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A Case Study
Presented to
The Faculty of the Electrical Engineering Department
College of Engineering
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA
Las Pinas Campus
In Partial Fulfillment
of the
Requirements for the Degree
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
EZEKIEL S. DALISAY
BSEE 4
March 2018
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
INTRODUCTION
Electrical Safety
All electrical systems have the potential to cause harm. Electricity can be
either static or dynamic. Dynamic electricity is the uniform motion of electrons
through a conductor (this is known as electric current). Conductors are
materials that allow the movement of electricity through it. Most metals are
conductors. The human body is also a conductor. Electric current cannot exist
without an unbroken path to and from the conductor. Electricity will form a
path or loop. When you plug in a device (ex. a power tool), the electricity takes
the easiest path from the plug-in, to the tool, and back to the power source. This
is also known as creating or completing an electrical circuit.
All electrical systems can potentially cause harm. Four of the main types
of injuries that occur as a result of electrical current include: electrocution,
electric shock, burns, and falls. These types of incidents can occur in various
instances. Through direct contact with electrical energy, electricity can travel
through the body can interfere with regular electrical signals between the brain
and our muscles. This can lead to instances where the heart may stop beating
regularly, breathing may stop and other bodily function may shut down. Arc
Flashes can result in intense burns or an intense light that can cause blindness.
Electrical safety is regulated by Work Place Health and Safety Regulations
which states that every employer is responsible for ensuring that all employees
are safe from injuries and risks to health while at the workplace.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
Electrical Hazards
Electricity is essential to modern life, both at home and on the job. Some
employees, engineers, electricians, electronic technicians, and power line
workers, among them -- work with electricity directly. Others, such as office
workers and sales people, work with it indirectly. Perhaps because it has
become such a familiar part of our daily life, many of us don't give much
thought to how much our work depends on a reliable source of electricity. More
importantly, we tend to overlook the hazards electricity poses and fail to treat it
with the respect it deserves.
Good quality wiring that conforms to safety standards is vital for safety. Poor
wiring can increase chance of fire, power surges, arc faults, and other serious
consequences. For this reason, it’s always best to avoid do-it-yourself electrical work
and get professional electricians to perform electrical wiring around the house.
Damaged, worn, cracked or corroded electrical wires can increase the chance of
electrical accidents. Have a qualified electrician check your wiring on a regular basis
to ensure wiring is safe. If you need to, upgrade and replace old and faulty wires.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
Outlets in bathrooms, kitchens, and other living areas with water should be
installed a fair distance away from the water source. As water conducts electricity,
keeping outlets away from water reduces the chance of electric shock. Never use a
radio, hair dryer, phone, or other device in the bath, near the pool, or anywhere with
a wet floor.
3.Wet Hands
6. Extension Cords
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
Don’t use extension cords as a permanent substitute for additional power sockets,
and avoid using them for too many appliances at once.
7. Light bulbs
We don’t often think of light bulbs as being electrical hazards, but the
potential for an electrical fire arises when light bulbs are kept near flammable
materials. These can include beds, drapes, plastics, or other items such as upholstery.
Lights, like all sources of electricity, can also cause electric shock, so ensure you
always turn the light switch off before replacing a light bulb, and never replace a
light bulb or touch a light switch with wet hands. Always ensure you use a light
bulb with the correct wattage to prevent overheating.
Heavy covering of wires can cause the cords to overheat, which could lead to
an electrical fire. Keep cords and wires away from other items and keep them
uncovered. Similarly, make sure that items like computers and televisions have
enough space around them for ventilation, to prevent them from overheating.
GENERAL PROBLEM:
The case study intends to identify different electrical hazard conditions
inside the campus, the hazard descriptions, and the hazard controls.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
The case study intends to:
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
Location Description:
Hazard Description:
In this case the outlet that is not used in the upper part of the balcony
area does not have any cover plate; the cover does protect you and other from
poking objects around the outlet itself. When looking directly at the outlet the 2
screws on the right side that will be recessed from the walls surface (on the
actual side of the outlet) can cause an electrical shock. These are relatively the
only part of the outlet now exposed that can cause any harm.
Hazard Control:
Reduction: All the outlets that do not have a cover must be fixed as soon as
possible.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
Isolation: Cover the outlets with electrical tapes and indicate that the outlets are
not allowed to be use if it does not have a covering plate yet hence creating an
isolating barrier between the hazard and the person.
PPE:Wear rubber soled shoes and non conductive gloves while fixing the
outlets. Putting a rubber mat on the floor is another effective precaution.
Rubber does not conduct electricity and will help the person who is fixing the
outlets avoid getting shocked.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
Location Description:
The University Library is located along the acacia drive, in front of the
nursing building lobby. The students and professors of different colleges of the
University of Perpetual are the one’s utilizing and enjoying the library.
Hazard Description:
The wirings in this part of the library are not fixed inside a conduit and it
is exposed to the environment allowing it to be easy reach and contact. The
exposed wire might get scars when the time passed by allowing it to ground the
whole area when metal frames of the library have contact with the wire.
Hazard Control:
Elimination: Fix the hanging wires and place it in an electrical conduit to avoid
electric shock.
Reduction: Installation of electrical conduits to fix any hanging wires that are
hazardous and may cause damages.
Isolation: Place a warning sign or a signboard to aware the people that there are
hanging wires in site and can be hazardous.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
Engineer Control: Fix the hanging wires right away. Give notice to people when
will the hanging wires be fixed so that they will be aware that it might be
dangerous to enter the place. Install electrical conduits within the place.
PPE: Wear rubber insulating gloves and sleeves. Use rubber insulating matting
as well. By doing so, it will be more safe for the workers who are fixing the
wires.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
Location Description:
The University Library is located along the acacia drive, in front of the
nursing building lobby. The students and professors of different colleges of the
University of Perpetual are the one’s utilizing and enjoying the library.
Hazard Description:
As we can see that a part of a two gang outlet is hanging on air allowing
it to be easily detached where the hot wires will be exposed therefore it can be
easily touch causing the person who touch it to be electrocuted.
Hazard Control:
Elimination: In order to eliminate this type of hazard we must make sure that
all of the outlets are properly mounted to its proper location. Also in order to
eliminate this we must fix immediately all the busted outlets that we saw, but
always think about your safety, make sure to turn off the circuit breaker before
doing any electrical wirings.
Reduction: To reduce this kind of incident we must use standard and quality
products of outlets that will not loosed depending on time.
Isolation: And if we are not able to fix the problem we must isolated the worn
out outlets by placing warning or danger sign on the outlet.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
Engineer Control: Use appropriate length of wire when installing outlets so that
there will not be excess of wire as shown in the picture, we may also use wire
stripper in order to fit the wire perfectly to the outlet.
PPE: Rubber insulating gloves may be used when performing this in order to
prevent electrocution when working on a live wire.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
Location Description:
Hazard Description:
As we can see from the picture the outlet don’t have any plastic cover
allowing the internal wiring to be exposed on the environment, it is a hazard
that must be fixed because whenever splashes of water came from the
bathroom the outlet might be grounded, also when someone is changing
clothes inside the bathroom and his accessories have contact with the outlet the
person might get electrocuted.
Hazard Control:
Elimination: Fix the outlet right away. Aware people that the outlet in that
comfort room will be fix thus they must not go near to where it is place.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
Isolation: Place electrical tapes on the outlet and indicate that the outlet will not
be allowed to use until it is fix.
Engineering Control: Make sure to turn off the circuit breaker before working.
It must be observed because even though we are just going to place the cover
we might get electrocuted so for safety purposes we must turn off the circuit
breaker for that area.
Administrative Control: Place a warning sign and as much as possible the toilet
near the outlet must not be used.
PPE: Wear non conductive gloves and appropriate uniform while fixing the
outlet.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
Location Description:
Hazard Description:
As observed the socket of the busted lighting outlet that is not used does
not have any cover so that it is exposed therefore any splashes of water from
the washing area may cause grounding. Also as noticed the two wires that has
been used here is crampled and just placed inside
Hazard Control:
Elimination: This hazard can be eliminate by fixing all the busted lights,
replacing it a new one or just simply providing a cover for the exposed wiring.
Reduction: Keep electrical cords away from heat and water as they can both
damage the insulation and create a shock hazard.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
Engineer Control: Use proper wiring isolation by using electrical tapes on the
exposed wires to prevent from short circuit.
PPE: Wear hard hats, safety shoes, insulating (rubber) gloves with leather
protectors, insulating sleeves, and flame-resistant (FR) clothing and additional
PPE, such as fall protection equipment.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
Location Description:
The photo was taken on the side most part outside of the canteen. The
University canteen is located besides the engineering building. The canteen is
open to all students and faculty’s who want to have something to eat.
Hazard Description:
The housing of the lighting switch is not mounted on the wall and it
causes the unnecessary movement for the switch. Also the covering of the
switch is already rusty and almost destroyed and it is not reliable anymore to
protect the switch, also it might damage the internal wirings when it has a
contact with the sharp part of the cover. Allowing any person who touches it to
be electrocuted since metal is a good conductor of electricity.
Hazard Control:
Elimination: The lightning switch must be mounted on the wall to prevent any
unnecessary movements of the switch and replace the covering of the switch
that has a non conductive property.
Reduction: Fix the problems regarding the switch right away to prevent any
unnecessary things to happen.
Isolation: Place a barricade near the switch to prevent people from coming near
to where the switch is placed.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
Engeering Control: Fix the switch by mounting it on the wall and replacing the
covering with a new one that is non conductive.
PPE: Wear protective equipments that are non conductive inculing gloves and
sleeves.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
Location Description:
Hazard Description:
As we can see the switch does not have any warnings that it must not be
used because there is no load for example ceiling fan that is connected on the
two wires, because the moment any student turns it on and the wires
accidentally touch each other it will cause tripping to the circuit break for there
will be a short circuit and the supply of electricity for the whole building will be
interrupted.
Hazard Control:
Reduction: Use standard ceiling fan that can last longer so that this type of
hazard can be reduced.
Isolation: Cover the switches with electrical tapes and indicate that the outlets
are not allowed to be use.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
Engineer Control: Fix the switch and mount it properly and use appropriate
electrical tape in insulating the tip of the wire.
PPE: Wear safety shoes, insulating (rubber) gloves with leather protectors,
insulating sleeves and additional PPE, such as fall protection equipment.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
Location Description:
The U – lane is located at the main entrance of the campus, the university
lane starts the moment the student drops by on the front of the university until
he reaches the soccer field.
Hazard Description:
As seen on the picture the outlet is not fixed that is why we can already
see the tapping of wire inside it. It is harmful because the outlet is exposed to
the environment and when there is a heavy rain it might get wet and ground
the whole metal frame for the roof.
Hazard Control:
Elimination: This can be eliminated by just simply mounting the outlets into a
proper position.
Reduction: This kind of error can be prevented or reduced if the workers are all
careful enough when installing outlets so that they will not leave other outlets
like as shown in the picture.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
PPE: Hard hats, safety shoes, insulating (rubber) gloves with leather protectors,
insulating sleeves, and flame-resistant (FR) clothing. Additional PPE, such as
fall protection equipment,
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
Location Description:
The student lounge is located beside the swimming pool area and it is
near the gate in Ocampo. Local and foreign students are the one utilizing this
student lounge whenever they don’t have a place to go student lounge near
Ocampo is the best choice.
Hazard Description:
As seen on the picture the lighting switch is not fixed that is why we can
already see the tapping of wire inside it. This is not proper and standard
because the switch must be in a fixed position. The wire also might be detached
and may electrocute some of the students going to that place.
Hazard Control:
Elimination: The lightning switch must be placed in a fixed position. The switch
must also be mounted on the wall to prevent the wire from getting detached.
Reduction: The switch must not be used until it is mounted on the wall or place
on a stable position.
Isolation: A warning sign beside the switch will do. This will indicate that the
switch is hazardous and may impose threat if used.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
Engineering Control: Secure the switch in a stable position so that it will not get
detach from the ceiling.
Administrative Control: Aware everyone that the switch will not be use for the
sake of their protection. It will only be allowed to use after is it fixed.
PPE: A rubber insulating gloves and sleeves must be wore by the workers who
will fix the switch.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
Location Description:
The pathway along student lounge is located beside the swimming pool
area and it is near the gate in Ocampo. Many people going inside and outside of
school are always passing by to this corner or part of the sidewalk. The
pathway is used when you are about to use the Ocampo gate which is intended
only for the use of the students living near the University.
Hazard Description:
Besides the risk of fire and electrical short, a tangle of power cables can
potentially damage your electronics through unwanted power loss (that is,
unexpectedly yanking a power cable out of the wall). If you have a big knot of
cords behind your set-up and power cables are among them, you might
accidentally kill the power to your HDTV, game system, or computer while
trying to plug in an audio connection.
Hazard Control:
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
Elimination: Avoid creating a wiring ''octopus''. This happens if you try to tap
several appliances into one wall outlet at the same time. Not only is there the
danger of overloading that circuit, or that receptacle, there is also a greater
chance of causing wires or plugs to overheat or give off dangerous sparks
because of wobbly plugs or loose wiring.
Reduction: Inspect cords and plugs. Make this part of your routine prior to
using a tool or an appliance. Replace electrical cords that have cut, broken or
cracked insulation and remember to pull the plug, not the cord to extend the
life of the cord itself.
PPE: Use , insulating (rubber) gloves with leather protectors, insulating sleeves
when fixing octopus wiring connections.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA Las Piñas
Campus
SYNTHESIS
Because we all rely on electricity to go about our everyday lives, it’s easy
to forget that electricity is, in fact, a potentially dangerous thing. It takes a lot of
energy to power a building, or even a single room. It’s no exaggeration to say
that lives are at stake with electrical safety; a strong enough current passing
through someone’s body can kill them in an instant or cause serious injury.
That’s why it is important that we practice electrical safety and in terms of
hazards we should be able to identify every hazard that we can find on our
workplace and fixing it before it cause any danger to us and to others. Also in
fixing these electrical wirings requires us to us Personal Protective Equipment
which can increase the safety of our workers when doing something in regards
to electrical wiring.
Electricians and workers who support them are not the only people who
face electrical hazards on a regular basis, anyone who works with high voltage
equipment or near live, exposed wires should understand and electrical safety
principles and practices. This includes employees working as, Electricians and
their assistants, Construction workers or general contractors who use power
tools, Engineers who work with electrical devices, Employees who work with
flammable gasses or liquids that may be situated near sources of high voltage,
Anyone who would be in a position to extinguish an electrical fire and students
when working on experiments that uses electrical connection.
People who work with electricity and their employers benefit from
electrical safety training and seminars immensely; it prevents employees from
experiencing severe electrical injuries, and saves businesses from the associated
liabilities.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING