EXPERIMENT NO 3

1. OBJECTIVE:
 To Draw Displacement, Velocity and acceleration graph of shaping
machine mechanism.

Fig.1 Shaping Machine

2. Apparatus:
 Quick Return Mechanism
 Meter Rod
 Graph position

3. Introduction:
3.1. Links:
Every element or part of machine that can more relatively with respect to other parts of the
machine is called a link. So a machine is basically a combination of links.

3.1.1. Classification of links:

 Binary Link :
A link which is connected to only one other link is known as singular link. If
it is connected to two other links, it is called binary link. A chain which consists of
only binary links is called simple chain.
 Ternary Link :
 When three links are joining at same connection. It is known as ternary
links.
 Quaternary Link :
A quaternary kinematic link is equivalent to three binary links. A quaternary
link contains four kinematic links.

3.1.2. Types of links:

 Rigid link like connecting rod and crank.
 Flexible link like belts, ropes, chains and springs etc.
 Fluid link like Hydraulic lifts.
 Floating links not connected to frame.

3.2. Kinematic pair:

 It is a joint between the surfaces of two rigid bodies that beep them in Contact and
relatively moveable.
 A kinematic pair is a connection between two bodies that imposes constraints on their
relative movement.
 Kinematic pair is introduced as the new approach to study of machines.

3.2.1. Classification of kinematic pair:

3.2.2. Lower pair:
When the two links have surface contact between them, the pair is known as lower pair
e.g. Nut turning on bolts, shaft rotating in bearing, ball and socket joint etc.
A lower pair is an ideal joint that constraints contact between surface
in a moving body to a corresponding surface in the fixed body. A
lower pair is one in which there occurs a surface or area contact
between to members, e.g. nut and screw, universal joint used to
contact two propeller shafts.

3.2.2. Higher Pair:

When two links have links have line or point contact between them, the pair is
known as higher pair e-g gear, can, follower, rolling ball etc. A higher pair is a constraint that
requires a curve or surface in the moving body to maintain contact with a curve or surface in
the fixed body. For example, the contact between a cam add its
follower is higher pair joint called cam joint. Some other examples are
mentioned in above description.

3.2.3. Kinematic Chain:

An assembly of links in which the relative of link is possible
and motion of each link relative to other is different and follows a law.
A kinematic chain is a group of links either joined together or arranged in a manner that permits
them to move relative to one another. If the links are connected in such a way that no motion is
possible, it results in a locked chain or structure.
4. Mechanism:
When one link of kinematic chain is fix and the arrangement of link is used to transmit
motion, then it is said to be a mechanism.
The reciprocating motion of the mechanism inside the shaping machine can be seen in the
diagram. As the disc rotates the top of the machine moves forward and backward, pushing a
cutting tool. The cutting tool removes the metal from work which is carefully bolted down.

FIG. 1 SHAPING MACHINE

4.1. Shaping machine mechanism:

The reciprocating motion of the mechanism inside the shaping machine can be seen in
the diagram. As the disc rotates the top of the machine moves forwards and backwards,
pushing a cutting tool. The cutting tool removes the metal from work which is carefully bolted
down.
 4.1.1. Applications:
 It is a machine that can make slots and grooves using a thin cutting tool.
 The linear cutting motion is provided by the quick return mechanism, while the feed
motion is supplied by the mechanism illustrated in the report the shaper feed

mechanism.

4.2. Four-Bar chain mechanism:

“A four-link mechanism with four revolute joints is commonly called a four-bar mechanism.
They are connected in form of quadrilateral pin joints.

Application:
 In locomotives.
 Deep boring machines.
 Hand pumps.

5. Rotatory cylinder mechanism:

When the inertial energy of the load exceeds the allowable energy of the rotary cylinder
type, a mechanism to absorb the impact is required. While the slide cylinder transports
objects vertically and horizontally, the rotary cylinder moves objects rotationally, and the
adjustment of the rotational angle is possible.
5.1. Application
 It is used in hydraulic jack.
 It is used as sensor.

6. Cam and tapper mechanism:

“Cam is a rotating piece in a mechanical linkage used especially in transforming rotary motion
into linear motion or vice versa. It is often a part of rotating wheel or shaft that strikes a lever at
once or more points on its circular path”

7. Oscillatory cylinder mechanism:

The cylinder is pivoted at its center to the engine frame, turning on pivot with
an oscillating motion. Note the upper and lower parts in the back face of the cylinder to admit
and exhaust the steam. As piston descends, steam is admitted through upper right port and
exhausted through lower left port.

7.1. Applications:
 Oscillating cylinder mechanism is used in oscillating engines.
8. Slotted link-scotch yoke mechanism:
The Scotch yoke (also known as slotted link mechanism is a reciprocating motion
mechanism, converting the linear motion of a slider into rotational motion, or vice versa.
8.1. Application:
 This setup is most commonly used in control valve actuators in high-pressure oil and gas
pipelines.

 Although not a common metalworking machine nowadays, crude shapers can use Scotch
yokes. Almost all those use a Whitworth linkage, which gives a slow speed forward
cutting stroke and a faster return.

8.2. Crank and slotted lever mechanism:

A crank is an arm attached at a right angle to a rotating shaft by
which reciprocating motion is imparted to or received from the shaft.

8.2.1 Applications:
 It is used to convert circular motion into reciprocating motion, or vice versa.

9. Ackermann Steering:
Ackermann steering geometry is a geometric arrangement of linkages in the steering of a car or
other vehicle designed to solve the problem of wheels on the inside and outside of a turn
needing to trace out circles of different radii.

9.1. Applications:
  It is used in Ackermann steering geometry is a geometric arrangement of
linkages in the steering of a car or other vehicle designed to solve the
problem of wheels on the inside and outside of a turn needing to trace out
circles of different radii.

Procedure
 Set the apparatus as shown in the figure.
 Check the zero error.
 When the slider is at 0 the piston has no displacement.
 Now slightly rotate the crank, and note value of displacement x.
 Note values for every 10’ increase in angle until 360.

 Plot the graph between displacement and angle.

 Plot graphs of velocity and acceleration against angle θ by taking derivate of first graph.

10. Observations and Calculations:

 Sr No. Degree Position Velocity Acceleration
(degree/inch) (degree/inch2)
1 0 60 0.7 0

2 30 81 0.7 -0.01

3 60 101 0.5 -0.02

4 90 112 0.1 -0.02

5 120 112 -0.4 -0.02

6 150 95 -1 0.01

7 180 61 -1.1 0.02

8 210 28 -0.9 .03

9 240 8 -0.2 0.02

10 270 6 0.3 0.02

11 300 18 0.6 -0.01

12 330 37 0.7 -0.01

13 360 60 1.1 0.01

11. Graphs:
11.1 : Graph between Degree and Displacement:
 Degree vs Displacement
45
40
Displacement (inch)

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 20 40 60 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36

Crank Degree

Figure 1 Graph: Degree vs Displacement

11.2 Graph between Crank Degree and Velocity:

Degree vs Velocity
1
Velocity (inch/degree)

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.2
-0.4

Crank Degree

Figure 2 Graph: Degree v/s Velocity

11.3 : Graph Between Crank Degree and Acceleration:

 Crank Degree v/s Acceleration
0.03
Acceleration (Degree/inch2)

0.02
0.02
0.01
0
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.01
-0.01
-0.02
-0.02
-0.03

Crank Degree

Figure 3 Graph: Degree v/s Acceleration

Comments:
 Apparatus should be check for zero error.
 Remove the zero error from each reading.
 Disk of slider should be rotated very slowly.
 Reading should be taken very carefully.
 Slider crank apparatus is used to convert rotary motion in rectilinear
one and vice versa.
 Graph should be smooth curves. For making graph smooth take more
readings. Find the weight of both handers and add them in values of
load and effort.
 Use lubricant oil to avoid errors between pulley and hangers.
 We can easily construct graphs for displacement, velocity and
acceleration.