Fire-Fighting Operations Aboard Ship

A. Introduction, Safety and Principles

1 . The main aim of the course :`

In the event of a fire aboard ship, the trainees be enabled

to take command and:
- to organize and train fire parties.
- to inspect and service fire detection and extinguishing
- systems and equipment.
- to control fire-fighting operations using those
techniques in which he has been trained.
- investigate & compile reports on incidents involving
fire.

2. The safety rules laid by the Chief Instructor which must

be adhered to during the course.

3. The principles of survival in relation to fire emergency

Are ;
- knowledge of fire theory.
- regular training and drills.
- preparedness for fire emergency.
- knowledge of escape routes escape.
- knowledge of dangers.
- regular inspection and maintenance of fire-fighting
equipment/appliances

B. THEORY OF FIRE

Matter – Anything that occupies spaces and has weight.

Page 1 of 106
Three states of Matter :
Solid – molecules are close packed together
Liquid – molecules are loosely packed
Gas – molecules are not packed at all and free
to move around.

1. Chemistry of fire

Fire is a chemical reaction known as rapid oxidation that

produces heat and light in the forms of flames, smoke
and/or gas.

2. ELEMENTS OF FIRE:

The primary component to be present to start a fire. If one or more is

absent, the fire would not start or continue.

• Fuel - is any substance that reacts chemically with oxygen and

produces flames or burns. .
• Heat - is a form of energy, generated by transformation of some
other form of energy, as in combustion or burning.
• Oxygen - is a colorless & odorless gas & one of the composition
of air .
21% oxygen
78% nitrogen
1% other gases
100 % atmospheric air

Page 2 of 106
3. FIRE TETRAHEDRON

A solid figure with four- triangular sides illustrating how the chain
reaction sequences interacts with heat, fuel and oxygen to support
and sustain a fire.

ELEMENTS OF FIRE TETRAHEDRON:

 Fuel (vapor)
 Air (oxygen)
 Heat (temperature)
 Chain reaction ( a series of events each of which causes or
influences its succeeding events)

The chain reaction of combustion:

a. Vapor from heated fuel rises, mixes with air and burns. It produces
enough heat to release more vapors and to draw in air to burn
that vapor.
b. As more vapor burns, flame production increases., more heat is
produced, more vapor released, more air drawn into the flames
and more vapor burns. The chain reaction keeps increasing the size
of the fire.

Page 3 of 106
The Fire tetrahedron includes the chemical chain reactions as
component of burning, thus converting the fire triangle into a four-
sided figure resembling a pyramid.

4. PROPERTIES OF FLAMMABLE MATERIALS:

 Oxidation
 Stages of temperature
 Flammability

OXIDATION

A chemical process in which a substance combined with oxygen,

giving off energy usually in a form of heat.

TWO FORMS OF OXIDATION:

• Slow oxidation
- Rusting of iron
- Routing of wood

 Rapid oxidation
- Combustion
- Fire

Page 4 of 106
5. STAGES OF TEMPERATURE:

Flashpoint - the lowest temperature at which a flammable substance

gives off sufficient vapor which when mixed with oxygen in the proper
proportion will burn temporarily when a spark or a flame is applied.

Fire point – The temperature is a few degrees higher than flashpoint

at which a burnable substance gives off sufficient flammable vapor
which when mixed with oxygen in the proper proportion, will bum
continuously when a flame or a spark is applied. Even if a flame or a
spark is removed it will continue to burn.

Auto/Self Ignition point - the temperature at which a burnable

substance, gives off sufficient flammable vapor which when mixed with
oxygen in the proper proportion, will burn continuously even without
the application of a spark or an open flame.

6. FLAMMABILITY

Flammable - Capable of being ignited or burned.

Lower Flammable Limit (LFL) - The concentration of a hydrocarbon

gas in air below where there is insufficient hydrocarbon to support
and propagate combustion.

Upper Flammable Limit (UFL) - The concentration of hydrocarbon

gas in air above where there is insufficient air to support and
propagate combustion.

Flammable Range - The range of hydrocarbon gas concentrations in

air between the lower and upper flammable (explosive) limits. Mixture
within this range is capable of being ignited and burned.

Page 5 of 106
Behaviors of materials:
1. Volatile
2. Flammable
3. Inflammable
4. Combustible
5. Explosive

EXAMPLES OF FLAMMABLE RANGES

Fuel Lower Limit Upper Limit

Gasoline Vapor 1.4 7.6

Methane (Natural Gas) 5.0 17
Propane 2.2 9.5
Hydrogen 4.0 75
Acetylene 2.5 100

7. PHASES OF FIRE

Incipient Phase
The oxygen content in the air has not been significantly reduced and
the fire is producing water vapor, carbon dioxide, and perhaps a small
quantity of sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and other gases.

Free-Burning Phase
Oxygen-rich air is drawn into thin flame as convection carries the heat
to the uppermost region of the confined area. The heated gases spread
out laterally from the top downward, forcing the cooler air to seek lower
levels, and igniting all combustible material in the upper level.

Smoldering Phase
Burning is reduced to glowing embers with oxygen content below 15%,
little flames, but dense smoke and high-heat fill the area.

Page 6 of 106
8. PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION

Heat
Heat and its effects of the radiant energy, represents a great danger in
fire-fighting situations. Not only a serious effect on the human body,
heat energy can also weaken structures, cause additional fire and
damage. And in general, rapidly increase the size of a fire.
Flame
These represent the least dangerous of three products. By simply
avoiding contact with the actual flame, injury can be avoided.

Smoke or Gas
These represent the most dangerous product of combustion
when fighting a fire with a portable fire extinguisher, especially in
an enclosed space. The term "smoke and/or gas" means any of
the gaseous products produced by the fire, and include smoke
itself, as well as such chemical; as carbon monoxide, in addition to
the severely depleted oxygen level.

9. METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER

Basically there are three methods for heat transfer: conduction,

convection and radiation. In addition, direct flame contact also
spread the fire. Knowing what each type is and how it works
gives you a better understanding of how insulation and weather
stripping systems protect your conditioned space.

 Conduction is the transfer of heat through solid objects.

 Example: When it's cold outside uninsulated walls and

windows become cooler on the inside.
 Result: More energy is required to replace the heat lost
warming the inside of the walls and windows.

Page 7 of 106
  Preventive Measures: Insulation (fiberglass batts/rolls or
blown cellulose), low-e insulated windows, storm windows
and storm doors slow the migration of heat energy and
help maintain the temperature in the conditioned space.
Slowing the energy transfer saves on the amount of
energy needed to maintain the conditioned space.

Figure 1 – Conduction.

 Convection is the transfer of heat through liquids or gases.

 Example: When cold air enters your home it mixes with
warm air. Heat energy is transferred to the cooler air and
the overall temperature of the room is lowered.
 Result: More energy is required to replace the heat
transferred to the cooler air.
 Preventive Measures: Weather-stripping, house wrap,
caulk and expanding foam greatly reduce the
uncontrolled flow of air into or out of your home.
Reducing the uncontrolled flow of air into or out of the
home reduces the amount of energy needed to heat
unconditioned air.

Page 8 of 106
 Figure 3 – Convection.

Figure 2 – Convection.
 Radiation is the transfer of heat, in the form of
electromagnetic energy, through space.
 Example: When sunlight enters an air-conditioned room
through a single pane window, heat energy is generated
in the room.
 Result: The air conditioning system must run longer and
work harder to overcome the heat gained through the
window.
 Preventive Measures: Low-e insulated windows, blinds
and awnings all lessen the heat gained by sunlight
entering through windows.

Figure 3– Radiation.
Page 9 of 106
  Direct Flame Contact - Fire also spread along and
through materials that will burn by direct contact with
flame.

Figure 4 – Direct flame contact.

10. METHODS OF EXTINGUISHMENT

 Cooling (Heat)
To reduce the temperature of the fuel below its ignition
temperature. This is a direct attack on the heat side of the fire
tetrahedron

Page 10 of 106
  Smothering (Oxygen)
To separate the fuel from the oxygen. This can be considered as
an attack on the edge of the fire tetrahedron where the fuel and
oxygen meet.

 Oxygen Dilution (Reduce the amount of oxygen)

To reduce the amount of available oxygen below that is needed
to sustain combustion. This is an attack on the oxygen side of
tetrahedron.

 Inhibiting (Chain Breaking)

To disrupt the chemical process that sustains the fire {The chain
reaction side of the tetrahedron)

Page 11 of 106
  Starving (Fuel) (removal of fuel)

11. KINDS OF FIRE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

 Water
The most readily available fire-fighting agent. It has an important
secondary effect when turned into a steam, it expands at about
1700 times. These great clouds of steam displaces the air that
supplies oxygen to the combustion process. Thus provides
smothering action as well as cooling. Water is primarily a cooling
agent. It absorbs heat and cools burning materials more
effectively than any other of the commonly used extinguishing
agents.

 DRY POWDER
The only extinguishing agent that can control and extinguish a
combustible metal fire without causing violent reactions. Other
extinguishing agents may accelerate or spread the fire, injure
personnel, cause explosions or create conditions more hazardous
than the fire.

Types of Dry Powder;

 Dry powder with Sodium Chloride base
 Dry powder with Sodium Carbonate base

Page 12 of 106
  DRY CHEMICAL
An agent that extinguish fire mainly by breaking the chain
reaction. Dry chemicals do not exhibit capacity for cooling,
except for a small amount that takes place. Simply because dry
chemical is at lower temperature than the burning material.

Heat is transferred from hot fuel to the cool dry chemical and
reacts with the heat and the burning material producing
some carbon dioxide and water vapor that dilutes the fuel
vapor and the air surrounding the fire that results in limited
smothering effect.

 CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)

 Normally a gas, but it may be liquefied or solidified under
pressure.
 1.5 times heavier than air, and extinguishes fire mainly by
smothering.
 It dilutes the air surrounding the fire until the oxygen
content is too low to support combustion.
 It can be used to extinguish fire in energized electrical
equipment.

 FOAM
 A blanket of bubbles that extinguishes fire mainly by
smothering. The bubbles are formed by mixing water and
foam concentrate.
 The various foam solutions are lighter than liquids and
heavier than air, they remain on the surface of the liquid
and smother the fire,
 It is mainly composed of water, film forming foam
substance and air.

Page 13 of 106
The Foam Extinguishing Effects depend on several factors
 The burning substance
 The extent, shape and location of the fire
 The temperature in the vicinity of the fire
 How the foam is employed
 The type of foam

Limitation on the use of Foam

 Because they are aqueous solutions, foams are electrically
conductive and should not be used on live electrical
equipment.
 Like water, foams should not be used on combustible
metal fires
 Rapid loss of water would cause the foam to dry out and
breakdown from the high temperature associated with
fire.

12. CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES

Page 14 of 106
Page 15 of 106
Page 16 of 106
 AREAS OF FIRE HAZARDS ABOARDSHIP

Areas of Causes Containment Detection Fire

Fire Hazard Appliances
1.Machinery Spaces Combustible liquids leaking Watertight doors Smoke detectors Fixed system,
through faulty or damaged e.g. water, foam,
connection carbon dioxide
Fire doors High temperature probes Oil- and halon.
Insulation soaked Portable, e.g.
temperature probes Damper Rate
of rise of water
Patrols foam,
Hot surfaces, e.g. exhaust, carbon dioxide
pipes, engine parts and powder
overheating in close Water sprays and screens, and
proximity oil lines remote control of these where
applicable
Hot works, e.g. welding
cutting by oxy-acetate torch

Auto ignition, e.g. oil drilling

on hot surface.

2. Accommodation Combustible, materials Fire doors and Dampers Smoke detectors Fixed System
e.g. water hydrants and
Matches and cigarette Sprinkler system hoses
smoking including careless Temperature probes
disposal of burning cigarettes Portable, e.g. water
or ash Textile adjacent Fire- Fire-retardant material in Sprinkler system
retardant to hot objects such construction
radiators and lamps. patrols

Deck covering

Fire-retardant Furnishing

Areas of Fire Causes Containment Detection appliances Fire

Hazards
Defective and overloaded
electrical systems

3. Gallery Overheating of combustible Fire doors, ventilation and fuel Smoke detectors Fixed system, e.g. water
liquids and fats dampers hydrants and hoses

Overheating of deep fat fryer Fire blanks Temperature probes

Portable e.g. water (hot
Sprinkler system for fat or oil fires)
Hot surfaces carbon dioxide and
patrols powder portable e.g.
Electrical connections water defective

Greasy fuels

4. Radio room & Overloads and short circuits Fire doors Observation carbon dioxide and Portable e.g.
Battery room powder
Defective insulator

Fractured and loose

connection
In battery room, built up of
hydrogen (due to lack of

Page 17 of 106
 Areas of Fire Causes Containment Detection Fire
Hazards appliances
5. Holds and Cargoes liable Hatch covers, Smoke Fixed system.
containers to tween-decks detectors e.g. water
self heating and hull sprays, high
and structure Temperature expansion
spontaneous probes foam, carbon
combustion dioxide and
(coal, copra) Use of dampers halon.

Bulk cargoes Remote control Portable, e g

liable to emit of water foam, and
flammable gas, extinguishing carbon dioxide
(coal, direct media
reduced iron) Mobile, e.g.
foam making
Loss of equipment
Integrity of
packages
containing
explosive.
flammable or
reactive
substances.

Collection of oily
materials as a result of
insufficient
cleaning and of leakage
from
tanks

C. FIRE FIGHTING APPLIANCES/EQUIPMENT

Classification:
l. FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHER SYSTEM
a. Fire Main System - This composed of the following: Fire
pumps, Piping System, Control Valves, Fire Hoses,
Nozzles, International Shore Connection, Sea Chest,
Hydrants and Fire Stations.

Fire-Main Systems

The fire-main system is the ship's first line of defense against fire.
It is required no matter what other fire extinguishing system are
installed. Every crew member can expect to be assigned to a
station requiring knowledge of the use and operation of the
ship's fire main.

The fire-main system supplies water to all areas of the vessel.

Fortunately, the supply of water at sea is limitless. The movement
of water to the fire location is restricted only by the system itself,
the effect of the water on the stability of the ships and the
capacity of the supply pumps.

Page 18 of 106
The fire main system is composed of the fire pumps, piping (main
and branch lines), control valves, hose and nozzles. The fire
pumps provide the power to move water through the piping to
fire stations located throughout the vessel. The valves, hose and
nozzles are used to control the firefighting water and direct it
onto the fire.

Hydrants and Piping

The piping directs firefighting water from the pumps to hydrants
at the fire stations. The piping must be large enough in diameter
to distribute the maximum required discharge from two fire
pumps operating simultaneously.

A hydrant is consists of a flanged casting fitted to the firewater

pipe work. It is equipped with a hand wheel operated control
valve. Allowing the outlet to be opened, or closed as required.

Page 19 of 106
 Figure 5. The three required components of a fire station.

Fire Hose, Nozzles and Appliances

The efficiency of a fire station depends largely on the equipment

stowed at the station and its condition. A single station should
have the following equipment:

Hoses. A single length of hose of the required size, type and

length: 63.5-mm (2½ in.) diameter hose is used at weather-deck
locations; 38.1-mm (1½ in.) diameter hose is used in enclosed
areas. Unlined hose may not be used in machinery spaces. The
hose may not be used in machinery spaces. The hose coupling
must be of brass bronze or a similar metal and be threaded with
IMO-SOLAS fire-hose coupling threads.

The hose must be 15m (50ft) in length, (accept on the weather

decks of tankers. There, the hose must be long enough to permit
a single length to be goosenecked over the side of the tank ship.
Goosenecking is directing a stream of water over the vessel's
side, perpendicular to the water surface.

The fire hose must be connected to the hydrant at all times, with
the appropriate nozzle attached. However, when a hose is
exposed to heavy weather on an open deck, it may be

Page 20 of 106
temporarily removed from the hydrant and stowed in a nearby
accessible location. Fire hose may also be temporarily moved
when it might be damaged by the handling of cargo, (when fire
hose is removed, the exposed threads of the hydrant should be
covered with a thin coating of grease and a protective screwcap.
If a screwcap is not available, a heavy canvas, lashed over threads,
gives some protection.)

Fire hose may not be used for any purpose other than
firefighting, testing and fire drills.

Nozzles. A nozzle, preferably of the combination type, so that

water flow may be controlled must be connected to the hose at
all times.

Page 21 of 106
Figure 6. A) Nozzle opens for a straight stream. B) Nozzle open
for high-velocity fog (or low-velocity fog if applicator is
attached). C) Nozzle shut down.

Jet Reaction

When water is projected from a nozzle, a reaction opposite and

equal to the force of the jet takes place, causing the branch to
recoil in the opposite direction to the flow. Therefore the man or
men holding the branch much exert sufficient effort to overcome
this.

Page 22 of 106
Water Hammer

When flowing water is halted suddenly by the rapid closure of

the control branches (or hydrants valve), shock wave is
transmitted along the length of hose or piping. This can result to
the weakening or in fact, a rupture of the hose or piping.

Figure 7. Shipboard fire station equipment.

Stowage of fire hoses:

Flaking

In this method, the hose is folded back and forward on itself,

finishing with the female coupling uppermost In this fashion, it
would generally be stowed in some form and cradle to a hydrant
and the mule coupling may, in fact be connected to the hydrant
.The advantages offered by this methods is the speed of
operation, the female coupling being pulled off in the general
direction of the incident.

Page 23 of 106
Roll or Coil

This takes the form of a roll with the female coupling forming the
center. In this manner, the hose Is run out by grasping the lugs of
the female coupling, one lugs in its hand. A forward movement
causes; the coupling rotates on the lugs allowing the hose to
unwind. The hose should always corned off the front of the roll,
the female coupling being taken in the general direction in the
incident.

Shore Connection

At least one shore connection to the fine-main system is required

on each side of the vessel. Each shore connection must be in an
accessible location and must be fitted with cutoff and check
valves.

A vessel on an International voyage must have at least one

portable International shore connection available to either side of
the vessel. International shore connections may be connected to
matching fittings that are available at most ports and terminals
throughout the world. They enable the crew to take advantage of
the pumping capability of the shore installation or fire
department at any port. The required international shore
connections are permanently mounted on some vessels.

Standard dimensions flanges for the international shall be In

accordance with the following table.

Page 24 of 106
 Description Dimension
Outside diameter 178mm
Inside diameter 64 mm
Bolt circle diameter 132 mm
Slots in flange 4 holes 19 mm in diameter spaced equidistantly
on a bolt circle of the above diameter, slotted
to the flange periphery
Flange thickness 14,5 mm minimum

Bolts and nuts 4, each of 16 mm in diameter, 50 mm in

length

b. Water Sprinkler Systems

Generally used only to protect living quarters, adjacent

passageways, public spaces and vehicular decks on roll-on/roll-
off (ro-ro) vessels and ferryboats.
Sprinkler systems may extinguish fire in these spaces. However,
their primary function is to protect the vessel's structure, limit the
spread of fire and control the amount of heat produced. They
also protect people in these areas and maintain escape routes.

Components of Sprinkler System

All sprinkler system consist of piping, valves, sprinkler heads, a pump

and a water supply.

Page 25 of 106
1) Automatic Sprinkler Systems
Automatic sprinkler systems are not used extensively on U.S. merchant
ships. The automatic sprinkler makes use of closed sprinkler heads so
the piping can be charged with water. The fusible links serve as the fire
detectors and the activating devices. A pressure tank serves as the
initial water source. A pressure tank is partially filled with fresh water
(usually to two thirds of its capacity). The remainder of the tank is
fled with air under pressure. The air pressure propels the water to and
through the sprinkler heads when they open. The pressure tank must
hold enough water to full the piping of the largest zone, and in
addition, force cut at least 757 liters (200 gal) at the least effective
head in the zone at a pilot tube pressure of at least 103.42 x 103
Pascal’s (15 psi). Fresh water is used in the system to avoid the
breakdown of metal by electrolysis.

How the System Works.

Heat from the fire melts the fusible links of one or more sprinkler
heads. The heads open, allowing water to flow. The initial supply of
water comes from the piping, and then from the pressure tank. As
water flows out of the tank, its pressure is reduced. This pressure drop
causes a pressure-sensitive switch to electrically activate the sprinkler
water pump and the alarm bells. The sprinkler pump takes over as the
water source, supplying water from a fresh water holding tank. Check
valves in the piping ensure that the water flows from the pump to the
sprinkler heads, rather than into the pressure tank. When the holding
tank water supply is depleted, the pump suction must be manually
shifted to seawater.

Page 26 of 106
Figure 9. Shipboard automatic sprinkler system. The sprinkler
pump is started automatically by a switch in the pressure tank.

2) Manual Sprinkler Systems

The manual sprinkler system differs from automatic systems in two

respects: 1) the sprinkler heads are normally open and 2) the piping
does not normally contain water. Water is supplied to the manual
system by the ship's fire pumps; no pressure tank is required.

How the system works. When fire is discovered or the alarm Is

sounded, the fire pumps are started, A control valve is manually
opened to allow water to flow Into the system. The control valve is
located either at the fire-pump manifold or near (but not in) the
protected area. Water is discharged out of all the sprinkler heads, so the
entire area is covered with water spray. The area is thus saturated
with a large volume of water, capable of knocking down a sizable
fire.

With manual system, there is a delay in getting water onto the fire,
and then an excessive amount of water is applied, well beyond that
needed for extinguishment. Manual systems are however, effective
protection for vehicular decks on ro-ro vessels and ferryboats. The
large amount of water is effective in knocking down the fire and
protecting the vessel and exposed vehicles. It will also dilute and
carry off flammable liquids, if they are involved. Manual sprinkler
systems are also used in cargo-spaces that are accessible to the crew
when the vessel is under way.
Page 27 of 106
c. Water Spray Systems

Water spray systems are similar to sprinkler systems but make use of a
different type of head and a different piping arrangement

Spray Heads

Spray heads are open heads that shape the discharged water into a
spray pattern. However, unlike some sprinkler heads, which discharge
hollow spray patterns, spray heads discharge a solid cone of water,
giving them- superior cooling capacities. In addition, a spray head can
be aimed to hit a specific target area.

Water Supply

Water can be supplied to the spray system by a separate pump or by

one of the ship's fire pumps. Additional fire pump may be used to
adequately supply the fire main and the spray system when both are
in operation at the same time. An extensive spray system needs a
substantial water supply and would most likely require a separate pump
other than a fire, general service pumps (GSP).

The spray system piping is normally empty, because the spray heads are
open. When fire is discovered the system is activated manually by
opening the proper valves and starting the water pump. The spray heads
provide a very finely divided water spray that blankets the protected
area.

d. Foam Systems

Foam is used mainly in fighting class B fires although low-

expansion foam (with a high water content) can be used to extinguish
class A fires. Foam extinguishes mainly by smothering, with some
cooling action.

Page 28 of 106
Foam may be generated chemically or mechanically. Chemical foam is
produced by chemical reactions taking place in water. The foam
bubbles are filled with CO2. Mechanical foam is produced by first
mixing foam concentrate with water to produce a foam solution, then
mixing air with the foam solution. The bubbles are thus filled with air.

Foam systems are acceptable as fire protection foe boiler rooms,

machinery spaces and pump rooms on all vessels. Mechanical
foam systems may be installed in these spaces instead of other
approved systems such as CO2. Deck foam systems are installed
on tankers as fire protection for flammable-liquid cargo.

Fig. 10– Liquid fire extinguisher

Low-Expansion Mechanical Foam System

One low-expansion foam system used on ships is the balanced-

pressure proportioning system. The system gets its name from
the action of the proportioning device; the water and the foam
concentrate are pumped into the proportioner separately under
pressure.
Page 29 of 106
The major components of a typical system are;
 A water supply
 The fire pump
 The foam concentrate pump
 A holding pump for the foam concentrate
 The proportioning device
 The discharge foam spray nozzles or monitors
 The piping, control and check valves
 Deck Foam Systems (Tankers)

This system is intended to protect any deck area with foam

applied from stations (monitors or hose stations) located aft of
the area. Mounted devices (deck foam monitors) have greater
capacity and. range, require fewer personnel and can be put into
operates in a much shorter time than handheld devices.

e. Carbon dioxide (CO2) Systems

Carbon dioxide (CO2) systems are used to protect cargo spaces,

pump rooms, generator rooms, and storage spaces such as paint
and lamp lockers, galley ranges and duct systems. They are also
used in engine rooms and to protect individual generators. As an
extinguishing agent, CO2 is especially adaptable to shipboard
use: it will not damage expensive cargo or machinery.

Types of Marine Systems

Two fixed CO2 systems are used for the vessel's protection: The
total-flooding system for machinery space and the cargo system.
A total-flooding system for machinery space is activated only as a
last resort, after all other, extinguishing methods have been tried and:
have failed to control the fire. This system for machinery spaces expels
85% of its total CO2 capacity within 2 minutes to achieve rapid
.saturation of the air with CO2 and quick extinguishment. This rapid
release of the CO2 is necessary in spaces such as engine rooms, where

Page 30 of 106
fast-burning flammable liquids must be extinguished quickly.
Smaller versions of the total-flooding system are used in
generator rooms, pump rooms and paint lockers. The systems
designed for these spaces may be supplied by: the main system, or
they may be complete, independent systems.

Schematic diagram of a typical balanced-pressure proportioning system.

a) Water supply valve (normally closed).
b) Ratio-flow proportioner,
c) Water balance line,
d) Foam concentrate balance line,
e) Balance line valves (normally open),
f) Diaphragm control valve (automatic bypass),
g) Block valves (normally open),
h) Regulating globe valve (manual bypass; normally dosed),
i) Water and foam concentrate pressure gauge.
J) Foam-concentrate storage tank.

Figure 11 - A typical balanced-pressure proportioning system.

Page 31 of 106
Figure 12 – Carbon dioxide gas fire extinguisher.

Carbon Dioxide Warning Alarm

An approved audible alarm must be installed in every spare protected
by a CO2 extinguishing system (other than paint and lamp lockers and
similar small spaces) and normally accessible to persons on board while
the vessel is being navigated. The alarm must be arranged to sound
automatically for at least 20 seconds prior to the discharge of CO2 into
the space. It must not depend on any source of power other than the
CO2. The alarm must be conspicuously and centrally located and marked
“WHEN ALARM SOUNDS VACATE AT ONCE. CARBON DIOXIDE IS BEING
RELEASED".

The alarm is a warning that the carbon dioxide system has been
activated. Once it sounds you have about 20 seconds to get out of the
space. Do not delay - leave immediately. If you delay, the CO2 will
flood the space and reduce the oxygen content below the level
required to sustain life. Failure to evacuate immediately could result in
loss of life.

f. Dry Chemical System – same with CO2 System

Page 32 of 106
II. SEMI- PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
a. Carbon Dioxide Reel System
b. Dry Chemical Hose System
c. Wheel and Hose-Reel System (combination)

Figure 13 – Semi-Portable Foam System

Mechanical Foam Nozzle with Pickup

In use, the mechanical foam nozzle with pickup tube is attached to a
standard hoseline from the fireman system. It draws air through an
aspirating cage in its hoseline end. At the same time it introduces
mechanical foam concentration into the water stream through a
pickup tube. When the air and foam solution mix, foam is discharged
from the nozzle.

Figure 14 - Mechanical foam pick-up nozzle.

Page 33 of 106
How foam is produce by the mechanical foam nozzle with pickup. The
nozzle itself is a very efficient foam procedure. However nozzle man’s
movements are restricted by the need to keep the pickup tube in the
foam-concentrate container.

Figure 15 - Portable in-line Proportioner.

Production of mechanical foam by an inline proportioner or

educator. The proportioner can be placed in the hoseline away
from the fire, so that nozzle man has more mobility.

lll. Portable Fire Extinguishers

Portable extinguishers can be carried to the fire area for fast

attack. However, they contain a limited supply of extinguishing
agent. The agent is quickly expelled form the extinguishers, in
most cases, continuous application can be sustained for only a
minutes or less. For this reason, it is extremely important to back
up the extinguisher with a hoseline. Then, if the extinguisher does
not have the capacity to put the fire out completely, the hoseline
can be used to finish the job. However a crewman who is using
an extinguisher cannot advance a hoseline at the same time. Thus
the alarm mush is sounded as soon as fire is discovered, to alert
the ships personnel to the situation.

Page 34 of 106
There is a right way to use a portable fire extinguisher and there
are many wrong ways. Crewmen who have had little training with
these appliances waste extinguishing agent through improper
application. At the same time, untrained personnel tent to
overestimate their extinguishing ability. Periodic training sessions,
including practice with the type of extinguishers carried on
board, are the insurance against inefficient use of this equipment.
Extinguishers that are due to be discharge and inspected may be
used in these training sessions.

General Safety Rules for Portable Extinguishers

a. When you discover a fire, call out your discovery,
sound the fire alarm and summon help.
b. Never pass the fire to get to an extinguisher. A dead-
end passageway could trap you
c. If you must enter a room or compartment to combat
a fire, keep an escape path open. Never let the fire get
between you and the door.
d. If you enter a room or compartment and you attack
with a portable extinguisher fails, get out immediately.
Close the door to confine the fire and prepare to fight
the fire while waiting for previously summoned help.
You knowledge of the situation will aid those
responding.

a. Water- Based Fire- Extinguishers

Water based fire extinguishers consist of a steel or plastic

container filled with water to a certain level. To pressurize the
container, it is equipped with small cartridge containing
propellant gas, which is punctured to prepare the extinguisher
for use. The extinguisher is triggered by removing the safety pin
and pressing the plunger. The sharp end of the plunger will then
puncture the gas cartridge, and the gas will flow into the
Page 35 of 106
container. The water is driven up through the riser pipe and out
through the hose. The extinguisher must be kept upright and the
jet of water directed toward the fire zone, not toward the smoke
or the flames. A concentrated jet has a range of approximately
10-meter, but the best effect is achieved by using the
extinguisher as a sprayer. There is a button on the extinguisher
for this purpose. The range is then reduce 4-5 meters, but the
area of contact between the water and the heat zone increases
greatly. (Not all extinguishers are equipped with the device to
spread the concentrated jet).
The extinguisher contains 10
litters of water and empties in
about one minute. It is
therefore important that you
do not activate the
extinguisher before you are
sufficiently close against fires
and lights metals (explosive
gases develop) and electrical
installations (conducts
electricity). When passing
through smoke-filled rooms,
you may achieve a certain
degrees of protection by
activating the extinguisher
sprayer mode and spraying as
close as possible to your face.

b. Dry-Powder Extinguishers

The basic construction of the powder extinguisher follows one of

two principles. Either there is a separate, gas-filled propellant-
cartridge or the entire container is constantly under pressure. The
Page 36 of 106
type with the separate cartridge is the most common. The
cartridge is punctured before use. The extinguisher is then
activated by removing the safety pin in pressing the plunger.
Within 2-5 second the gas pressure has forced the powder into
the rise pipe and, from there, into the powder pistol. Always
check extinguisher functions properly before entering the
burning rooms.

Figure 16 – Powder Fire Extinguisher.

Operation

When using the powder extinguisher, we carry the extinguisher by

the handle while operating the powder pistol with the order hand.
Stand at least 3-4 meter away from the fire, so that the powder
cloud can carefully spread over the fire with side-to- side
movement. Start nearest yourself, and work your way through the
fire, constantly keeping the flames in front of you. Having
extinguisher the fire, you must stay and wait for the temperature
to fall, in case the fire re-ignites. Powder extinguisher often
necessitates the site water as soon as the flames have been
successfully put out.
Page 37 of 106
 Figure 17 – Powder fire extinguisher.

C. Foam Extinguishers

Foam extinguishers are similar in appearance to those discussed

previously, but they have a greater extinguishing capability. The
most common size is 9.5 liters ( 2 ½ gal), this extinguisher may
be used on both class A and B fires. It has range of about 9.2-
12.2 meters (30-40 ft.) and discharge duration of slightly less than
a minute.

The extinguisher is charged by filling it with two solutions that

are kept separated (in the extinguisher) until it is to be used.
These solutions are commonly called A and B solutions. A
solution: Aluminum sulfate and B solution: Water with Sodium
Bicarbonate and a Foam Stabilized.

Operation
The foam extinguisher is carried to the fire right side up and then
inverted. This mixes the two solutions producing the liquid foam
and CO2 gas. The CO2 acts as the propellant and fills the foam
bubbles. The liquid foam expands the to about 8 times its

Page 38 of 106
original volume; this means the 9.5 liters (2 ½ gal) extinguisher is
produce 68-76 liters (18-20 gal) of foam.

Figure 18 – Foam fire extinguisher.

The foam should be applied gently on burning liquids. This can

be done by directing the stream in front of the fire, to bounce
the foam onto the fire. The stream also may be directed against
the back wall of the tank or a structural member to allow the
foam to run down and flow over the fire. Chemical foam is stiff
and flows slowly. For this reason, the stream must be directed to
the fire from several angles, for complete coverage of the
burning materials.

For fires involving ordinary combustible materials, the foam may

be applied in the same way, as a blanket. Or the force of the
stream may be used to get the foam into the seat of the fire.
Foam extinguishers are subject to freezing and cannot be stowed
in low temperatures below 4.4°C (40°F). Once activated, these
extinguishers will expel their enter foam content; it should all be
directed onto their fire. As with other pressurized extinguishers,
Page 39 of 106
the containers are subject to rupture when their contents are
mixed, and are the possible cause of injury to the operator.
Maintenance consists mainly of manual discharging, inspection,
cleaning and recharging.
d. Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher

Carbon dioxide extinguishers are use primarily on flammable

liquids and gases and electrical equipment. Then most common
size of portable extinguisher contain from 2.3 to 9.1 kg (5-20lb)
of (CO2 not including the weight of the relatively heavy shell. The
CO2 is the mostly in the liquid state. The range varies between 1.8
to 2.4 meters (3 to 8 feet), and the duration between 8-30
seconds depending on the size.

Operation
The extinguisher is carried to the fire in an upright position. (The
short range of the CO2 extinguisher means the operator must
get fairly close to the fire). The extinguisher is placed on the
deck, and the locking pin is removed. The discharge is controlled
either by opening a valve or by squeezing two handles together.
The operator must grasp the hose handle, and not the discharge
horn. The CO2 expands and cools very quickly as it leaves the
extinguisher. The horn gets cold enough to first over and cause
severe frostbite. When a CO2 extinguisher is used in a confined
space, the operator should guard against suffocation by wearing
breathing apparatus.

Fires in flammable liquids and gases: The horn should be aimed

first at the base of the fire nearest the operator. The discharge
should be moved slowly back and forth across the fire. At the
same time, the operator should move forward slowly. The result
should be a “sweeping” of the flames off the burning surface,
with some carbon dioxide “snow” left on the surface.

Page 40 of 106
Whenever possible, a fire on a weather deck should be attacked
from the windward side. This will allow the wind to blow the
heat away from the operator and to carry the CO2 to the fire.
Generally, CO2 extinguishers do not perform well in a wind. The
blanket of CO2 gas does not remain on the fire long enough to
permit the fuel to cool down.

Figure 19 – Carbon dioxide gas fire extinguisher

e. Dry Chemical Extinguisher

Most dry chemicals put out the fire by "blanketing" the area and
creating a physical barrier between the fuel and the oxygen.

Class A dry chemical, also known as ABC chemical and

multipurpose dry chemical, is usually comprised of
monoamounium phosphate. The class A chemical, although
mildly corrosive, will actually adhere to the burning surfaces of
fuel, such as a tire fire or a pile of trash.

Page 41 of 106
Class B chemicals, usually, sodium
bicarbonate (also known as baking
soda) will blanket a flammable
liquid or grease fire nicely, but
doesn't work so hot on class A
materials, thus it doesn't receive a
class A rating.

There are other dry chemical and

dry powder agents. Purple K, Class
D Met-L-X, and a few other class A
variants.

Figure 20 – Dry chemical powder fire extinguisher

Page 42 of 106
Based on the SOLAS provision, every ship shall be provided
with the following minimum Fire Fighting Appliances
Requirements :

- 2 Fire pumps
- Fire main- diameter, sufficient for effective
distribution of maximum required discharge for 2
pumps
- Hydrants- number and position, two jets of water
not emanating from same hydrant
- Hose- nonperishable material approved by the
administration. Sufficient in length, 63.5 mm (21/2-
in) in size. Must be connected to the hydrant at all
times.
- Nozzle- An excellent equipment designed
for fire fighting to produce a different
stream of water.
- Wye-gate - Used to reduce/connects two different
Hose line size and separate single line into
double line. This device is gated, it has valve that
can be used to shut off the flow of water.

Types of Nozzles:
Fog Stream (Variable)
Solid Stream
Broken stream

Figure 21 – A jet nozzle

Page 43 of 106
Figure 22 – A dual purpose type nozzle.

lV. Fire Detection System

Fire Detection System consist of the following: Normal and

Emergency Power supplies, a Fire detection control unit, Fire
detectors , Vibrating bells and Alarm boxes.

Fire Detectors is a device that gives a warning when fire occurs in

the area protected by the device. The fire detection system
including one or more detectors relays the alarm to those
endangered by the fire and /or those responsible for fighting
operations.

1) Normal Power Supply

The normal power may be supplied either by a separate branch
circuit from the ship's main switchboard or by storage batteries.

2) Emergency Power Supply

Emergency power may be supplied by a separate branch circuit
taken from the temporary emergency lighting and power system
switchboard or by storage batteries.

Page 44 of 106
3) Fire Detection Control Unit
The fire control unit consists of a drip- proof enclosed panel
containing the fire alarm signaling, trouble- alarm and power
failure alarm devices. These devices must register both a visual and
an audible signal.

The visible signals are lights:

 A red indicates fire or smoke
 A blue light indicates trouble in the system
 A white light indicates that the power is on in the system.

4) Fire Detectors

Fire detectors senses initiate a signal in response to heat, smoke

and flame.
Their sensors are:

Smoke - Ion/Gas,
Heat - Thermal Contact with 60 - 70 deg. temperature and
Flame - Infrared/ultraviolet ray.

Smoke Detector with Camera

Flame Detector
Page 45 of 106
 Heat and Gas Detector

Vibrating Bells
Vibrating Bells are like the red light on the control unit, fire
alarm signals.

Vibrating bells produce a continuous ringing sound as long as power is

applied, includes Pig-Tail wire leads, outdoor use, 120VAC, FEATURES:
Completely assembled with gong shell, Weather Proof back box,
Page 46 of 106
Surface Mount, Gong shell need not be removed for
installation, Efficient operation, 4-1/4" gong size, 92dB@10', UL,
ULC,CSA Listed .

Alarm Boxes

There must be at least one manual fire alarm box in each fire
zone on the vessel, usually located in main passageways, stairways
enclosures, public spaces and similar area.

Must be clearly marked: IN CASE OF FIRE BREAK GLASS.

V. Protective Clothing

Fireman's Outfit

 Boots
 Gloves
 A helmet
 A set of outer
protective clothing
 A self-contained
breathing apparatus
 A lifeline
 An approval
flashlight
 A flame safety lamp
 A fire axe

Page 47 of 106
A fireman’s outfit shall consist of Personal equipment
comprising.
a. Protective clothing of material to protect the skin
from the heat radiating from the fire and from burns
and scalding by steam. The outer surface shall be
water-resistant
b. Boots and gloves of rubber or other electrically non-
conducting material.
c. A rigid helmet providing effective protective against
impact.
d. An electric safety lamp (hand lantern) of an
approved type with a minimum burning period of 3
hours.
e. An axe to the satisfaction of the Administration

All ships shall carry at least 2 fireman’s outfit complying with

the requirements of SOLAS.

Proximity Suit
An approach suit, or proximity suit, consist of:
 Jumper- type pants that cover the legs and upper part
of the body, including the arms 16.9
The proximity suit protects the wearer against high heat but not
against direct contact with flames.

Entry Suit
The entry suit consists of boots, trousers, coat and hood.
Each of these is constructed if nine layers of fiberglass insulating
material separated by aluminized heat- reflecting glass fabric. The
vision shield is of a special heat-reflecting material and sealed into
the hood. The entry suit will protect the wearer from direct
contact with flames up to a temperature of 815.5 °C (1500°F) for a
short time.

Page 48 of 106
 Breathing Apparatus

Classification
1. Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
2. Compressed Air Breathing Apparatus (CABA)
3. Mine Safety Apparatus (MSA)
4. Emergency Life Safety Apparatus (ELSA)
5. Oxygen Breathing Apparatus(OBA)
6. Emergency Escape Breathing Device (EEBD)
Parts:
a. Face Mask
b. Head Harness
c. Neck Strap
d. Inhalation tube/ Hose
e. Face Piece/ Visor/ Lens
f. Nose Cup
g. Speaking diaphragm
h. Pressure Relief Valve

Regulator/ Reducer- A device that is used to control the

pressure of air flowing from the air cylinder.

Types of Breathing Apparatus

Dis-
Types Air Supply Gauge Alarm Advantage
advantage
a. Demand Breath Full Bell
Type Pressure
Regulation

b. Positive Breath Full Whistle

Pressure continuous Pressure
Type 300 bars
200 bars

Page 49 of 106
Breathing Apparatus may be either:
a. a smoke helmet or smoke mask which shall be
provided with a suitable air pump and length of a
hose sufficient to reach from the open deck, well
clear or hatch or doorway, to any part of the holds
or machinery spaces. If, in order to comply with this
subparagraph, an air hose exceeding 36 meters in
length would be necessary, as self-contained
breathing apparatus shall be substituted or provided
in addition as determined by the Administration; or
b. a self-contained compressed-air-operated breathing
apparatus, the volume of air contained in cylinders
of which shall be at least 1,200 /, or other self-
contained breathing apparatus which shall be
capable of functioning for at least 30 min. A
number of spare charges, suitable for use with the
apparatus provided, shall be available on board to
the satisfaction of the Administration.

For each breathing apparatus a fireproof lifeline of sufficient

length and strength shall be provided capable of being attached by
means of a snap hook to the harness of the apparatus or to a
separate belt in order to prevent the breathing apparatus
becoming detached when the lifeline is operated.

All breathing apparatus must be capable of protecting you

against the vapors and gases of a hostile environment and
completely independent of the surrounding atmosphere. These
devices are known collectively as self-contained breathing
apparatus or SCBA. There are several different types of
apparatus which fir in this category. However, only the positive-
demand, open circuit type SCBA gives the minimum amount of
protection. This type is now the only unit approved as new
equipment for emergency use under the regulation.
Page 50 of 106
Like all types of breathing apparatus that use a facemask, proper
fitting of the headgear is extremely important. In many cases,
using breathing apparatus with a full bread is impossible because
of the resulting air leaks around facial hair. If the headgear does
not fit properly, you may not may be able to use the breathing
unless you shave before each drill and emergency situation!

A SCBA has a low pressure alarm bell. This alarm bell sounds
when air pressure in the tank drops to between 500 and 600 PSI.
When the alarm bell rings you have only about 5 or 6 minutes of
air pressure remaining and should immediately retreat to fresh
air.

You should refill SCBA air tanks only at approved refilling

stations. The air compressors at these locations are fitted with
special filters to remove all oil vapor, moisture, carbon monoxide
and other dangerous gases. These compressors are also fitted
with alarm units to warm the filling operator when such gases are
present. Use bottles refilled in certain foreign countries with
caution since many countries do not maintain the same safety
and quality standards.

Page 51 of 106
Apparatus Check List before Use
It is vital importance that the self-contained breathing
apparatus functions properly. As far as possible, the
following points should
Be checked before use:
1. Air pressure
2. Air tightness test of the apparatus
3. Warning signal (spare air warning signal)
4. Air tightness of the mask

Air Pressure
Open the valve(s) on the Flask(s) and read the
manometer for pressure.
Air Tightness Test of the Apparatus
Close the valve(s) on the flask(s) and read the
manometer for pressure fall.
Warning Signal
Carefully reduced pressure and check that the warning
signal starts to function at the correct pressure (4 or 6 Mpa)
Air Tightness of the Mask

Page 52 of 106
 When mask and apparatus have been strapped on:
- close the valve on the flasks
- empty the system of air (breathe it empty)
- take an extra breath of air so that the mask is sucked
to the face
- hold your breath and see if the mask stays in place –
if so, the mask is airtight.
If all the equipments function satisfactory, it is ready for use.

D. Fire Fighting (F/F) Party Organization

 Elements and/or requirements for an effective and or

reliable Fire Fighting party organization.
1. Adequate manning of ship’s fire stations namely:
- bridge/control
- engine room
- emergency/action party
- support/back-up/standby part

Page 53 of 106
 2. Availability and Readiness of firefighting
equipment/appliances.
3. Availability and Readiness of communication
equipment/appliances.
4. Competency of personnel on the standard
firefighting operations.

FIRE FIGHTING FLOW CHART ORGANIZATION

Bridge/Control
(BR)

Engine Emergency/ Support/Back-

Room Action Party up/Standby
(BR) (AP) Party (SP)

FIRE FIGHTING PARTIES DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

 Bridge/ Control
a. Maneuver the ship to a safe area as an appropriate.
b. Sound the fire alarm and announce in the public
address system.
c. Hoist flag "J"/ flag "II" or flag "CB" with numeral six (6)
d. All report coming from the different parties must be
properly recorded.
e. There should be fire symbol entries in the fire plan or
damage control status board to have a clear picture of
the fire area.
f. Assign (1) seaman to act as a messenger in case
communication equipment fouls up.

Page 54 of 106
 g. Continue navigating the ship as appropriate.
h. In port, contact the fire department and inform the
port authorities.
i. Send urgent message as necessary.

 Emergency/ Action Party

a. Conduct muster and report to the bridge, manned

and ready.
b. Investigate what material is on fire,
c. All type fire fighting apparatus should be at the fire
scene ready for use.
d. All members should be in firefighting suit/
appropriate clothing.
e. Combat the fire with appropriate extinguishing agent
in the quickest and safest possible way.
f. All actions must be reported to the bridge.
g. Assign one (1) seaman to act as a messenger in case
communication equipment fouls up.

 Engine Room/ Technical Party

a. Maintain operational duties of the main and auxiliary

engines.
b. Report to the bridge, manned and ready
c. Switch off electrical supply to the fire area from the
main switchboard.
d. Maintain operational status of the: emergency fire
pump and standby pump.
e. Maintain operational readiness of the fixed fire
fighting installation for any moment used.
f. Report all actions/ activities to the bridge.

Page 55 of 106
  Support/ Standby/ Back-up Party

a. Conduct muster and report to the bridge, manned and

ready.
b. All members should be in appropriate fire fighting clothes.
c. Ali types of fire fighting apparatus should be at the fire
scene, ready for use.
d. Establish fire boundaries.
e. Ready lifeboats for launching.
f. Ready for First Aid and evacuation assistance.
g. First Aid Kit and stretcher with blankets are ready as
needed.
h. Ready for salvage and repair assistance.
i. Carpentry tools, lighting equipment should be provided
and ready for use.
j. Render inspection inside the fire area and its vicinity of any
damage, including the electrical lines.
k. Implement salvage and repairs as appropriate.
i. All action/ activities must be reported to the bridge.

E. FIRE FIGHTING STRATEGY and TACTICS

 STRATEGY- carefully worked out plan of action.

Basic Strategy :
1. Initial containment
2. Prevent immediate spread
3. Organized attack
4. Investigation of surrounding area

 TACTICS - The implementation of a plan which involves the

effective deployment of men and usage of equipment.

Page 56 of 106
Basic Tactics :

1. Method of attacks

Attack - to gain immediate control to prevent or minimize the

extension of fire to exposures.

- Direct Method - Fire fighters advance to the immediate fire

area and apply the extinguishing agent directly into the seat
of the fire.
- Indirect Method - is employed when it is not possible for
fighters to reach the seat of fire.
- When it is impossible for the fire fighters to reach the
seat of fire.
- All avenues of fire travel must be cut off by isolation.
- The attack is then made from a remote location.

Techniques involve in making a small opening into the fire space, by

inserting a nozzle in spray (fog) operation.

2. Controlled ventilation – taking in or pumping out

burned gases or carbon dioxide from the fire scene. This
being made to protect action or emergency team from
asphyxiation and/or poisoning.

3. Rules of Thumb
a. When applying water to a steel deck or bulkhead, "cool
the surface of the steel until it stays wet". When this
happen you know the temperature of the steel is below
212°F/100°C.
b. Utilizing enough water and to determine such the
following are to be observed :

Page 57 of 106
 1. If the flames are coming toward you, or
increasing in intensity, you are not applying
enough water.
2. If the fire remains in a steady state, that is,
neither increasing in intensity nor coming
toward you, you are applying just enough
water to "hold" the fire.
3. If the flames are going away from you or are
decreasing in intensity, you are applying enough
water.
c. To prevent stability and flooding problems, remove a
gallon of water for every gallons applied to the fire.

4. Other Consideration
a. Avenues of approach
b. Avenues of escape (escape route)
c. Fire Six(6) sides
1) Top 4) Aft
2) Bottom 5) Port Side
3) Forward 6) Starboard side

Page 58 of 106
F. FIRE FIGHTING PROCESS HAZARDS

1. Dry Distillation
a.. Dry distillation as combustion process in which flammable
material burns with insufficient oxygen to achieve complete
combustion of the material.
b. Example of dry distillation is the making of charcoal
c. An example of the danger of dry distillation;
- cooling the compartment externally by hosing it with
water
- Entering the access in a crouched position behind a water
screen (spray nozzles)
- Directing water toward the ceiling of the space on fire.
2. Chemical Reactions
a. Chemical reactions as the effect of the addition of one or
more of the following substance to a chemical:
o Water Heat
o Oil Foam
o Carbon Dioxide
o Sand
b. Some of the effects as:
- explosion from the development of flammable gas
- spontaneous combustion
- the development of toxic fumes
- the generation of smoke
c. Chemical reaction during fire fighting are more likely to
occur with fire in cargoes and in accommodation
areas.
d. Examples of Chemical reactions causing or exacerbating fire
including:
- The production of acetylene when calcium carbide comes
into contact with water.
-The decomposition of steam when applied to coal fires

Page 59 of 106
 - The production of hydrogen when Direct Reduced Iron
(DRI) comes into contact with water.
- Oxidizing cargoes, such as some fertilizers, sustaining a
fire even if blanketed in an extinguishing gas.
- Cargoes spontaneously igniting in air e.g. phosphorus
when its packaging gets damaged.
- Self heating of cargoes such as grain when wet
- Production of methane in coal cargoes to dangerous
levels when ventilation is restricted.
e. The correct response to fire in dangerous goods is
given in the Emergency Procedures for Ships
Carrying dangerous Goods.
f. The correct response to fire in bulk materials possessing
chemical hazards is given in the Emergency Dangerous
Goods, determines the response action for a fire in a
given substance.
g. With the aid of the General index of the IMDG Code and
the Emergency Procedures for ships carrying dangerous
goods, determines the response action for a fire in a
give substance.
h. With the aid of the code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk
Cargoes, determines the response action for fire in a
given bulk cargo.

Spontaneous Combustion - Term used when the energy to raise the

temperature of the fuel above its self ignition temperature has become
from a chemical reaction within the fuel itself.

Backdraft Danger- A backdraft may occur in confined space where a fire

has been burning for a considerable period of time. After a fire starts it
continues to consume oxygen until there is insufficient oxygen to react
with the fuel.

Page 60 of 106
Flashover Danger
A sudden spread of flame over an area when it becomes heated to the
flash point.
a. As a fire continues to burn, all the contents of the area on
fire are heated to their ignition temperatures.
b. When they reach this temperature, ignition occurs and the
entire area becomes fully involved in the fire.
c. A tell tale forewarning of flashover is when flames
commence rolling across the overhead.
Explosive Transfer of Fire
If a fire heating another compartment through a deck or bulk head, the
combustible material in that compartment will give off flammable vapors.
This time there is no source of ignition for those vapors and the vapors
will accumulate until they are heated to their C.I.T., when they may own
with explosive violence.

3. Boiler Uptake Fires

a. Boiler uptake fires as those occurring in:
- uptakes, economizers and air heaters of steamships
- exhaust pipes, economizers and waste-heat boilers of ships
propelled by inter combustion engines.
b. The usual cause of such fire is an accumulation of carbon deposits,
with or without oil, which become overheated and catch fire.
c. The difficulties and hazards of fighting these fires are
- Inaccessibility of all sections of the uptake in the upper
section
of the engine room.
d. A procedure for containing and extinguishing the fire is to:
- Shut down the boiler and/ or main engine
- Spray the external surfaces in a way of the fire with water
to keep the temperature down.
- Close the necessary dampers and boiler change-valve to
exclude air from the fire.

Page 61 of 106
 - Protect the essential electrical and other equipment below
the fire zone against water damage.
- Continue cooling unit it is considered safe to open the
economizer for the examination and thorough cleaning on
the fireside.

4. Fire in Water Tube Boiler

a. Iron - in steam fires can occur in water-tube boilers due to :
- Shortage of water in the boiler causing overheating of the tubes
above the water level and undue delay in shutting down the
boiler
- An uncontrollable soot fire in the furnace after a boiler has
been shut down in a port coupled with a shortage of water in the
boiler causing overheating of the tubes above the water level.
b. If fire is discovered before the temperature of the tubes has
reached 700C, the preferred method of the firefighting is :
- to direct through burner apertures, or equivalent the
maximum amount of water available as solid jets and through
feed pumped to the source of the fire, assuming boiler tubes
have fracture or burned.
- To keep air casing and uptakes cool by hosing them with
water.
- To avoid using fire spray nozzles, foam appliances or carbon
dioxide directly on the fire.

5. Stability Problem

The recommended measures to be observe :

a. Rule of Thumb – remove a gallon of water for every
gallons applied to the fire.
b. Knowledge on computation of water accumulation in
volume ratio in tons to maintained ship’s buoyancy.

Page 62 of 106
Use of water for fire extinguishing, the effect on stability,
precautions and corrective procedures

.1 addition of water in large amounts, particularly in cargo

hold, causes stability problem as free surface effect of water will
come into effect thereby reducing the GM of the ship

.2 draining of particular cargo hold which is flooded to

extinguish fire is absolutely important to avoid the free surface
effect of water

.3 addition of water in cargo holds carrying cargoes such as

grain and paper pump is risky as cargo swells which could cause
rupture of shell plates and bulk head plates. Addition of water for
fighting fire in such cases is to judicially monitored during the
entire fire fighting operation

6. Medical Emergency

a. The main hazards arising from fires for the health of

personnel as:
- asphyxiation
- poisoning
- damaged tissues
- burnt skin
- pain
- secondary shock

b. asphyxiation may be the result of:

 fires causing oxygen shortage
 an extinguishing gas replacing air

Page 63 of 106
c. poisoning may be caused by:
 carbon monoxide, which is produced in most fires
 toxic combustion products of fire

d. damaged tissue may lead to:

 loss of function of parts of the body
 infection
 mutilation/scarring/disfigurement

e. burnt skin may interfere with its breathing function which

may cause death
f. secondary shock is a serious condition, caused by the
collection of body fluids in blisters, and must always be
suspected except with minor burns

g. First-aid measures being followed up with medical

treatment is very important.

h. The First-aid measures in cases of asphyxiation and

poisoning is:
-removal of victim from danger area; thereafter:
 if unconscious, placing victim in the recovery
position
 in the absence of breathing, applying artificial
respiration
 in the absence of a pulse, applying cardio-
pulmonary resuscitation
- Demonstrates:
 putting a person in the correct recovery position
 the application for artificial respiration (mouth to
mouth/nose)
 the application of cardio-pulmonary resuscitation

Page 64 of 106
 i. The First-aid treatment for the burns are:
 extended flushing with water or submerging the
affected parts in the water
 injection of morphine if the victim is in great pain

j. Bandaging and treatment from shock are equally

important but should not be done as a first –aid
measure.

G. FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES

As an Emergency preparedness during firefighting operations the
following communication requirements at the bridge has to be made
available :

 INFORMATION ON BRIDGE
- Arrangement drawings
- Details of accesses and escapes
- Details of fire-extinguishing equipment
- Stability information
- Survival equipment
- Stowage plans
- Information on dangerous goods
- Fire control plan w/ crew list

 INFORMATION TO BRIDGE
- Time of fire alarm
- Position of nature fire
- Information on fire parties
- Pressurization of fire main
- Report on firefighting
- Effect of fire
- Persons unaccounted for

Page 65 of 106
General Rules for Fire Fighting commonly adopted :

 The basic steps in successful firefighting are;

- Locate fire and sound the alarm
- Get fire under control
- Extinguish fire
- After sounding the alarm the fire fighter must quickly
determine the fire, as to:
1) where the fire is
2) what is burning.
3) what is the extent of the fire.
4) what combustible materials are in the immediate
vicinity in all surrounding spaces and in the
compartment above and below.
5) what draft vents and other channels are present
that would facilitate the spread of the fire.
6) what extinguishing method is indicated.
7) what is the best technique to prevent the spread of the
fire and to extinguish it.

 General instructions
-A person who discovers a fire aboard ship must
immediately raise the alarm and return to tackle the fire.
- He must not try to tackle the fire without raising the
alarm unless the fire is very small.
- If it is necessary to leave the scene of the fire to get
help, the door of the burning compartment must be
closed.
- Switch off power leading to the burning compartment.
- Speed is essential as Fire may rapidly become
impossible to control.
- When the fire at sea is reported to the bridge, the fire
alarm must be operated.

Page 66 of 106
 - Mechanical ventilation should be closed down and the
vessel should reduce her speed, stop or maneuver to
get the fire on the leeside.
- Water must be supplied at full pressure to the main fire
and the emergency fire pump should start.
- Boats should be swung out if considered necessary.
- Distress signal should be sent off with the vessel's
position, given as accurately as possible.
- It is important to cancel the signal if the emergency is
over.

1. TYPES OF FIRE ACCORDING TO FIRE FIGHTING

PROCEDURES BASED ON SHIPBOARD ROUTINES :

 FIRE AT SEA/UNDERWAY
1. When the fire alarm is given, the fire fighting and the
emergency station procedure are put into effect.
For example:
- The crew assembles at the designated fire stations as
given on the muster list
- The fire parties assemble, on orders from the bridge and
carry out their task aimed at containing the fire.
- The pumps are prepared to dispose of extinguishing water
- For engine-room fires, the ship is stopped
- The master decides the most appropriate method for fighting
the fire and this is implemented by the fire officer.
- For engine-room fires, early preparations are made to launch
lifeboats.
2. The master controls the firefighting operations from the
bridge.
3. When the fire is extinguished, a fire watch is kept, the
requirement for emergency stations is cancelled and
an investigation into the fire.

Page 67 of 106
  FIRE IN PORT
1. When the fire alarm is given the fire fighting and the
emergency station procedures are put into effect.
2. The following additional procedures must be followed:
- call the port fire brigade.
- inform the appropriate authority.

- confirm with harbor master that the master of the ship

will remain in overall in charge.
- confirm with Harbor master that he will keep the master
informed of the fire fighting operations, assisted by the
Chief Officer who is on board.
3. When the fire has been extinguished, a fire watch is kept, the
requirement for emergency stations is cancelled and an
investigation into the fire.

2. KINDS OF FIRE ACCORDING TO FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES

BASED ON LOCATION :

 FIRE ON DECK:
Such fires may result from cargo overflow, bursting hose or
leaking pipeline.
1) Shut off fuel supply if possible.
2) Foam if available should then be applied using
preferably deck foam system or pick up unit if no
deck foam system is installed.
3) It is important that the foam should be played
against a nearby vertical structure of the vessel.
4) Portable C02 or dry chemical extinguishers are
effective when applied directly on the burning
as it emerges from the opening.
5) High and low velocity fog should be used to
augment the foam to cool the surrounding parts.

Page 68 of 106
 6) All tank openings throughout the vessel should be
closed.

 FIRE IN ACCOMMODATION.
1) It should be tackled rapidly as there is likelihood of
a considerable amount of flammable material present
and it is difficult to exclude oxygen.
2) Doors and ports of the burning compartment
should be closed and ventilation shut off.
3) Portable extinguisher should be available to
tackle the fire in the initial stages but if the
fire is not quickly extinguished, water will be
the more effective medium.
4) The door of the bunting compartment should
be kept closed until sufficient men are
available and the equipment is ready.
5) There is a great danger of the fire to spread so
attention must be paid to all the surrounding
compartments.

 FIRE IN ENGINE ROOM

1) Likely to involve oil fuel.
2) If a small fire can not be quickly put out with the
extinguishers, fuel supply and ventilation should
be shut off.
3) Water spray or fog maybe particularly effective
but the foam is the best
4) For a serious fire, fixed installation should be used.
5) C02 should not be admitted until all men are out
of the compartment, but the gas is unlikely to be
effective if there is much delay and the heat
builds up.

Page 69 of 106
 6) After flooding with C02 the space should not be
opened up for at least 10 minutes, to allow the
burning substances to cool down its ignition
temperature.

 FIRE IN CARGO SPACES:

1) When a fire is detected in a ship's hold it will
usually be best not to open the hatches but to
use smothering gas keeping the compartment
tightly battened down.
2) Precautions should be taken against the fire
spreading to the adjacent compartment and
boundary cooling maybe necessary.
3) After using smothering gas, the compartment
should not be opened up until the vessel reaches
port and the fire brigade have arrived
4) When a cargo of nitrate or sulphates, smothering
gas is unlikely to be effective so water should be
applied as rapidly as possible.
5) If explosives are involved, flooding the space is
the only effective method to be used
6) The safest procedure in the event of a coal fire at
sea is to proceed to the nearest port where
discharge facilities are available shutting off the
ventilation, spraying heated decks and cooling
bulkheads.

 OIL FIRE IN TANKS:

1) Should be tackled by closing the tank lids and
other openings to completely shut off the air
supply then applying smothering gas or foam.
2) Water fog is a good extinguishing agent and
effective in cooling the oil.

Page 70 of 106
 3) C02 dry powder and foam are suitable for small fire.
4) Utilize all available fire fighting equipment/appliances
designed for tanker vessels.

H. Command and Control, Leadership and Contingency

Principles.

What is needed for a successful response to an emergency situation

is what is known in military circles as the three C’s. These are:
Coordination
Communication
Control
In order to get this in the initial stages of a fire what is needed is a
small close-knit group of men working together as an effective team
with effective leadership. If this does not happen then the fourth ‘C’
will appear.
CHAOS
Nine out of ten fires will be extinguished quickly by the rapid
intervention of this initial attack party. If it is not extinguished
quickly then the initial attack party would become past of the
overall emergency organization. Other close knit groups with
effective leadership would be brought into use as they are needed,
backup and technical support and the bridge team to act as a center
for coordination communication and control. Of course, these
groups form up immediately and don not wait until the situation has
deteriorated to the point where they are definitely needed.

How well these teams will perform in a real emergency will depend
on how well they are led and how much training and practice they
have done together as a team in their own ship-board environment.

Page 71 of 106
Imaginative and realistic drills will go a long way towards overall fire
safety, as well as making the drills more interesting and less likely to
become a boring routine.
Leadership principles
In the emergency situation the leadership has to be a little different
from the normal managerial position in which the modern ship’s
officer most usually finds himself. People may be frightened and will
need to be given a bit of a push to make an aggressive attack on the
fire but too much shouting may promote the natural tendency for
panic. Orders should be given in a firm, clear voice, using as few
words as possible. Give encouragement, listen to advice but brook
no argument. It is necessary to be flexible; the leader should assess
the situation, decide on a course of action and do all he can to have
it carried out, but almost as he gives one order he should be
thinking what to do if it cannot be carried out. If on the other hand
the leadership is too indecisive, the natural leader in the group may
begin to emerge and as soon as orders start to come from two
directions, confusion results.
There must be flexibility in the organization so as to allow for the
possibility that the leader may become a casualty, or may be missing
at the initial muster. Perhaps under different circumstances a
different person may be the most suitable leader, as, for instance, a
deck officer in charge of a party may hand over leadership to an
engineer on entering a machinery space, but the hand-over must be
positive, that is say, “You take charge”, to the person concerned.
The leader may delegate areas of responsibility, such as, “You take
charge of the casualty with this man to help you”, but there must
always be one man in charge.
The leader must be careful to avoid putting himself in a position,
such as on the end of a hose, from which he cannot keep track of
the overall situation or the whereabouts and safety of the rest of
the team. Often, in case history, it has been the Chief Officer who
has elected to wear the breathing apparatus and go in to fight the
fire. If he then becomes a casualty or the fire spreads to another
compartment without his knowledge, chaos has often ensued,
Page 72 of 106
because the men on the outside are without a definite leader to
coordinate their efforts.
B.A. control
Fire brigades use elaborate control procedures and although,
because of numbers of persons involved, these procedures may not
be appropriate to Merchant vessels some form of control should be
practiced, even if it is only a written record of times of entry etc.
kept on the bridge.
Proper B.A. control would mean that if a man has worked to whistle
and has to withdraw, his relief is there at his elbow to take over the
fire-fighting or rescue. Otherwise if the man has to withdraw before
his relief starts to don his B.A. set, the fire will have ten minutes to
burn-back before fire-fighting is resumed.
If a note is taken of the time of entry and gauge reading, the
approximate time of whistle can easily be calculated, or better,
obtained from a prepared table on the control board, and his relief
can follow his hose and lifeline to relieve him as his whistle blows.
For each B.A. wearer there should be a man who checks his donning
and testing procedure and who tends his lifeline and does not get
involved in any other activity; where there is a shortage of
manpower, one person could monitor two wearers.
Do remember that although for the air hose set wearer there is no
limit to the duration of his air, there is a limit to his duration, and it is
his ability to withstand the effect of heat and humidity.

Communication
At this point the officer in charge just has to let him work and there
is no communication other than the one, two or three pulls on the
lifeline. Where there are only two or three VHF sets on board it is
debatable as to whether one of these should be risked in the fire
zone and to be carried by a man who has to feel his way and handle
a hose. Of course if communication equipment is provided it should
be used as it gives a real advantage.

Page 73 of 106
All communications should follow standard procedure, identifying
the transmitting station and keeping the communication as brief as
possible, using standard phrases at dictation speed, and
communications should be repeated back to avoid
misunderstandings.
Any available method of communication should be used, but in case
of difficulty runners should be resorted to.
Communication does not just happen; the information has to be
generated. Many a hapless Captain has been vainly trying to
communicate with his fire-fighting teams but no one will answer
because they are all too busy fighting the fire, and if the bridge is to
function properly as a center of coordination, communication and
control, they need to be fully informed of everything that happens.
As soon as a breathing apparatus man has withdrawn, he should be
thoroughly debriefed and all this information passed to the bridge.

Leadership Decisions
After the initial muster, the emergency party proceeds as quickly as
possible to the reported fire zone, taking with them the appropriate
equipment. When he arrives at the fire the officer in charge has to
make an immediate assessment of the situation and act accordingly,
keeping in contact with the bridge, because the full extent of the
fire will be receiving reports from all parts of the ship including,
perhaps, information about missing persons. Remember that safety
of life is paramount.
Here, then, are some general principles.
If a fire is burning in an enclosed space, breathing apparatus should
immediately be got ready, bearing in mind that if the fire is
contained or damped down there will be an initial increase in smoke
production.

Page 74 of 106
The problem may be to locate the seat of the fire, and care should
be taken about using smoke as a clue as to the location of the fire ,
as smoke may travel through ducting or behind paneling and appear
from the most unlikely places. The only real clue as to the location
of the fire is heat or if someone can tell you that he has seen flames.
Even then efforts may be grouped on what is a secondary fire or
heating.
A fire on a ship should be thought of as potentially a sic sided fire
with four sides and a top and bottom through which the fire can
spread.
Whilst an attack is being made on the fire, the other adjacent areas
must be inspected for spread of fire or heat and, if necessary,
boundary cooling and boundary starvation is commenced.
The cabin areas on the deck above a fire zone may show signs of
heating. If they do then the carpet is lifted, drawers taken out from
under the bunk and settee, and wardrobes emptied; this is
boundary starvation. The deck is then wet with water. Once it is wet
and stays wet, enough boundary cooling has been done and the
team merely stand-by to wet it again if it dries off. Below or adjacent
to the fire area there may be a storeroom which needs to be
emptied of its cardboard boxes or papers sacks, once again to
remove potential fuel from the fire. With combustible panels, if
there is sign of fire spread behind the paneling, sections of it may
have to be removed and cooling applied behind it.
Initially the leader of the emergency party would be in charge of an
attack on the fire, leaving the other considerations to the backup
group or groups.

Command and Control II

What is needed for successful control of onboard emergencies are
the three “Cs” co-ordination, communication and control. The best
way of achieving this is to have a center of co-ordination,
communication and control.

Page 75 of 106
What this means on most ships is that the Captain goes to the
bridge. This may be a difficult thing for him to do in some
circumstances. If there is an incident on the afterdeck, the
instinctive thing for the Master to do is to go to the scene of the
incident to put things right, but no – he should go to the bridge.

In another incident the Master of a large passenger vessel was

ashore when a fire started in the galley which spread up the
ventilation trucking. When the Master returned from ashore he
went to the scene of the fire. Although the shore authorities were
criticized in that particular incident the crew of the ship were also
censured for the “failure to make an organized and concerted effort
at controlling the fire”. The ship was totally burned out.

When a senior fire brigade officer arrives at a fire other junior

officers have normally been attendance. He does not immediately
go in to the fire to “see for himself” but sets up a control center a
short distance from the fire and starts looking at plans and
determining his strategy.
This then is the function of the bridge, or, If the bridge is on fire, then
some other pre-arrange place; to be control center. There is nothing to stop
the Master leaving the bridge when everything is under control, for a ‘look-
see’, and indeed in the enquiry a master was censured for not leaving the
bridge, although in that incident several senior officers had become
casualties and there was a complete lack of information on the bridge.

Initially the Master on the bridge would be involved in safety of life,

the most important consideration when an emergency occurs on
board; checking; off the muster list as the various parties report in;
making sure that the radio officer has an exact petition for the
emergency signal and that information has been to the emergency
party who make the initial attack. Hopefully most fires will be under
control at that point, but just occasionally the situation may deteriorate
and may stretch the ship's resources to the limit. When this happens,
the bridge becomes must more than just a co-coordinator.

Page 76 of 106
 If properly organized drills have been carried out, each member of
the crew will know what to do and what is expected of him. There will
be a muster 'taken, an initial attack made on the fire, the boats will have
been swung out and other backup groups will be searching the
boundary zones for signs of heating. The backup equipment will have
been brought from the forecastle and steering flat or wherever it: is
stowed. The Master will have to do is to modify the response according
to the circumstances.

On the bridge the master is remote from the action; he can stand
back a little and perhaps think of things the people at the fire may have
forgotten, because they are under more immediate stress.

However, the bridge is just a part of the overall emergency

organization and has its own part to play. Here, then, is a list of the main
responsibilities of the bridge as: control center during a fire.

Locating the fire

When working by touch the necessity in caution is obvious and much can be
done to reduce the possibility of accidents, by attention to a few simple
points. First to remember to shuffle and not to walk, 'The weight of the
body should be placed on the rear foot until the advancing foot has tested
that it is safe to move forward, and the feet should not be lifted from the
ground.

The foot should slide forward as this will help to detect obstructions
and dangers such as projecting nails etc., which might pierce the boots and
injure the feet, it is coolest near the floor and it will occasionally be found
desirable to go down on hands and knees to avoid overhead heat. As you
move forward you should raise the free hand in front and lightly clenched
with the back uppermost to feel for obstructions. If the back of the hand
then touches a live electric wire, the shock will throw it clear and will not
cause the hand to grasp the wire, as would occur were the hand open. It
will be often possible to detect form this position the flow of a fire which
cannot be seen when standing upright.
Page 77 of 106
When descending stairs it is better to proceed backwards, since this
shields the face from the heat and has the additional advantage of
enabling one to grasp the stairs with the hands and so to prevent a
fall. On the other hand, some men prefer to move downstairs in a
sitting position with head well back close to the stairs.

Descending a Staircase

Avoid the heat and smoke

Feel with the feet

Test for Stability
Keep close to the wait
Figure 19. Proper way descending a staircase.

Figure 20. Proper way of opening door and door with fire inside.
Page 78 of 106
FIRE CONTROL PLANS

.1 The fire-control plans must be checked periodically to

ensure they are legible and up-to-date.

.2 The duplicate set of fire-control plans or the booklet

containing them, which are for the assistance of shore
side fire-fighting personnel, are checked to confirm that
they are in good condition

.3 Checks that the guide signs to the duplicate plans are intact
and distinct
In all ships general arrangement plans shall be
permanently exhibited for the: guidance of the ship's officers,
showing clearly for each deck the control stations, the various
fire sections enclosed but “A” class divisions, the sections
enclosed “B” class divisions together with particulars of the
fire detection and fire alarm systems, the sprinkler installation,
the fire extinguishing appliances, means of access to different
compartments, decks, etc. and the ventilating system
including particulars of the fan control positions, the position
of dampers and identification numbers of the ventilating fans
serving each section. Alternatively, at the discretion of the
Administration, the aforementioned details may be set out in
a booklet, and one copy shall at all times be available on board
in an accessible position. Plans and booklets shall be kept up
to date, any alterations recorded thereon as soon as
practicable. Description in such plans and booklets shall be in
the official language of the Flag State. If the language is
neither English nor French, a translation into one of those
languages shall be Included. In addition, instructions
concerning the maintenance and operation of all the
equipment and installations on board for the fighting and
containment of fire shall be kept under one cover, readily
available in an accessible position.

Page 79 of 106
 In all ships a duplicate set of fire control plans or a
booklet containing such plans shall be permanently stored in a
prominently marked watertight enclosure outside the
deckhouse for the assistance of shore side fire-fighting
personnel. Under new provision a crew list is included in the
fire control plan.

Organization of the fire and abandon ship drills.

.1 Drills shall, as far as practicable, be conducted as if there were an
actual emergency.

.2 Every crew member shall participate at least one abandon ship drill
and one fire drill every month.

.3 fire drills:
- Fire drill should be planned in such a way that due
consideration is given to regular practice in the various
emergencies that may occur depending on the type of ship
and the cargo.
- While conducting fire drills the following procedures should
be followed:
• reporting to stations and preparing for the duties
described in muster list.
• starting of a fire pump, using at least the two required
jets of water.
• operation and use of fire-extinguishing appliances
• checking and using the firefighter's outfit and other
personal rescue equipment.
• testing of relevant communication equipment
• operation of watertight doors, fire doors, fire dampers
and main inlets and outlets of ventilation system in the
drill area.
• checking the necessary arrangement s for abandoning
the ship.

Page 80 of 106
.4 The equipment used during drills shall immediately be brought
back to its fully operational condition.

.5 Any faults and defects discovered during the drills shall be

remedied as soon as possible.

.6 Abandon ship drills:

- While conducting abandon ship drills the following
procedures must be followed:
• abandon ship drills is called by raising particular alarm
followed by announcement on the public address or
other communication systems.
• ail passengers and crew shall be familiar with this alarm
and announcement.
• on hearing alarm, crew shall report to stations and
prepare for the duties described in the muster list.
• passengers and crew are suitably dressed.
• lifejackets are correctly donned.
• preparation and lowering of at least one lifeboat.
• starting and operating the lifeboat engine.
• launching method of life raft is explained.
• a mock search and rescue of a crew member trapped in
cabin is carried out.
• instruction in the use of radio life-saving appliances.

- Different lifeboats shall be lowered at successive drills

- Rescue boat other that lifeboats shall be launched each
month with their assigned crew aboard and maneuvered in
the water
- Emergency lighting for mustering and abandonment is
tested at each abandon ship drill

Page 81 of 106
Strategies and tactics for control of fires in various parts of the ships.
.1 The fire can occur in the:
- Engine-room
- Accommodation
- Galley
- Storerooms
- Cargo spaces
.2 Contingency plans are required to be drawn for every type of
emergency on board, particularly for fire and abandon ship:
- The use of the integrated approach to contingency planning
for shipboard emergencies.
- Tactics & strategies for control of fires in engine room,
accommodation & cargo spaces differ.
- Tactics and strategies for control of engine room fires
involves management and fire-fighting techniques of hot oil
and exhaust gases.
- Control of accommodation fires may be achieved by
confining the fire within the zones bounded by A-60
bulkheads and cutting off ventilation.
- Fighting cargo space fires is complex and involves special
training for fighting fires involving bulk, oil, chemical and gas
cargoes as well as dangerous cargoes.
- BC Code SOLAS Chapter II-2, IBC & IGC Codes and EMS for
Dangerous Cargo contain essential data for use in setting
strategies.
- Composition and organization of fire control parties ensure
prompt & effective implementation of emergency plans &
procedures.

Page 82 of 106
 I. FIRST-AID

This section is not intended as a first-aid course but is instead an

instruction in first-aid action to be taken in case of fire casualties.
It must be stressed that further medical treatment is necessary.
First aid is limited to removing the casualty from danger and
taking such action as maybe necessary to save life and to limit
pain and tissue damage.

In other words, restore breathing if necessary and deal with the

effects of burns. The latter should be done by flushing burnt
areas with water at one. If this cannot be done, immerse the
affected parts in water. Flushing on immersion should be
continued for at least 10 minutes to give time for the cooling
water. Water at a more comfortable temperature may even be
more beneficial. The essence is speed of treatment. Any flushing
with water is better than no flushing, so no time should be
wasted on searching for optimal water conditions.

Speed is also of the essence in cases where resuscitation is

necessary. Such treatment, if considered necessary, should
commerce a soon as the casualty is removed from the area of
danger, or even en route to a safer place.

One of the main dangers arising from burns is shock, the more so
as it may not become apparent immediately. Unawareness of this
phenomenon may cause the death of a casualty, and it is best,
except in cases of very minor burns, to prepare for the possibility
of shock. Since means for treating severe shock are very limited
on board ship, medical advice must be sought and calling at a
nearby port must be considered, for hospitalization of the
casualty.

Page 83 of 106
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is another name for heart-

lung resuscitation or a combined effort to restore breathing and
circulation artificially. Artificially circulation is produced when
chest is compressed by 38 to 5.1 cm (1 ½ to 2 inches), which
squeezes the heart between the sternum of the spine. When the
pressure is released, the elastic chest wall causes the sternum to
spring outward to its original position. The release of pressure on
the heart results in a sucking action that draws blood into the
heart from the veins and the lungs.

The blood is kept in constant motion as long as the heart is

squeezed and released by the external CHEST COMPRESSIONS.
The Result is quite close to the circulation that is produced by a
normally operating heart.

Sequence of Steps for Adult One-Rescuer CPR

The rescuer should be able to perform the following sequence:

Airway Assessment: Determine unresponsiveness (tap or

gently shake and shout).
Call for help.
Position the victim (and assume proper rescuer position.)
Open the airway with head-tilt/chin lift.

Breathing Assessment: Determine breathlessness.

If victim is breathing:
 Monitor breathing
 Maintain open airway
 Activate the EMS system (if not done previously)

If victim is not breathing:

Page 84 of 106
  Perform rescue breathing by giving two initial
breaths.

If unable to give two breaths:

 Reposition head and attempt to ventilate again.
 If still unsuccessfully, perform foreign body airway
obstruction sequence.
If successful, continue to the next step.

Circulation Assessment: Determine pulselessness:

 If pulse is present, continue rescue breathing at 12
times/min (once every 5 seconds) and activate the
EMS system.
 If pulse is absent, activate the EMS system (if not
previously done and continue to the next step.)

Begin external chest compressions: Locate proper hand position.

Perform the chest compressions at a rate of 60-100 per minute.
Count “one and, two and, three and, four and, five and, six and,
seven and, eight and, nine and, ten and, eleven and, twelve and,
thirteen and, fourteen, fifteen.”

Open the airway and deliver two rescuer breaths within 7

seconds maximum including the travel from the compression
position to the mouth-to-mouth position.

Locate the proper hand position and begin 15 more compression

at a rate of 60-100 per minute.

Perform four complete cycles of 15 compressions with 2

ventilations.

Page 85 of 106
 Figure 7. Reassessment.
After four cycles of compressions and ventilations (15:2),
reevaluate the patient:
 Check for return of the carotid pulse.
 If absent:
Resume CPR with two ventilation followed by compressions.
If present: Continue to the next step.
 Check for breathing.
If present: Monitor breathing and pulse closely.
If absent: Perform rescue breathing at 12 times per minute
(once every 5 seconds), and monitor pulse closely.

Sequence for Two Rescuers in CPR

Two rescuers should be able to coordinate and perform the

following sequences, as appropriate.
Beginning Two-Rescuer CPR

When CPR is in Progress with One Lay Rescuer:

Page 86 of 106
If CPR is in progress with one lay rescuer, the logical time for
entrance of the two healthcare-provider rescue team is
immediately after the initial rescuer has completed a cycle of 15
compressions and 2 breaths:

One rescuer moves to the head, opens the airway, and checks for
a pulse, while the other member of the team locates the area for
external chest compressions and finds the proper hand position.
This should take 5 seconds.

If there is no pulse while the ventilator gives one breath and the
compressor begins external chest compressions and finds the
proper hand position. This should take 5 seconds.

If there is no pulse, the ventilator gives one breath and the

compressor begins external chest compressions at the rate of 60-
100 per minute, counting “1 and 2, and 3 and, 4 and, 5.”

At the end of the 5th compression a pause should be allowed for

ventilation (1-1 ½ sec/breath). The compression: ventilation ratio
for two rescuers is 5:1. The pause for the rescue breath may be
shorter or may be interposed if the victim is intubated, as faster
inspiratory flow rates are possible without the problem of gastric
distention, regurgitation, and aspiration.
When No CPR is in Progress

If no CPR is in progress and both rescuers arrive on the scene at

the same time, both must determine what needs to be done and
start immediately, without wasting time. One rescuer should
ensure that EMS system is activated. If this person leaves the area.
The other person should institute one-rescuer CPR.

Page 87 of 106
If both persons are available, one rescuer should go to the head of
the victim and proceed as follows:
1. Determine unresponsiveness.
2. Position of the victim.
3. Open the airway.
4. Check for breathing.
5. If breathing is absent, “No breathing” and give two
ventilations.
6. Check for pulse. If there is no pulse, say “No pulse.”
The second rescuer should, simultaneously:
1. find the location for external chest compressions.
2. assume the proper hand position.
3. initiate external chest compressions after the first states
“No pulse”.

Figure 8. Two Rescuer CPR: No CPR in progress two health care

providers arrive simultaneously. The ventilator assesses the victim; the
compressor assumes the proper for external chest compressions.

Page 88 of 106
 Two-rescuer CPR: Pause after the 5th external chest
compression as ventilator gives a rescue breath.

Two-rescuer CPR: Compressor and ventilator switch positions.

(A) Compressor changes mnemonic, indicating for switch.
“Change and, 2 and, 3 and, 4 and, 5.” (B) Ventilator delivers a full
rescue breath at the completion of the 5th compression. (C)
Ventilator moves to the victim’s chest and finds the compression
area after the compressor delivers the 5th compression. The
compressor moves to the victim’s head and completes a pulse
and breathing check. (D) The new ventilator delivers a breath,
signaling the beginning of a new cycle of 5 compressions and 1
ventilation.

Figure 20. Procedures for switching responsibilities for compressions and ventilations.

Page 89 of 106
Burns, Scalds, and Effects of Heat and Cold
Burns and scalds are injuries caused by extremes of
temperature (heat or cold), chemicals or radiation. Burns caused
by “wet” heat such as steam or hot liquids are called scalds. For
practical purposes the management of burns and scalds is the
same.

Burns vary in depth, size and severity and many damage the
underlying parts of the body as well as the skin. Most burns will
require medical attention.

Heat is the most common cause of burns. Other causes include

contact with dry or liquid corrosive chemicals, and over-exposure
to radiation and sun rays.

There is considerable risk of affection with burns because the

damaged skin offers reduced protection against germs. There is
also a danger of shock developing, because serum (tissue fluid)
leaks out of the circulatory system into the burnt area.

Type of Burns

Burns can be categorized according to the cause of the injury.

Dry Burns
Flames, lighted cigarettes and hot electrical equipment such as
irons are all common causes of dry burns. Fast-moving objects
rubbed against the skin produce dry fiction burns. Alternatively,
they may be caused by the skin rubbing against an object. The
most common example of this is a “rope burn.”

Scalds
Wet heat such as steam, hot water or fat produces scalds.

Page 90 of 106
Cold Burns
These may result from contact with meals in freezing conditions.
Freezing agents such as liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen can
also cause cold burns.

Electrical Burns
Electrical currents and lighting generate heat and burn skin and
underlying tissues.

Radiation Burns
Sun rays and light reflected from a bright surface, (e. g., snow)
can cause damage to the skin and eyes.

Very rarely, radiation burns can be cause by overexposure to X-

rays or radioactive substances.

Blisters
Blisters are thin “bubbles” which from on skin damaged by
friction or heat. They are caused by tissue fluid (serum) leaking
into the burnt area the surface of the skin.

During healing, new skin forms at the base of the blisters

underneath the serum, the serum is absorbed and, eventually, the
outer layer of the skin peels off. Never break a blister, you will
increase the risk of infection.

Unless a blister breaks or is likely to be further damaged, it

requires no treatment. If it does need protection, apply a
dressing large enough to extend well beyond the edges of the
burnt area.

Clothing on Fire

Clothing may be set on fire by standing too close to an electric

fire or by carelessness in the kitchen. Without prompt help the

Page 91 of 106
result is widespread severe burning, shock and possible death. If
the accident occurs indoors, prevent a conscious casualty from
panicking and rushing outside; the movement and/or breeze
outside would fan the flames.

You should lay the casualty down with the burning side up as
soon as possible to prevent flames sweeping upwards and
quickly put out the flames by dousing the casualty with water or
other non-flammable liquid. Alternatively, wrap the casualty with
a coat, curtain, blanket (not the cellular type), rug or other heavy
fabric, and lay flat on the ground. This starves the flame with
oxygen and puts them out.
DO NOT use nylon or other inflammable materials to smother the
flame.

If your own clothes catch fire and help is not immediately

available, extinguish the flames by wrapping yourself up tightly in
suitable materials and lie down.

Chemical Burns
Certain substances are irritating to the skin and contact with
them can cause severe damage to the tissues, eyes are
particularly vulnerable. Apart from the local effects, a few
Page 92 of 106
chemicals may be absorbed through the skin and cause
widespread and sometimes fatal damage within the body.
While prompt action with this type of burn is important, you
should always consider your own safety before approaching the
casualty.

Classification of Burns

Burns are classified according to the area and depth of the injury.
These factors determine what treatment is required and whether
a casualty needs hospital attention. However, any casualty with
burns covering an area greater than 2-3 cm (1 in) diameter, or
burns deeper than the surface of the skin, or burns arising from
electrical contact, must be referred to a doctor or hospital.

Area

The area of a burn gives a rough guide as to whether or not a

casualty is likely to suffer shock. The greater the area involved,
the greater the possibility of shock, because of greater fluid loss.
For example, an otherwise fit adult casualty with a superficial
burn covering nine percent or more of the body’s surface will
need hospital treatment.

Depth of Burns
There are three levels of burning; superficial, intermediate and
deep or full-thickness burns. However, it is often difficult to
distinguish between the different levels, particularly in the early
stages. A large burn will almost certainly contain areas of all three
with an area of surrounding redness. Intermediate burns may
become infected so you should seek medical aid.

NOTE: The severity of a burn depends upon both the area it

covers and its depth.
Page 93 of 106
 First-degree (superficial) burns
First-degree burns affect only the epidermis, or outer
layer of skin. The burn site is red, painful, dry, and
with no blisters. Mild sunburn is an example. Long-
term tissue damage is rare and usually consists of an
increase or decrease in the skin color.
 Second-degree (partial thickness) burns
Second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part
of the dermis layer of skin. The burn site appears red,
blistered, and may be swollen and painful.
 Third-degree (full thickness) burns
Third-degree burns destroy the epidermis and
dermis. Third-degree burns may also damage the
underlying bones, muscles, and tendons. The burn
site appears white or charred. There is no sensation
in the area since the nerve endings are destroyed.

Page 94 of 106
Determining the Severity of Burns

The amount of skin surface involved in a burn can be calculated

quickly by using the “Rule of Nines.” Each of the following areas
represents 9% of the body surface: the head and neck; each arm;
the chest; the upper back; the abdomen; the lower back and
buttocks; the front of each leg; the back of each leg. The genital
region is regarded as 1% of the body surface.

When the degree of the burn and the amount of body surface
involved have been determined, the injury can be classified as to
severity.

The rule of nine divides the body surface into areas of 9%. Any
burn larger than 2-3 cm diameter requires medical attention.

Page 95 of 106
Critical (severe) burns are:
 Second-degree burns covering more than 30% of the
body surface.
 Third-degree burns covering more than 10% of the body
surface.

Minor burns are:

 Second-degree burns covering less than 15% of the body
surface.
 Third-degree burns covering less than 2% of the body
surface.
 First-degree burns covering less than 20% of the body
surface, excluding the hands, face and feet.
 Third-degree burns involving the critical areas of the
hands, face or feet.
 Burns complicated by respiratory tract injury, major soft-
tissue injury, and fractures.

Moderate burns are:

 Second-degree burns covering 15% to 30% of the body
surface.
 Third-degree burns covering less than 10% of the body
surface, including the hands, face and feet.

Symptoms and Signs

 Casualty may complain that skin is stinging.
 Skin may appear stained or reddened and blistering and
peeling may develop.

Aim

Identify and remove the harmful chemical as quickly as possible.

Do not waste time looking for the antidote unless it is
immediately available. Arrange urgent removal to hospital.
Page 96 of 106
Treatment

1 Flood the affected area with slowly running cold water for
at least 10 minutes to prevent further damage to the
burned tissues.

NOTE: Make sure the water drains away freely and safely
as it will be contaminated by the chemical which caused
the burn.

2 Gently remove any contaminated clothing while flooding

the injured and make sure you do not contaminate
yourself.
3 Continue treatment for severe burns.
4 Arrange urgent removal to hospital; transport as stretcher
case if necessary.
Electrical Burns

A burn may occur when electricity of a sufficiently high current

and voltage passes through the body. Much of the damage
occurs at or close to, the points of entry and exit but, while only
small burns may be visible, damage to the underlying tissues may
Page 97 of 106
be considerable. Electric shocks can also affect both breathing
and heart action.

The most dangerous causes of electrical burns are high-voltage

industrial machinery and lightning. Electricity in high-voltage
industrial cables can jump or “arc” up to 18m (20 yd) and kill you.
So, do not approach the casualty unless you are officially
informed that the current has been switched off.
Signs and symptoms
 Redness, swelling, scorching or charring of the skin at
both entry and the exit of points.
 Possible unconsciousness.
 Breathing and heart beat may have stopped.
 Symptoms and signs of shock.

Aim:

Separate the casualty from the source of injury, treat the burns,
and arrange removal to hospital.

Treatment:
1 Place a sterile dressing or pad of clean, non-fluffy
material over the burn. Secure with a bandage.

DO NOT break blisters, remove any loose skin or

otherwise interfere with the injured area.

DO NOT apply lotions, ointments, or fat to the injury.

Page 98 of 106
 2 Treatment of shock.

3 If the casualty becomes unconscious, open her airway

and check breathing. Complete the ABC of Resuscitation
if necessary and place her in the Recovery Position.

4 Arrange urgent removal to hospital, maintaining the

treatment position. Transport as a stretcher case if
necessary.

J. MAINTENANCE OF FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT

♦ Inspection and Services are based on:
a. Safety Construction Certificate
b. Maintenance Log book as per SOLAS
c. As per Manufacturer Instruction's Manual
d. Equipment Operation Checklist
1. Fixed Fire Fighting Equipment
a. Sprinkler System - Weekly; Stop valves are workable and in
correct position.
Monthly; sprinkler valves are
unobstructed.
b. C02 System - Testing the level of liquid gas in the
Cylinder.
- Weighing method; 10% less the
Charged weight, the cylinder has
to be refilled.
- Siren test, for proper operation and
crew familiarization with the audio
visual warning.
c. Foam System - Foam sample to be sent ashore for
expansion test.
- Foam applicator outlet in the engine
room to be checked regularly.

Page 99 of 106
 e. Fire main hydrants Hoses and Nozzles
- Testing of leaks.
- Inspection of pipes for corrosion.
- Keeping hydrants and coupling lugs
movable.
- Pressure testing of hoses.

Note: Measures to be taken in icy condition to keep the Fire

Main System free of ice:
1. Shut down the pump and close valves as
required.
2. Drain all water from the pipes.
3. Keep checking that the system remains
empty of water.

2. Portable and Mobile Fire Extinguishing Equipment

 Clean the cylinder and inspect for any corrosion if it is made of
steel.
 With trigger handle, depress the handle to ensure that the
cylinder is not pressurized.
 Check if the discharge pipe and nozzles are clear from
obstruction. The operation of the trigger value to ensure it is
fluid-tight and operates freely and the tightness of other values.
 Update record of refilling on the cylinder record label.

3. Fireman's Outfit
 Regular check-up for damage.
 Safety lamp fully charged.
 Breathing apparatus ready for use.
 Compressed air bottles and spare fully charged.
 Steel cylinders are hydraulically tested every 5 years,

Page 100 of 106

 4. Fire detection Equipment
As per PMS program and manufacturer's Instruction Manual

K. FIRE INVESTIGATION AND REPORTING

Re-case: THE "YARMOUTH CASTLE" TRAGEDY

From the time she was constructed in 1927 for the Eastern
Steamship Company, the Evangeline as she was originally named,
sailed under several national flags and ownership. This is 370-
foot, 5000 gross ton 2474-net on vessel also served as a
troopship during World War II. In 1965 she was renamed
Yarmouth Castle and sailed as a cruise ship for the Chadade
Steamship Company of Panama.
Under the commend of a 35-year old master the Yarmouth Castle
sailed for Nassau on the evening of November 12,1965, on a
regular bi-weekly cruise. The ship carried 165 crewmembers and
376 passengers, including 61 member of the North Broward,
Florida Senior Citizen Club. This organization was to lose 22 of its
members as a result of the fire that ensued.

The Fire
At approximately 0100H Saturday, November 13, as the Yarmouth Castle
was in Northwest Providence Channel a beam of Great Stirrup Bay, the
odor of smoke was detected in the engine room. The smoke was
thought to be coming from the galley bakeshop area via the ventilating
system. This area was searched, but no fire was found.
Within minutes passengers and other crewmembers smelled and
began searching for the source. Many believed the fire to be in the
men's toilet on the promenade deck, since smoke was issuing from the
location. Unknown to the search party, which was increasing in size, the
fire was in storage 610, one deck below on the main deck. There was
considerable confusion among the search party, which now included
the master and the cruise director.

Page 101 of 106

When the fire was finally located in room 610, member of the crew
fought the fire with hand fire extinguishers. When this proved futile,
hose lines were advance, and the engine room was ordered to start
the fire pumps. This too proved ineffective, the fire spread into the
corridors and toward the stairwells. The inexperience fire fighters were
driven back by the intense heat and smoke. At this point master
returned to the bridge.
No alarm had been sounded yet but some passengers were awakened
by the noise, and more became aware of the odor of the smoke. The
passengers in the ballroom were among the last to learn of the
problem as a woman dashed into the room screaming "Fire".
The bridge order the engines and ventilating system shut down at
0120 H. Watertight doors in the engine room were closed. On orders
of the master, as SOS was transmitted. Because the radio shack was afire
the message had to be sent by blinker to two ships that were
sighted.

The order to abandon ship was given, however, it could not be

transmitted because the wheel house was burning and had been
abandoned. At this time the fire was very heavy amidships, with flames
leaping high into the air. Only 4 of the 14 lifeboats were lowered, and
the master was in one of the first boats to leave. He later returned to
the Yarmouth Castle and explained that he left to get assistance. One of
the early boats to leave had mostly crew aboard; only four passengers
were lowered in the boat.

At 0155H the U.S. Coast Guard was notified by the Finnish ship SS Finn
pulp and the Panamanian liner Bahama Star both steamed toward
Yarmouth Castle to offer assistance. One passenger stated that the
Bahama Star put 14 boats into the water. The master returned to his
ship at approximately (0300H, after most of the passengers and crew
had left the vessel. Many had to jump into the water, hoping to be
picked up by lifeboats from the two rescue ships.

Page 102 of 106

The Yarmouth Castle sank at approximately 0600H. The toll lives was
85 passengers and 2 crewmen. In the Finn pulp and Bahama Star had
not been close by at the time of disaster, many more lives would have
been lost.
Room 610, where the fire originated, was not equipped with a sprinkler
system. Even a minimal system would have resulted in early detection
and confinement, and possibly extinguishment. This storage room
contained mattresses, chairs, paneling and other combustible materials
- a relatively high fire loading for a small space.

Investigate and compile reports on incidents involving fire

,1 That the investigation into the fire should Include recording the
following:
- how the fire was discovered.
- the time at which the fire alarm was given.
- how the alarm was given.
- the time at which the master or other officer was informed.
- the position and nature of the fire.
- who was first on the scene.
- what actions were taken for the initial attempt to extinguish
the fire.
- how many fireman's outfits with compressed air operated
breaking apparatus (CABA) were used.
- what appliances were used, both portable and fixed.
- what manpower was used.
- at what lime the fire was extinguished.
- the number of casualties, with details of -those injured and
the nature of injuries.
- what damaged was caused, including any to the structure
and fittings of the ship.

Page 103 of 106

 - an estimate of what proportion of the damage was
caused by the fire-extinguishing media e.g. water or foam,
as compared to that directly caused by the fire.
- for how long after the fire was extinguished was a fire-watch
maintained.
- to what extent the ship or any part of it e.g. the engine room,
was immobilized because of the fire.
- an analysis of fire, the materials which were burning, the
known or probable source of Ignition and the cause.
- conclusions on the cause of the fire and recommendations
for avoiding a recurrence.

.2 The report of investigation will include the details of the, fire-

fighting procedures:
- the occurrence and a timetable of the fire.
- the actions liken and the time of each action.
- the facts concerning the fire, including its site, materials and
ignition.
- the fire-extinguishing appliances required for fighting the fire
and the numbers of each type used.
- the number of crew and shore firemen (if appropriate)
engaged in fighting the fire.
- the number of fireman's
outfits and CABA used.
- the damage caused by
the fire.
- the damage caused by the fire-extinguishing media.
- the extent to which the ship or its service were Immobilized by
the fire.

Page 104 of 106

L. GROUP ACTIVITY- CASE STUDY

1. Prepare your ship Fire Fighting (F/F) Organization for a

complement of twenty two (22) persons.

2. Make a scenario of a fire incident occurred aboard your vessel.

Describe the concept of your Fire Fighting Operation in
combating the fire and your communication or reporting
procedures from the bridge or between different stations.

3. You will be divided into a group to manned the ships vital

stations after which, we will have a table/synthetic exercises.

4. Try to make your scenario could answer at least the five(5) Ws

(What, Where, When, Who & Why) and One( 1) H (How).

M. PRACTICUM ACTIVITY

1. Operating Procedure (Fighting small fire)

Portable fire extinguisher

The first line of defense against small fire. They can be carried
to the fire area for a fast attack. However, since they contain a
limited supply of extinguishing agent, it is extremely important
to back up the extinguisher with a hose line.

GENERAL OPERATING PROCEDURE

P-Pull the Pin P-Pull the Pin

A-Aim the nozzle P-Point the nozzle
S-Squeeze P-Press the lever
S-Sweep the nozzle S-Sweep the nozzle

Page 105 of 106

2. PROCEDURE TO RELEASE FIXED CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE
EXTINGUISHER TO FLOOD ENGINE ROOM DURING
SERIOUS FIRE IN SEQUENCE.

- Secure all machineries in operations.

- Close all doors, hatches and other openings including ventilation
dampers.
- Advice all personnel to vacate engine room immediately.
- Conduct muster/personnel accounting.
- Reports to the bridge all action taken and await for
instruction.

3. STANDARD SEQUENCE OF REPORTING DURING

FIRE EMERGENCY

- STATION READINESS.
- LOCATION AND CLASS OF FIRE.
- ESTABLISH OF FIRE BOUNDARIES.
- DE-ENERGIZE CIRCUIT.
- COMBATING OF FIRE.
- STATUS OF FIRE (FIRE OUT/OVERHAUL).
- RE-ENERGIZE CIRCUIT.
- DE- SMOKING AND DE-WATERING STARTED.
- DE- SMOKING AND DE-WATERING COMPLETED.
- SET FIRE WATCH/ RE-FLASH WATCH.
- REPORT OF CASUALTY & MATERIALS DAMAGED.
- REQUEST TO SECURE .

Page 106 of 106