The Ahmedabad Electricity Co. Ltd.

Training Centre
In HouseTraining Programme

“ TRANSFORMER PROTECTION”

Date : August 2, 2003

R N SHAH

THE AECo LTD

 FAULTS IN SYSTEM

% OF % OF
EQUIPMENT TOTAL EQUIPMENT TOTAL
FAULTS FAULTS
OVER HEAD
50 CTs AND PTs 2
LINES
CONTROL
CABLES 10 3
EQUIPMENTS
SWITCHGEARS 15 MISCELLANEOUS 8

TRANSFORMERS 12

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 2

 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER
RATED BETWEEN
PROTECTION RATED BELOW RATED ABOVE
500 KVA AND
500 KVA 5MVA
5MVA

DIFFERENTIAL   
RESTRICTED
EARTH FAULT   
BACKUP OVER
CURRENT   
BACKUP EARTH
FAULT   

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 3

 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

TRANSFOR TRANSFORMER TRANSFORME

MER RATED RATED R RATED
PROTECTION
BELOW 500 BETWEEN 500 BETWEEN 500
KVA KVA AND 5MVA KVA AND 5MVA

TRANSFORMER
OVERFLUXING   
FUSES   
BUCHHOLZ
RELAY, P.R.V.,   
OSR

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 4

 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

TRANSFOR TRANSFORMER TRANSFORME

MER RATED RATED R RATED
PROTECTION
BELOW 500 BETWEEN 500 BETWEEN 500
KVA KVA AND 5MVA KVA AND 5MVA

OIL AND WINDING

TEMPERATURE   
INDICATORS

OIL LEVEL
MONITORING   
EQUIPMENTS

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 5

 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

• OCCURRENCE OF THE FAULT IN THE

TRANSFORMER IS RELATIVELY LESS DUE TO
• SIMPLE, STATIC CONSTRUCTION WITHOUT ANY
ROTATING PARTS.
• TOTALLY ENCLOSED OIL IMMERSED.

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 6

 TYPES OF FAULTS IN
TRANSFORMER

• FAULTS IN THE AUXILIARY

EQUIPMENT
• WINDING FAULTS
• EXTERNAL FAULTS

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 7

 TYPES OF FAULTS IN
TRANSFORMER

• FAULTS IN THE AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT

• TRANSFORMER OIL
• OIL LEVEL LOW.
• MOISTURE ABSORPTION
• TRANSFORMER COOLING SYSTEM.
• FAILURE OF INSULATION BETWEEN LAMINATION
OF CORE, CORE BOLT INSULATION.
• BADLY MADE JOINTS AND CONNECTIONS

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 8

 TYPES OF FAULTS IN
TRANSFORMER

• WINDING FAULTS
• INSULATION FAILURE BETWEEN WINDING AND
CORE. PHASE TO PHASE FAULTS, PHASE TO
GROUND FAULTS, FAULTS BETWEEN HV AND LV
WINDING OR INTER TURN FAULTS.
• CAUSE MAY BE EXCESSIVE OVER LOAD, LOOSE
CONNECTION, OVER VOLTAGE, AGING OF WINDING
INSULATION OR CONSEQUENCE OF MINOR FAULTS.

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 9

 TYPES OF FAULTS IN
TRANSFORMER

• EXTERNAL FAULTS
• EXTERNAL OVERLOADS AND SHORT CIRCUITS
• OVER VOLTAGE
• REDUCED SYSTEM FREQUENCY.

• FAULTS IN OLTC
• FAULTS IN BUSHINGS

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 10

 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

• PROTECTS THE TRANSFORMER AGAINST

WINDING FAULTS SUCH AS PHASE TO
PHASE FAULT AND PHASE TO EARTH FAULT.
• IT WORKS ON CIRCULATING CURRENT
PRINCIPLE.

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 11

 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
I1 I2

i1 RELAY
i1 i2

id = i2 - i1 = 0

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 12

 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

11/138KV GT dY1 586.4A

7356.8A

7356.8/1 586.4/1

i1 RELAY
1A 1A

id = i2 - i1 = 0

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 13

 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
I1 I2

i1 RELAY
i1 i2

id = i2 - i1 = 0

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 14

 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
I1

i1 RELAY
i1

id = i2 - i1 = i1

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 15

 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
I1 I2

i1 RELAY
i1 i2

id = i2 + i1

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 16

 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
I1 I2

i1 i2

i1 i2 - i1 + i2 - id = 0
- i1 + i2 = id
id
i2 - i1 = id
R i1 = i2
i2 - i1 = 0

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 17

 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
I1 I2

i1 i2

i1 i2 - i1 - i2 - id = 0
- i1 - i2 = id
id
i2 + i1 = -id
R

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 18

 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

• PROBLEMS / DIFFICULTIES, WHILE

INCORPORATING DIFFERENTIAL
PROTECTION.
• DIFFERENT VOLTAGE LEVELS AT PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY OF THE TRANSFORMER.
• POSSIBLE RATIO MISMATCH OF THE CURRENT
TRANSFORMERS.
• 30º PHASE SHIFT IN CASE OF DELTA / STAR
TRANSFORMER.

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 19

 11KV
GEN. 7216.8A 11/138KV GT dY1
8000/5 ‘0’ 800/1

788A ‘0’ 512.39A

‘1’
8000/5
0.64A
‘1’
11KV/240V ET

11/6.9KV YD11
UAT Dd0 0.73/2.65

0.4925A 2.32A
‘0’ ‘0’
4.510A 4.018A
‘0’ ‘0’
i1 RELAY
4.018 = root3 *
2.32
I1 = I2 + I3
4.510A = 0.4925A + 4.018A
 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

• OPERATION OF THE TRANSFORMER AT

DIFFERENT TAP POSITION.
• RELAY MAY NOT BE CONNECTED AT EQUI-
POTENTIAL POINT OF THE PILOT WIRES.
• CT RATIO ERRORS
• DIFFERENT CT PERFORMANCE AT HIGH FAULT
CURRENTS.
• INHERENT DIFFERENCE IN THE CT CHARACTERISTIC
• SATURATION OF CTS CAUSE LARGE RATIO ERRORS –
IP = K*Is + Im.
• PRESENCE OF D. C. COMPONENT IN THE FAULT
CURRENT.

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 21

 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

• MAGNETIZING INRUSH CURRENT

• 6 TO 10 TIMES THE RATED CURRENT.
• PRESENT ONLY ON THE PRIMARY SIDE OF THE
TRANSFORMER.
• DEPENDS ON RESIDUAL FLUX OF THE
TRANSFORMER AND VOLTAGE WAVE POSITION
AT THE INSTANT OF SWITCHING (I.E. ZERO OR
PEAK).

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 22

 HARMONIC CONTENT IN INRUSH
CURRENT

HARMONIC TYPICAL HARMONIC TYPICAL

COMPONENT VALUE COMPONENT VALUE

DC 55% 5th 4.1%

2nd 63% 6th 3.7%

3rd 26.8% 7th 2.4%

4th 5.1%

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 23

 MAGNETIZING INRUSH CURRENT

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 24

 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

• STATIC RELAYS
• DTH 31 / 32 Relay
• Biased to provide stability during heavy through
faults.
• Second harmonic restraint to present operation by
magnetizing inrush current.
• Fifth harmonic bypass for over excitation condition.
• An instantaneous high set Element.

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 25

 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

• NUMERICAL RELAYS
• KBCH (ALSTOM )
• MICOM 540 (ALSTOM)
• RET 316 (ABB)

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 26

 RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT
PROTECTION

• PROVIDES SENSITIVE, INSTANTANEOUS

EARTH FAULT PROTECTION WITHIN THE
PROTECTED ZONE OF THE TRANSFORMER.
• OPERATES ON CIRCULATING CURRENT
PRINCIPAL.

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 27

 REF PROTECTION

Ir

N
Iy

Ib

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 28

 REF PROTECTION

Ir

N
Iy

Ib

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 29

 REF PROTECTION FOR RESISTANCE
EARTHED SYSTEM

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 30

 RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT
PROTECTION

• CAG 14 – HIGH IMPEDANCE RELAY IS USED

WITH EXTERNAL STABILIZING RESISTOR
FOR THE STABILITY AGAINST THROUGH
FAULTS.
• OPERATING COIL OF THE RELAY IS
CONNECTED WITH L. C. CIRCUIT IN SERIES
TO IMMUNE HARMONIC PRODUCED BY CT
SATURATION.

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 31

 BACKUP OVER CURRENT
PROTECTION

• A FAULT EXTERNAL TO A TRANSFORMER

RESULTS IN OVERLOAD / TEMP. RISE /
MECHANICAL FORCES.
• TRANSFORMER MAY FAIL IF THE FAULT IS
NOT CLEARED PROMPTLY.

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 32

 BACK UP OVER CURRENT
PROTECTION
IR Ir

N
Iy
IY

Ib
IB

O/C O/C

O/C

E/F

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 33

 BACKUP OVER CURRENT
PROTECTION

• RELAY SETTINGS ALLOWS SYSTEM CO-

ORDINATION.
• TIME DELAY IS HIGH.
• INSTANTANEOUS ELEMENT IS PROVIDED
FOR PROTECTION AGAINST HEAVY
INTERNAL FAULTS.
• SEPARATE SET OF CTS (CORE) IS
PROVIDED.

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 34

 BACK UP EARTH FAULT
PROTECTION

• PROVIDED WHERE POWER TRANSFORMERS

WITH SECONDARY STAR CONNECTED AND
CONNECTED TO TRANSMISSION LINE.

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 35

 BACK UP EARTH FAULT
PROTECTION
Ir

N
Iy

Ib

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 36

 TRANSFORMER OVER FLUXING
PROTECTION

• E = 4.44 *  * f * T
• E/f
• OVER FLUXING INCREASES MAGNETIZING CURRENT
AND IRON / CORE LOSS WHICH IN TURN
OVERHEATS CORE AND DAMAGES INSULATION OF
LAMINATION, CORE BOLT AND WINDING
INSULATION.
• SUCH CONDITION OCCURS WHEN TRANSFORMER IS
CONNECTED TO THE GENERATOR AND EHV CIRCUIT
BRAKER IS OFF (PRIOR TO SYNCHRONIZATION)
• EXCITATION IS MADE ON AT REDUCED SPEED OF T. G. SET
• AVR IS FAULTY AND CAUSES AN OVER VOLTAGE.

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 37

 TRANSFORMER OVER FLUXING
PROTECTION

• GTT 11 RELAY IS PROVIDED.

• SETTING IS DONE AT 1.12 TIMES RATED V/F
RATIO WITH TIME DELAY OF 60 SECS

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 38

 BUCHHOLZ PROTECTION

• BUCHHOLZ RELAY PROVIDES UNIVERSAL

RESPONSE TO ALL TYPES OF FAULTS WITHIN THE
TRANSFORMER.
• PROVIDES PROTECTION AGAINST TWO TYPES OF FAULTS
• MINOR / INCIPIENT FAULTS SUCH AS
• HOT SPOT ON THE CORE DUE TO S/C OF LAMINATION.
• CORE BOLT INSULATION FAILURE.
• FAULTY JOINTS.
• INTER TURN FAULTS OR OTHER WINDING FAULTS
INVOLVING LOWER POWER INFEEDS.
• MAJOR WINDING FAULTS LIKE EARTH FAULTS OR
INTERPHASE FAULTS.

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 39

 DY1 CONNECTION

IR Ir
N
IY Iy

IB Ib
IR Ir
IR
30 Ir
Ib

IB IY Iy

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 40

 DY11 CONNECTION
IR Ir
N
IY Iy

IB Ib

IR Ir IR
Ir
30

Iy

IB IY
Ib

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 41

 EXCITATION CURVE

10% Vk
EXCITING VOLTAGE VS

Vk
50% Iek

EXCITATION CURRENT Ie

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 42

 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION -
BIASING
I1 I2

i1 i1 i2 i2
I1/2 I2/2
% BIAS =
Id (i1 - i2)*100/(i1 + i2)/2

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 43

 BIASED DIFFERENTIAL
CHARACTERISTIC

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 44

 THANK YOU

THE AECo LTD TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 45