Best of Best

DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT
Chapter one
1. Back ground of Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation

(ECDSWC)
1.1. Brief History of the ECDSWC and the Former Public Enterprises
The Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation (ECDSWC), established
as a Federal Government Public Enterprise by Council of Ministers Regulation No. 365/2015, is
a multi-disciplined engineering firm and provides professional services in water and energy,
transport, building and urban planning and related disciplines.
The ECDSWC is founded by amalgamation of three former Public Enterprises, viz. Water
Works Design and Supervision Enterprise (WWDSE), Construction Design Share Company
(CDSCo) and Transport Construction Design Share Company (TCDSCo) that were
predominantly providing engineering consultancy services in water, building and transport
sectors, respectively
As the ECDSWC is established recently the histories of the three former public enterprises
(CDSCo, TCDSCo, and WWDSE) are considered for the Corporation and briefly described as
follows. The three enterprises, CDSCo, TCDSCo, and WWDSE, were serving as departments in
their parent public institutions, viz. Ministry of Public Works, Imperial Highway Authority, and
Ministry of Water Resources, respectively.
The CDSCo was established as Construction Design Enterprise (CDE) by Council of Ministers
Reg. No. 91/1977 to provide construction consultancy activities independently; and later re-
named as the Building Design Enterprise (BDE) with Council of Ministers Reg. No. 107/1979
but continued to provide consultancy services in building construction design, contract
administration, foundation investigation and material testing. Furthermore, in 2002 the company
was reorganized as Construction Design Share Company (CDSCo) By expanding its services to
road and water works design, supervision and contract administration works.
Transport Construction Design Share Company (TCDSCo) was a full-fledged public enterprise
consulting firm that provides services in design and construction supervision of roads, bridges
and airports; geotechnical investigation and laboratory testing services. TCDSCo was
established as Transport Construction Design Enterprise (TCDE) by Council of Ministers Reg.
No108/1987; and later as TCDSCo by Council of Ministers Reg. No 161/1994. Both CDSCo and
TCDSCo were being supervised by Board of Directors and Public Enterprises Privatization and
Supervising Agency until the establishment of the Corporation.
Water Works Design and Supervision (WWDSE) was established by Council of Ministers
Regulations No. 42/1998 and Council of Ministers Amendment Regulation No. 110/2004 to
DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 1

conduct studies, design and supervision of water infrastructure and river basin integrated
development master plans; and to render services in surveying, geotechnic and laboratory testing
of materials, water quality and agricultural soil as well as preparation of bid and contract
documents.
All the three (3) public enterprises were established to provide engineering consultancy services
in the construction sector
; and afterwards during different times they reorganized, renamed, expanded duties and
responsibilities or amended authorized capital. The major changes the enterprises experienced
are summarized in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1: Authorized and paid up capital as well as current capitals of the former enterprises and
the Corporation
Authorized and Paid up

Enterpris capital (in thousands
es/ Status up
Establishment ETB) to June Remarks
Corporati 2015
on Authorize Paid up
d
Reg. No. 1,301,515.7 393,771.99
ECDSWC
365/2015 85 0
Reg. No.
35,235.67 35,235.67 -
42/1998
WWDSE
Reg. No. 317,250.0 Authorized capital
157,330.00 38,983.00
110/2004 0 amendment
Reg. No. As TCDE
20,000.00 12,000.00 -
108/1987
TCDSCo
Reg. No As TCDSCo
19,197.00 14,397.44 39,290.00
161/1994
Reg. No. As CDE
- - -
91/1977
Reg. No. As BDE
CDSCo 7,408.43 7,408.43 -
107/1979
Reg. No. As CDSCo& scope
25,455.00 25,455.00 32,902.42
180/1994 expansion
1.2. Vision, Mission, and Core Values of the Corporation

1.2.1 Vision
The ECDSWC vision is: To become knowledge based, dependable, and innovative world-class
engineering consulting firm by 2025.
1.2.2 Mission
The ECDSWC missions are:
 To provide study, design, supervision and contract administration services in
transport, water, energy, building, urban planning and related engineering works with
efficient and effective professional services in accordance with local and international
standards that ensure the highest satisfaction of stakeholders and customers.

 To undertake consultancy services with a focus on becoming cost effective while

excelling in every aspect to meet customers’ stringent requirements regarding quality,
on-time delivery, safety and environmental aspects are kept at high levels.
 To develop and maintain sets of knowledge, expertise and skill base and own state-of-
the-art-technologies that are need to provide solutions to the challenges of the
nation’s complex projects.
 To play key roles in supporting the government’s socio-economic transformation
endeavors by closing market gaps in the infrastructure sector development.
1.2.3 Values
The core values of the Corporation include:
 Ethical and professional practice
 Customer focused
 Committed for quality
 Culture of teamwork and creativity
 Integrity and honesty
 Excellence and sustainability
 Intolerance to corruption
1.3 The main services of ECDSWC
The Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation (ECDSWC) is

established as a Federal Government Public Enterprise by Council of Ministers Regulation No.
365/2015. ECDSWC is a multi-disciplined engineering firm and provides professional services
with the following objectives:
1. to provide study, surveying, design, construction supervision, contract administration,

consultancy, training, material inspection, and laboratory services on:
 Roads, bridges, airfields, and railways,
 Buildings, city and sub city planning and architectural engineering,
 Dams, irrigation, drainage, water supply, water quality, sewerage disposal, solid
waste disposal, hydropower, integrated water use, integrated river basin
development, flood prediction and diversion, water infrastructure, rural
development plan and settlement, land use planning,
 Wind and geothermal energy development,
 Geotechnical, tunnels and foundation engineering;

 Other infrastructure development projects where the market gaps occur

2. to provide services of infrastructures safety follow up center and physical modeling
center in order to insure infrastructures safety standards;
3. to cooperate with the concerned higher educational institutions in order to produce
qualified manpower with the necessary discipline, number and quality for the
development of the Corporation;
4. based on the directions given by the Ministry of Public Enterprises, in order to invest and
attract investment, conduct study and obtain finance and technological and administrative
inputs that enables it to operate competitively and profitably domestically and
internationally, and make proposals of the same and implement when approved;
5. to provide services on preparation of standards pertaining to the Corporation
infrastructure development, and to provide services of training and research and
development in design and construction that assist in technology transfer;
6. to provide services in the area of infrastructure development strategies preparation, to
provide services of technical and legal conditions analysis and to analyze data and
generate proposals and application of the same;
7. to provide service of bid documents and contracts preparation and provide contractors
selection services on transport, water, road, buildings and similar civil engineering works;
8. pursuant to the directives issued by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Cooperation
and based on the direction given by the Ministry of Public Enterprises, sell and pledge
bonds and negotiate loans and sign the borrowing agreement from domestic and
international financial sources;
9. To engage in other related activities those are necessary for the attainment of its
objectives.
1.4. The main customers/stakeholders
The stakeholders are those individuals, groups or organizations that can influence the operations
of the organization and/or influenced by its operation.
Stakeholders have various expectations; therefore, the purpose of stakeholder analysis is to

assess, identify and describe the needs and expectations of all company’s stakeholders and to
design sound strategy which would influence complementary expectations and to avoid
conflicting/competing expectation with a focus on maximizing company benefits.

Major stakeholders/customers of the ECDSWC, categorized as internal and external

stakeholders/customers, are listed and analyzed in Table1,2.Accordingly, the expectations of
some of major stakeholders, likely reaction if expectations are not met and institutional responses
are analyzed.
Table 1.2: Stakeholders/Customers Analysis of the Corporation

S Stakeholders Corporation’s
. Stakeholder/C Impact if Response to Corporation
N ustomer Expectations expectations stakeholder’s Expectations
o. are not met expectations
I Internal Stakeholders
1 Ministry of • To serve as • Possibility • Execute its • Technical and
Public market stabilizer of responsibilities Financial
Enterprises in the area of extraordinar as per the support
consultancy y decision mandates,
business in the that in policies,
construction effect result regulations and
sector in strategies of
• To assure liquidation, the government
healthy and merging
profitable with other
financial flow firms, or
among the will the
corporate core ECDSWC
business units privatized
• To become (sale of the
competent, Corporation
profitable and )
sustainable
consulting firm
both in local and
international
markets
• Obtain
informative
reports on the
performances of
the Corporation
on a timely and
regular basis
2 Board of • Actions are • Loss of • Effective and • Provision of
Management consistent with appropriate efficient high-level
board-approved support execution of guidance to
strategy • Take projects to Senior

• To serve as administrati fully satisfy the Management
market stabilizer ve measures customers • Support in
in the area of • Provide high strategic
consultancy quality services decisions in
business in the that satisfy time
construction local and • Monitoring and
sector. international evaluation of
• To assure standards performances;
healthy and • Achieve and provision
profitable expected of feedbacks
financial flow market share
among the
corporate core
business units
• To become
competent and
sustainable
consulting firm
both in local and
international
markets
3 Corporate • Leading • Take • Effective and • Monitoring,
Management consultancy firm administrati efficient evaluation and
in the local ve measures execution of provision of
market as well • Propose projects to feedbacks
as down- fully satisfy the • Support and
internationally sizing of customers follow-up of
recognized and the firm as • Provide high social
certified firm a result of quality services problems at
• Dependable decrease of that satisfy project sites
profitability with market local and • Take decisions
efficient and share; international rapidly on
quality standards issues that
consultancy • Achieve matters
service expected
market share
4 Employees of • Good • Inefficiency • Maintain • Fulfillment of
the Corporation governance • Grievance transparency codes of
• Conducive and and conducts
working institutional accountability • Self-initiated
environment instability • Provide continual

• Competitive • High rate of attractive improvement
salary and employees salary and
benefits turnover benefits
• Provision of and loss of packages
proper health key • Provide
and safety professional training and
facilities skill
• Training development
opportunities programs
• Create good
working
environment
and fulfill
necessary
safety facilities
5 Labor Union of • Ensure the • Grievance • Respect the bi- • Industrial
the Corporation workers’ rights and lateral peace
and benefits are institutional agreement
respected instability between the
• Building healthy management
relations among and labor union
the employees
and management
• Good
governance
II Customers
6 Addis Ababa High levels of • Disappoint • Give value for • Positive and
Water and customer ment and money for healthy work
Sewerage satisfaction loss of every services relationship
Authority through: goodwill rendered • Team work to
• Provision of • Erosion of • Providing meet the
services with the reputation appropriate agreed goals,
highest level of and services objectives and
quality and decrease of supported by deliverables
consistency market proven • Raise
• Completion of share methodologies understanding
works or • Negative and state-of- of the
projects in a social the-art customers
timely and cost sentiment technology regarding range
effective manner using highly of services

• Provision of qualified, provided
training/ experienced • Timely review
workshops and and committed and
skill transfer professionals comments/sugg
• Ensure a rapid estions on
and effective services being
response to the rendered
customers’ in • Support in
line with the capacity
requirements building
• Periodic particularly in
consultation on hydropower
various issues development
related to the works ranging
services from planning
• Post- to construction
service/sales as well as post-
feedback from construction
customer stages
1.5 overall organization and work flow

Inst. transformation,
HR Policy-strategy, Research, M&E, Expansion, Business
Policy-strategy units Restructuring,
Corporate Devt.
HR Mangt., Capacity Buil’g, QC, Business Devt.,
Succession Plan’g,Systems, standards, Market study,
Board of Directors
Corporate Services Eng’g & Research
Analysis, Rate studies, Preparation, Productivity study, Technology,

Chief Executive
Office
Corporate Audit Services

Corporate
Procurement,
Level
Corporate Communications Office
Planning,
Plan
Corporate Contract Management and
Reporting,
Planning
E,
Legal Services
Strategy
&
Annual
Risk Analysis, M&E, M
Financing, Financial
Financial Policy-
Investment,
strategy
Finance
Corporate Finance Corporate Planning, Corporate Corporate Engineering Corporate
Office Programs and Services Office and Research Office Development Office
Projects Mang. Office
Water and Energy Geotechnical

Operation
Corporate
Strategy &
Transport Sector Building and Urban Survey Engineering,
Interface
Sector Works Investigation, Research, Training
policy,
Links
Works Design and Sector Works Design Geotechnical Eng’g, and Geospatial and Civil
Design and and Laboratories
Supervision and Supervision Underground Works Informatics Center
Supervision Center
Design and Supervision
Operation
operation
Projects
Level
Process, functions Process, functions Process, functions Process, functions Process, functions Process, functions
Fig 1.1 over all organization structure

1.6 Over all site layouts
Consultant
office Bar cutting
C0ntructer Construction
place manager
Secretary Our Toil office
office office et office
Secretar
Store DL wearing
y office
room
Maim road
Building area
CHAPTER TWO
2 OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPRIANCE
2.1 HOW DO WE
Fig 1.2 over all site lay out

CHAPTER TWO
2 OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPRIANCE
2.1 How do we get the company?
We get the company over from our expectation. We expect they work only in Addis Abebaand
alsowe only know the Ethiopian construction design and supervision works sector but they have
linkage in all the country brunch and it includesWater Works Design and Supervision Enterprise
(WWDSE), Construction Design Share Company (CDSCo) and Transport Construction Design
Share Company (TCDSCo) that were predominantly providing engineering consultancy services
in water, building and transport sectors, respectively, respectively
2.2 SECTION OF THE COMPANY WE HAVE BEEN WORKING
As it knows, in construction industry there are three main stockholders that are directly involved
in construction project. These stockholders are client (employers), consultant (Engineer) and
contractors (project executors). Each of them has its own tasks and activity that have expected
from each to perform. In fact we have been working in under consultant.
In our hosting company (ECDSWC), GEO physics registrar office building construction site
there are two main works. These are office work and site work. The office works are preparing
of shop drawings, take off sheet and BOQ, reports (daily, weekly, monthly), etc. in these we
have worked as a quantity surveyor take off sheet and BOQ.
Most of the time we spent on concentrating construction work executed on the site. There are
various kinds of work trade. These are setting out, bulk excavation, pit excavation; cart away,
lean concrete, formworks, reinforcement bar works, concrete work for isolated footing, concrete
wornk for combined footing and concrete test
2.3 Work flow at the site
The site that we have been performing our internship project has three main sections to execute
the project. These are contractor non-construction operation work, contractor construction
operation work, and consultant (engineer) work. They work together cooperatively for the
success of the project. Their work flow and roles and responsibilities are described briefly in the
following sub sections.

2.3.1 Contractor non-construction operation work

 Project manager: Project management is the process of planning, organizing tracking
progress, and managing tasks and resources to accomplish defined objectives, usually
within constraints on time, resources, and cost.
The duty of project manager (PM)is preparing meetings, with different section heads for
reviewing schedules, evaluate performances, better understanding of problems and its solutions,
and recollection of resources, removal of doubts, acceleration plans etc… he also briefs to his
boss sufficiently before the meeting between the client and the company representative.
Closer monitoring is another important task of the PM to check all progresses of the site activity
at close range possibly every day. The PM also properly manage his time for all those activities
to be monitored by him and jobs regarding sub-contracts, which include selection, sub-contract
agreement management, releasing declarations relating liabilities to his contract.
In general, the PM acts as leader (guiding the entire resources to an efficient activity), as planner
(planning within the agreed time), as decision-maker (representing the whole site management).
And also he makes overall control of project site scenario.
 Office engineer: He receives the data collected by the data collectors from the site, then
compile, analyze these data to prepare takeoff sheet, BoQ, and payment request
document. He also makes reports to the project engineer and makes detail drawings (shop
drawings) to be easy for construction and provide it to site engineer and/or any concerned
section.
 Administrator: Administer the workers (employees), takes care of the employment of
new workers and checks the work performance and punctuality of the workers with the
time keeper. Administrator and PM are the same person.

 Casher: Casher makes payment of salary, allowance, wage and other fee to site workers
and is responsible for PM.
 Store keeper: Store keeper controls the amount and type of materials entering and leaving
the store. And also he controls amount and type of stockpile dumped to the site and its
consumption and reports to PM.
 Time keeper: Time keeper keeps daily construction workers working time and equipment
operation, idle and down time and is responsible for PM.
 Messenger: Messenger transmits message from one section to another. She is under PM
 Site guard: Site guard keeps site property security. He is under PM.
 Data collector: Data collector collects data about the daily work item activities including
the type and amount of material used, the type and number of workers participated on the
work. He works for quantity surveyor and office engineer.
 Material engineer: Material engineer makes tests and checks and controls material
quality for suitability of construction as per given on specification. He also directs site
material production. He reports to PM.
 Material technician: Material technician assist material engineer and operates technical
tests.
2.3.2 Contractor construction operation work

 Site engineer: Site Engineer controls all the activities in the site and is responsible for
the whole construction work. He directs and controls works to be executed according to
the specifications and drawings. Site engineer and PM are the person.
 Chief surveyor: Chief surveyor makes building layout and profile at the site and works
with site engineer.
 General Forman: General Forman provides management oversight for all trades of the
construction work, including coordinating trade Forman and trade sub-contractors,
material, and equipment. He receives all technical information from the site engineer and
directs leads, coordinates and supervises and gives instruction to his subordinates
according to their responsibilities. And also he recommends measures to improve
production method and equipment performance to increase efficiency and monitors the
volume and quality of output to insure that these are to the standard required.
 Concrete trade Forman: Concrete trade Forman provides management oversight for
concrete casting (mixing, transporting, placing, curing, and chiseling), including
coordinating workers, material, and equipment. He gives technical information to his
subordinates and reports to general Forman.
 Reinforcement bar work sub-contractor: Reinforcement bar work sub-contractor
performs g, bending, placing and tying reinforcement bar as per drawing and as

command of site engineer. He performs work only, not supply materials. He manages his
workers and reports to general Forman and/or PM.
2.3.3Consultant work
The consultant for the project is ETHIOPIAN CONSTRACTION DEGINE AND

SUPERVISOIN WORKS CORPORATION BUILDING AND URBUN DEZINE AND
SUPERVISION WORKS, which is a grade-one consulting firm. Consultants work on the side of
the client and they have the responsibility of conducting necessary quality, time and cost control
mechanisms over contractor work to make sure that the project is being constructed as per
contract.
Contract administration is a major work of the consultant and it has the following functions.
 Quality control: Quality control is the process of making sure the quality of the work
accomplished is not below the required standards. This is obtained by visual inspections
before any major activity like casting of concrete is done, performing various tests, etc.
 Time control: Time control is the process of making sure that the project is going
according to schedule. Any contractor has the obligation of finishing the required work
on the required time.
 Cost control: Preparation of take-off sheets help in estimating the amount of work
accomplished and consequently the amount to be paid to the contractor. The consultant
has the duty of checking the take-off sheets prepared by the contractor, and also it has the
responsibility of making sure that the payments made are in accordance with the bill of
quantities from the contract agreement.
2.4 Work tasks we have executed and their procedures
In fact, the work tasks we have been performing and following (learning) in the site, are
categorized under construction operation work, office work, and concrete tests. Each is described
briefly below.
2.4.1 Construction operation work

2.4.1.1 Setting out
is placing the exact drawing dimension to the ground

Fig 2.1 setting out
2.4.1.2 Excavation work
On our site there is no site clearance because of soil type. The soil is basaltic rock so the
excavation work is directly bulk excavation. The used equipment to excavate bulk is jack
hammer
The Excavation work is very difficult and time taken because of the hardness of rock. So the
contractor decides to use a chemical known as FRACT
FRACT is used to demolish or decentigred the hard rock to talk advantage of its relative low
cost
Procedures
 The rock drill with 40cm up to 60cm diameter and 1m depth

 2 bags of FRACT mix with three liter water ( each bag is contain 5kg)
 Add the mixed FRACT to the drill hall
 In normal air condition after 30min the chemical out from drill hall and the rock is
decentigred
But this chemical is not gives the required result for this site because the chemical needs
edge for decentigred the rock.

Fig 2.2 5kg FRCT chemical fig 2.3 mixing of FRACT
Fig 2.4 FRACT filled in to the hole

Fig 2.5 after 30 minute out the chemical from the hole
Bulk excavation refers to removal of huge amount of soil from the site to fulfill the structural
requirements excavation to get reduce level of every structural element below the ground level

Fig 2.6 bulk excavation
 Pit excavation is excavating to footings. In our site we use isolated footing and there
depths are different. The reason of selecting isolated footing is depend on the bearing

capacity of the soil, load of building, and structural condition of the design
Pit depth
Fig 2.7 pit excavation
 Lean concrete is a concrete which used mostly under or beneath a footing, masonry
wall and pavement. After excavation beneath of isolated footing a lean concrete
which have strength C-5and it’s mixing ratio is 1:5:7 (1 cement 5sand and 7
aggregates) and thickness of 50mm is casted.

. It is used for
 protects all structures element from moisture

 Prevents the soil particle that is present under structure from any relative
movement.
 Prevents the stratum to hold sub structure on the soil and other.
2.5cm lean concrete
Fig 2.8 lean concrete

2.4.1.3 FORM WORK
Formwork is a temporary structural element, which supports column, beam and slabs in casting
concrete. It shall be designed and erected to safely support, vertical and lateral loads that might
be applied until such load can be supported by the concrete structure. Formwork can be made
from timber, plywood, metals and other materials. A formwork should be treated for preventing
adherence of concrete by coating with oil or any other release agent. And it should be level,
clean and smooth and spacer should be fixed in appropriate dimension to maintain concrete
cover.
Before a formwork is fixing reinforcement bars are checked whether placed in a correct spacing,
diameter, length etc. and concrete spacer of thickness 20mm for slabs, columns and beams are
used. In our site use timber and steel formworks and well painted by oil are used.
Procedures for footing pad

 Crasher prepared at the position to keep exact position of column.
 Lay lean concrete
 Form work
o Plywood’s are assembled at the position braced with cravat
o Gindila that supports stanga is fixed with nails, stanga supports formwork.
 Paint oil the form work
 Reinforcement bar for footing column and footing pad placed and tied
 2.5 cm thick mortar spacer is tied
 Concrete with a ratio of 1:2:3 is placed for footing pad
 After one day from the time of concrete placing, formwork is strike (dismantled).

Figure 2.9: formwork for footing pad Figure 2.10 Placing of rebar for Footing pad
Figs 2.11 rebar placing for foundation column Fig 2.12 placing of concrete

Procedure for footing column
 Rebar place &tied.

 After footing pad is filled concrete & cured
Paint oil the formwork for footing column.
 Construct the form work.
 Fill the concrete the footing column
 Remove the form work after24 hours.
Fig 2.13 formwork for foundation column
Fig.2.15 Concrete filled foundation column
Fig 2.14 circular formwork for elevation column
2.4.1.4 CONCRETE WORK
Concrete is a composition of material made up of inert materials of varying sizes, which are
bounded together by binding medium. Before we prepare concrete mix we need to check the

following material or ingredients because it’s strength depend on aggregate posted bond, mix
proportion and quality of ingredients some of ingredients are: cement, aggregate, sand and
water.
1 CEMENT
Cement is a binder, a substance used in construction that sets and hardens and can bind other
materials together and the standard bag of cement as distributed in Ethiopia is commonly 50 kg.
As we seen in our site cement are stored off the ground in order to prevent deterioration. The off
the ground formation method shall be subject to approval by the engineer.
Type of cement used on the site is national cement
Our site use OPC over PPC for the purpose of super and sub structure due to gets strength
very fast
SAND It is naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral
particle
2 AGGREGATE
It is a broad category of coarse particular material used in construction, including sand,
gravel, crashed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geo synthetic aggregates. Aggregate
properties significantly affect by workability of plastic concrete, durability, strength,
Properties and density of hardened concrete. Regarding to this aggregate classified in to
fine and coarse aggregate depend on their size.
3 WATER
Water should be stored in clean container to exclude deleterious material (unwanted
material) this will affect the quality of concrete .in our site water is stored in container
And in pit that is made of blocks and well plastered locally called berca’ to avoid
contamination.
Water used in concrete mixes has two functions
- Enabling the chemical reaction which causes setting and hardening to proceed.
- Lubricate the mixture of aggregates and cement in order to facilitate placing
Casting of concrete
In casting of concrete for our observation on site, site engineer who is cheeked the progress
To cast, this means site engineer checked the amount of reinforcement is done according to the
design, and also cheeked the strengthen of formwork and checking holes to the formwork or

unclosed space between junctions of formwork as result she order to close the junction using
cement cover paper, in order to protect the removal of cement paste. For the case of mixing of
Concrete also site engineer cheeked the compressive strength and also he ordered the mix ratio
either to be used 1:2:3 or C-25.
Vibration of concrete – The process of compacting concrete by vibration consists essentially to
Concrete vibrate has the following advantage
 To prevent segregation of concrete

 To have uniform mixing
 To gain the required strength for structural element
 To have good binding between concrete ingredient
Curing concrete – moisture is necessary for the proper hardening of concrete because the
chemical reaction that results in the setting and hardening of the paste takes place only in the
presence of water.
The purpose of curing concrete – is to prevent formation of surface cracks due to rapid loss of
water while the concrete is fresh and weak and to assure attainment of strength by providing
enough moisture for the hydration of the cement grains throughout the concrete
2.4.1.5 REINFORCEMENT WORK
In our site diameter of bar used from 8 up to 24.reinforcement bar to be used for construction
shall be cleaned to remove loose rust, mill scale, loose rush, grease and other material which are
likely to reduce bond with concrete to avoid such defects reinforcement shall be placed (stored)
in an off the ground position to present rust by contacting with soil, dampness and other
objectionable material. But in our site reinforcement are not stored in such condition.

Reinforcement work including
 Cutting and bending
In this stage reinforcement bars are cut and bend at appropriate dimension specified on the
structural drawing. In our site a bar cutting schedule is prepared before any bending and cutting
is done.
 Placing in position: after bars are cut and bend bar benders is fixed as to the
structural drawing.
 Tie and spacers: bars are tied tightly by mild wire and spacers to maintain appropriate
concrete cover are tied
Fig 2.16 Bar cutting and bending material

Spacers
Spacers are used to maintain uniform thickness of cover to reinforcement in substructure and
superstructure which were reinforced. Our site use different size spacer in different parts which
are 30mm for footing, 25mm for column and beam and spacers were put between the formwork
and reinforcement bars by using metal ties which were connected with the spacer while
preparing them. These spacers remained as the part of structure after the formwork was removed.
Fig 2.17 Spacer
Retaining walls are used to resist the pressure of earth water or solids. Retaining wall Structures
that are built to retain vertical or nearly vertical earth banks or any other material are called
retaining walls. Retaining walls may be constructed of masonry or RC walls
Procedures for retaining wall footing pad

 Crasher prepared at the position to keep exact position of column
 Lay lean concrete
 Construct form work for the pad
 Paint oil the footing pad
 Place rebar for retaining wall footing pad
 Fill the concrete for the pad.

Fig.2.18 retaining wall pads rebar Fig.2.19 retaining wall footing pad concrete
formwork &lean filled, formwork remove
Retaining wall stages

 Rebar placed for retaining wall
 Paint oil the formwork for retaining
wall
 Construct the formwork for the
retaining wall
 Fill concrete the retaining wall
 Removed the formwork

Fig 2.20 Rebar placing retaining wall fig 2.21 formwork for retaining wall
2.4.1.6 Back Fill
Backfill is replacement of soil that is removed during building construction, and it is use to
strength hen and support a structure’s foundation.
In our site
 The selected material is brought by dump truck

 Placed by excavator and wheel barrow
 Vertically compacted at every 20cm layer using the roller and compaction of the column
edges and unreachable parts with hand compactor

Fig 22 Back fill
2.4.1.7 CART AWAY
The unwanted soil part found from the takeoff sheet by subtracting the total excavated soil (rock)
and used soil. This is the removed soil from the total work.
The bulk excavated must be removed from site to facilitate the working condition. The volume
of load cart away=volume of excavated-volume of backfill.
Basement beam -are constructed after all foundation works, backfill and compaction, and
masonry work has been finished. When grade beams are built first tying bar, formwork fixing
then concrete cost. Grade beams are used to transmit load from a bearing wall in to foundation.
Procedures
 Lean concrete
 Painting oil to the plywood

 Placing rebar and spacer is tied to the
Stirrups (Staffa)
 Preparation of formwork using the plywood
To the other side of the basement beam
 Filling the basement beam
 Dismantling and removing the formwork

Fig 2.23 lean concrete for BB fig 2.24 placing rebar for BB
Fig 2.25 placing formwork for BB fig2.26 after formwork removed

Hard core– rock are used for hard coring and filled by chips. The advantage of hard core is that
it is an efficient barrier for rising ground water table (ground moisture). After hard coring lean
concrete is used for blinding so then losses of the C-25 concrete that will be cost above it which
otherwise penetrate in to the holes of the hard core is avoid
o Lift is a vertical circulation through a building and constructed from reinforced concrete
as a shaft.
Reinforcement for lift – it is the same with stair on laying reinforcement after formwork fixed.
Lift formwork – have four side box used for filling fresh concrete. It has floor of the building.
Procedures
 Place internal formwork on

 Place reinforcement bar and tied
spacer
 Place external formwork
 Fill concrete in vertical shaft
 Remove formwork
Fig 2.27 placing rebar and formwork
For lift

2.4.2 Office work

In group we have prepared take off sheet and reinforcement bar schedule using our own format
for sub structure of block 1’ of the project. For these preparations we have used theoretical
knowledge that we grasped in school, and as guidance of project manager. Samples are shown
below
. When we are work on office we were engaged in preparing:-takeoff sheet, bill of quantity, bar
schedule, payment certificate and construction equipment management
Those office tasks are explained in detail on the following pages.
2.4.2.1 Takeoff sheet
On site we have been assigned to prepare takeoff sheet and bar schedule which finally checked
by project manager of the site. Takeoff sheet have list of materials with quantities and types
(such as specific grades of steel), the takeoff determine total weight of the item and it is standard
form used for entering the dimension taken or scaled from drawings to determine the accurate
quantity in each trade of work. Takeoff sheet have four columns.
They are:-
1. Timsing (item) column – in this column we inter the number of times an item occurs.
2. Dimension column – in this column we inter the dimension of the items of work in the
following order. Length, Width, Height or Thickness.
3. Squaring column – we inter the result.
4. Description column – we describe the item by referring the axis and other descript
But, in our site we use this kinds of format sheet to prepare takeoff sheet
Project: - Addis Ababa University-Geophysics Office & Site Work B+G+6
Client: - Addis Ababa University
Consultant: - Ethiopian Construction Design & Supervision Work Corporation Building &
Urban Design & Supervision Works Sector

Contractor: - FE Construction Plc.
No LxWxH Qty. Unit. Description. No LxWx Qty Unit Description.

. H . .
1,Earthwork&
Excavation
1,1Bulk excavation
Working space 1.5 to
both sides.
1 18.50 b/n axis1-4 &A-D
20.10
1.50 557 m3
.8
Table 2.1 sample of takeoff sheet

2.4.2.2 Bar schedule
Bar schedule is a form for entering dimensions taken drawings to determine the accurate quantity
of reinforcement bar (steel).
Rebar Take-Off
PROJECT:-Addis Ababa University-Geophysics office & site work B+G+6
LOCATION:- Addis Ababa
Client: - Addis Ababa University
Consultant:-Ethiopian Construction Design & Supervision Work Corporation Building &

Urban design
CONTRUCTOR:-FE CONSTRACTION
Struct locat Shape Di Length No of No of Tota Total Length (m)

ure ion a (m) bars Block l No
s of dia dia dia dia dia dia dia
bar 8 10 12 14 16 20 24
Pad
1 16 1.6 13 1 14 1.6
2 10 1.6 13 1 14 1.6
3 10 1.6 13 1 14 1.6
4 8 1.6 9 6 54 9.6
Table 2.2 sample of bar schedule
2.4.2.3 Bill of quantity
Bill of quantity is the list of items defining briefly the works to be done and quantify of the
works. It is a process of collecting and entries into an accepted format all the measured
quantities, by tread and type, and filling in total amount by multiplying with the unit rates.

Type of material Uni Quantity Unit price

work t Execute Contracte (c)
d d Total
(a) (b) Total (a*c) cost(b*c)
1 Earth work(site M2
clearing)
2 Bulk excavation M3
3 Pit excavation M3
Table 2.3 sample of BOQ format
2.4.2.4 Payment Certificate
After the takeoff and bill off quantity have been completed and checked. Quantities are then
transferred to summary sheet where a quantity of similar items are collected in the same category
and in summary sheet quantities multiplied by unit rate and total amount is transferred to
payment certificate.
Document verified by an architect engineer or owner of a construction project that the

noted work has been completed and is approved for payment by the general contractor.
The currency payment will be fixed in the contract for the measured works. A separated
calculation sheet will need to be prepared for the payment due to nominated subcontractors.
Certificate of payment has its own table format which is shown at the bottom of the not. This
calculation sheet includes the percentage on-cost due to the contractor. The employer and the
engineer will need to decide if payment for varied works shall be included in the general
evaluation of the works or shown separately further, if the employer has a restricted budget, he
may require that the amounts expended are highlighted under this separated heading. The
contractor has to demonstrate that the materials complete with the requirement of the contract.
The amount of retention to be deducted is calculated by applying the percentage given in the
annex to tender until the limit of retention money is reached. Once a retention released certificate
is issued, a portion of the retention is to be returned. The engineer is entitled to withhold
certification of the estimated cost of outstanding work until it has been completed. The amount
of money to be returned in respect of section or parts is indicated at the back on the annex.
2.4.2.5 Construction equipment management
Construction equipments are used to operate our work effectively & efficiently. In our site we
can observe and understand different type equipment’s. Once they enter in to the site but before
they are enter to the site the contractor must give special consideration on the selection of this
equipment’s about their availability, versatility and also must associate this with his project size.

The major purpose of using this equipment’s is to save the time required for one specific work
and to achieve the best quality of work.
The project size is huge so based on this data some of the equipment’s are prepare and listed
before commencement of the project. And some of equipment’s are acquired by rental and others
by rental and others are owned by the construction company.
-some of the equipment’s are listed below
1. Loader- the main purpose of this loader is to load selected material to the dump truck and
batch the construction material for the preparation of concrete.
2. Jack hammer- is used to excavate below a grade level and also this equipment is used in our
site on pit excavation and bulk excavation.
Jack hammer for excavation work uses by three methods
A sub contract
B Rental
C owned
A sub contract:- the excavation work of our site was started by sub contractor agreed with main
contractor and they agree with 250br/m3 but the sub contractor terminate the contract because
the rock type is very strong so the sub contractor is not profitable.
B Rental:- is the second option of agreement and the jack hammer works 8hr/day
1200br/hr = 9600br/day + 300br for fuel
=9900br/day
This agreement is terminate after some excavation works is executed because of the jack hammer
is broken three times with the duration of work.
The maintenance cost of the jack hammer is around 3000br for ones
C owned:- FE construction PLC is owned their jack hammer and they are profitable on this way
because their cost is fuel and maintenance cost

Fig 2.27 jack hammer
3. Dump truck- is used to dump construction material from one place to the site and to dump the
selected material from the site to another place.
4. Truck mixer- is a mixer which is used to mix construction material for the preparation of
concrete and also used to transport concrete from one place to another place and its capacity is
5.5m3

Fig 2.29 truck mixer
5 Roller is also equipment used in our site to compact selected fill material during backfill
work to avoid the void space of soil
Fig 2.30 roller

6 Vibrator- is used to vibrate a concrete to attain equal distribution of construction material

inside the concrete and to avoid a void space from the concrete.
Vibrator
Fig 2.31 vibrator
2.4.3 Concrete tests
Slump and cube tests are taken for concrete work.

 Slump test is taken to check the water to cement ratio of the concrete mix, since it has a
significant effect on concrete strength. During slump test three results are expected. I.e.
true slump, shear slump and collapse slump. For the test taken true slump (3cm - 6cm
slump height) result is obtained, i.e. 4cm slump height, which was a best mix!

Fig. 2.32 slump test
Cube test sample is taken for the attainment of compression strength of concrete, i.e. 25Mpa. 6
cubes of concrete samples are prepared from the concrete mix and three cubes will be crushed
after 7days & the remaining three will be crushed at 28th day to get the final result.
We are seen 7day crashed in lab three cubes
Procedure
 Prepare six cubes that have the same size

 Fill concrete
 Compact the filled concrete with hand
 After 24 hrs set in water up to 7 & 28 days
 Measure the weight of sample concrete
 Crush the three measured concrete with machine individually
 The machine recorded the maximum force that will be crushed
 (The recorded force divided by area of cube)* 10
10 is convection factor

Fig 2.33 oil panted cube fig 2.34 concrete filled cube for
Sample
Fig 2.35 sample of after seven day fig 2.36 crushing machine

Fig 2.37 record machine the crushed force in KN

Our concrete sample in seven day
Sample Weight (kg) Force (KN)

Cube 1 8.0 782
Cube 2 8.0 851.9
Cube 3 8.2 842.9
Table 2.4 sample of concrete in lab
Strength of concrete (MP) = (load/area)*10

= (782/225)*10
= 34.75MP
Our sample of concrete is over qualified because the required strength is 25MP
 Hammer test
The hammer measures the rebound of a
spring loaded mass impacting against the
surface of the sample. Its rebound is
dependent on the concrete and is measured
by the test equipment
Fig.2.38 hammer test

2.5 Performance of the project
During our four month stay we perform well, we tried to play managerial skill and technical skill
in working environment by using knowledge that we gained in school
Indeed, it is difficult to judge by our self our work performance in all work trades that we have
executed but as comments of our supervisor and challenges we put our self at good performer.
2.6 Challenges we have faced

The challenges we faced in construction site during internship period are
 The first month of our internship it is difficult to understand site (local) name of
tools and works in order to communicate with workers on site.
 The working environment was unsafe for employees according to safety.
 The air condition of the site is difficult to work, the transportation system is so
difficult to arrive on time and done the work properly.
 Miss Mach between structural and architectural drawing.
 Lack of measurement for basement floor height on drawing and the site engineer
was Wright letter for structural engineer but there is no answer with a time, the
work is done without any recommendation but the height is not enough to enter
the cars so the structure is demolished.
 The site engineer was not a good approach for us because we ware report the
work error for the consultant.

2.7 Measures we have taken to overcome these challenges
 To understand the site language we ware ask the persons who was known engineering
words
 Wearing the hat and jacket for sun and cold of air condition.
 By recommend the work errors for contractors
 By informing when we observe the executed work is works properly or not, for example
on our site during placing of foundation formwork, we observe that one isolated footing
is inclined and one edge of the column is out of the wall of the building, so we inform for
the consultant, then the work is demolished and work again and finally we discussed
from site engineer and agree with that.

Other site visit

Megenagna
The project constructed around megenagna is 40/60 condominiums.
When we visit this site the work executed at that time was ripped slab, electrical conduits and
light weight concrete
Ripped Slab– is flat structure constructed from HCB, reinforcement mesh and concrete. They
serve as a walking surface but may also serve as a load bearing members as in slab homes. They
used for transfer loads to the column
HCB
pondo fonte
Fig 2.39 Conduit for lighting

Fig 2.40 Placing of concrete for ribbed slab
Electrical conduits constructed for floor light and socket
For light
 is align horizontally after arranged HCB

 cover by concrete placed after mesh
For socket
 Is align vertically through beams and HCB wall

 The electrical cables are inter to the conduit during finishing work
Fig 2.41.Conduit for socket

Light weight concrete is a mix of a material known as pumice and cement with ratio 1:5 and
construct as a roof structure used for
 Minimize the dead load of the structure

 To prevent water inter to the structure ( the property pumice have a void so with this
void resist water flow to structure )
 Constructed to elevated the
Pumice
Fig 2. 42 pumice
Around Abune petros square
The project is journals and mass media training Collage for Adiss Abeba University
In this we observe the foundation work (mat foundation)
Mat foundation is a type of foundation which transmits its load to the soil by means of a
continuous slab that covers the entire area of the bottom of a structure similar to a floor.
This type of foundation is used
 A situation in which the low bearing capacity of the soil necessitates such large isolated
footing that it is reasonable to join them all together
 Where there is large loads comes from the super structure
 Sub surface condition is weak so that cannot be maintained by footing (to counteract the
effect of hydrostatic uplift)

Bottom mesh
Kebeleto top mesh
Fig 2.43 Rebar for mat foundation
Kebeleto is a rebar that placed with 1.5m space and used for
 Support top mesh

 give uniform space between two mashes
 give strength for structure
Fig 2.44 Concrete filled mat foundation

CHAPTER THREE
OVERALL INTERNSHIP BENEFIT
3.1 Improving practical skill
During internship period, we have improved our practical skill in the different work tasks. These
are:
 Reading working drawings (architectural, structural, and electrical) and working with
them.
 Process of concrete work (batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting and
curing) for different structural elements.
 Process of reinforcement bar work (cutting, bending, placing and tying) for different
structural elements.
 Process of formwork and false work (cutting, erection, treating and striking) for different
structural elements
 Take off sheet and bar schedule preparation.
 Building profile construction.
 Slump test technique
 Sampling technique for cube test.
 Hammer test.
 Project site work management
3.2 Upgrading theoretical knowledge

Internship project gave as the opportunity to apply our theoretical knowledge (which we have
learnt last four years at school) in real job environments. During this Internship project, almost
all the courses we have taken theoretically were applied in the execution of work tasks. But more
our theoretical knowledge is mostly upgraded the following courses. Such as:
 Building construction I & II

 Construction materials I & II
 Principles of construction management
 Human resource and supplies management
 Specification and quantity surveying
 Construction planning and scheduling
 Construction working drawing
 Construction site management
 Engineering surveying
3.3 Improving interpersonal communication skill

Since there were many workers at the office and the site, we get a lot of persons with different
personality and attitude; therefore we had needed good communication skill with those persons
with various communicating methods to achieve good work performance. Due to this, the
internship project played a great role in improving our interpersonal communication skills.
3.4 Improving team playing skill
Team work is cooperative and the project has defined objective to be achieved. Even if different
type of work tasks of the project are assigned to different individuals or groups at different work
position. It needs cooperation of those individuals or groups to achieve the common objective.
Therefore, every individual or group must play team spirit with fulfilling his/her/their
responsibility at required time, quality and quantity and with communicating to concerning body.

3.5 Improving leadership skill

Leadership is a process of leading/directing subordinates by inspiring them in order to perform
good and right. To do so, a leader should do the following issues:
 Motivating subordinates
 Knowing and showing the way how to work good and right
 Making effective communication
 Decision making
 Being knowledgeable of the work
 Willingness to listen subordinates’ ideas and participating their construct able ideas in to
decision.
 Ability to take the responsibilities for his/her actions
 Problem solving
In this four month internship project we have gained more experiences to improve our leadership
capacity by practicing the above issues while working in a group.
3.6 Understanding about work ethics related issues
There we have learned and gained so many things related to work ethics in addition to what we
knew earlier theoretically. And from those, we have understood and upgraded following issues in
the work environment. These are:
 Loyalty
 Punctuality
 Hard working habit (industriousness)
 Devotion to work Respecting others
 Tolerance with workers around.
 Keeping rules and regulation
 Being responsible
 Proper usage of property
 Developing positive attitude towards the work task we participate.
.
3.7 Entrepreneurship skill
Entrepreneurship is a key driver of economic growth and job creation for one country. It
provides many people with business opportunities that better fit their preferences than
waged employment.
From point of our knowledge (that we gained both theoretically and practically) and closer look
at the way of doing business and the way of making profit in the our hosting company, we are so
eager to involve in the construction business

CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSION
Generally the internship period was the most valuable period for us, which largely helped us to
be familiar with the industry and gain a great deal of experience. It is vivid that without clear
understanding of the construction industry one cannot be a successful manger in the construction
projects. To have such a skill we have been gathering a great deal of practical knowledge in the
site. Office works was also the most important tasks we have been performing, which highly
lessoned us the basic techniques and tools of management.
In the whole in our internship program we know many useful and important practical skills and
experiences like, How to execute our work, How we can get the hosting company, How we can
understand the works flows look like, Which works we can execute effectively and efficiently,
How we are good in performing our work tasks, What challenges we could have faced for the
future, What measures we could have took to overcome it and How we could improve our
Practical skills, Theoretical knowledge and interpersonal communicational skills, Team playing
skills Leadership skills, Understanding of work ethics issues & Entrepreneurship skills.

Recommendation
In our hosting company we are work on laboratory test effectively and we gave a great gratitude
to the laboratory technicians. We want to recommend our company as a client in order to
supervise carefully that the contractor done. Whereas we want to recommend the contractor FE
CONSTUCTION P.L.C
The project time schedule was during contract document preparation. For example our site
project is huge (B+G+6) with area of (46.45*36.96) and after expansion joint (B+G+4)
(40.5*13.5) plus to that the excavated material is basaltic rock, for this work contract by 365
days.
The time working ground beam on site is time of plastering on contract document, so it becomes
delay for the project

Reference
 CDSCo. Magazine published in June 2011.
 Site observation
 Report writing skill hand out
 INTERNET.(www.cdsco.com.et)
 Ching, F.D.(2008 G.C.). Building construction illustrated. Hoboken, New Jersey:
JHON WILEY & SONS, INC
 Ministry of works and urban development. (1995 E.C.). Ethiopian building code
of standards. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

APPENDEIX
SITE WORD MEANING
 Staffa……………………………………………………….Stirrup
 Soleta……………………………………………………….Slab
 Armata……………………………………………………..Concrete
 Fero…………………………………………………………Reinforcement bar
 Ferayo………………………………………………………Bar bender
 Tumbi……………………………………………………....Plumb bob
 Fondo……………………………………………………….Bottom soffit
 Sponda……………………………………………………...Side board
 Sibago………………………………………………………String
 Kirachary……………………………………………………column formwork alignment
 Chikal………………………………………………………..pegs
 Berka………………………………………………………...water store(container)
kebeleto

ABBREVATION
EWCDSC Ethiopian construction design and supervision works corporation
WWDSE water works design and supervision enterprise
TCDSCo transport construction design Share Company
CDSCo Construction design Share Company
OPC Ordinary Portland cement
PPC Portland – pozolana cement
E.C Ethiopian calendar
CDE Construction design enterprise
BDE Building design enterprise
PLC Privet limited company

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DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSTY FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT

1. Back ground of Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation

DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 1

DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 2

Authorized and Paid up

1.2. Vision, Mission, and Core Values of the Corporation

DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 3

 To undertake consultancy services with a focus on becoming cost effective while

The Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation (ECDSWC) is

1. to provide study, surveying, design, construction supervision, contract administration,

DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 4

 Other infrastructure development projects where the market gaps occur

1.4. The main customers/stakeholders

Stakeholders have various expectations; therefore, the purpose of stakeholder analysis is to

DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 5

Major stakeholders/customers of the ECDSWC, categorized as internal and external

Table 1.2: Stakeholders/Customers Analysis of the Corporation

DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 6

DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 7

DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 8

1.5 overall organization and work flow

DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 9

Corporate Services Eng’g & Research

Analysis, Rate studies, Preparation, Productivity study, Technology,

Corporate Audit Services

Corporate Communications Office

Water and Energy Geotechnical

Sector Works Investigation, Research, Training

Fig 1.1 over all organization structure

DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 10

1.6 Over all site layouts

2 OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPRIANCE

Fig 1.2 over all site lay out

DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 11

2 OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPRIANCE

2.1 How do we get the company?

2.2 SECTION OF THE COMPANY WE HAVE BEEN WORKING

2.3 Work flow at the site

DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 12

2.3.1 Contractor non-construction operation work

DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 13

2.3.2 Contractor construction operation work

DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 14

The consultant for the project is ETHIOPIAN CONSTRACTION DEGINE AND

2.4 Work tasks we have executed and their procedures

2.4.1 Construction operation work

is placing the exact drawing dimension to the ground

DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 15

Fig 2.1 setting out

2.4.1.2 Excavation work

 The rock drill with 40cm up to 60cm diameter and 1m depth

DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 16

Fig 2.2 5kg FRCT chemical fig 2.3 mixing of FRACT

Fig 2.4 FRACT filled in to the hole

DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 17

DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 18

Fig 2.6 bulk excavation

DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 19

Fig 2.7 pit excavation

DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 20

 protects all structures element from moisture

2.5cm lean concrete

Fig 2.8 lean concrete

DEPARTMENT OF COTM Page 21