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List of Figures:

Figure1: Laser Audio communication system Block Diagram

……………………………………

..

4Figure2: Energy state diagram

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Figure3: Free space optical network

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8Figure4: Basic op-

amp………………………………………………………………… ……………

9Figure5: Inverting Amplifier

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...

……………………………… ………………

9Figure6: LM-741

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10Figure7: LM-386

………………………………………… ……………………………..……...……

11Figure8 BC548 transistor

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.12Figure9 Transmitter circuit

………………… ………………………………………………………

14Figure10: Receiver circuit

…………………… ………………………………………………….…

.15Figure11: Transmitter circuit

…………………… …………………………………………………

.16Figure12: Receiver circuit

…………………… ……………………………………………………..1

6Figure13: Transmitter layout

…………………… …………………………………………………

..17Figure14: Receiver layout

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……………

...17Figure15:

Transmitter Hardware implementation …………………………………………

..

… ……

18Figure16: Receiver Hardware implementation

…………………… …………………………

..

…1

8Figure17: Receiver Hardware implementation using stereo speaker

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..

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List of Tables:

Table1: RF (802.11) vs. free-

space visible spectrum (LED)……………………………………………

8Table 2: Some Op-amp Parameters

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Table3: Transmitter components

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Table4: Receiver components

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1- Introduction:

A laser as a communications medium has some unique properties compared to other formsof media. A
line-of-sight laser beam is useful where wires cannot be physically connected toa remote location. A
laser beam, unlike wires, also does not require special shielding overlonger distances. Lasers offer at
least an order of magnitude longer distances compared toinfrared LEDs. Although RF transmitters may
offer longer distances than line-of-sightlasers, they are subject to interference from other transmitters.
Since the laser medium isline-of-sight and the beam being only several millimeters in diameter it is very
difficult forthe data stream to be tapped. This offers secure communication since any attempts
tointercept the laser beam would be detected at the receiver as a loss in data; also they have the benefit
of eliminating the need for broadcast rights and buried cables. Laser communicationssystems can be
easily deployed since they are inexpensive, small, low power and do notrequire any radio interference
studies. The carrier used for the transmission signal istypically generated by a laser diode.

2-Objective:

The objective of this circuit is to transmit sound wirelessly over large distance with veryhigh speed using
the laser beam as carrier that changes its intensity according to theamplitude of the input sound, the
input sound is converted from analog to digital using thetransmitter.

Figure1: Laser Audio communication system Block Diagram

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3-Theory:

There is only one way that light can be produced: that is, through the rapid change of state ofan
electron from a state of relatively high energy to a (more stable) state of lower energy.When this
happens the energy has to go somewhere and it is often34 emitted in the form oflight. The word
"laser" is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission ofRadiation. Lasers are finding
ever increasing military applications principally for targetacquisition, fire control, and training. These
lasers are termed rangefinders, targetdesignators, and direct-fire simulators. Lasers are also being used
in communications, laserradars (LIDAR), landing systems, laser pointers, guidance systems, scanners,
metal working, photography, holography, and medicine.The primary wavelengths of laser radiation for
current military and commercial applicationsinclude the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared regions of the
spectrum. Ultraviolet radiation forlasers consists of wavelengths between 180 and 400 nm. The visible
region consists ofradiation with wavelengths between 400 and 700 nm. This is the portion we call
visiblelight. The infrared region of the spectrum consists of radiation with wavelengths between700 nm
and 1 mm.

3.1Basic concept of Laser:Spontaneous emission:

is really the normal case. When an electron is elevated to a highenergy state this state is usually
unstable and the electron will spontaneously return to amore stable state very quickly (within a few
picoseconds) emitting a photon as it does so.When light is emitted spontaneously its direction and
phase will be random but thewavelength will be determined by the amount of energy that the emitting
electron must giveup.

Stimulated emission

is what happens in the operation of a laser. In some situations whenan electron enters a high energy
(excited) state it is able to stay there for a relatively longtime (a few microseconds) before it changes
state spontaneously. When an electron is in thissemi-

stable (metastable) high energy state it can be “stimulated” by the presence of a photon

of light to emit its energy in the form of another photon. In this case the incident photonmust have the
right energy (wavelength) within quite small limits.It is of fundamental importance to understand that
when stimulated emission takes place theemitted photon has exactly the same wavelength, phase and
direction as that of the photonwhich stimulated it. For spontaneous or stimulated emission to occur,
energy must besupplied to boost the electron from its low energy state to a higher energy state.
6

Figure 2: Energy state diagram showing: (a) absorption; (b) spontaneous emission;(c) Stimulated
emission. The black dot indicates the state of the atom before and after a transition takes place

The energy can come from many sources:

Heat.

Electrical Discharge.

Electric Current.

Chemical Reaction.

Biological Reactions (Bioluminescense).

Absorption of Light.

Nuclear Radiation.(a) By spontaneous emission in which the atom returns to the lower energy state in
anentirely random manner;(b) By stimulated emission when a photon having an energy equal to the
energy difference between the two states (

E
2−

1) interacts with the atom in the upper energy state causing itto return to the lower state with the
creation of a second photon.
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