Vehicle Detection and Counting in Traffi PDF

Vehicle detection and counting in traffic video on highway
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
The result of the increase in vehicle traffic, many problems have appeared. For example,
traffic accidents, traffic congestion, traffic induced air pollution and so on. Traffic congestion has
been a significantly challenging problem. It has widely been realized that increases of
preliminary transportation infrastructure, more pavements, and widened road, have not been able
to relieve city congestion. As a result, many investigators have paid their attentions on intelligent
transportation system (ITS), such as predict the traffic flow on the basis of monitoring the
activities at traffic intersections for detecting congestions. To better understand traffic flow, an
increasing reliance on traffic surveillance is in a need for better vehicle detection at a wide-area.
Automatic detecting vehicles in video surveillance data is a very challenging problem in
computer vision with important practical applications, such as traffic analysis and security.
Vehicle detection and counting is important in computing traffic congestion on highways.

The main goal Vehicle detection and counting in traffic video project is to develop
methodology for automatic vehicle detection and its counting on highways. A system has been
developed to detect and count dynamic vehicles efficiently. Intelligent visual surveillance for
road vehicles is a key component for developing autonomous intelligent transportation systems.
The entropy mask method does not require any prior knowledge of road feature extraction on
static images. Detecting and Tracking vehicles in surveillance video which uses segmentation
with initial background subtraction using morphological operator to determine salient regions in
a sequence of video frames. Edges are be counting which shows how many areas are of
particular size then particular to car areas is locate the points and counting the vehicles in the
domain of traffic monitoring over highways.
Automatic detecting and tracking vehicles in video surveillance data is a very challenging
problem in computer vision with important practical applications, such as traffic analysis and
security. Video cameras are a relatively inexpensive surveillance tool. Manually reviewing the
large amount of data they generate is often impractical. Thus, algorithms for analyzing video
Dept. of CS&E Page 1

which require little or no human input is a good solution. Video surveillance systems are focused
on background modeling, moving vehicle classification and tracking. The increasing availability
of video sensors and high performance video processing hardware opens up exciting possibilities
for tackling many video understanding problems, among which vehicle tracking and target
classification are very important. A vehicle tracking and classification system is described as one
that can categorize moving vehicles and further classifies the vehicles into various classes.
Traffic management and information systems depend mainly on sensors for estimating
the traffic parameters. In addition to vehicle counts, a much larger set of traffic parameters like
vehicle classifications, lane changes, etc., can be computed. Vehicle detection and counting uses
a single camera mounted usually on a pole or other tall structure, looking down on the traffic
scene. The system requires only the camera calibration parameters and direction of traffic for
initialization. Two common themes associated with tracking traffic movement and recognizing
accident information from real time video sequences are
 The video information must be segmented and turned into vehicles.

 The behavior of these vehicles are monitored (they are tracked) for immediate
decision making purposes.
1.1 Problem Definition

Current approaches of monitoring traffic include manual counting of vehicles, or counting
vehicles using magnetic loops on the road. The main drawback of these approaches, besides the
fact that they are expensive, is that these systems only count.
The current image processing method uses temporal differencing method this fail in
complete extraction of shapes of vehicle, in feature-based tracking method extracted image is
blur, active contour method is very difficult to implement and in region-based tracking is very
time consuming, so in this project Adaptive Background subtraction method for detection and
ostu’s method to overcome these all problems.

1.2 Scope of the Project

The main purpose Vehicle detection and counting from video sequence method is to
Tracking and counting vehicles for High quality videos and also identify the colure of each
vehicle.
1.3 Objectives
 Detection of multiple moving vehicles in a video sequence.
 Tracking of the detected vehicles.
 Colure identification of Vehicles.
 Counting the total number of vehicles in videos.
1.4 Literature survey
1. Gupte S., Masoud O., Martin R. F. K. and Papanikolopoulos N. P., proposed ―Detection
and Classification Vehicles‖ in the March, 2002,
The presents algorithms for vision-based detection and classification of vehicles
in monocular image sequences of traffic scenes recorded by a stationary camera.
Processing is done at three levels: raw images, region level, and vehicle level. Vehicles
are modeled as rectangular patches with certain dynamic behavior. The proposed method
is based on the establishment of correspondences between regions and vehicles, as the
vehicles move through the image sequence. Experimental results from highway scenes
are provided which demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. Briefly describe an
interactive camera calibration tool that is developed for recovering the camera parameters
using features in the image selected by the user.
2. Toufiq P., Ahmed Egammal and Anurag Mittal, proposed ―A Framework for Feature
Selection for Background Subtraction‖, in 2006.
Background subtraction is a widely used paradigm to detect moving vehicles in
video taken from a static camera and is used for various important applications such as
video surveillance, human motion analysis, etc. Various statistical approaches have been

proposed for modeling a given scene background. However, there is no theoretical

framework for choosing which features to use to model different regions of the scene
background. They introduce a novel framework for feature selection for background
modeling and subtraction. A boosting algorithm, namely Real Boost, is used to choose
the best combination of features at each pixel. Given the probability estimates from a
pool of features calculated by Kernel Density Estimate (KDE) over a certain time period,
the algorithm selects the most useful ones to discriminate foreground vehicles from the
scene background. The results show that the proposed framework successfully selects
appropriate features for different parts of the image.
3. Toufiq P., Ahmed Egammal and Anurag Mittal, proposed ―A Framework for Feature
Selection for Background Subtraction‖, In 2006.
Background subtraction is a widely used paradigm to detect moving objects in
video taken from a static camera and is used for various important applications such as
video surveillance, human motion analysis. Various statistical approaches have been
proposed for modeling a given scene background. However, there is no theoretical
framework for choosing which features to use to model different regions of the scene
background. The paper introduces a novel framework for feature selection for
background modeling and subtraction. A boosting algorithm, namely Real Boost, is used
to choose the best combination of features at each pixel. Given the probability estimates
from a pool of features calculated by Kernel Density Estimate (KDE) over a certain time
period, the algorithm selects the most useful ones to discriminate foreground objects from
the scene background. The results show that the proposed framework successfully selects
appropriate features for different parts of the image.

CHAPTER-2
SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

SPECIFICATION
The software and hardware requirement for the vehicle detection and counting method is
as follows:
2.1 Hardware requirements
 Processor : Pentium IV onwards

 RAM : 2 GB or higher
 Hard Disk Space : 20 GB or higher
 Input : Video Sequence
2.2 Software requirements
 Operating System : Windows XP or higher
 Software : Matlab 7.10 (R2013a)
MATLAB (matrix laboratory): is a numerical computing environment and fourth

generation programming language. MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting
of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing
with programs written in other languages, including C, C++, Java, and Fortran. Image processing
Toolbox provides a comprehensive set of reference-standard algorithms, functions, and apps for
image processing, analysis, visualization, and algorithm development. users can perform image
enhancement, image deblurring, feature detection, noise reduction, image segmentation,
geometric transformations, and image registration. Many toolbox functions are multithreaded to
take advantage of multicore and multiprocessor computers.
Image Processing Toolbox supports a diverse set of image types, including high dynamic
range, giga pixel resolution, embedded profile, and tomographic. Visualization functions let

users explore an image, examine a region of pixels, adjust the contrast, create contours or
histograms, and manipulate regions of interest (ROIs). With toolbox algorithms users can restore
degraded images, detect and measure features, analyze shapes and textures, and adjust color
balance.

CHAPTER-3
HIGH LEVEL DESIGN
3.1 Design consideration

In the design consideration the high level design of our project it includes four modules,
for this architecture pattern is as follows
3.2 Architecture Design

The figure3.1, gives an overview of the moving vehicle detection in a video sequence.
The system makes use of an existing video sequence. The first frame is considered as the
reference frame. The subsequent frames are taken as the input frames. They are compared and
the background is eliminated. If a vehicle is present in the input frame, it’ll be retained. The
detected vehicle is thus tracked by various techniques, namely, adaptive background method and
blob analysis method.
Input Segmentation Detection Tracking Counting

Frames
Figure: 3.1 overview of vehicle detection and counting system.
In the adaptive background subtraction algorithm, assume that the first frame is
background for the video clips considered. The architecture of the proposed algorithm is shown
in Figure3.1. The flow of the algorithm for background elimination is as shown in figure3.2
Video clip is read and it is converted to frames. In the first stage difference between frames are
computed i.e. FR1and FR1+j. In the next stage these differences are compared, and in the third
stage pixels having the same values in the frame difference are eliminated. The fourth phase is
the post processing stage executed on the image obtained in third stage and the fifth phase is the
vehicle detection .and vehicle tuning .And final stage is counting vehicles.

Input video clip
FR1 FR1+j
Background
registration
Image subtraction
Foreground detection
Image segmentation
Vehicle detection Vehicle tuning
Vehicle counting
Figure3.2 Architechture of vehicle detection and counting.
3.2.1 Background Registration

A general detecting approach is to extract salient regions from the given video clip using
a learned background modeling technique. This involves subtracting every image from the
background scene. The first frame is assumed as initial background and thresholding the
resultant difference image to determine the foreground image. A vehicle is a group of pixels that
move in a coherent manner, either as a lighter region over a darker background or vice versa.

Often the vehicle may be of the same color as the background, or may be some portion of it may
be aged with the background, due to which detecting the vehicle becomes difficult. This leads to
an erroneous vehicle count.
3.2.2 Foreground Detection

Detecting information can use to refine the vehicle type and also to correct errors which
are caused due to occlusions. After registering the static vehicles the background image is
subtracted from the video frames to obtain the foreground dynamic vehicles. Post processing is
performed on the foreground dynamic vehicles to reduce the noise interference.
3.2.3 Image Segmentation
Image segmentation steps as follows:
 The segmentation of vehicle regions of interest. In this step, regions which may
contain unknown object have to be detected.
 Next step focuses on the extraction of suitable features and then extraction of
vehicles. The main purpose of feature extraction is to reduce data by means of
measuring certain features that distinguish the input patterns.
 The final is classification. It assigns a label to an vehicle based on the information

provided by its descriptors. The investigation is made on the mathematical
morphology operators for segmentation of a gray-scale image.
3.2.4 Vehicle Tuning

The irregular vehicle motion, there always exist some noise regions both in the vehicle
and background region .Moreover, the vehicle boundaries are also not very smooth, hence a post
processing technique is applied on the foreground image. Filters termed median filters are used,
whose response is based on ordering (ranking) the pixels contained in the image area
encompassed by the filter. The final output of the vehicle tuning phase is a binary image of the
vehicle detected is termed as mask1.

3.2.5 Vehicle Counting

The tracked binary image mask1 forms the input image for counting. This image is
scanned from top to bottom for detecting the presence of vehicle. Two variables are maintained
that is count that keeps track of the number of vehicles and count register countreg, which
contains the information of the registered vehicle. When a new vehicle is encountered it is first
checked to see whether it is already registered in the buffer, if the vehicle is not registered then it
is assumed to be a new vehicle and count is incremented, otherwise it is treated as a part of an
already existing vehicle and the presence of the vehicle is neglected. This concept is applied for
the entire image and the final count of vehicle is present in variable count. A fairly good
accuracy of count is achieved. Sometimes due to occlusions two vehicles are merged together
and treated as a single entity.
3.3 Modules Specification

Vehicle detection and counting method mainly consist of 4 different modules.
3.3.1 Vehicles Detection
Moving vehicle detection is in video analysis. It can be used in many regions such as
video surveillance, traffic monitoring and people tracking. there are three common motion
segmentation techniques, which are frame difference, entropy mask and optical flow method.
Frame difference method has less computational complexity, and it is easy to implement, but
generally does a poor job of extracting the complete shapes of certain types of moving vehicles.
Adaptive background subtraction uses the current frame and the reference image.
Difference between the current frame and the reference frame is above the threshold is
considered as moving vehicle. Optical flow method can detect the moving vehicle even when the
camera moves, but it needs more time for its computational complexity, and it is very sensitive to
the noise. The motion area usually appears quite noisy in real images and optical flow estimation
involves only local computation. So the optical flow method cannot detect the exact contour of

the moving vehicle. From the above estimations, it is clear that there are some shortcomings in
the traditional moving vehicle detection methods
• Frame difference cannot detect the exact contour of the moving vehicle.
• Optical flow method is sensitive to the noise.
3.3.2 Vehicle Tracking

Vehicle tracking involves continuously identifying the detected vehicle in video sequence
and is done by specifically marking the boundary around the detected vehicle. Vehicle tracking
is a challenging problem. Difficulties in tracking vehicles can arise due to abrupt vehicle motion,
changing appearance patterns of the vehicle and the scene, non rigid vehicle structures, vehicle-
to-vehicle and vehicle-to-scene occlusions, and camera motion.
Tracking is usually performed in the context of higher-level applications that require the
location and/or shape of the vehicle in every frame. Typically, assumptions are made to constrain
the tracking problem in the context of a particular application. There are three key steps in video
analysis- detection of interesting moving vehicle, tracking of such vehicle from frame to frame,
and analysis of vehicle tracks to recognize their behavior. Therefore, the use of vehicle tracking
is pertinent in the tasks of
 Motion-based recognition, that is, human identification based on gait, automatic vehicle
detection.
 Automated surveillance, that is, monitoring a scene to detect suspicious activities or
Unlikely events.
Video indexing, that is, automatic annotation and retrieval of the videos in multimedia
Databases.
 Human-computer interaction, that is, gesture recognition, eye gaze tracking for data
Input to computers, etc.
 Traffic monitoring, that is, real-time gathering of traffic statistics to direct traffic flow.
 Vehicle navigation, that is, video-based path planning and obstacle avoidance
capabilities.

Tracking vehicle can be complex due to

 Noise can occur in the images.
 Complexity in vehicle motion.
 Non-rigid or articulated nature of vehicle may arise.
 Partial and full vehicle occlusions can be happen.
 Complexity in vehicle shapes because different vehicles have different shapes.
 Real-time processing requirements also can create a problem.
Several programmers proposed their own algorithms, some of them are-
Edge detection is used to identify these changes. An important property of edges is that they
are less sensitive to illumination changes compared to color features. Algorithms that track the
boundary of the vehicles usually use edges as the representative feature, and this algorithm
designed by Bowyer et al in 2001.
Optical flow is a dense field of displacement vectors which defines the translation of each
pixel in a region. It is computed using the brightness constraint, which assumes brightness
constancy of corresponding pixels in consecutive frames, designed by Horn and Schunk in 1981.
Texture is a measure of the intensity variation of a surface which quantifies properties such
as smoothness and regularity. Compared to color, texture requires a processing step to generate
the descriptors.
Based on all these points and available data this project is in automated surveillance
category, because of its fully automated working and can be implemented in any situations,
automated surveillance like traffic, border, etc. And the proposed a new method for tracking
called Matrix scan method .Matrix scan method has two steps. Firstly, the output image matrix is
scanned horizontally, starting at the first x-direction coordinate value, the pixel values in the
corresponding column are summed up. The x-direction coordinate value is incremented by one
and total pixel value in the next column is calculated. This process is repeated until the last value
in the x-direction is found. As a result, the total pixel values of each column are calculated. Each
total value is compared to a certain threshold value in order to determine the x-coordinate where
an vehicle starts or ends within the image.
Secondly, the horizontal scanning method is repeated vertically, thus calculating the total
pixel value in each row, and then apply thresholding to determine the y-coordinate where an

vehicle starts or ends within the image. The background of the image that contains the vehicle is
uniform, as it has already been set to white or black at the end of the first phase.
3.3.3 Vehicle counting

Steps to count vehicle
 Traverse the mask1 image to detect a vehicle.
 If vehicle encountered then check for registration in countreg.
 If the vehicle is not registered then increment count and register the vehicle in
countreg labeled with the new count.
 Repeat steps 2-4 until traversing not completed.
3.3.4 Color identification

Vehicle color identification by using slandered color model. In slandered color model
Color is identified using intensity of the threshold images. The color spaces can separate
chromatic and illumination components, maintaining Slandered model regardless of the
brightness can lead to an unstable model especially for very bright or dark vehicles conversion
also requires computational resources particularly in large images. The idea of preserving
intensity components and saving computational costs lead us back to the RGB space. As the
requirement to identify moving shadows, we need to consider a color model that can separate
slandered and brightness components.

3.3.5 Data flow diagram for detection modules

Read the input video
Background frames
Convert
video
Foreground frames
Subtraction
Detect the vehicle

Fig 3.1 Data flow diagram for detection of vehicle
Above figure 3.1 as shows read video clip as the input and read the video is converted
into frames. The converted frame is differences from foreground frame and background frame.
Frame differences processing stage executed on the image using image subtraction and the
background is eliminated thus maintaining only the foreground vehicle and counting the detected
vehicle. Moving vehicle detection is the video analysis can be used in many regions for video
surveillance, traffic monitoring and vehicle tracking. The common motion segmentation
techniques are frame difference, using adoptive background substraction method.

3.3.6 Data flow diagram for tracking modules

Detected vehicle
Convertin Convert
g into gray scale
gray scale image into
image binary
image
Image
segmentation
Tracking vehicle
Figure 3.2 Data flow diagram for tracking vehicles

Detect vehicle can converting into grayscale image and grayscale image is converted into
binary image. The binary image is segmentation to vehicle regions of interest, after the detection
of vehicle regions contain unknown objects have to be detected. The extraction of suitable
features is vehicle and then extraction of vehicle tracking. tracking vehicle can arise due to
abrupt vehicle motion, changing appearance patterns of both the vehicle and the scene, Tracking
is usually performed in the context of higher-level applications that require the location and/or
shape of the vehicle in every frame. vehicle identified and select the unidentified pixel on every
side of the object and change the color of the pixel.The every multiple moving vehicle present
in the frame will be tracked successfully.

3.3.6 Data flow diagram for counting modules

Tracked vehicle
Traverse
the image
Check for
vehicle
Vehicle counting
Figure 3.3 vehicle counting
The tracked binary image mask1 forms the input image for counting. The image is
that is count that keeps track of the number of vehicles and count register variable countreg,
which contains the information of the registered vehicle. When a new vehicle is encountered is
already existing vehicle and the presence of the vehicle is neglected. The concept is applied for

CHAPTER-4
DETAILED DESIGN
In detail design the algorithms of each modules which is used in this project and the
detail description of each module is explained.
4.1 Algorithm for modules

Four major functions are involved in the proposed technique. The first function is to read
and divide a video clip into number of frames. Second function is to implement the major
procedures like finding frame differences and identifying the background registered image .Next
post-processing is performed, and the background is eliminated thus maintaining only the
foreground vehicles the last function assists in counting the detected vehicles. The aim of the
algorithm is to design an efficient counting system on highways .Given a video clip, the initial
problem is segregating it into number of frames. Each frame is then considered as an
independent image, which is in RGB format and is converted into Gray scale image. Next the
difference between the frames at certain intervals is computed. This interval can be decided
based on the motion of moving vehicle in a video sequence.
If the vehicle is moving quite fast, then the difference between every successive frame is
considered. Im-dilate and Im-errosion the morphological operator used for segmenting the
vehicles edges counting with bw fill which shows how many areas are big in size, then particular
to car areas we locate the points then above the car areas them counter will be incremented step
are again repeat till the end of video sequence.
Mathematical morphology is used for analyzing vehicle shape characteristics such as size
and connectivity, which are not easily accessed by linear approaches. Morphological operations
are used for image segmentation. The advantages of morphological approaches over linear
approaches are direct geometric interpretation, simplicity and efficiency in hardware
implementation .Basic operation of am orphology-based approach is the translation of a
structuring element over the image and the erosion and/or dilation of the image content based on
the shape of the structuring element. A morphological operation analyzes and manipulates the
structure of an image by marking the locations where the structuring element fits.

In mathematical morphology, neighborhoods are, therefore, defined by the structuring

element, that is the shape of the structuring element determines the shape of the neighborhood in
the image. The fundamental mathematical morphology operations dilation and erosion, based on
Minkowski algebra are used (Equation 1)
Dilation
D(A,B)=A Xor B= Ủβ€B(A+B)……(1)
In equation (1) is either set A or B can be thought of as an "image‖, A is usually considered as
the image and B is called a structuring element. The new intensity value of the center pixel is
determined according to the following rules.
 For dilation, if any pixel of the rectangle fits at or under the image intensity
profile, the center pixel of the rectangle is given the maximum intensity of the
pixel and its two neighbors in the original image; otherwise the pixel is set to
zero intensity.
 For erosion, if the whole rectangle fits at or under the image intensity profile,
the center pixel is given the minimum intensity of the pixel and its two
neighbors in the original image, otherwise the pixel is set to zero intensity. In
short dilation causes vehicles to dilate or grow in size; erosion causes vehicles
to shrink. The amount and the way that they grow or shrink depend upon the
choice of the structuring element.
4.1.1 Algorithm to Read Video

Step 1: Initialize an array M_ Array [ ] to zeros.
Step 2: Declare two global variables m and n which stores the row and column values
of video frames respectively.
Step 3: to for i = 1 to No_ of_ Frames in steps of 1 with
Interval 4 frames
• Read each frame of video clip and store it.
• Store the video frames into M_ Array [ ].
• Increment variable k which stores the total number of frames M_Array.

end for
Step 4: for i = 1 to k
Convert images obtained in step 3 from RGB to gray format and store that in a
three- dimensional arrayT [m, n, l].
Initialize array variable to Read video and store two matrix value that is rows and
columns of video frame. Read each frame from video clips and then store frames into array then
increment the array position to store the next frame this process continues untill final frame is
read and store in array .Image is converted into RGB to gray image and store in 3 dimensional
array wher m and n is the row and column value is given to the particular number.
4.1.2 Algorithm for Background Registration

ALGORITHM BGRegist ( )
//Input: M_Array
//Output: An Image with Registered Background in bg array
//Initialize array [ b] to zeros
Step 1: for I =1 to m
for j=1 to n
for k=1 to l-1
if abs(double(T(i,j,l-k))-double(T(i,j,k)))<10
b(i,j)=T(i,j,k)
end if
end for
end for
end for
Step 2: Convert b array values to unsigned integers and store it bin to array called
background.
Step 3: Fill the hole regions in image background and store bit in bg array
Step 4: Show the output images background.
The background subtraction method is used to obtain the difference image by subtracting
two different frames for this operation initially set first frame as background image then fill the

hole region of image background by using ImFill function and store into the background array.
finally shows the background image. . The involves subtracting every image from the
background scene. The first frame is assumed as initial background and thresholding the
resultant difference image to determine the foreground image A vehicle is a group of pixels that
move in a coherent manner, either as a lighter region over a darker background or vice versa.
Often the vehicle may be of the same color as the background, or may be some portion of it may
be aged with the background, due to which detecting the vehicle becomes difficult. This leads to
an erroneous vehicle count.
4.1.3 Algorithm for Background Elimination

ALGORITHM BGElimin( )
//Input: d is a specific Video Frame
//Output: An image with Foreground Vehicles is stored in’c’
//Initialize c array to zeros
Step 1: for i = 2 to m-1
for j = 2 to n-1
if the difference between the pixel values of d array with bg or b
array is less than 20 store value 0 for that pixel in array c
else111
store pixel value
end if
end for
end for
Step 2: Convert the values in c array and apply median filter.
Step 3: Show the output images c, d
The vehicle foreground image is store into the array variable c is initializing to zero .if d
is the specific video Frame. the difference between the pixel values of d array with background
image b and array is less than 20 store the value zero for the difference between the pixel in

array c otherwise store the pixel value. Convert stored value c array and apply median filter for
removing the noise.
4.1.4 Algorithm for Counting

ALGORITHM Count ( )
//Initialise count = 0 and counted register buffer
countveg = 0
Step 1: Traverse the vehicle image to detect a vehicle from top to bottom.
Step 2: If vehicle encountered then check for registration in countveg.
Step 3: If the vehicle is not registered then increment count and register the vehicle in
countveg, labelled with the new count.
Step 4: Repeat steps 2-4 until traversing not completed.
The tracked binary image mask1 forms the input image for counting. This image is
contains the information of the registered vehicle. When a new vehicle is encountered is checked
to see whether it is already registered in the buffer, if the vehicle is not registered then it is
assumed to be a new vehicle and count is incremented, otherwise it is treated as a part of an
already existing vehicle and the presence of the vehicle is neglected. The concept is applied for

CHAPTER-5
IMPLEMENTATION REQUIREMENTS
The implementation of the vehicle detection and counting on traffic video by using image
processing with simulation software is as follows
5.1 Simulation Software
Simulation is performed using MATLAB Software. This is an interactive system whose

basic data element is an array that does not require dimensioning. It is a tool used for formulating
solutions to many technical computing problems, especially those involving matrix
representation. This tool emphasizes a lot of importance on comprehensive prototyping
environment in the solution of digital image processing. Vision is most advanced of our senses,
hence images play an important role in humans’ perception, and MATLAB is a very efficient
tool for image processing.
5.2 Main Pseudo code
function varargout = MAINCODE(varargin)

MAINCODE MATLAB code for MAINCODE.fig
MAINCODE, by itself, creates a new MAINCODE or raises the existing
H = MAINCODE returns the handle to a new MAINCODE or the handle to
gui_Singleton = 1;
gui_State = struct('gui_Name', mfilename, ...
'gui_Singleton', gui_Singleton, ...
'gui_OpeningFcn', @MAINCODE_OpeningFcn, ...
'gui_OutputFcn', @MAINCODE_OutputFcn, ...
'gui_LayoutFcn', [] , ...
'gui_Callback', []);
if nargin && ischar(varargin{1})
gui_State.gui_Callback = str2func(varargin{1});
end

if nargout
[varargout{1:nargout}] = gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
else
gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
end
function MAINCODE_OpeningFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles, varargin)
handles.output = hObject;
a = ones(256,256);
axes(handles.axes1);
imshow(a);
imshow(a);
imshow(a);
guidata(hObject, handles);
function varargout = MAINCODE_OutputFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
varargout{1} = handles.output;
--- Executes on button press in pushbutton3.
function pushbutton3_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
hObject handle to pushbutton3 (see GCBO)
eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
close all;
--- Executes on button press in pushbutton4.

hObject handle to pushbutton4 (see GCBO)
eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

a = ones(256,256);
imshow(a);
imshow(a);
axes(handles.axes3),imshow(a);
set(handles.text12,'string','');
set(handles.edit1,'string','');
Graphical Objects in MATLAB are arranged in a structure called the Graphics Object
Hierarchy which can be viewed as a rooted tree with the nodes representing the objects and the
root vertex corresponding to the root object. The form of such a tree depends on the particular set
of objects initialised and the precedence relationship between its nodes is reflected in the object’s
properties Parent and Children. If for example, the handle h of object A is the value of the
property Parent of object B, then A is the parent of B, and, accordingly, B is a child of A. The
possibility to have one or another form of hierarchy depends on the admissible values of objects’
properties Parent and/or Children. One also has to be aware of some specific rules which apply
to the use of particular objects. For example, it is recommended that do not parent any objects to
the annotation axes, and do not change explicitly annotation axes’ properties Similarly, parenting
annotation objects to standard axes may cause errors enter the code.
5.2.2 Pseudo code for background subtraction

diry2=handles.diry;
videoReader = vision.VideoFileReader(diry2);%visiontraffic.avi
blobAnalysis = vision.BlobAnalysis('BoundingBoxOutputPort', true, ...
'AreaOutputPort', false, 'CentroidOutputPort', false, ...
'MinimumBlobArea', 150);
fontSize = 14;

i=1;
alpha = 0.5; count=0;
while ~isDone(videoReader)
thisFrame = step(videoReader);
if i == 1
Background = thisFrame;
else
Change background slightly at each frame
Background(t+1)=(1-alpha)*I+alpha*Background
Background = (1-alpha)* thisFrame + alpha * Background;
end
Display the changing/adapting background.
subplot(1, 3, 1);
axes(handles.axes1),imshow(Background);
title('Adaptive Background');
Calculate a difference between this frame and the background.
differenceImage = thisFrame - Background;
Threshold with Otsu method.
grayImage = rgb2gray(differenceImage); Convert to gray level
thresholdLevel = graythresh(grayImage); Get threshold.
binaryImage = im2bw( grayImage, thresholdLevel); Do the binarization
se = strel('square', 5);
binaryImage=imdilate(binaryImage,se); binaryImage=imdilate(binaryImage,se);
binaryImage=imopen(binaryImage,se);
binaryImage=imclose(binaryImage,se);
[binaryImage,IDX] = imfill(binaryImage,'holes');


bbox = step(blobAnalysis, binaryImage);
result = insertShape(thisFrame, 'Rectangle', bbox, 'Color', 'green');

labeledImage = bwlabel(binaryImage, 8);
if count==0
count=contv(binaryImage,grayImage);
cres=count;
else
[cres,count]=cont_up(count,cres,binaryImage,grayImage);
end
numCars = size(bbox, 1);
if numCars>=1
[ colour ,loc] = colour_iden(thisFrame,binaryImage);
colour=cell2mat(colour);
set(handles.text12,'string',text);
[ colour ,loc] = colour_iden(thisFrame,binaryImage);
result = insertText(result, [loc(2,h) loc(1,h)], num2str(h), 'BoxOpacity', 1,'FontSize', 8);
set(handles.text13,'string','VEICLE COUNT');
set(handles.text14,'string',num2str(count));
result = insertText(result, [1 1], count, 'BoxOpacity', 1,'FontSize', 8);
Plot the binary image.
subplot(1, 3, 2);
axes(handles.axes2),imshow(binaryImage);
title('Binarized Difference Image');
subplot(1, 3, 3);
axes(handles.axes3),imshow(result);
title('Tracking of veicle');
i=i+1;

for g=1:
set(handles.edit2,'string','1.red 2.blue 3.rdfdd ');
pause(0.1);
end
The preprocessing, background substraction is foreground detection, and data validation.
Preprocessing consists of a collection of simple image processing tasks that change the raw input
video into a format that can be processed by subsequent. Background modeling uses the new
video frame to calculate and update A background model provides a statistical description of the
entire background scene. Foreground detection then identi_es pixels in the video frame that
cannot be adequately explained by the background model, and outputs them as a binary
candidate foreground mask. Finally, data validation examines the candidate mask, eliminates
those pixels that do not correspond to actual moving vehicles, and outputs the foreground mask.
The Domain knowledge and computationally-intensive vision algorithms are often used in data
validation. Real-time processing is still feasible as these sophisticated algorithms are applied
only on the small number of candidate foreground pixels.
.
5.3 Pseudo code for detection and tracking
videoReader = vision.VideoFileReader(diry2);%visiontraffic.avi
fontSize = 14;
i=1;
alpha = 0.5; count=0;
while ~isDone(videoReader)
thisFrame = step(videoReader);
if i == 1
Background = thisFrame;
else

Change background slightly at each frame

Background(t+1)=(1-alpha)*I+alpha*Background
Background = (1-alpha)* thisFrame + alpha * Background;
end
Display the changing/adapting background.
subplot(1, 3, 1);
axes(handles.axes1),imshow(Background);
title('Adaptive Background');
Calculate a difference between this frame and the background.
differenceImage = thisFrame - Background;
Threshold with Otsu method.
grayImage = rgb2gray(differenceImage); Convert to gray level
thresholdLevel = graythresh(grayImage); Get threshold.
binaryImage = im2bw( grayImage, thresholdLevel); Do the binarization
se = strel('square', 5);
binaryImage=imdilate(binaryImage,se); binaryImage=imdilate(binaryImage,se);
binaryImage=imopen(binaryImage,se);
binaryImage=imclose(binaryImage,se);
bbox = step(blobAnalysis, binaryImage);
result = insertShape(thisFrame, 'Rectangle', bbox, 'Color', 'green');
Detecting changes in image sequences of the same scene, captured at different times, is of
significant interest due to a large number of applications in several disciplines. Video
surveillance is among the important applications, which require reliable detection of changes in
the scene. There are several different approaches for such a detection problem. These methods

can be separated into two conventional classes: temporal differencing and background modeling
and subtraction . The former approach is possibly the simplest one, also capable of adapting to
changes in the scene with a lower computational load. However, the detection performance of
temporal differencing is usually quite poor in real-life surveillance applications. On the other
hand, background modeling and subtraction approach has been used successfully in several
algorithms Background subtraction is easy. If you want to subtract a constant value, or a
background with the same size as your image, you simply write img = img -
background. imsubtract simply makes sure that the output is zero wherever the background is
larger than the image. Background estimation is hard. There you need to know what kind of
image you're looking at, otherwise, the background estimation will fail.
Tracking moving vehicles in video streams has been an area of research in computer vision. In
a real time system for measuring traffic parameters is described. Tracking uses a feature-based
method along with occlusion reasoning for tracking vehicles in congested traffic scenes. In order
to handle occlusions, instead of tracking entire vehicles, vehicle sub features are tracked.
Tracking is usually performed in the context of higher-level applications that require the location
and/or shape of the vehicle in every frame. Typically, assumptions are made to constrain the
tracking problem in the context of a particular application. There are three key steps in video
analysis: detection of interesting moving vehicle, tracking of vehicle from frame to frame, and
analysis of vehicle tracks to recognize their behavior. Otsu's method is an image processing
technique that can be used to convert a greyscale image into a purely binary image by calculating
a threshold to split pixels into frames.
5.4 Pseudo code for counting

function [cres,count]=cont_up(count,cres,binaryImage,grayImage)
stats = regionprops(labeledImage,'BoundingBox','Area');
area = cat(1,stats.Area);
if length(area)>1
[~,maxAreaIdx] = max(area);
bb = round(stats(maxAreaIdx).BoundingBox);

a=bb(2)+bb(4);
b=bb(1)+bb(3);
s=size(labeledImage,1);
if a<=s && b<=s
croppedImage = grayImage(bb(2):bb(2)+bb(4),bb(1):bb(1)+bb(3),:);
croppedImage1 = binaryImage(bb(2):bb(2)+bb(4),bb(1):bb(1)+bb(3),:);
else
a=a-(a-s);
b=b-(b-s);
croppedImage = grayImage(bb(2):a,bb(1):b,:);
croppedImage1 = binaryImage(bb(2):a,bb(1):b,:);
end
croppedImage=imresize(croppedImage,[50,50]);
cd database
imwrite(croppedImage,strcat(num2str(1),'.jpg'));
cd ..
end
area=area(area>150);
[~,maxAreaIdx] = max(area);
if length(area)<cres
cres=length(area);
count=count;
else if length(area)>cres
a=countnew(area,grayImage,stats);
count1=length(area)-cres;
count=count+count1;
cres=length(area);
else if length(area)==count
count=count;
cres=cres;

end
end
end
end
function out=countnew(area,grayImage,stats)
out=0;
for i=1:length(area)
bb = round(stats(i).BoundingBox);
note that regionprops switches x and y (it's a long story)
a=bb(2)+bb(4);
b=bb(1)+bb(3);
s=size(grayImage,1);
if a<=s && b<=s
croppedImage = grayImage(bb(2):bb(2)+bb(4),bb(1):bb(1)+bb(3),:);
croppedImage1 = binaryImage(bb(2):bb(2)+bb(4),bb(1):bb(1)+bb(3),:);
else
a=a-(a-s);
b=b-(b-s);
croppedImage = grayImage(bb(2):a,bb(1):b,:);
croppedImage1 = binaryImage(bb(2):a,bb(1):b,:);
end
croppedImage=imresize(croppedImage,[50,50]);
cd database
b1=imread('1.jpg');
cd ..
a1=corr2(croppedImage,b1);
if a1>=0.45
out=out+1;
end
end

end
The tracked binary image mask1 forms the input image for counting. Binary image is
contains the information of the registered vehicle. When a new vehicle is encountered it is first
already existing vehicle and the presence of the vehicle is neglected. the Blob Analysis block to
calculate statistics for labeled regions in a binary image. The block returns quantities such as the
centroid, bounding box, label matrix, and blob count. The Blob Analysis block supports input
and output counting vehicle.
5.5 Pseudo code for color identification

function [ c,loc ] = colour_iden( originalImage,binaryImage)
stats = regionprops(labeledImage,'BoundingBox','Area');
area = cat(1,stats.Area);
i1=1;
for i=1:length(area)
if area(i)>150
bb = round(stats(i).BoundingBox);
a=bb(2)+bb(4);
b=bb(1)+bb(3);
s=size(labeledImage,1);
s1=size(labeledImage,2);
if a<s && b<s1
for j=1:3
croppedImage(:,:,j) = originalImage(bb(2):bb(2)+bb(4),bb(1):bb(1)+bb(3),j);
end
else

a=a-(a-s);
b=b-(b-s);
for j=1:3
croppedImage(:,:,j) = originalImage(bb(2):a,bb(1):b,j);
end
end
loc(1,i)=bb(2);
loc(2,i)=bb(1);
croppedImage=croppedImage*255;
r=mean2(croppedImage(:,:,1));
g=mean2(croppedImage(:,:,2));
b=mean2(croppedImage(:,:,3));
c(i1)=colur1(r,g,b);
i1=i1+1;
end
clear croppedImage;
end
end
function c=colur1(r,g,b)
chipNames = {'DarkSkin';'LightSkin';'BlueSky';'Foliage';'BlueFlower';'Bluish
Green';'Orange';'PurpleRed';ModerateRed';'Purple';'YellowGreen';'OrangeYellow';'Blue';'Green';'
White';'Yellow';'Magenta';'Cyan';'Red';'Neutral 8';'Neutral 65';'Neutral 5';'Neutral 35';'Black'};
sRGB_Values = ([...115,82,68194,150,13098,122,15787,108,67133,128,177103,189,170
214,126,4480,91,166193,90,9994,60,108157,188,64224,163,4656,61,15070,148,73175,54,
60,199,31187,86,1498,133,161243,243,242200,200,200160,160,160122,122,12185,85,85
52,52,52]);
r1=abs(sRGB_Values(:,1)-r);
g1=abs(sRGB_Values(:,1)-g);

b1=abs(sRGB_Values(:,1)-b);
a=[r1,g1,b1]';
[d,f]=min(sum(a));
c=chipNames(f);
end
many color spaces can separate chromatic and illumination components, maintaining
Slandered model regardless of the brightness can lead to an unstable model especially for very
bright or dark vehicles conversion also requires computational resources particularly in large
images. The idea of preserving intensity components and saving computational costs lead us
back to the RGB space. As the requirement to identify moving shadows, we need to consider a
color model that can separate slandered and brightness components. It should be compatible and
make use of our mixture model.

CHAPTER-6
TESTING
The actual purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to
discover every conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It is the process of exercising
software with the intent of ensuring that the Software system meets its requirements and user
expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner.
TYPES OF TESTING
There are many types of testing methods are available in that mainly used testing
methods are as follows
6.1.1 Unit Testing
Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal program logic
is functioning properly, and that program produces valid outputs. All decision branches and
internal code flow should be validated. It is the testing of individual software units of the
application. It is done after the completion of individual unit before integration
6.1.2 Integration Testing
Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or more

integrated software components on a single platform to produce failures caused by interface
defects. The task of the integration test is to check that components or software applications e.g
components in the software system or one step up software applications at the company level
interact without error.

6.2 Detection Phase Of Moving cars
Test Input Frame Expected Output Frame Remark

Case Result
Test passed
1
Moving Test passed

2 vehicle in
Clausius
image
Test passed
3
Table 6.2: Testing for the Vehicle Detection of a moving cars.
The above tables 6.2 give different test cases done on the videos at different frame
location to detect the vehicle. In the moving cars video, the frame sequences used are 70, 168
and 232 respectively.

6.3 Tracking Phase of Moving cars

Case Result
Test
1 passed
Moving Test
2 vehicle passed
tracking.
Test
3 passed
Table 6.3: Testing for Vehicle Tracking by Matrix Scan of a moving cars.
The above tables 6.3 give different test cases done on the videos at different frame in
tracking multiple moving vehicle. In the moving cars video, the frame sequences used are 70,
168 and 232 respectively.

6.3 Counting Phase of Moving cars

Case Result
Test
1 passed
Moving Test
2 vehicle passed
tracking.
Test
3 passed
Table 6.3: Testing for Vehicle counting of moving cars.
The above figure 6.3 shows test case for vehicle counting the test case 1 is input frame is
1 and out frame is counting the number of vehicle is 1 then test case is passed. second test case
and third test case also passed. . The concept is applied for the entire image and the final count of
vehicle is present in variable count. A fairly good accuracy of count is achieved. Sometimes due
to occlusions two vehicles are merged together and treated as a single entity.

CHAPTER -7
RESULT
Figure 7.1 Graphical user interfaces
Graphical user interface is the browses, select the required video from the directory and also play
the videos. The Graphical user interface is used clear and close all videos. The following vehicle
are grouped under the category of MATLAB User Interface Objects are UI controls check
boxes, earditable text fields, list boxes, pop-up menus, push buttons, radio buttons, sliders, static
text boxes, toggle buttons. UI toolbar (uitoolbar), can parent object of type uipushtool and
uitoggletool UI context menus and UI menus vehicle of type uicontextmenu and uimenu
Container vehicle uipanel and uibuttongroup.

Figure 7.1 snapshot of detection and tracking of vehicles
By using the detection and counting methods, various results are obtained. Video sequence taken
containing moving cars and walking person. These videos are processed to get a detected and
extracted object. Following snapshots shows the results obtained in each step of the process. The
output of the segmentation is a binary vehicle mask perform region extraction on mask. In the
region tracking want to associate regions in frame i+1 with the regions in frame . The allows us
to compute the velocity of the region as it moves across the image and also helps in the vehicle
tracking stage. There are certain problems that need to be handled for reliable and robust region
tracking.

Figure 7.2 Snapshot of vehicles counting.
Figure 7.2 shows the count of total tracked vehicles that are passed still this given frame.
Initially count register is set to zero ,when any moving vehicles are tracked than count register is
incremented. When a new vehicle is encountered is checked to see whether it is already
registered in the buffer, if the vehicle is not registered then it is assumed to be a new vehicle and
count is incremented, otherwise it is treated as a part of an already existing vehicle and the
presence of the vehicle is neglected.

Figure 7.3 moving vehicles counting and color identification.
Each Moving vehicles color is identified and displayed as shown in the figure 7.3, color
of vehicles in the given video is determined by using slandered color model. Color spaces can
separate chromatic and illumination components, maintaining Slandered model regardless of the
brightness can lead to an unstable model especially for very bright or dark vehicles conversion
also requires computational resources particularly in large images. The idea of preserving
intensity components and saving computational costs lead us back to the RGB space.

CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION
A system has been developed to detect and count dynamic vehicles on highways efficiently.
The system effectively combines simple domain knowledge about vehicle classes with time
domain statistical measures to identify target vehicles in the presence of partial occlusions and
ambiguous poses, and the background clutter is effectively rejected. The experimental results
show that the accuracy of counting vehicles was 96%, although the vehicle detection was 100%
which is attributed towards partial occlusions.
The computational complexity of our algorithm is linear in the size of a video frame and the
number of vehicles detected. As we have considered traffic on highways there is no question of
shadow of any cast such as trees but sometimes due to occlusions two vehicles are merged
together and treated as a single entity.
Future Scope
Several future enhancements can be made to the system. The detection and tracking and
counting of moving vehicle can be extended to real-time live video feeds. Apart from the
detection and extraction, process of recognition can also be done. By using recognition
techniques, the vehicle in question can be classified. Recognition techniques would require an
additional database to match with the given vehicle.The system is designed for the detection and
tracking and counting of a multiple moving vehicle. It can be further devised to alarming
system.

REFERENCES
[1] P.M.Daigavane and Dr. P.R.Bajaj , Real Time Vehicle Detection and Counting Method for
Unsupervised Traffic Video on Highways Mrs.
[2] Chen S. C., Shyu M. L. and Zhang C., ―An Intelligent Framework for Spatio-Temporal
Vehicle Tracking‖, 4th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems,
Oakland,California, USA, Aug. 2001.
[3] Gupte S., Masoud O., Martin R. F. K. and Papanikolopoulos N. P.,―Detection and
Classification of Vehicles‖, In IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 3,
no. 1, March, 2002, pp. 37–47.
[4] Dailey D. J., Cathey F. and Pumrin S., ―An Algorithm to Estimate Mean Traffic Speed Using
Uncalibrated Cameras‖, In IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Ttransportations Systems, vol. 1, no.
2,pp. 98-107, June, 2000.
[5] S. Cheung and C. Kamath, ―Ro[1] Chen S. C., Shyu M. L. and Zhang C., ―An Unsupervised
Segmentation Framework for Texture Image Queries‖, In the 25th IEEE Computer Society
International Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC), Chicago, Illinois,
USA, Oct.2000.
[6] N. Kanhere, S. Pundlik and S. Birchfield, ―Vehicle Segmentation and Tracking from a Low-
Angle Off-Axis Camera‖, In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition‖,
San Diego, June,2005.
[7] Deva R., David A., Forsyth and Andrew Z., ― Tracking People by Learning their
Appearance‖, In IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,vol. 29, no1,
Jan. 2007.
[8] Toufiq P., Ahmed Egammal and Anurag Mittal, ―A Framework for Feature Selection for
Background Subtraction‖, In Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer
Vision and Pattern Recognition(CVPR’06), 2006.
[9] P. Kaewtra Kulpong and R. Bowden, ―An Improved Adaptive Background Mixture Model
for Real-time Tracking with Shadow Detection‖, In Proceedings of the 2nd European Workshop
on Advanced Video-Based Surveillance Systems, Sept. 2001.

APPENDICES
Functions
Functions differ from scripts. They take explicit input and output arguments. As all the
other matlab commands, a function can be called within a script or from the command line.
Functions used
There are many simulation functions are there some of them which are used in this
project are as follows
1. mmreader class
Syntax of mmreader function as fallows.
obj = mmreader (filename)
obj = mmreader (filename, 'PropertyName', PropertyValue)
Description
The mmreader function is used to Create multimedia reader vehicle for reading video
files.Use mmreader with the read method to read video data from a multimedia file into the
MATLAB workspace.
2. read
Syntax of read as fallows
video = read(obj)
video = read(obj, index)
Description
video = read(obj) reads in all video frames from the file associated with obj.

video = read(obj, index) reads only the specified frames. Index can be a single number or a two-
element array representing an index range of the video stream
3. size
Systax of Size function as fallows
d = size(X)
[m,n] = size(X)
m = size(X,dim)
[d1,d2,d3,...,dn] = size(X),
Description
The size is used to Array dimensions where d = size(X) returns the sizes of each dimension of
array X in a vector d with ndims(X) elements. If X is a scalar, which MATLAB software regards
as a 1-by-1 array, size(X) returns the vector [11].[m,n] = size(X) returns the size of matrix X in
separate variables m and n.m = size(X,dim) returns the size of the dimension of X specified by
scalar dim.
[d1,d2,d3,...,dn] = size(X), for n > 1, returns the sizes of the dimensions of the array X in the
variables d1,d2,d3,...,dn, provided the number of output arguments n equals ndims(X). If n does
not equal ndims(X), the following exceptions hold:
4. implay
Syntax of implays function as
mplay
implay(
filename)
implay(I)
implay(…, FPS)

Description
Implay function is used Play movies, videos, or image sequences.
mplay opens a Movie Player for showing MATLAB movies, videos, or image sequences (also
called image stacks). Use the implay File menu to select the movie or image sequence that you
want to play. Use implay toolbar buttons or menu options to play the movie, jump to a specific
frame in the sequence, change the frame rate of the display, or perform other exploration
activities. One can open multiple implay movie players to view different movies simultaneously.
implay(filename) opens the implay movie player, displaying the content of the file
specified by filename. The file can be an Audio Video Interleaved (AVI) file. implay reads one
frame at a time, conserving memory during playback. implay does not play audio tracks.
implay(I) opens the implay movie player, displaying the first frame in the multiframe
image array specified by I. I can be a MATLAB movie structure, or a sequence of binary,
grayscale, or truecolor images. A binary or grayscale image sequence can be an M-by-N-by-1-
by-K array or an M-by-N-by-K array. A true color image sequence must be an M-by-N-by-3-by-
K array.
implay(..., FPS) specifies the rate at which you want to view the movie or image
sequence. The frame rate is specified as frames-per-second. If omitted, implay uses the frame
rate specified in the file or the default value 20.
5. regionprops
Syntax of regionprops function as fallows
STATS = regionprops(BW, properties)

STATS = regionprops(CC, properties)
STATS = regionprops(L, properties)
STATS = regionprops(..., I, properties)
Description
The regionnprop is Measure properties of image regions

STATS = regionprops(BW, properties) measures a set of properties for each connected

component (vehicle) in the binary image, BW. The image BW is a logical array; it can have any
dimension.
STATS = regionprops(CC, properties) measures a set of properties for each connected

component (vehicle) in CC, which is a structure returned by bwconncomp.
STATS = regionprops(L, properties) measures a set of properties for each labeled region in the
label matrix L. Positive integer elements of L correspond to different regions. For example, the
set of elements of L equal to 1 corresponds to region 1; the set of elements of L equal to 2
corresponds to region 2; and so on.
STATS = regionprops(..., I, properties) measures a set of properties for each labeled region in the
image I. The first input to regionprops—either BW, CC, or L—identifies the regions in I. The
sizes must match: size(I) must equal size(BW), CC.ImageSize, or size(L).
STATS is a structure array with length equal to the number of vehicles in BW,
CC.NumVehicles, or max(L(:)). The fields of the structure array denote different properties for
each region, as specified by properties.
Properties
Properties can be a comma-separated list of strings, a cell array containing strings, the
single string 'all', or the string 'basic'. If properties are the string 'all', regionprops computes all
the shape measurements, listed in Shape Measurements. If called with a grayscale image,
regionprops also returns the pixel value measurements, listed in Pixel Value Measurements. If
properties are not specified or if it is the string 'basic', regionprops computes only the 'Area',
'Centroid', and 'BoundingBox' measurements. One can calculate the following properties on N-D
inputs: 'Area', 'BoundingBox', 'Centroid', 'FilledArea', 'FilledImage', 'Image', 'PixelIdxList',
'PixelList', and 'SubarrayIdx'

6. floor
Syntax of floor function as fallows
B = floor(A)
Description
The floor function Round toward negative infinity.B = floor(A) rounds the elements of A to the
nearest integers less than or equal to A. For complex A, the imaginary and real parts are rounded
independently.

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Vehicle detection and counting in traffic video on highway

Vehicle detection and counting is important in computing traffic congestion on highways.

Dept. of CS&E Page 1

 The video information must be segmented and turned into vehicles.

1.1 Problem Definition

Dept. of CS&E Page 2

1.2 Scope of the Project

1.4 Literature survey

Dept. of CS&E Page 3

proposed for modeling a given scene background. However, there is no theoretical

Dept. of CS&E Page 4

SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

2.1 Hardware requirements

 Processor : Pentium IV onwards

MATLAB (matrix laboratory): is a numerical computing environment and fourth

Dept. of CS&E Page 5

Dept. of CS&E Page 6

HIGH LEVEL DESIGN

3.1 Design consideration

3.2 Architecture Design

Input Segmentation Detection Tracking Counting

Figure: 3.1 overview of vehicle detection and counting system.

Dept. of CS&E Page 7

Input video clip

Vehicle detection Vehicle tuning

Figure3.2 Architechture of vehicle detection and counting.

3.2.1 Background Registration

Dept. of CS&E Page 8

3.2.2 Foreground Detection

3.2.3 Image Segmentation

Image segmentation steps as follows:

 The final is classification. It assigns a label to an vehicle based on the information

3.2.4 Vehicle Tuning

Dept. of CS&E Page 9

3.2.5 Vehicle Counting

3.3 Modules Specification

3.3.1 Vehicles Detection

Dept. of CS&E Page 10

3.3.2 Vehicle Tracking

Dept. of CS&E Page 11

Tracking vehicle can be complex due to

Dept. of CS&E Page 12

3.3.3 Vehicle counting

3.3.4 Color identification

Dept. of CS&E Page 13

3.3.5 Data flow diagram for detection modules

Detect the vehicle

Dept. of CS&E Page 14

3.3.6 Data flow diagram for tracking modules

Figure 3.2 Data flow diagram for tracking vehicles

Dept. of CS&E Page 15

3.3.6 Data flow diagram for counting modules

Dept. of CS&E Page 16

4.1 Algorithm for modules

Dept. of CS&E Page 17

In mathematical morphology, neighborhoods are, therefore, defined by the structuring

4.1.1 Algorithm to Read Video

Dept. of CS&E Page 18

4.1.2 Algorithm for Background Registration

Dept. of CS&E Page 19

4.1.3 Algorithm for Background Elimination

Dept. of CS&E Page 20

4.1.4 Algorithm for Counting