TUGAS 1

BAHASA INGGRIS

Oleh :

Ni Made Meriliana Candra Devi (1705551022)

Ni Made Dwi Febriyanti (1705551041)
Ni Komang Ayu Krisnasari (1705551046)

TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA
2017
 THE ROAD TO DEREGULATION

The period since the early 1980s has been the most momentous in the history of telecommunications.
A series of major technological advances such as optical fibers, Integrated Services, Digital Network,
(ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode, (ATM), and Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Loop,
(ADSL) has led to spectacular achievements in products and services. In addition, legislation has
helped to create an environment of liberalisation and deregulation which is shaping the markets
of the future. In some respects, regulatory issues have assumed more importance than the purely
technological questions in telecommunications. As a senior manager from PTT-Nederland admits:

“When I came here, people were convinced that we sold technology, but to me, that's just nons ense.
No-one is interested in opening up a telephone set to look at the circuit boards and admire their
quality. What people want is reliable, quick and imaginative service. At the end of the day, it's
just like McDonald's. They don't just sell hamburgers, they sell services as well.”

1984 was a pivotal year for world telecommunications. In the USA, AT&T's monopoly was broken
up with the creation of the seven Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOC's), while the same year
saw the privatisation of British Telecom in the UK. Most of Europe's state telecommunications
companies are likely to he privatised before the year 2000. This pressure to privatise stems from
the fact that many state telecommunication networks are currently under-resourced, that many state
budgets are overburdened and that national and international telecommunications markets are being
liberalised, thus undermining the position of state monopoly Public Telephone Operators. (PTO's)

The balance of pressure varies between countries but no country is immune, and with the European
Union (EU) now resolved to liberalise national markets for voice telecommunications from January
1999, 1999, the pressure can only increase (Spain, Ireland. Greece and Portugal will not "join the
voice liberalisation club)" until 2003.) Competition is imminent in every European country,
but the regulatory structure in each nation wiII influence the speed with which it advances and the
strength of rival operators.

Liberalisation is shaking up the way that operators conduct their business and is bringing about a
"culture change" within companies. The philosophy of "being a civil servant and having a
job for life" is rapidly disappearing. Personal performance-related criteria and individualised
objectives are influencing the lives, of executives and employees oI' previously state-dominated
PTTs, where results often counted for very little.

"Down-sizing," "Right-sizing," "Rationalisation" and "Outsourcing" have become the buzz -words
associated with liberalisation and competition. and in many countries Trade Unions interpret these
expressions as the desire of the bosses to get rid of as many employees as possible in the quest to make
their businesses more profitable, possibly at the risk of creating the "haves" and the "have-nots."
Identify
a. two reasons for the global changes in telecoms since the 80s.
Answer : The reasons for the global changes in telecoms since the 80s are;
First reason : A series of major technological advances has founded that led to
spectacural achievements in products and services.
Second reason : Regulatory issues have assumed more importance than the purely
technological questions in telecommunications.

b. 6 concrete results of these changes.

Answer : Six concrete result of the changes are ;
1) Optical Fibers
2) Integrated Services
3) Digital Network (ISDN)
4) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
5) Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Loop (ADSL)
6) The creation of the seven Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOC) that made
AT&T’s monopoly broken
c. what telecoms have in common with McDonalds.
Answer : Telecoms and McDonalds sell services not only technology or food.
d. the two major telecom events of 1994.
Answer : First, in the USA, AT&T's monopoly was broken up with the
creation of the seven Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOC's). The second is
Liberalised national markets for voice telecommunications.

e. what may have happened to most European telecom companies by 2000

Answer : Most of European telecom companies are likely to be privatized.
f. the three main sources of the move towards privatisation.
Answer :
1) Many state telecommunication networks are currently under resourced
2) Many state budgets are overburdened
3) National and international telecommunications markets are being liberalized.
g. what will happen to voice telephony in most EU countries on 1st January 1998.
Answer : There’s liberalism national markets for voice telecommunications

h. three results of the "culture change” within companies.

Answer :
1) Personal performance-related criteria popularized
2) It changes life habit because of individualized aim.
3) Down-sizing, Right-sizing, Rationalization and Outsourcing produced more
profitable companies.

i. the interpretation Trade Unions give to terms such as "Downsizing" and

"Outsourcing”
Answer : The desire of the bosses to within companies to get rid of as many
employees as possible in the quest to make their businesses more profitable