Anatomy & Physiology 34B - Endocrine Worksheet

Endocrine Gland Hormone(s) Steroid, Target organ(s) Effects on organs Hyposecretion Hypersecretion
amine, or Effects Effects
peptide?
Hypothalamus GHIH Peptide Pancreas, GHIH: Intervenes GHIH: GHIH:
GHRH Pituitary gland,
indirectly in the regulation disorders in the disorders in the
TRH bones, stomach,of glycemia and inhibits metabolism of metabolism of
CRH liver, muscle, fat
the secretion of insulin and carbohydrates. carbohydrates.
GnRH glucagon. Inhibits the TRH: GHRH:Acro-
PRH hypothalamic-pituitary- CRH: megaly
PIH thyroid axis. GnRH: TRH:
GHRH: Regulate sleep. PRH: CRH:
TRH: Feeding behavior, PIH: GnRH:
thermogenesis, locomotor PRH:
activation and autonomic PIH:
regulation.
CRH: Promotes ACTH
secretion.
GnRH: Promotes FSH/LH
secretion.
PRH: Promotes PRL
secretion.
PIH: Inhibits PRL
secretion.
Posterior Pituitary ADH Peptide Oxytocin: Oxytocin: Stimulates ADH: Diabetes ADH:Retention
(neurohypophysis) (vasopressin) Uterus, contraction of smooth insipidus, of fluids,
Oxytocin mammary gland. muscle cells of uterus increases urine headache,
ADH: kidneys, during childbirth and milk output and disorientation
sudoriferous ejection in mammary excessive thirst (brain edema),
glands, glands. weight gain,
arterioles. ADH: Conserves body blood
water by decreasing urine concentration
 volume. Decreases water goes down.
loss through sweating.
Raises blood pressure by
constricting arterioles
Anterior Pituitary GH Peptide Liver, Thyroid Liver (hGH): Stimulates HGH: adults.- HGH:
(adenohypophysis) TSH gland, ovaries, liver, muscle, cartilage, no problem. children.-
ACTH testes, mammary bone, and other tissues to children.- gigantism,
FSH glands, adrenal synthesize and secrete pituitary abnormal tall.
LH cortex, brain insulinlike growth factors. dwarfism adults.-
PRL Thyroid (TSH): acromegaly,
MSH Stimulates synthesis and overgrowth of
secretion hormones. hands, feet and
Ovaries, testes FSH, face.
LH):Stimulates secretion
of estrogens and
progesterone in females,
ovulation.
Stimulates testes to
produce testosterone and
sperms in males.
Development of oocytes
and ovarian estrogens in
females.
Mammary glands (PRL):
Promotes milk production.
Adrenal corte ACTH):
Stimulates secretion of
glucocorticoids.
Brain (MSH): Exact role
is unknown in humans.
Excess can cause darkening
of the skin.
Thyroid gland triiodothyroxine amine most body cells •Increase basal metabolic myxedema, symptoms:
rate •Stimulate synthesis of chilled, increased
-Follicular cells (T3) proteins constipation, metabolic rate,
-Parafolliculars Tyroxin(T4) •Increase ATP production metal sweating,
•Increase lipolysis sluggishness, irregular
Calcitonin peptide bone •Accelerate body growth thick dry skin heartbeat,
(osteoclasts) •Contribute to development of and puffy eyes nervousness,
nervous system result: not weight loss,
iodine, edemic exothalamus
•Decreases blood calcium or colloid goiter (eyeballs
levels: severe: protrude)
•Inhibits osteoclast activity cretinism in treatment-
•Accelerates absorption of infants- mentally remove thyroid
calcium and phosphates into challenged, thick
bone matrix tongue and neck
Parathyroid Parathyroid Amine Bones, kidneys Bones: stimulates the Hypocalcimea- excessive bone
glands hormone. and intestine release of calcium from low blood ca degradation
large calcium stores in the increased would cause
bones into the bloodstream. excitability of high blood Ca+
This increases bone neurons levels
destruction and decreases tetany, muscle (hypercalcaemia
the formation of new bone. twitches )
Kidneys: reduces loss of
calcium in urine. It also
stimulates the production of
active vitamin D in the
kidneys.
Intestine: indirectly
increases calcium
absorption from food in the
intestine, via its effects on
vitamin D metabolism.
Adrenal glands Z.glomerulosa: Steroid Mineralocorticoi Mineralocorticoids
- Z. glomerulosa Mineralocorticoid ds (aldosterone): Increase
- Z. fasciculata s (aldosterone). (aldosterone): blood levels of Na+ and
Z. fasciculata: Kidneys. water.
- Z. reticularis Glucocorticoids Decrease blood level of K+.
Glucocorticoids
- Medulla (cortisol). (cortisol): Glucocorticoids (cortisol):
Z. reticularis: Anterior pituitary, Increase protein
Androgens hypothalamus breakdown., stimulate
Androgens: gluconeogenesis and
 Medulla: Body hair, bone. lipolysis, provide resistance
Epinephrine and Epinephrine to stress, dampen
norepinephrine and inflammation, depress
norepinephrine: immune responses.
Sympathetic Epinephrine and
effectors norepinephrine: Enhance
. effect of sympathetic
division of autonomic
nervous system during
stress.
Endocrine Gland Hormone(s) Steroid, Target organ(s) Effects on organs Hyposecretion Hypersecretion
amine, or effects effects
peptide?
Gonads Ovaries: steroid Ovaries: Ovaries:
- Ovaries Estrogens, Estrogens and Estrogens and
- Testes progesterone, progesterone.- progesterone.-
relaxin, inhibin. female • Regulates reproductive
Testes: reproductive cycle
Testosterone, organs. •Maintain pregnancy.
inhibin. Relaxin.- Pubis •Prepare mammary glands
symphysis, for lactation.
uterine cervix •Promote development and
Inhibin.- maintenance of female
Anterior secondary sex
pituitary characteristics.
Testes: Relaxin.-
Testosterone.- •Increases flexibility of
Male pubis symphysis during
reproductive pregnancy.
organs • Helps dilate uterine
Inhibin.- cervix during labor and
anterior pituitary delivery.
Inhibin.-
•Inhibits secretion of
FSH from anterior
 pituitary
Testes:
Testosterone.-
•Stimulates descent of
testes before birth
•Regulates sperm
production
•Promotes
development and
maintenance of male
secondary sex
characteristics
•Inhibin.-
Inhibits secretion of
FSH from anterior
pituitary

Pancreas Alpha cells: peptide Alpha cells: Alpha cells: Raises

-Alpha cells glucagon liver. blood sugar levels by:
- Beta cells Beta cells: Beta cells: •Accelerating breakdown
insulin various body of glycogen into glucose
cells in liver.
•Converting other
nutrients into glucose in
liver.
•Releasing glucose into
blood.
Beta cells: Lowers blood
glucose levels by:
•Accelerating transport of
glucose into cells
•Converting glucose into
glycogen
 •Stimulating protein
and
fatty acid synthesis

Pineal gland Melatonin Amine Hypothalamus, Contributes to the setting

Serotonin brain of the body’s biological
clock
Involved in biological
rhythms.
Regulate timing of puberty;
influence mood.
Thymus gland Thymopoietin/ T lymphocytes Promote T lymphocyte
Thymosins development/ activation
Kidneys Renin peptide Renin: Stimulate production of
Erythropoietin Liver, angiotensin I
Calcitriol angiotensinogen
Erythropoietin: Stimulate RBC production.
Red, Bone
marrow. Increase absorption of Ca
Calcitriol:
Intestines

Liver Angiotensinogen Blood vessels, Stimulates

Erythropoietin adrenal cortex, vasoconstriction,
hypothalamus aldosterone secretion and
thirst
Stomach Peptide

Small intestine Gastrin Peptide GI tract and its Coordinate secretion and
Secretin accessory glands motility in digestion
CCK
GIP
Heart atria ANF peptide Kidneys Increases Na excretion and
urine output; lowers blood
pressure.
Placenta Human Steroid hCG: Ovary hCG: Stimulates corpus
chorionic hCS: Mammary luteum in ovary to continue
gonadotropin glands production of estrogens and
(hCG) progesterone to maintain
Human pregnancy
chorionic hCS: Stimulates
somatomammotr development of mammary
opin (hCS) glands for lactation