Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
LECTURE No. 3
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
Any characteristic of a system is called a property. Some familiar properties are pressure P,
temperature T, volume V, and mass m. The list can be extended to include less familiar ones such as
viscosity, thermal conductivity, modulus of elasticity, thermal expansion coefficient, electric resistivity,
and even velocity and elevation. Properties are considered to be either intensive or extensive. Intensive
properties are those that are independent of the mass of a system, such as temperature, pressure, and
density. Extensive properties are those whose values depend on the size—or extent—of the system.
Total mass, total volume V, and total momentum are some examples of extensive properties.
FLUID AS A CONTINUUM
The mathematical idealization of continuous distribution of matter, i.e. when the
properties of the matter are considered as continuous function of the space variables, then the matter
is called a continuum.
All fluids are composed of molecules in constant motion. However, in most engineering
applications, we are interested in average or macroscopic effects of many molecules. It is these
macroscopic effects that we can precise and measure. We thus treat a fluid as an infinitely divisible
substance, a continuum and do not concern our self with the behavior of individual molecules.
As a consequence of the continuum assumption, each fluid property is assumed to have a
definite value at each point in space. Thus fluid properties such as density, temperature, velocity and so
on, are considered to be continuous functions of position.
FLUID KINEMATICS
Fluid kinematics is that branch of fluid mechanics which deals with the motion of the
fluid without considering the actual forces which cause the motion. Considerations of velocity,
acceleration, flow rate, nature of flow and flow visualization are taken up under fluid kinematics.
r xıˆ yˆj zkˆ . The position of the particle is completely specified if the position vector
r is given
as a function of time and the initial position r0 .
r r r0 , t
or in rectangular Cartesian coordinate system
x x x0 , y 0 , z 0 , t
y y x0 , y 0 , z 0 , t
y y x0 , y 0 , z 0 , t
Now, r0 cannot vary as it describes the initial location of a particle. Therefore, if we want to evaluate a
property, say velocity of this particle, we will have to differentiate the position vector r w.r.t time t
i.e,
dr
V
dt r0
dx dy dz
u , v , w
dt x0 , y0 , z0 dt x0 , y0 , z0 dt x0 , y0 , z0
Where V uıˆ vˆj wkˆ and u, v and w are the velocity components in the x, y and z directions,
respectively. Similarly the components of acceleration a a x ıˆ a y ˆj a z kˆ are
d 2x d2y d 2z
a x 2 , a y 2 , a z 2
dt x0 , y0 , z0 dt x0 , y0 , z0 dt x0 , y0 , z0
Thus we can obtain the motion of each and every particle of a fluid, but this analysis has a serious
drawback. The equation of motion obtained in Lagrangian form are very difficult to solve, because
these are non-linear in nature, and it sometime requires statistical techniques and is therefore
occasionally used. In fact, the present method is employed with an advantage only in some one-
dimensional problems. Hence we need to think about another method of describing the fluid motion.
Example: The velocity components for a two-dimensional fluid system can be given in the Eulerian
system but u 2 x 2 y 3t , v x y 12 t. Find the displacement of the fluid particle in the
Lagrangian system.
Solution: Given
u 2 x 2 y 3t ,
1 (1)
v x y t.
2
In terms of the displacements x and y , the velocity components u and v may also be represented
by
dx dy
u , v (2)
dt dt
From (1) and (2), we have
dx
2 x 2 y 3t
dt
(3)
dy 1
x y t
dt 2
Let D d / dt . Then Eqs. (3) become
( D 2) x 2 y 3t , (4)
1
x ( D 1) y t (5)
2
Operating (5) by D 2 , we have
( D 2) x ( D 2)( D 1) y ( D 2)t
1 (6)
or ( D 2) x ( D 2 3D 2) y t
2
Adding (4) and (6), we get
1
( D 2 3D ) y 2t (7)
2
Solving (7), we arrive at
C.F c1 c 2 e 3t
1 t
2
1 7t
P.I 2t
D 3D 2
2
3 18
Hence the general solution of (7 ) is
t 2 7t
y c1 c 2 e 3t (8)
3 18
From (8)
dy 2t 7
3c2 e 3t (9)
dt 3 18
Re-writing second eq. of (3) we get
dy 1
x y t (10)
dt 2
dy
Putting the values of y and dt given by (8) and (9) in (10) we get,
2t 7 t 2 7t
x 3c 2 e 3t c1 c 2 e 3t
3 18 3 18
t2 7 7
x c1 2c2 e 3t t (11)
3 9 18
We now use the following initial condition:
x x 0 , y y 0 when t t 0 0 (12)
Using (12), (8) and (11) reduces to
7
y0 c1 c2 and x0 c1 2c2 (13)
18