]Zo ;dfhsf kl/jt{gzLn
cfjZostf / dfux¿l;t h'Wg ;Ifd t'Nofpg k|zf;gnfO{ k'g?HhLljt -Revitalize_ ug{] sfo{
xf] .Ú To;}u/L Ps hgf csf{ ljåfg\n] eg]sf 5g\ OR5fOPsf] l:ylt / ljBdfg l:yltaLrsf]
cGt/fn k"lt{ ug{] k|of;:j¿k ;/sf/sf] ;+oGqdf ul/g] of}6f clek|]/0ffTds kl/jt{g g} k|zf;g
;'wf/ xf] . h;n] h;/L cYof{P klg k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] r'/f] eg]sf] k|zf;gsf] Ifdtf -Capability_
psf:g] / ltvfg{] g} xf] .

k|zf;g ;'wf/n] d'VotM b'O{ kIfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg hf]8 lbG5 M ;+/rgfTds -6]lSgsn_ kIf /
k|lqmofut -cfr/0f_ kIf . o;nfO{ csf{] zAbdf eGbf xf8{j]o/ l/kmd{ / ;ˆ6j]o/ l/kmd{ klg
elgG5 . o;df klxnf]n] ;+u7gfTds 9fFrfnfO{ 36fpg], a9fpg], kb, tx jf z[+vnfx¿ yKg],
lemSg], ah]6 36fpg] jf a9fpg] h:tf aflx/L s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbG5 eg] bf];|f]n] ;+u7gleqsf]
sfo{z}nL, sd{rf/Lsf] Jojxf/, dgf]j[lQ, ;f]rfO kl/jt{g h:tf leqL kIfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 .
;'wf/sf] ;du|tf / ;kmntf b'j}sf] ;Gt'ngdf lge{/ ub{5 . t/ g]kfnsf] ;'wf/sf] k|;ËnfO{
sf]6\ofpg] xf] eg] ljutsf k|zf;g ;'wf/ xf8{j]o/ l/kmd{d} a9L cNem]sf] b]lvG5 . dGqfno jf
ljefusf] hf]8 36fp / sfo{If]qsf] afF8kmfF8 h:tf ;'wf/sf aflx/L kIfd} xfd|f ;'wf/sf clwsf+z
zlQm / ;|f]t vlr{Psf 5g\ . ;;{tL{ x]bf{ k|zf;g ;'wf/n] ;d]6\g] If]q tLgj6f b]lvG5g\– ;+/rgf,
sfo{ljlw / sd{rf/L . t;y{ cjsf] k|zf;g ;'wf/n] oL tLgj6} kIfnfO{ ;Gt'lnt 9Ën] ;Daf]wg
ug{] u/L cl3 a9\g' h¿/L b]lvG5 .

k|zf;g ;'wf/ Ps nx8 jf ;Gsfxfd'vL sfo{ xf]Og . of] t of}6f ;'lgof]lht, ;'ljrfl/t /
nIof]Gd'v sfo{ xf] . of] k|zf;gdf lglZrt d"No, dfGotf, k4lt / ;+:sf/nfO{ leq\ofpg], pdfg{]
cEof; xf] . of] of}6f ;'ljrfl/t / ;'lgof]lht 9+un] ul/g] x:tIf]k xf] h;sf] k5fl8 lglZrt
p2]Zo / nIo x'G5 . oL p2]Zo / nIo d'n'ssf] /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs kof{j/0f / cGo kfl/l:ylts
s'/fn] lgSof}{n u5{g\ . k|zf;g ;'wf/ :jo+df ;fWo geO{ ;fwg dfq xf] . ;fWo t sd{rf/Lsf]
cfr/0f / Jojxf/df ;'wf/, hgtfsf] ;Gt'li6, ;]jfk|jfxdf u'0f:t/ clej[l4, ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt,
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f / b]zsf] tLa| ¿kfGt/0f cflb x'g\ . k|zf;g ;'wf/ lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf]
. jftfj/0fdf Pskl5 csf{] u/L cfpg] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;fdgf ug{ k|zf;g oGqnfO{ xltof/df ;fg
nufPem}F ;w}F r':t / b'?:t /fVg'k5{ . ;dosf] k|jfx;Fu} k|zf;g ;+oGqnfO{ ultzLn agfpg /
o;sf] Ifdtf / lgk'0ftf clej[l4 ug{ k|zf;g ;'wf/ clgjfo{ x'G5 . xfnsf lbgdf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf]


Administrative reform is an artificial inducement of administrative transformation against
resistance.
 A deliberate, contrived, irreversible and innovative process.
 The aim of civil service reform is the revitalization of civil service in order to enable it to cope
with changing needs of the society.

An induced change in the machinery of government in an effort to bridge a gap between reality
and desirability.

6
ljz]if hf]8 k|zf;gsf] hjfkmb]lxtf, pQ/bfloTj, kf/blz{tf clej[l4 ug{] / k|zf;lgs sfd
sf/jfxLdf gful/s ;xeflutf a9fpg] h:tf ljifodf s]lGb|t ePsf] kfOG5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df eGbf k|zf;g ;'wf/ cleofgnfO{ ;kmn / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg lgDg s'/fx¿df
hf]8 lbg' cfjZos b]lvG5–
 ;'wf/sf Ph]08fx¿ ljb]zL bafa, ;'emfj / ljb]zL k|ltj]bgdf cfwfl/t eO{ to ug{]
eGbf xfd|f] cfjZostf / xfdLn] ef]u]sf oyfy{tfaLraf6 lglZrt ul/g'kg{] .
 ;'wf/ sfo{df ;DalGwt ;a} -sd{rf/L, /fhgLlts bn, gful/s ;dfh, sd{rf/L o'lgog
cflb_ sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf / ckgTj ;'lglZrt ul/g'kg{] .
 k|zf;g ;'wf/ sfo{df b]zsf] pRr /fhg}lts tyf sfo{sfl/0fL txdf k|lta4tf a9fpg'
kg{] tyf ;'wf/ sfo{nfO{ pgLx?sf] k|fyldstfdf kfg{'kg{] .
 /fHo, gful/s ;dfh / sd{rf/L ;+oGqaLr ;fem]bf/L a9fpg] / ;xeflutfd"ns
sfo{ljlwsf] cjnDag ul/g'kg{] .
 Ps} em6\sfdf ;a} If]qdf ;'wf/ ug{] dxTjsf+IfL of]hgfsf] ;§f qmlds t/ lg/Gt/
;'wf/sf] cleofgnfO{ cl3 a9fpg'kg{] .
 ;'wf/ sfo{nfO{ kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfoLk"0f{ agfO{ ;~rfng ug{ ;'wf/ sfo{sf] ;':ki6
;~rfng /0fgLlt tof/ ul/g'kg{] .
 ;'wf/ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/ / :jtM;~rflnt x'g] u/L ;+:yfut ¿k lbO{ :yfloTj k|bfg
ul/g'kg{] .
 sd{rf/L ;+oGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L sfof{Gjog Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g'kg{] .
 ;'wf/ sfo{df ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ljz]if k|f]T;fxg eQf, tyf bIftf clej[l4 ;DaGwL
tflnd cflb k|bfg ul/g'kg{] .
 ;'wf/sf nflu kof{Kt ;fwg;|f]t -ef}lts tyf dfgj;+;fwg_ h'6fpg'kg{] tyf
sfof{Gjogsf] lglDt ;xh jftfj/0f tof/ ul/g'kg{] .
 ljleGg lgsfox?aLr ;dGjo lj:tf/ ul/g'kg{] .
 k|zf;g ;'wf/;DaGwL sfo{x¿sf] cfjlws ;dLIff, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg u/L
;dofg's"n gofF gofF /0fgLltx¿ sfof{Gjog ub{} hfg] .

s] xf] k|zf;lgs pko'Qmfsf/ -Administrative Right sizing_ <

/fHosf k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfnfO{ sfo{d"ns / d"Nojf]wL jgfO{ gful/s ;Gt'li6sf] ;'lglZrtLs/0f

ug]{ k|ls|of g} k|zf;lgs -;fË7lgs_ pko'Qmfsf/ xf] . pko'Qm cfsf/sf] dfWodjf6 ;Ë7gsf]
k|efjsfl/tf j9fpg] t/ nfut / k|ls|of 36fpg] /0fgLlt cjnDjg ul/G5 . k|zf;gsf] cfsf/
Tolt dfq cfjZos - / plrt_ xf] h;jf6 vf; ;Ë7gnfO{ lg/f]lkt sfo{ e"ldsf k"/f ug{
ljlgof]lht ;do, ;fwg, ;+/rgf, dfgj ;fwg tyf sfo{ljlwx? cTo'Qd -optimal_ jGg] ub{5g\
. s'g xb cTo'Qd jf cfbz{ xf] eGg] cfwf/ eg] nfutsf] Go"gLs/0f / gful/s ;Gt'li6sf] lj:tf/
xf] . To;}n] pko'Qmfsf/ ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ cy{zf:qLo bz{g k|of]u ug]{ ljlw xf] . lsgsL ;fË7lgs
pTs[i7tf -excellence_ Tolt v]/ dfq k|fKt x'G5 hj Ps;fy k|zf;lgs nfut 36L u|fxs ;Gt'li6
clws x'g k'Ub5 . Joj:yfksLo s'zntf gfKg] cfwf/ u|fxs ;Gt'li6 / nfut dfq xf] . o;y{
vf; sfdsf] ;Dkfbgsf] k|lt OsfO{ nfut, ;do / sfo{ljlwsf cfwf/df k|zf;gsf] cfsf/ lglZrt
ul/g' kb{5 . k|zf;gnfO{ l7Ss cfsf/df Nofpg] eg]sf] oxL g} xf] .
k|zf;lgs pko'Qmfsf/sf em08} kof{osf ?kdf lng] ul/Psf t/ km/s s]xL zJbfjnLnfO{ ;+lIfKt
?kdf tn pNn]v ul/G5M

7
!= k|zf;g ;'wf/ M k'g;+u7g, k'g;{+/rgf, k'g;+of]hg, sfo{ljlw ;/nLs/0f, sfo{ k|fyldsLs/0f,
k|zf;g–gful/s ;DjGw ljsf; nufotsf ;fj{hlgs If]q ;'wf/sf lj:t[t sfo{s|d k|zf;g ;'wf/
leq kb{5g\ . k|zf;gljb h]/fN8 sfO{8]gn] c;Lsf] bzs b]lv ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] sfo{;Dkfbg
;'wf/sf nflu ug{ yflnPsf] Jojl:yt k|of;nfO{ k|zf;g ;'wf/sf ?kdf lnPsf 5g\ -
Administrative reform is a induced systematic improvement of publish sector operational
performance and came of age in the 1980s : Caiden,!((!; Quoted by Alexis A. Halley-1995_ . o;y{
j[xb ?kdf eGbf ;fj{hlgs If]q ;'wf/sf ;j} sfo{x? -o;kl5 tn pNn]lvt ul/Psf_ k|zf;g
;'wf/ k|0ffnLsf pkk|0ffnL dfq x'g . k|zf;lgs pko'Qmfsf/ klg k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] Pp6f kf6f]
dfq xf] .
@= k'g;{+u7g÷k'g;+{/rgf -Reorganization/Restructuring_ M k|zf;gsf ;ß7gsf] kl/jQ{g
k'g;+{u7g xf] . sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] df}h'bf :j?k, lhDd]jf/L tyf clwsf/ ljt/0f k|ls|ofnfO{ kl/dfh{g
ug'{ ;Ë7g k'glgwf{/0fsf] k|ls|of xf] . o;sf k|fljlws, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts kIf -aspect_
x'g] ub{5 . t/ k'g;+{/rgfn] ;Ë7g vfsf / cu{gf]u|fd -Chart & Box_ kl/jt{g eGbf j9L ;fË7lgs
;jnLs/0fsf nflu ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] ljlgof]hg / pkof]u k|00fnL klg k'gjf]{w ug]{ cfzo /fVb5
. k'g;+{Ë7gn] g;d]6]sf kl/jt{g ;dfof]hgsf cfjZos kIfnfO{ k'g;+{of]hgn] ;3fpg] ub{5 . t/
Jojxf/df oL b'j}nfO{ ;dcyL{sf ?kdf lng] ul/b} cfPsf] 5 .
#= b/jGbL / cfsf/ 36fpg] sfo{ -Downsizing_ M ;fdfGot o;n] ljBdfg sd{rf/L ;+Vof /
;+u7gsf] km}nfj6nfO{ 36fpg] -scaling down of size and workforce reduction_nfO{ hgfpb5 .
o;sf] Jofks k|of]u c;Lsf] dGbL kl5 ljQLo ef/ wfGgsf nflu sd{rf/L s6f}tL ug]{ cleofgjf6
x'g yfn]sf] xf] . Downsizing nfO{ k'g;+{u7g / k'g;+{/rgfsf ljlwsf] ?kdf klg lng] ul/G5
. Downsizing ;7gsf sdbf/x?sf] k'glgwf{/0f u/L ;Ë7gnfO{ 5l/tf], sl;nf] / Jojl:yt jgfpg]
/0fgLlt klg xf] . ;/sf/sf] ljQLo ;fwgsf] bIftfk"j{s k|of]u ug]{ dfusf ;fy o;sf] dxTj
j9]sf] 5 .
$= l/Ol~hlgol/Ë -Reengineering_ M /fHo -k|zf;g_ n] cfkm\gf u|fxsnfO{ k'¥ofpg] ;]jfsf]
k|ls|ofnfO{ kl/jt{g u/L ;Ë7gnfO{ u|fxsd'vL jgfpg] sfo{ g} reengineering xf] . o;n]
sfo{;Dkfbg k|ls|of -business process_ nfO{ k'gkl/efiff / sfo{ljlw Go"gLs/0f u/L ;Ë7gnfO{
u|fxsd'vL jgfpg] ub{5 . gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff kl5 o;nfO{ j9L dxTj lbg
yflnPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ sfo{ljlw Joj:yfkg -process management_ jf k|ls|of k'glgwf{/0f -process
redesign_ klg eGg] ul/G5 . cfhef]ln sfo{ljlw Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw / u|fxs
;+nUgtfnfO{ ckgfpg yflnPsf] 5 .
%= ;Ë7gnfO{ l7s cfsf/df Nofpg] -Rightsizing_ M ;fË7lgs ;+/rgf eg]sf] ;+u7gsf] cf}krfl/s
vfsf dfq xf]Og g ls sd{rf/L ;+Vof, sfo{ / sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] k|ljlwsf] ;Lldt ?k . ;+Ë7g
pko'QmLs/0fn] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;Ë7gsf cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s tTjx? jLr cGt/ls|of
x'g ;Sg] cj:yfsf] jf]w u/fp5 . ;+u7gnfO{ pko'Qm cfsf/df Nofpg] eGgfn] sd{rf/L / sfdsf]
pko'Qm ;Gt'ng ug{] k|ls|of xf] h;df sd{rf/L s6f}tL, sfo{ k|fyldsLs/0f, vr{ lgoGq0f,
Joj:yfkg s'zntf, sfo{k|0ffnL ;'wf/ / sltko cj:yfdf sfd s} s6f}tL clg slxn] sfxL
;Ë7gsf] cfsf/ / b/jGbL j9fpg] sfo{ ;d]tnfO{ hgfp5 . o;sf] dttnj ;Ë7g ;|/rgf /
sfo{k|0ffnLnfO{ l5/f]Ng], Joj:yLk/s0f ug]{, sfo{ lgIf]k0f ug]{ / sfo{sf] k'gk|fyldsLs/0f ug]{
p2]Zon] g} ;+u7gnfO{ pko'Qm cfsf/df Nofpg] /0fgLlt ckgfOPsf] xf] . To;}n] ;/sf/sf] sfo{
If]q Pj+ e"ldsf;+u klg o;sf] k|ToIf ;DjGw /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ 5l/tf] ;Ë7g -Lean
Organization_, gljs/0f -Renewal_, k'gtfh{uLs/0f -Revitalization_,k'gcflj:sf/ -Reinvention_,
;+k"0f{ sfo{;Dkfbg -Total Organization Performance_ / ;fË7lgs k|f?k0f -Organizational

8
Design_ sf ;dcyL{sf ?kdf klg lng] ulG5 -Halley :1995_ . h;/L elgP klg o; cGtu{t
;Ë7g ;+/rgf / sfo{ k|0ffnLnfO{ To;/L k'gjf]{w ul/G5 h;n] pko'Qm dfqfdf ;fwg, ;|f]tsf]
pkof]u u/L gful/s ;Gt'li6sf] lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsof];, ;fË7lgs ;xefuL / p;sf ;]jfu|fxL jLr
lg/Gt/ cGt/ls|of x'g ;sf]; / ;Ë7g lg/Gt/ l;Sg] hLljt lgsfo -learning human
organization_ sf ?kdf :yflkt xf]; . o;n] slt sfo{If]q ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] cleef/fdf lbg] /
vf; sfd ug]{ pko'Qm lgsfo s'g x'g ;Qm5 eGg] ljifonfO{ ;d]t k|ToIf jf k/f]If ?kdf lgwf{/0f
ub{5 .
pNn]lvt jfx]s k'glj{rf/ -Rethnking_, sfo{;+s'rg -Decline_, sd{rf/L cjsfz -Layoffs_, tx
tyf >[+vnf 36fpg] sfo{ -Delayring_ / clgodg -Deregulation_ klg o:tf ljlwx? x'g h'g s'g}
g s'g} ?kdf ;+Ë7g ;+/rgf ;'wf/sf pkosf ?kdf k|of]udf cfO/x]sf 5g\ . oL ;j} ljlwsf] Pp6}
p2]Zo eg]sf] nfutsf] Go"gLs/0f, bIftfsf] lj:tf/, ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf, pBdzLntf / glthf
c;ed'vLs/0f dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ;+u7gsf] pQ/bfloTj lj:tf/ ug'{ xf] . o;sf] clGtd uGtJo
eg]sf] gful/s / p;sf ;+:yf jLr lg/Gt/ ;DjGw ;'wf/ xf] . o;}n] of] ;'zf;gsf] cf}hf/ xf]
eGg ;lsG5 .
;Ë7gnfO{ l7Ss cfsf/df Nofpg] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf k|d'v tl/sfx? ;fdfGotM oL x'gM
 sd{r/L ;+Vof s6f}tL
 sd{rf/L ;+Vof 36fpg] cGo tl/sf
 l/Qm kbdf egf{ glng]
 cltl/Qm ;do 36fpg]
 b/jGbL lk|mh ug]{
 tnj tyf ;'ljwf ;x'lnot j9fpg]
 :j}lR5s / j]tnjL ljbfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg
 b/jGbL ;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/L lgsfout ?kdf :yfoL sd{rf/L / c:yfoL sd{rf/L jf
;]jf s/f/jf6 sfd lng ;lsg] sfdsf] ls6fgL ug]{
 :j}lR5s cjsfznfO{ k|f]T;fxg . s;/L
 clgjfo{ cjsfz eGbf cl3 /flhgfdf
 cjsfz ;x'lnotsf] j[l4
 cfly{s ;xfotf
 cjsfz kl5 cGoq hflu/ -career transition/outplacement_ sf nflu ;xof]u
 efjgfTds ;Nnfx -emotional counseling_

 Joj:yfkgsf tx 36fpg]
 sfo{ ljj/0f lbg] / vf; sfo{sf nflu pQ/bfoL jgfpg]
 ?l6g k|s[ltsf sfddf ;DjlGwtnfO{ lhDd]jf/ jgfpg]
 cTofjZos ePdf jfx]s lg0f{odf cf}krfl/s /fo glng]
 8]:s k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{

 sfo{ef/ 36fpg] -load shedding_

o sfo{ x:tfGt/0fsf] dfWodjf6
 lghLs/0f u/]/
 ljs]Gb|Ls/0f u/]/
 ;]jfu|fxL shf{ k|Tofe"lt jf ef}r/ hf/L u/]/

9
  clgodg u/]/
o ;Ë7g kl/jt{gsf] dfWodjf6
 sfo{ nrstf lbg]
 ;;fgf sfo{ ;d"x v8f ug]{
 sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs lgwf{/0f ug]{
 glthf k|lt k|toIf hjfkmb]xL jgfpg]
o sfo{s|d 36fP/
 ;]jf tyf sfo{s|d g} jGb ug]{÷36fpg]
 ;]jf z'Ns lj:tf/ ug]{÷;]jfsf] ;Lldt jhf/Ls/0f ug]{

 sfo{d"ns k/LIf0f -performance audit_ ug]{

 sfd, sfo{If]q tyf ;Ë7gnfO{ ldnfg / ;dof]hg ug]{
 sfo{ ;Dkfbg k|ls|ofsf] lg/Gt/ d"NofÍg -business process reengineering_
 ;+k"0f{ u'0f Joj:yfkg ckgfpg]
 gful/s ;fem]bf/L / ;xsfo{ lj:tf/ ug]{
oL ljlw tyf tl/sf dWo] s'g} jf s]xLsf] k|of]u u/]/ k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfnfO{ pko'Qm jgpg ;lsG5
. k|zf;g ;'wf/sf cu|0fL /x]sf OECD sf d'n'sdf xf]; jf xªsË, l;+ufk'/ h:tf gjljsl;t
d'n'sx?, ;j}n] k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf tyf sfo{ k|0ffnLnfO{ k'g+{;+/lrt u/L glthfd'vL / nfut
k|efjL Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g leq k|j]z u/fPsf 5g\ .

10
 k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] ;}4flGts 1fg / g]kfndf
k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of;x?
jfnfgGb kf}8]n
cjwf/0ff M–
 ;'zf;gsf] pkfo, gofF k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, k|zf;lgs k|0ffnL Pjd\ ;+/rgf, k|lqmof,
Jojxf/, dgf]j[lQ / Org. Culture df Nofpg] ;'wf/sf] k|lqmof
 gjLgtf / ;'hgfTdstf (Innovation and creativity) x'G5 .
 ;/sf/sf] k|zf;lgs Ifdtf (Administrative Capability) j9fpg ul/G5 .
 k|zf;lgs qmflGt gePtfklg ;'wf/sf nflu qmflGtsf/L rl/q x'G5 .
 k|zf;gsf] ljBdfg cj:yfdf vf]h]sf] kl/jt{g g} k|zf;g ;'wf/ xf] .
 /fhgLlts tTj, kl/jt{g k|lt clgR5f / s[ltd k|j]z .
 k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/ eGgfn] qmldstf (Gradualism), pQ/f]Q/ kl/isf/
(Incrementalism), lg/Gt/tf (Continuity) / ;dfof]hg (Accommodation)
h:tf tTj cfjZos kb{5g\ .
ctM pk/f]Qm cjwf/0ffnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ Revolution and change sf] ljrsf] cj:yf
hgfpg] zAbMeGg] a'lemG5 .
t;y{ o;n] ;d]6\g] ljifoM–
Revolution – ;fdflhs k|lqmof,
Change – /fhg}lts k|zf;lgs k|flqmof
Reorganization – sfo{sf/L k|lqmof
Re–structuring –;+u7g ;+/rgf
"The artificial inducement of administrative transformation against
resistance" Gerald E. caiden
 lg/Gt/ k|lqmof (Change with continuity)
 Bridge a gap between reality and Desirability
k|zf;g ;'wf/sf stf{x?M–
 /fhgLlt1
 sd{rf/L
 o"lgogx?
 cg';GwfTds ;+u7gx?
 Think-tank
 Opinion Leaders
 Tax payer / ljZjljBfnosf k|f]km];/x?
 bft[ ;+:yf

11
  ljb]zL ;Nnfxfsf/sf ;'emfjx?
 ljleGg cGt/fli6«o ;+3 ;+u7gx?
 Private sector /Multinational Company / CEO
 Aggressive member / ;'wf/ rfxg] ju{, ;d'bfo / hgtf

k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf lsg <

 hgtfsf] j9\bf] cfzf cg'?k sfd ug{ h:t} ;'zf;g l;4 ug{,
 /fhg}lts ;xof]u k|fKt ug{,
 gofF lgod , sfg"g / values, norms nfu' ug{,
 k|zf;gnfO{ Institutionalize) ug{
 Bureaucracy sf] ax'cfodLs e"ldsf k'/f ug{
 k|zf;gnfO{ ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ / hgd'vL jgfpg
 jlnof] /fHo lgdf{0f ug{
 lghL If]q, NGO, INGO sf] cg'udg÷d"NofÍg j:t'lgi7 agfpg
 Tax sf] ;d'lrt / e/kbf]{ tj/n] k|of]u ePsf] hgtfnfO{ b]vfpg / l;4 ug{,
 ;bfrf/df a[l4 ug{,
 Jof6«L rfh{ h:t} xf] o;jf6 k'gtf{huL ldN5 .
k|zf;g ;'wf/sf sf/s tTjx?M–
 /fhgLlts sf/0f h:t} hgOR5f cg'?k sfd ug{ g;Sbf
 cfly{s sf/0f h:t} cltl/Qm Demand ;+u Tackle ug{ g;Sbf
 ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts sf/0f h:t} eljiosf dfux? cfs+ng ug{ g;Sbf
 hg;+Vof P+jd hfltut sf/0f h:t} gofF ;f]r / cjwf/0ff jf/] cgle1 x'bfF .
Gerald E. Caiden k|zf;g ;'wf/sf zf:qLo 1ftf x'g . pgsf ljrf/df k|zf;g
;'wf/sf] ;kmntf lgDg lnlvt ;ft s'/fx?df e/ kb{5 .
 Political commitment and consensus
 Institutional mechanism
 Realism and pragmatism
 Continuity and consistency
 Adaptability
 Thorough homework
 Implement ability

xfd|f] h:tf] b]zdf Implimentability cyf{t sfof{Gjog Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{ x'G5
h; leq M

12
  Adequate Homework & Research
 Proper planning with Budget allocation
 Realistic outlook with goal setting
 Correct diagnosis with community ownership
 Decentralization
 Conflict sd ug{
 u'gf;f]sf] ;d"lrt Joj:yfkg ug{
 cg'udg÷d"NofÍg / feed back Joj:yLt ug{
 e/kbf]{ / Joj:yLt system sf] ljsf; ug{
 Gender Balance / ;dfj]zL agfpg

Processes of Administrative Reforms :-

 Goal setting
 Determination
 Fixation of time
 Resource estimation
 Cost-benefit and feasibility study
 Support with Resources
 Full implementation
 follow up with agenda
 Feedback and evaluation
 Set good system

Techniques :-
 Commission
 O&M
 Think tank
 Committee
 Hire special person or group or export
 Changes small/small pieces
 Manage with demand

k|zf;gLs ;'wf/sf] gd"gf M–

 k"0f{ ;'wf/
 r/0fj4 (Incrementalism)
 ld>Lt vfnsf] -Mixed scanning)
 cj:yf cg';f/sf] j]Un} (Contingency approach)

13
g]kfnsf] ljleGg k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf] ;'emfjx?M
j'r sld;g M–
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cg'/f]wdf ef/t ;/sf/n] Pg=Pd= j'rsf] g]t[Tjdf k|zf;lgs ljz]if1x?sf]
;d"x g]kfn k7fPsf] lyof] . ljz]if ul/ ljBdfg ;/sf/L ;+/rgfsf] cWoog ul/ ;d'Rr
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+u7gfTds ;'wf/sf nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ / g]kfndf ef/t ;/sf/sf
tkm{jf6 s] slt / s:tf] clws[tx?sf] cfjZostf kg]{ xf] ;f] ;d]t lgSof}{n ug'{ kg]{ sfo{
If]q (Terms of Reference) lbOPsf] lyof] . @# h'g !((@ df k|:t't k|ltj]bgdf pNn]lvt
;'emfjx? dWo] lgDgfg';f/ sfof{Gjog ePsf] b]lvG5 .
-s_ dGqfnox? / ljefusf] ;+Vof !) sfod ug]{,
-v_ d'Vo ;lrj kb >[hgf,
-u_ xflh/L uf]Zjf/fsf] vf/]hL,
-3_ Goflos k|zf;g ;DjGwL sfo{ u[x dGqfnojf6 ;Dkfbg u/fpg],
-ª_ sd{rf/L 5gf}6 ;ldltsf] Joj:yf

k|zf;g ;'wf/ of]hgf cfof]u ;g\ !(%^

tTsflng k|wfgdGqLsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t o; cfof]un] w]/} /fd|f sfo{x?sf] yfngL u/]sf]
kfOG5 / of] ;ldltsf] k|of;s} kmn:j?k cfhsf] g]kfnL lghfdtL ;]jf km:6fpFb} uPsf] 5
/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsf;sf nflu sf];] 9'Ëf (Mile stone) ;fljt ePsf] 5 . o; cfof]usf
l;kmfl/;x? dWo] clwsf+z sfof{Gjog ePsf 5g\ h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .
-s_ ;+u7g / Joj:yf ;DjGwL sfof{nosf] :yfkgf,
-v_ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, lgodsf] tof/L,
-u_ ;lrjfnosf] sfo{ ljj/0f tof/ kfg]{,
-3_ ;j} txsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ tflndsf] Joj:yf,
-ª_ hg k|zf;g ;DjGwL / ;xfos :t/sf sd{rf/Lsf nflu k|lzIf0f s]Gb|sf] Joj:yf,
-r_ gofF tnjdfgsf] Joj:yf,
-5_ ah]6 th'{df ug]{, n]vf /fVg] / n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg] Joj:yf,
-h_ lhNnf / s]Gb|sf] ;+u7gsf] k'g;++/rgf,
-em_ lhNnf:t/Lo ;'b[l9s/0f sfo{qmd,
-`_ j8f xflsdsf] sfo{ ljj/0f tof/ kfg]{,
-6_ sd{rf/L 5gf}6 k|s[ofsf] lj:t[t tof/L .
j]bfgGb emf cfof]u !(^* -@)@%_ M–
emf cfof]unfO{ ljBdfg k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf] lj:t[t cWoog ul/ ;dosf] dfu cg'?k
lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ lgk'0f{, r':t / ;Ifd jgfpg] pkfox? ;lxtsf] ;'emfj dfu ul/Psf]
lyof] . @ dlxgfsf] cjlw leq k|ltj]bg tof/ kfl/Psf] / o;n] lghfdtL k|zf;gsf k|fo
;j} kIf ;d]6L lbPsf] ;'emfjx? dWo] yf]/} dfq nfu' ePsf lyP h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ sfo{;Dkfbg k|s[ofdf ;'wf/ Nofpg],
-v_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{ If]q lj:tf/ Pj+ ;'b[l9s/0f,
-u_ l/Qm kbsf] @% Ü;]jf leq}jf6 k"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf,
-3_ sd{rf/L cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] k|sfzg,
-ª_ j9'jfsf nflu h]i7tf eGbf of]Uotf k|0ffnL -Merit system ) df jl9 hf]8 lbg]
Joj:yf,
-r_ k|=lh=c=nfO{ zflGt ;'/Iffsf] lhDd]jf/L lbO{ lhNnf k+rfotsf] ;lrjsf] sfd
k+rfot ljsf; clwsf/Ljf6 u/fpg] Joj:yf,
14
 -5_ k|To]s dGqfnodf of]hgf OsfO{sf] :yfkgf .
e]if jxfb'/ yfkf cfof]u !(&%–&^ -@)#@_ M–
o; cfof]un] k|fo k"j{ cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx?nfO{ ;d]6L s]xL yk ;'emfjx? lbPsf]df
lgDgfg';f/ sfof{Gjog ePsf] lyof] .
-s_ of]hgf O{sfO{df /f=k=k|yd >]0fLsf clws[t /fVg] Joj:yf,
-v_ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldltsf] u7g,
-u_ k|To]s dGqfnon] sfo{;"rL -Operational Manual) tof/ kfg]{,
-3_ sd{rf/Lx?sf] tnjdfgdf j[l4,
-ª_ kbf]GgtL k|s[ofdf kl/jt{g,
-r_ :6fkm sn]hsf] :yfkgf .
k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u @)$* M–
d'n'sdf k|hftGqsf] k'gj{xfnL kZrft\ hgtfsf] cfsfFIffnfO{ ;Djf]wg ug'{ kg]{ bfloTj ;fy
tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL lul/hf k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] cWoIftfdf k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldltsf] u7g
eO{ o;n] d'Votof lgDgfg';f/ ;'emfjx? lbPsf] / tL ;'emfjx? dWo] s]xL sfof{Gjogdf
cfPsf] klg kfO{G5 .
;'emfjx? M–
 ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]q ;Lldt ug]{,
 hgtfdf k'¥ofOg] ;]jf al9 r':t,;/n / u'0f:to'Qm agfpg],
 k|zf;sLo ;+u7gx?nfO{ pko'Qm cfsf/df Nofpg],
 of]hgf / ljsf; k|s[ofnfO{ j9L k|efjsf/L agfpg],
 Plss[t lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{,
 sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;sf] j}1flgs / k|i6 Joj:yf,
 kbf]GgtL ;DjGwL l;4fGt,
 sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg k|s[ofnfO{ Jojl:yt t'Nofpg],
 lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt,
 lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgoddf ;dfj]z ug]{ ljifo,
 k|To]s kbsf] sfo{ ljj/0f tof/ kfg]{,
 cgfjZos sd{rf/lx? ;DjGwL ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg,
 ;/sf/L sfo{ k|0ffnL / sfo{ljlwdf ;/nLs/0f,
 ah]6, n]vf Joj:yf / lgsfout cfly{s lgod,
 ljs]Gb|Ls/0f,
 ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? ;DjGwL ljz]if Joj:yf,
 ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf tflnd / ljsf;,
 e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f,
 k|=d+=sf] sfof{nodf cg'udg OsfO{sf] Joj:yf .
zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd M–
b"/bzL{ ;f]r
15
glthfd'vL, hgd'vL / n}lËs ;dtfd"ns ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ .
p2]Zo -Objective_
;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgnfO{ sd vlr{nf], kf/bzL{, k|lt:kwf{Tds, sfo{d"ns, glthfd"ns,
hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ hgd'vL agfpg] .
k|fyldstfsf If]qx? ( Key Areas of GRP )
-s_ ;'wf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ ult k|bfg ug{ cfGtl/s ;+:yfut Ifdtf tyf g]t[Tj ljsf;,
-v_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfo{ bIftf clej[l4 ug]{,
-u_ zf;sLo ;'wf/ tyf e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg],
-3_ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;du| sfo{Ifdtf tyf pTk]|/0ff clej[l4,
-ª_ sfo{Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu ;DjlGwt dGqfnox?df pko'Qm ;+oG+qsf] ljsf; ug]{
o;jf6 Gender Balance / Inclusion df k|ofKt ;kmntf ldn]sf] 5 .

;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf sdLsdhf]/Lx? M–

 ;'wf/ k|s[of cl3 j9fpg >f]t / ;fwgsf] ckof{Kttf 5 .
 sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf ;+/rgfTds 9fFrf ;jn b]lvP tfklg o;sf] ;dGjosf] kIf
cToGt sdhf]/ b]lvPsf] 5 .
 k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu ul7t cfof]udf dof{bfqmdsf lx;fjn] pRr kb:y JolQmTj
/x]sf cfof]un] lbPsf ;'emfjx? jl9 sfof{Gjog ePsf] b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu
tTsflng k|wfgdGqLx? 4o 6+s k|;fb cfrfo{ / lul/hf k|;fb sf]O/fnfn] g]t[Tj ug'{
eO{ k|:t't ug'{ ePsf ;'emfjx? w]/} sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf 5g\ eg] dGqL:t/n] g]t[Tj
u/]sf cfof]usf k|ltj]bgn] sfof{Gjog r/0fdf jl9 dxTj kfpg ;s]gg\ . o;sf]
cltl/Qm /fhg}lts kl/jt{t kZrft cl3Nnf] ;/sf/n] cl3 ;f/]sf ;'wf/ k|s[ofn]
dxTj gkfpg] k|j[lt klg b]lvPsf] 5 .
 ;'emfjx? cToGt /fd|f ;'wf/fTds / dxTjsfFIfL lbOg] t/ sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos
kg]{ >f]t, ;fwg, hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkgsf ;fy} k|s[of ;d]t k|i6 kfl/ k|ltj]bg lbg]
kl/kf6Lsf] sdL 5 .
 k|zf;g ;'wf/ sfo{sf nflu k|fKt ;'emfjx?n] k|fo k|s[ofut / gLltut ljifon] jl9
k|fyldstf kfpg] u/]sf] / o;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+oGqsf] Ifdtf ljsf;,
;+/rgfTds ;'wf/, ljz]if1tfsf] ljsf; / >f]t ;fwgsf] pknJwtfsf ;DjGwdf
kof{Kt u[xsfo{sf] cefj b]lvPsf] 5 h;n] ubf{ sof{Gjogdf sl7gfO{ b]vf k/]sf] 5
.
 ;'wf/ k|s[ofnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg :yfoL k|s[ltsf] pQ/lwsf/L ;+:yfsf] cefj 5 .
g]kfndf Jojl:yt ul/Psf ;+:yfx? ;ldltsf] :j?kdf :yflkt eO{ k"0f{ ;do
k|zf;g ;'wf/sf kIfdf sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] l:yltsf] cefjnfO{ klg oyf;dodf ;'emfjx?
sfof{Gjog gx'gsf lhDd]jf/ kIfsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
 kl/jt{gnfO{ ;lhn} cfTd;ft gul/ oyfl:yltdf /xg] k|s[lt lghfdtL k|zf;gdf
xfjL 5
;'emfj sfof{Gjogsf] l:ylt M–

16
  OdfGbf/Lk"j{s sfof{Gjog gul/g],
 k|fKt ;'emfjx? g} 7f]; / k|zf;gnfO{ ultlzn agfpg ckof{Kt /x]sf],
 ;'emfj bf]xf]¥ofpg] k|j[lQ,
 ;'emfj / Social system ;+u ;dGjosf] cefj
 Resist j9L .

xfn b]lvPsf lj;+utLx? M–

 dfg;Lstf / sfo{z}nLdf k/Ljt{g 5}g,
 k|zf;gdf kl/jt{lzntf / ultlzntfsf] cefj,
 cg'Tkfbs sfddf clws ;do vlr{g],
 ;+u7gfTds Layout / ;+/rgfTds q'6L,
 ;Dks{, ;dGjo / ;xefuLtfdf sdL,
 sfuhL sf/jfxL Lengthy,
 cgfjZos uf]kgLotf h:t} j}7s÷sfo{bn÷;ldlt,
 sfd kG5fpg] k|j[lQ,
 n]vfk/LIf0f cbfnt nfu' x'g g;s]sf],
 Pay Commission :yfoL ?kdf lqmoflzn x'g g;s]sf],
 sfo{ ljj/0f nfu' x'g g;Sg',
 sfof{no k|d'vsf] cg'k:yLtdf sfd /f]sLg',
 k|lzIf0f Practical gx'g',
 /fhfgLlt / k|zf;g jLr tfnd]n gx'g' ,
 sfd ug]{ / gug]{ jLr k'/:sf/ / b08sf] Joj:yf k|i6 nfu' g'x'g',
 ;bfrf/ / nuglzntfdf sdL,
 ;j}sd{rf/LnfO{ Pp6} cfvfFjf6 x]g]{ k|j[lQ,
 /fd|f]÷g/fd|f] 5'§fpg k|of; gul/g] k|yf,
 sfdsf] hz cs}{n] kfpg] h:t} d"NofÍg a:t'lgi6 gx'g" .
lj;+ult x6fpg k|of; x'bfF x'b}+ klg lgDg ;d:of b]lvPsf] M–
 cfkm\gf] hjfkmb]xLtf gePsf] sfd sf/jfxLdf ;+nUg x'g] k|yf ljz]ift /fhg}lts
If]qjf6 obfsbf x'g] u/]sf] .
 ;'wf/x? clwsf+; k|of]ufTds,
 Xtf/ / clGtddf dfq sfo{ ug]{ k/Dk/f,
 ;b}j Pilot study sf] ?kdf cfpg",
 gofF ;+:yfsf] :yfkgfdf jl9 hf]8,

17
  klxn]sf ;'emfjsf] d"NofÍg gx'g',
 gofF ;'wf/ dfq vf]hLg' system j;fNg k|of; gug'{ ,
 gofF k|:tfjnfO{ c;kmn xf]OG5 sL eGg] 8/n] nfu' gul/g',
 k|of{Kt /0fgLlt ljgf g} nfu' ug{ vf]hLg',
 ;+:yfut ?kdf ;'wf/ nfu' gx'g],
 Cross cutting issue ePtfklg ;d"lxs jf]w gx'g' .
;sf/fTds kIf M–
 ut zfndf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnojf6 z'? ul/Psf lzIff, :jf:Yo / cfjf;
;DjGwL of]hgfn] ;du| sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]jn pRr kfg]{ x'+bf o;jf6 k|zf;gdf ;'wf/
cfpg] ck]Iff .
 dfgj ;+zfwg dGqfno ?kfGt/0f x'g] r/0f o;sf] csf]{ km8\sf]
xfd|f] kl/k]|Ifdf ljrf/0fLo ljifo M–
 Performance based Incentive system
 Result based system
 Challenged Fund
 MOU
 sfo{ ;Dkfbg s/f/,
 Change in thinking
 Change in behaviour
 Compliance with Result ….not process only
 Motivate higher office efficiency
 Prefer women education & development
 Create of revitalization
 Proposed solutions … not only discussion
 Best practice award
 Sharing unique practice
 Focusing the govt. areas
 focusing on MDGs
 Watch globalization
 Small is beautiful
 Do conference continious
 Do best what you think
 Do every work by yourself
 Job satisfaction & happiness
 ;DkGg sfo{sf] ;fj{hlgsLs/0f

18
k|zf;g ;'wf/sf ;d:ofx? M
1. Resistance

2. Personal interest Vs Institutional interest

3. Publicness

4. Free rider problem

5. Accountability gap

cGTodf
 I.T. Base work culture
 Responsive Government
 Autonomous Authority
 Informed citizen
 Honest &professional media
 Responsible with tax paying money
 proper utilization & good infrastructure development
 continuous discussion with stakeholder
 Privatization
 De-bureaucratization
 Re-organization
 Federalization
 Performance based incentive system

19