Abnormalities of Vital Signs

Blood pressure
-the pressure of the blood in the circulatory system, often measured for diagnosis
since it is closely related to the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and
elasticity of the arterial walls.

Hypertension
-Hypertension is another name for high blood pressure. It can lead to severe
complications and increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and death.
Unmanaged hypertension can lead to a heart attack, stroke, and other problems .
Treatment for Hypertension
-Lifestyle adjustments are the standard first-line treatment for hypertension.
-Thiazide diuretics.( help your body eliminate sodium and water, reducing blood
volume)
-Beta blockers.

Signs and symptoms

Severe headache
Fatigue or confusion
Vision problems
Chest pain
Difficulty breathing
Irregular heartbeat
Blood in the urine
Pounding in your chest, neck, or ears

Hypotension
- is the medical term for low blood pressure (less than 90/60).
-Low blood pressure might seem desirable, and for some people, it causes no
problems. However, for many people, abnormally low blood pressure
(hypotension) can cause dizziness and fainting. In severe cases, low blood
pressure can be life-threatening.
Signs and Symptoms
-Dizziness or lightheadedness
Fainting (syncope)
 Blurred vision
Nausea
Fatigue
Lack of concentration

Temperature
-the normal temperature of the human body. A person's normal body
temperature is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit or 37 degrees Celsius.

Hyperthermia
-Hyperthermia is elevated body temperature due to failed thermoregulation that
occurs when a body produces or absorbs more heat than it dissipates. Extreme
temperature elevation then becomes a medical emergency requiring immediate
treatment to prevent disability or death.

Signs and Symptoms

An early stage of hyperthermia can be "heat exhaustion" (or "heat prostration"

or "heat stress"), whose symptoms include heavy sweating, rapid breathing
and a fast, weak pulse. If the condition progresses to heat stroke, then hot,
dry skin is typical[8] as blood vessels dilate in an attempt to increase heat
loss. An inability to cool the body through perspiration may cause the skin to
feel dry.

Hypothermia
-Hypothermia is a medical emergency that occurs when your body loses heat
faster than it can produce heat, causing a dangerously low body temperature. Normal
body temperature is around 98.6 F (37 C). Hypothermia (hi-poe-THUR-me-uh) occurs
as your body temperature falls below 95 F (35 C).
Signs and symptoms of hypothermia include:
Shivering
Slurred speech or mumbling
Slow, shallow breathing
Weak pulse
Clumsiness or lack of coordination
Drowsiness or very low energy
Confusion or memory loss
Loss of consciousness
Bright red, cold skin (in infants)
Respiratory rate: The number of breaths per minute or, more formally, the number of
movements indicative of inspiration and expiration per unit time.
Normal Breath Sounds

Vesicular
-a normal sound of rustling or swishing heard with a stethoscope over
the lung periphery. It characteristically has a higher pitch during inspiration and fades
rapidly during expiration.

Bronchial

-are tubular, hollow sounds which are heard when auscultating over the large
airways (e.g. second and third intercostal spaces). They will be louder and
higher-pitched than vesicular breath sounds.

Broncho Vesicular

- sounds intermediate between bronchial and vesicular breath sounds; they

can be abnormal, but are normal when heard between the 1st and 2nd
intercostal spaces anteriorly and posteriorly between scapulae.

Abnormal Breath Sounds

-Rhonchi are continuous low pitched, rattling lung soundsthat often resemble
snoring. Obstruction or secretions in larger airways are frequent causes of rhonchi.
They can be heard in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
bronchiectasis, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, or cystic fibrosis.

Rales: Small clicking, bubbling, or rattling sounds in the lungs. They are heard
when a person breathes in (inhales). They are believed to occur when air opens closed
air spaces. Rales can be further described as moist, dry, fine, and
coarse. Rhonchi: Sounds that resemble snoring.