5 Casing PDF

Drilling Equipment
Drilling and Completion

SEC.4
INSTRUCTOR
FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT
Eng. Abdalla M. Darwish HELP
Drilling Equipment
What is Casing?
• Casing is steel pipe that the
crew puts into the well bore.
The casing prevents the hole
from caving in and seals off
Casing
formations. To do its job,
though, the casing has to be Cement
cemented in place.
• A cement crew pumps cement
down inside the casing and up
the annulus. The cement
hardens or sets to hold the
casing in place
FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT HELP

Drilling Equipment
Functions of casing?
1. To prevent the hole from caving in

2. Onshore - to prevent contamination
of fresh water sands
3. To prevent water migration to
producing formation
4. To confine production to the
wellbore
5. To seal off lost of circulation zones

Drilling Equipment
Functions of casing?
6. To control pressures during drilling

7. To provide an acceptable environment for
subsurface equipment in producing wells
8. To enhance the probability of drilling to total
depth (TD)
e.g., you need 14 ppg mud to control a lower zone, but

an upper zone will fracture at 12 lb/gal.
What do you do?

Drilling Equipment
Types of Strings of Casing

• Casing String Types;
– To Conclude;
• Drive Pipe,
• Conductor Pipe,
• Surface Casing,
• Intermediate Casing,
• Production Casing:
– Liner,
– Liner & Tieback,
– Full String.

Drilling Equipment

1 DRIVE PIPE
 Commonly pile driven or jetted to a shallow
depth (e.g. 100 ft),
 The primary purpose is to protect
unconsolidated surface soils from erosion,
 They are typically of large diameter
(more than 20 inches),
 Joints are normally welded together

Drilling Equipment

2 CONDUCTOR PIPE
 This is the first casing to be run
 there is no drive pipe to prevent washing out
under the rig
 Prevents unconsolidated formations being
eroded.
 Provides flow path for drilling fluids.
 Cemented in pre-drilled hole or pile driven.
 Sizes ranging from 16” – 30” OD.
 Depth varies from surface to 40’ – 400’.

Drilling Equipment

• Special Criteria;
– Conductor Pipe (offshore):
• The Conductor needs to be set deep enough in a
formation which allows returns to the flowline,
• The minimum depth for the conductor shoe to allow
returns to the flowline can be calculated:
 x y  ρReturns   y  ρSea

Penetration 
ρFormation  ρReturns
Penetration = depth of shoe from seabed, feet

x = Height of flowline above sea, feet
y = Water depth, feet
 Sea = Sea water density, psi/ft
 Returns = Returns density, psi/ft
 Formation = Formation density, psi/ft.
Drilling Equipment

• Example;
– Calculate the minimum setting depth BRT, on a
development offshore Well:
• Height of flowline = 80' MSL,
• Height of drill floor = 90' MSL,
• Water depth = 100'
• Formation density gradient = 0.85 psi/ft,
• Seawater in the area = 0.45 psi/ft ,
• Expected returns gradient = 0.5 psi/ft.
180  0.5   100  0.45
Penetration   129'
0.85  0.5
Therefore;
The casing shoe will be at 129 + 100 + 90 = 319’ below the rotary table.

Drilling Equipment

3 Surface Casing
 set in the first competent
formation which is strong
enough to close in on a kick,
 The setting depth is selected to
allow a BOP to be nippled up
for drilling ahead.
 Common sizes and depth: 20”-
16” - 13 3/8”- 9 5/8” threaded,
100’ - 3000’ (or more).

Drilling Equipment

3 Surface Casing
 Other considerations:
 Support subsequent casing
strings,
 Isolate of surface fresh water
formation,
 Case-off unconsolidated or lost
circulation areas,
 On a multi well platform, well
may be kicked off in surface
hole and surface casing will
also protect the build up
section Protection in case of
blowout & Acts as wellhead
foundation.

Drilling Equipment
4 Intermediate Casing
 Seals off problem zones, loss
circulation zones, high pressure
gas pockets & soft formations
encountered.
 The Intermediate Casing is set
as deep as possible to allow
sufficient shoe strength for
drilling ahead
 Protects production casing from

corrosive fluids.
 Cemented up to surface casing

shoe.
 Common sizes and depths: 13

3/8”, 10 3/4”, 9 5/8”, 3000’ to
10,000’.
Drilling Equipment
4 Intermediate Casing
 Other considerations:
 Directional (reduce torque
and drags in an extended
reach hole) or wellbore
stability reasons - Case off
troublesome zones (Lost
Circulation, Salt Section,
Over-pressured Zones,
Heaving Shales) prior to
drilling ahead. Separates hole
into workable sections.
 Depth depends on total well
depth & conditions encountered,
shallow wells not necessary to
set this.

Drilling Equipment
5 Production Casing
 Set above or through
producing formations.
 Isolates reservoir from other

fluid bearing formations.
 Cemented from intermediate

casing shoe to its bottom.
 Sizes ranging from 7”, 7

5/8”, & 9 5/8”.

Drilling Equipment
5 Production Casing
 The completion type will
dictate the production
casing setting depth:
 If a production liner is run,
then generally the production
casing will be set somewhere
above the reservoir,
 If the completion calls for the
production casing or liner to
be perforated, it will be set
through the reservoir,
 In a non-cemented completion
(such as a prepacked screen
in a horizontal well) then the
casing may be set just inside
the reservoir.

Drilling Equipment
Liner
 Shortened casing hangs
from bottom of previous
casing through producing
formations.
 Used when geological &

pressure conditions make it
hazardous to penetrate the
producing formation without
the hole being protected by
casing.
 Cemented along its length.
 Cost effective

Drilling Equipment

• Prime reasons for Liners
running; Drill pipe
Wiper Plug
• Save money,
• Cover Corroded/Damaged
Casing,
Liner
• Cover: Hanger
– Lost circulation zones, Running
Tool
– Shales or plastic formations,
Shear
– Salt zones. Pin Liner
Wiper
• Deep Wells: Plug
– Rig unable to lift long string

of casing.

Drilling Equipment
• Liners;
TIE BACK
• Tie-Back (Liner Complement); STINGER WITH

SEALS
– The integration of the liner

with casing from top of
existing liner to surface,
– To further up casing to cover
corroded or damaged zone,
– This is often done if
production is commercially
LINER
viable or there is damage to
casing above the liner.

Drilling Equipment
Example Hole and String Sizes (in)
Hole: 26” Unconsolidated

formation
Conductor
CSG: 20”
Frest Water Zone
Hole: 17 1/2”
Surface CSG:
13 3/8”
Hole: 12 1/4”
Intermediate Troublesome Zone
CSG: 9 5/8”
Hole: 8 1/2”
Production CSG: Pay Zone
9 5/8”
Drilling Equipment
Casing in exploration well

• Exploration Well Casing Setting Depths;
– Exploration wells are planned with little offset data,
– Each casing should be set as deep as it is safe This is to:
• Allow maximum contingency in case extra casings are
needed lower down,
• Minimize the number of casing strings run to minimize
well cost,
– Each casing string is run as deep as possible based on

kick tolerance, unless other reasons dictate it be run
higher.

Drilling Equipment
Casing in development well

• Development Well Casing Setting Depths;
– Casings are run as minimum as possible. This to:
• Reduce the cost of the well (less time running casings;
less casing)
• Run smaller casings to reach the reservoir at a
particular hole size which will also lead to large cost
savings (smaller casings cheaper than larger; same for
drillbits etc.)
– Each casing string is only set deep enough to enable

the next casing point to be reached,
– Contingency is less critical.

Drilling Equipment
Example of Casing Series

Exploration well Offset Development well
data
5 casings 4 casings
30” Conductor 20”
20” Surface casing 13-3/8”
13-3/8”
Intermediate
9-5/8” Intermediate 9-5/8”
Reservoir
7” Production casing
Drilling Equipment
Casing vs. Bit Size (illustrative)
~13-
Casing Size ~20” ~9-5/8” ~7” ~ 5”
3/8”
8-3/8”
Bit Size 24” < 16” <
12-1/4” < 9- ~ 6”
(Typical) 26” 17-1/2”
7/8”

Drilling Equipment

Drilling Equipment
Running the casing

• Casing is steel pipe that comes to the rig in
individual joints.
• A casing crew couples the joints together to
run them into the well bore.
• To run the casing, the crew joins the joints
with threaded connections called couplings
or collars. Do not confuse casing collars with
drill collars. Casing collars are couplings.
They use special heavy-duty elevators and
large casing slips, called spiders. They make
up the casing joints with multi-speed power
casing tongs. Power casing tongs not only
screw the threaded connections together, but
also torque them to the correct amount

Drilling Equipment
Casing Collar

Drilling Equipment
Casing tongues, elevator

and spider

Drilling Equipment
Insert Bowl:
Crew member remove the insert bowl and master boushing to
provide a larger opening through the rotary table to run a large hole
opener bit or large casing.

Drilling Equipment
WELLHEAD
CONVENTIONAL WELLHEAD
It’s a built up of modules. During drilling
BOP is installed above it & it must be
removed each time a new module to
be installed & replaced the BOP on top
of it before commence drilling.
Features:
1 Starter Spool (Conductor Pipe)

2 Surface Casing Head
3 Surface Casing Hanger
4 Production Casing Head
5 Production Casing Hanger
6 Tubing Head
7 Tubing Hanger

Drilling Equipment
Digging a Cellar
• On land, a majority of wells begin with
digging a cellar from three to fifteen feet in
depth. The purpose of a cellar is to align
the production Christmas tree at ground
level, providing easier access to the valves,
chokes, and other equipment

Drilling Equipment
Running The Casing
Refusal
point
Conductor casing
hammered till the
refusal point

Drilling Equipment
Heading spools
squence
Cut C.P. by cold cutter
and Wield adaptor
flange or drilling
flange
(single flanged joint)
FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT HELP 32

Drilling Equipment
Diverter System
N/U diverter at
Braden head

Drilling Equipment
Install diverter at Braden head

Drilling Equipment
then drilling
surface casing
hole 17-1/2’’

Drilling Equipment
Run 13-3/8’’
surface casing and
Cementing Surface
casing in place

Drilling Equipment
A cement
N/U BOP plug
Stackis left in
the pipe so that N/D
diverter safely.

Drilling Equipment
Heading spools
squence
• The surface pipe is drained,
the adapter flange (or drilling
flange) is cut off,
• and both the conductor pipe
and the surface casing are
cut to the proper height to
allow the top of the
completed wellhead to be at
ground level.
• and install casing head spool
The casing head housing
(Barden Head) is welded in
place on diameter of the
surface casing. The housing
is then tested to assure there
are no leak paths in the
welds. (single flanged joint)

Drilling Equipment
Casing Head on Surface

casing (Bottom Connection)
Slip-on weld bottom OR Threaded bottom

connection connection
Drilling Equipment
N/U BOP STACK

Stack

Drilling Equipment
Test BOP Sytem

• To test the BOP
system, the test
plug is made up
on the drill string
and lowered
through the BOP
system onto the
casing head bowl.
• Pressure is
applied from
above the plug to
test the BOP
system

Drilling Equipment
Installing the Casing Head

Wear Bushing
• A wear
bushing is
installed to
protect the
interior of the
casing head
from damage
by drilling
equipment
Drilling Equipment
then drilling
intermediate casing
hole 12-1/4’’

Drilling Equipment
Run 9-5/8’’
intermediate
casing and
Cementing casing
in place
Intermediate casing

Drilling Equipment
AN/U
cement
BOPplug
Stack is left in the intermediate
casing, just as it was in the surface
casing and N/D BOP STACK

Drilling Equipment
Installing the Casing

Hanger
• The intermediate
casing is suspended
from the traveling
block above the rig
floor,
• the BOP is picked up,
and the casing hanger
is installed on top of
the casing head.

Drilling Equipment
Casing Hangers
Landing area
Intermediate
casing
Conductor
Surface casing
Drilling Equipment
Drain and cut off

intermediate casing
• Holes are cut in
the casing to
allow the drilling
fluids to drain out
of the casing
riser.
• When the fluid
has drained, the
casing is cut off
to the appropriate
height and the

Drilling Equipment
Heading spools
squence
• install Casing
head spool
FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT 49

HELP
Drilling Equipment
Description of a spool
Top connection
Side outlets
Landing area for threaded or
next Casing studded
Hanger
Bottom connection Seals off (packs off)

compatible with the top designed to fit around
connection on the previous OD of current casing
casing head or spool HELP
Drilling Equipment
N/U BOP STACK,

test BOP system and
install wear bushing

Drilling Equipment
8-1/2’’ hole is drilled for

the production casing
8
200 mm
Surface casing
Intermediate casing

Drilling Equipment
the casing is run in the

hole and cemented into
place.
Production casing

Drilling Equipment
A cement plug is left in the production

casing, as in the previous steps and N/D
BOP STACK

Drilling Equipment
Installing the Casing

Hanger
• The production
casing is
suspended from
the elevators at the
rig floor
• After the BOP is
picked up, the
production casing
hanger is installed
in the same way as
the previous
casing hanger

Drilling Equipment
Heading spools
squence
• After The tubing
spool is installed
in the same way
as the casing
spool.
• After the spool
has been
installed, the
seals and
connections are
tested, and BOP
is reinstalled

Drilling Equipment
N/U BOP STACK

Drilling Equipment
Cement plug is drilled.

And clean up trip is
completed

Drilling Equipment
Making perforation
• Casing is
perforated with a
a gun

Drilling Equipment
Running production tubing

• The production
tubing with
downhole packer
installed inside the
production casing.
Then we Set the
packer to hang the
tubing and to seal
the reservoir from
all strings of pipe,
except the
production tubing

Drilling Equipment
Install tubing hanger
• The tubing
hanger is
installed on
the tubing at
the rig floor,
and then
lowered into
the bowl of the
tubing spool.

Drilling Equipment
• The packer seals are tested, and a backpressure

valve is installed in the tubing hanger so that the
BOP can be removed safely. After the valve has
been installed the BOP is removed.

Drilling Equipment
Install the X-mass

‘Angel’
Wellhead monitors
and controls well ‘Christmas tree’
pressures
Tubing
Casing
Packers
Perforations

Drilling Equipment
Wellhead
Tubing head
Suspend
casing and
tubing in well
Casing head

Drilling Equipment
Wellhead
Wing valve
Controls
production Master valve
line Stops fluid flow,
shutting in well
To production
equipment Casing valve

Drilling Equipment
Wellhead
Pressure gauges
Choke Tee
To production
equipment

Drilling Equipment
Casing series & casing

heads / spools

Drilling Equipment
Casing
Accessories
Cement
Head
• Common Rig Floor
Ground Level
Casing
equipment
includes
Drilling Fluid
Cement
– Float shoe Casing

Centralizer
– Float collar
– Centralizers Float
Collar Float Shoe
– Scratcher
– DVT

Drilling Equipment
Guide show
is used to guide the csg through
doglegs and restriction in the
hole and to protect lower edge
of the csg
Float shoe
a guide shoe contains a valve
element ( ball or flapper),
prevents cement from flowing
back into the csg
The nose and internal members are constructed of

drillable materials such as cement or aluminum.
The case is generally made of a steel used for casing
collars, typically K.55 or N80.

Drilling Equipment
Configuration of guide and

float shoe

Drilling Equipment
Casing shoes (reaming type

shoe)

Drilling Equipment
Casing shoe (Directional type

nose)

Drilling Equipment
Float collars
one way valve placed at one
or two joints above the shoe,
prevents mud from entering
the csg while it is being
lowered inside and cement
from flowing back into csg

Drilling Equipment
Float collars

Drilling Equipment
Configuration of float collar

Drilling Equipment
centerlizers
1. to help keep the casing in
the center of the bore hole
prior to and during
cementing operations
2. to ensure that a good
cement sheath exists
around the circumference
of the casing or liner.
3. They reduce the risk of the
cement contamination and
channeling, mitigate the
possibility of gas
migration, and
4. help prevent differential
sticking of the casing.
Drilling Equipment
centerlizers

Drilling Equipment
Scratcher
A device for cleaning mud
and mud filter cake off of the
wellbore wall when cementing
casing in the hole to ensure
good contact and bonding
between the cement and the
wellbore wall. The scratcher
is a simple device, consisting
of a band of steel that fits
around a joint of casing, and
stiff wire fingers or cable
loops sticking out in all
directions around the band
(360-degree coverage).
Drilling Equipment
Stage cementer/stage tools/

Divergence valve tool (D.V.T)
• A stage used
when cementing
long string of csg
to prevent weak
formations being
subjected to
excessive
hydrostatic
pressure of long
cement

Drilling Equipment
Casing Setting Depth

The initial selection of casing setting depths is
based on the pore pressure and fracture pressure
gradients for the well which are usually available
from offset well data.
There are other factors affect the selection of

casing points.

80 HELP
Drilling Equipment
Other Factors that affect the Selection of

Casing Points are:
• Shallow gas zones
• Lost circulation zones, which limit mud weights
• Well control
• Formation stability, which is sensitive to
exposure time or mud weight
• Directional well profile
• Sidetracking requirements
• Isolation of fresh water sands (drinking water)
• Hole cleaning
• Salt sections
• High pressured zones
• Casing shoes should where practicable be set in
competent formations
Drilling Equipment
Casing Point Selection

• Restrictions on Casing Shoe Depth;
– Wellbore Stability:
• We may be restricted by
deterioration of the wellbore with
time,
• If a formation is stabilized by our
mud system for up to 10 days,
then drilling ahead for 12 days
might prevent us logging the hole
or running casing.

Drilling Equipment

– Mud Requirements:
• We may have formations which
have mutually exclusive
requirements for the mud,
• For instance if we have very
reactive shale requiring ideally
OBM at a higher density to drill,
but the mud will cause emulsion
blocking in the reservoir, then we
need to separate the two with
casing.

Drilling Equipment

– Directional Requirements:
• We may anticipate problems
related to torque and drag, or
differential sticking due to
stationary string while using
downhole motors,
• The build up section may
need protection before
drilling ahead.

Drilling Equipment

– Fracture gradient at the shoe:
• We need to set our casing in a competent formation for
drilling ahead,
• We could drill to the limit for kick tolerance on a hole
section; but if the place where we set the casing is fractured
or underpressured then the shoe will be too weak to drill
ahead.

Drilling Equipment
1) Draw the mean pore

pressure gradient curve
along with the lithology,
2) Draw if available
the mud weight
curve. The mud weight
curve should include a
200 to 400 psi trip
4.2) Movemarginup to Point B
which determines the
4)3)To initial estimated
determine initial setting
Draw the predicted
depth
estimates of for
casingthe
fracture gradient curve
intermediate
4.3) Move
setting casing
–
depthsacross to
(actually run it 300–400
Point C which
First:
feet deeper)
identifies the
Enter the mud
4.4) Move up to Point weight D mud 4.6) Point E is the normal pressure range and no
whichcurve weight
at Point
determines requirement
Athe
4.5) Move across to Point E further casing is required to withstand the
(Total for
Depth that
(TD))
preferred settingtodepth depth
identify the mud associated mud weight. However, a structural
for the surfaceweight casing/required at that and conductor casing are required, and the
intermediate string depth setting depth criteria for those strings are
discussed later HELP
Drilling Equipment
Fracture
Pressure
Depth 1 P1 F1 1
Depth
Depth 2 P2 F2 2
Pore
Pressure
Depth 3 P3 3
Pressure

87 HELP
Drilling Equipment
Fracture gradient Definition

and importance
• Is minimum total in-situ stress
divided by the depth.
• Used to
– Select casing seat depth
– Prevention of lost circulation
– Plan hydraulic fractures.

Drilling Equipment
Fracture gradient depends

on:
1. Type of rock
2. Degree of anisotropy
3. Formation pore pressure
4. Magnitude of overburden
5. Degree of tectonics

Drilling Equipment
Overburden stress
• σv
• Is the stress arising from the
weight of the rock overlying the
zone under consideration.
• 1 psi/ft
• In porous formations,
σv = σs+Pf
• σs: is the stress of rock matrix.
• Pf: formation pore pressure
Drilling Equipment
How to measure fracture

gradient?
• There are 2 methods to
measure fracture gradient:
1. Direct method
2. Indirect method

Drilling Equipment
Direct method
• Uses mud to pressure the well until the
formation fractures.
• Leak off test
• Procedures for leak-off and limit tests. Leak-
off and Limit tests are carried out during the
drilling phase of the well. The BOP is closed
around the drillpipe, and the well is slowly
pressured up, using mud. At the first sign of
fluid leak-off into the formation the pumping
is stopped. Leak-off tests are carried out until
leak-off is observed; limit tests are carried out
until a pre-determined test pressure is
reached.

Drilling Equipment
Leak off test (LOT)

Drilling Equipment
Indirect method
• Uses stress analysis method for
predicting the fracture gradient.
• The most widely used method is Hubbert
and Willis method
1 v 2 Pf
• FG=FP/D= 
3D 3 D
• σv /D=overburden stress,psi/ft
• Pf=formation pressure,psi
• D depth,ft

Drilling Equipment
Indirect method
• Eaton method:
   v  Pf  Pf
• FG=  1    D 
   D
• v:poisson ratio
• σv: overburden pressure,psi
• Pf=formation pressure,psi
• D depth,ft
Drilling Equipment
Example
• Given that the formations

pressure at 5000 ft is 2400 psi
and the overburden stress is 1
psi/ft (determined from bulk
density logs), estimate the
formation fracture gradient at
5000 ft. Assume v = 0.4.

Drilling Equipment
Solution
  v  Pf Pf 0.4 1 5000  2400 2400

FG  ( )( ) ( )( )
1  D D 1  0.4 5000 5000
• FG=0.826

Drilling Equipment
Example
• Using the data in columns 1 and 2 of Table,
calculate the fracture gradient at the various
depths and casing seats. Assume v = 0.4.
(1) (2)
Depth below sea Pore pressure
level (ft) (psi)
3000 1320
5000 2450
8300 4067
8500 4504
9000 5984
9500 6810
10000 7800
11000 10171
Drilling Equipment
Solution
Hydrostatic
Depth Pore Pore Mud Fracture Kick
mud
below sea pressur gradient gradient gradient margin
pressure
level (ft) e (psi) (psi/ft) (psi/ft) (psi) (psi/ft)
(psi)
3000 1320 1520 0.44 0.51 0.81 0.75

5000 2450 2650 0.49 0.53 0.83 0.79
8300 4067 4267 0.49 0.51 0.83 0.81
8500 4504 4704 0.53 0.55 0.84 0.82
9000 5984 6184 0.66 0.69 0.89 0.87
9500 6810 7010 0.72 0.74 0.91 0.88
10000 7800 8000 0.78 0.80 0.93 0.91
11000 10171 10371 0.92 0.94 0.97 0.96

Drilling Equipment
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

0
Pore Gradient (psi/ft)
Mud Gradient (psi/ft)
Kick margin (psi/ft)
Fracture gradient (psi)
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000

Drilling Equipment
Classification of CSG.
1. Outside diameter of pipe (e.g. 9 5/8”)
2. Wall thickness (e.g. 1/2”)
3. Grade of material (e.g. N-80)

4. Type to threads and couplings (e.g. API
LCSG)
5. Length of each joint (RANGE) (e.g. Range 3)
6. Nominal weight (Avg. wt/ft incl. Wt. Coupling)
(e.g. 47 lb/ft)

Drilling Equipment
1-Grades of casing
• Casing is graded on the basis of its
minimum yield strength.
• The yield strength is defined as the tensile
stress required to produce a total
elongation of 0.5 % of the length.
• ( except in the case of grade P-110 casing
,where yield strength is defined as the
tensile stress required to produce a total
elongation of 0.6 % of the length).

Drilling Equipment

Grade Of Steel e
Grade Minimum yield strength psi ) Minimum tensile strength
)* 10^3 ( psi ) * 10^3
H40 40 60
J55 55 70 – 95
K55 55 70 – 95
C75 75 95
N80 80 100
L80 80 100
C95 95 105
P110 110 125

Drilling Equipment
2-Length of Casing Joints

Range types Length ( ft ) Average length (ft )
Range one ( 16 – 25 ) ft 22
Range tow ( 25 – 34 ) ft 31
Range three ( 34 – 48 ) ft 42

Drilling Equipment
3-Casing Threads and Couplings
• Individual lengths of casing are usually

jointed by means of threaded couplings.
• Coupling are graded in the same manner
as casing(minimum Y.S).
• Physical properties of a couplings must be
at least equal to those of the casing joint.
• Coupling are classified also according to
the outside diameter and the wall thickness
of the casing.
• Finally couplings are classified as either
long or short in accordance with the
lengths of the threads of the casing.
Drilling Equipment
3- Casing Threads and Couplings
API round threads - short { CSG }

API round thread - long { LCSG }
Buttress { BCSG }
Extreme line { XCSG }
Other …
See Halliburton Book...

Drilling Equipment
Casing Threads and

Couplings
and oil
emium tubing types - for low pressure and oil
plications.
60
EU and NU types
Thread seal on EU and NU types
EU and NU types
Collar recess on EU and NU types
Tapered seal
assisted by thread Tapered seal
compound assisted by thread
compound
Upset (thicker)
section
API rounded thread API Buttress connection

connection
Non Upset (NU)
FAQ
External Upset (EU)
REFERENCES ABOUT HELP
Drilling Equipment
External Upset (EU) Non Upset (NU)

Casing Threads and
Premium tubing types - for high pressure and gas
Couplings
applications.
6
Non Collar Recess on
premium types of
Seal
Seal
Seal
Seal
Basic types only shown - variations
API VAM
Vam connection
API extreme-line
Hydril CS
connection
Drilling Equipment
Make –up loss

• When casing is furnished with the threads
and couplings, the length is taken to be the
overall length of pipe plus attached
coupling, i.e., the length as measured from
the uncoupled end of the pipe to the outer
face of the coupling at the opposite end, with
the coupling made up power – tight.
• When two or more lengths are made to form
a section or a string of casing, the overall
length of the string is less than the sum of
the individual lengths of casing because of
the make-up loss at the couplings.

Drilling Equipment
Make –up loss
Lc
Lj
Lj = 0.5 Lc - J
Where
• Lj make-up loss
• Lc Length of coupling
• J Distance from end of casing to center of coupling

Drilling Equipment
Make –up loss

Ljc
• Ljc ( length of casing with coupling) is

the distance measured from the
uncoupled end of the pipe to the
outer face of the coupling at the
opposite end

Drilling Equipment
Make –up loss

D in J in Lc in
4-1/2 0.5 6-1/4
5 0.5 6-1/2
5-1/2 0.5 6-3/4
6-5/8 0.5 7-1/4
7 0.5 7-1/4
7-5/8 0.5 7-1/2
8-5/8 0.5 7-3/4
9-5/8 0.5 7-3/4

Drilling Equipment
Example 1
Calculate the make – up loss per joint for 7-in, 26 Ib/ ft
casing with short threads and couplings. Also ,
calculate the loss per thousand feet of casing (As
tallied on the pipe rack) and the casing required per
thousand feet of made-up string, expressing the answers
in terms of Ljc, the average length of the casing in feet.

Drilling Equipment
Solution:
• From table Lc = 7.25 in and J = 0.5 in.
Ljc
• Lj = 0.5 Lc – J = 3.125 in / joint
the number of joints in 1000 ft casing is 1000 / Lj
Ljc
make – up loss per thousand feet = 3.125 *
1000/ Ljc= 3125/Ljc in= 3125/12*Ljc ft
Let Lt = feet of casing required per thousand-
foot string. Then
Make-up loss = (Lt/1000) *( 3125/Ljc) in = L3
(3.125 Lt) / (12 Ljc) ft
Lt – (3.125 Lt) / (12 Ljc) = 1000

Lt [ 1- (3.125 / 12 Ljc)]= 1000
Lt = 1000 Ljc/ Ljc- 0.26
Assume the average lengths of casing is 40 ft
(or in ranges 1,2and3) or from tables .

Drilling Equipment
Solution:
• then calculate the necessary
makeup lengths for Ljc = 21, 30
and 40 for 10000ft
R L, ft Lt , ft Make up loss
1 21 10125.36 125.36
2 30 10087.42 87.42
3 40 10065.42 65.42

Drilling Equipment
Joint strength
1. The axial tension load which can be supported
at a casing joint is called the joint strength.
2. Joint strength depends on the grade, size, and
weight of the casing, and on the effective
length of the threads.
3. When casing is run, the couplings forming the
joints in the upper sections are in tension
because of the weight of the casing suspended
below them.
4. These joints must, of course, possess sufficient
strength to resist rupture or deformation
under the axial stresses to which they will be
subjected. Additionally, they must be leak-
resistant in tension if the casing string is to
perform its functions properly.

Drilling Equipment
Empirical equations for calculating

average joint strengths
• For short threads and couplings:
 1 
Fajs  C s Aj 33.71  d e  24.45   Ib
 t h
• For long threads and couplings:
 1 
Fajl  C l Aj 25.58  d e  24.45  
 t h Ib
Where :
de = outside diameter of pipe, in
t = wall thickness of pipe, in
h = height of threads, in
Aj = cross- sectional area of pipe wall
Cs,CL = constants for the grade of casing
Drilling Equipment
Table 2.Joint strength constants

Joint Grade Cs CL C
F-25 53.5 - 134
H-40 72.5 - 182
J-55 96.5 159 243
N-80 112.3 185 282
P-110 146.9 242 369

Drilling Equipment
Statistical analysis of test

performance data indicates that :
• the minimum joint strength to be
expected is approximately 80 % of
the average. So the final equation
will be:
Aj   (t  h)(de  t  h)
• For short threads and couplings:
Fajs  C s 33.71  de (de  t  0.071)24.45t  0.742
• For long threads and couplings:

Fajl  1.647C l 25.58  de (de  t  0.071)24.45t  0.742
Drilling Equipment
Example 2 .
• Calculate the joint strength of 7-in.,26-
Ib/ft grade J-55 casing with long threads
and couplings . express the answer in
terms of feet of 26- Ib casing which could
be suspended below a joint without
exceeding the joint strength.
• Solution: from table t = 0.362 in. from
table C = 243
• F jL= 1.647* 243(25.58 – 7)(7 – 0.362 –
0.071)(24.45*0.362 – 0.742) = 395000 Ib
= 395000Ib / 26( Ib/ft) = 15200 ft
Or from table ?

Drilling Equipment

Drilling Equipment
4-Weight Per Unit Length (

Ib/Ft Or Kg/M )
A- Nominal Weight
• Weight per ft for ( 20 ft ) length of Thread and
Coupling of casing .
B- Plain End Weight

• Weight of joint Casing without Thread and
Coupling .
C- Average Weight
• Weight of joint Casing including the Thread
at both ends and Coupling at one end .

Drilling Equipment
4-Weight Per Unit Length (

Ib/Ft Or Kg/M )
M ean diameter  d e  t
M ean Circumfere nce of the casing wall  t(de  t )
Considerin g one linear foot of casing, the volume, in ft
V  12t (d e  t )
Using density of steel  0.2883 lb/in 3
The Plain - end weight (wp), lb/ft  12 * 0.2833 * 3.14 * t(de  t )  10.68t(de  t )
Average weight Wtc  ( L pW p  2wt  wc ) / L
– Wt is the weight of metal removed in the cutting thread at

each end
– Wc is the weight of coupling
– L is the overall length of casing and attached coupling
– Lp actual length of casing without coupling

Drilling Equipment
The relationship between the

lengths of the pipe with and without
attached couplings to be
Lp = L – (0.5 Lc + J ) / 12
The factor 12 being necessary because Lp and L are
normally expressed in feet , where , Lc and J are
generally given in inches.

Drilling Equipment
The forces affecting on the

casing
When casing is set in a hole . It is subjected to
three significant forces:
1. external force which result from an external
pressure.
This pressure tends to collapse the casing.
2. internal force which result from internal
pressure.
this pressure tends to burst the casing
3. Longitudinal or axial loading on the casing.
Axial loading may be tension due to dead
weight Or Compression due to buoyancy.

Drilling Equipment
Casing Design - Tension

• Axial tension (from dead weight) has two effects:
1) It tends to pull the casing apart
2) It lowers the resistance of casing to collapse from
external pressures.
Joint
Failure
Pipe
` Body
Failure
Weight of Weight of
string string
Drilling Equipment
Casing Design - Burst

(from internal pressure)
 Internal Yield Pressure for pipe
 Internal Yield Pressure for couplings
 Internal pressure leak resistance
p Internal p
Pressure

Drilling Equipment
Casing Design - Collapse

(from external pressure)
COLLAPSE FAILURE FROM EXTERNAL PRESSURE
External
pressure

Drilling Equipment
Casing Design
Considerations
– The end product of well design
and construction is a pressure
vessel capable of withstanding
the expected internal and external
pressures and axial loading,
– Casing loads:
• tension
• collapse
• burst

Drilling Equipment
Casing design
considerations
– Tension:
• Where: highest at top joint
• Design: add bending forces, shock
loads
– Collapse:
• Where: bottom of string
• Design: empty casing, mud outside,
mobile formations, no cement
– Burst:
• Where: top of string
• Design: no cement, mud outside, gas
filled casing

Drilling Equipment
Burst
• Design for maximum pressure on the
inside of the casing. API design
recommendations call for the worst
case scenario, which is the annulus
is empty, and no external pressure.
The pressure to design for is the
estimated formation pressure at TD
for production casing, or estimated
formation pressure at the next
casing depth.

Drilling Equipment
Collapse
• API design recommendations call
for worst case, where there is no
pressure inside the casing, and we
design for the maximum mud
weight at the casing depth. We
also allow for the reduction of the
collapse rating from the weight of
the casing hanging below the
depth of interest.

Drilling Equipment
Tension
• API recommendations call for
worst case, where there is no
buoyancy effect. Design is
based on the weight of the
entire casing string.

Drilling Equipment
Tension
Casing Design
Tension
Depth
Burst
Collapse
Collapse STRESS
• Burst::Assume full reservoir pressure all along the wellbore.
• Collapse: Hydrostatic pressure increases with depth
• Tension:Tensile stress due to weight of string is highest at top

Drilling Equipment
Effects of External Pressure

• If casing is lowered into a hole , the pressure
outside the casing may be greater than pressure
inside the casing because of fluid pressure in the
formation opposite the casing or because of the
column of fluid standing between casing and
hole.
• When the external pressure is greater than the

internal pressure with sufficient magnitude,
there is a tendency for the casing to collapse.

Drilling Equipment
The collapse may be plastic

or elastic
• If the collapse occurs under elastic
deformation ,casing is said to be elastic
failure.
• If the collapse occurs under plastic
deformation ,casing is said to be plastic
failure.
• Collapse resistance; is the ability of
casing to withstand external pressure
without occurring plastic or elastic
failure.

Drilling Equipment
Collapse resistance
calculations
Collapse resistance is determined by:
1. the ratio of pipe diameter to wall thickness (de/t)
2. the characteristics of the grade of the material of
construction
3. the axial tension or axial compression collapse
resistance depend on the type of deformation (
plastic or elastic) according to de/t as shown in
the next table.

Drilling Equipment
Table.Collapse resistance
properties of casing
Casing grade Maximum Average yield
de/t strength(ya) ,
For plastic psi
collapse
H-40 40.02 50000
J-55 30.73 65000
N-80 23.91 85000
P-110 18.57 123000

Drilling Equipment
Collapse pressure for grade F-25

only
• Steward equation for de/t less than 43.5
6500
PC   1040
de
t
• Steward equation for de/t greater than

43.5
37.66 106
PC  3
 de 
 
 t 

Drilling Equipment
For any grade

• For plastic failure with de/t less than 14
Pc  1.5Ya
d e / t   1
d e / t 2
• For plastic failure with de/t greater than 14
 1.877 
Pc  Ya   0.0345
 d e / t  
• For elastic failure
46.95 106
Pc  2
d e / t  d e   1
 t  

Drilling Equipment
Example.
Calculate the collapse resistances of
the following: 5.5-in. 17 –Ib , J-55
casing; 7-in. 38- Ib, N-80 casing; 9 5/8-
in. 47-Ib, P-110 casing; 16-in. 55-Ib F-25
casing.

Drilling Equipment
The Answer
• The key to the selection of the proper equation is
de/t ratio for the pipe
• For the 5.5 in, 17-lb, J-55 casing,
de/t=5.5/0.304=18.09 from table. failure will be
plastic
 1.877   1.877 
Pc  Ya   0.0345  65000  0.0345  4500 psi
 d e / t    18.09 
• For 7-in, 38-lb, N-80 casing, de/t=7/0.54=12.96,
failure
Pc  1.5Ya
de / t   1  1.5 * 85000 12.96  1  9080 psi
de / t 2 12.962
• And So on fpr F-25

Drilling Equipment
Effects of Internal Pressure

• During the entry of formation fluid into the
casing , as well as in such operations as
squeezing and fracturing, Casing is often
subjected to high internal pressures.
• In the lower portions of a casing string,
external pressure is normally greater than
internal pressure.
• In the upper portions of the casing, external
pressure is negligible which cause an excess of
internal pressure over external pressure
resulting longitudinal splitting and finally
bursting pressure for casing.

Drilling Equipment
Internal pressure calculation

Pb  2 S  t / d e
• Where:
 Pb-pressure required to cause rupture of pipe psi
 S-tensile strength of steel, Psi
• The effect of internal pressure on casing is expressed
in terms of internal yield pressure of the casing by
substituting minmum yield strenght, Ym is the above
eq.
• Casing wall thickness may vary by 12.5% from nominal
values. Using the above eq
1.75Ym
Pi  2Ym  t (1  0.125) / d e  1.75Ym  t / d e 
de / t

Drilling Equipment
Example
Calculate the minimum internal yield pressure
for the casing of last example
casing Ym, psi de/t Pi, psi
5.5-in.17-Ib J-55 55000 18.09 5320
7-in.38-Ib N-80 80000 12.96 10800
9.5/8-in.47-Ib P- 110000 20.4 9440

110
16-in.55-Ib F-25 25000 51.3 850
or the answer from table

Drilling Equipment
Effect of Axial Loading

The effect of axial tension is two fold.
1. It tends to cause the casing to fail by longitudinal
deformation or yielding
It lowers the resistance of casing to collapse.
Considering the first effect , the stress at which
permanent deformation takes place is the minimum
yield strength Ym.
if the axial load is sufficiently large to cause
deformation anywhere along the pipe, the deformation
will occur at the root of the last perfect thread( min
area, max stress) , since the cross –sectional area of the
pipe wall is least at that point.

Drilling Equipment
Axial load Ib
Fa  Ym  Aj
• Where:
 Ym is minimum yield strength Psi
• Aj Root thread area calculated from eq.
Aj   (t  h)(de  t  h)

Drilling Equipment
Example
What loads could be carried ( without failure) by
the casing of 5.5-in.17-Ib J-55, 7-in.38-Ib N-80, 16-
in.55-Ib F-25.
Compare these loads with joint strengths as given
in table.
solution
5.5-in.17-Ib J-55 Ym = 55000 psi Aj = 3.747 sq in
• Fa = Ym * Aj = 206085 Ib ,
• From table Fjs = 234000 Ib, Fjl = 275000 Ib
• Then the failure will be in the casing body not in the joint.

Drilling Equipment
for casing 7-in.38-Ib N-80
• Ym = 8000 psi and Aj = 9.408 sq In

• Fa = 753000 Ib , Fjl = 668000 Ib
(from table)
then the failure will be at joint
• for casing 16-in.55-Ib F-25 ,

Ym = 25000 psi and Aj = 11.812 sq in
• Fa = 295000 Ib , Fjs = 258000 Ib
then the failure will be at joint

Drilling Equipment
Casing design
Design a 7" combination casing string to be run to
the depth of 11400’. Assume that:
1. External pressure is created by a mud with the
density γ= 79pcf;
2. internal pressure corresponding to the
hydrostatic head of the mud;
3. the casing is empty;
4. the design factors are: for collapse ƒc = 1.125; for
joint strength ƒt = 2.00
5. the bouncy is neglected:
6. the effect of tensile load on collapse resistance is
neglected;
7. the string should contain not more than 4
different grades of casing.

Drilling Equipment
Available Grades
grade Nominal wt, Collapse Yield

lb/ft resistance strength
C75 32 7800 750000
C75 32 7200 633000
C75 29 6110 562000
C75 26 4990 489000
C75 23 3910 416000
C75 20 2270 350000

Drilling Equipment
Design for collapse

resistance
• Collapse Requirements
• For collapse design, we start at
the bottom of the string and
work our way up.

Drilling Equipment
Design for collapse

resistance
• The maximum collapse
resistance at the bottom
• P=γD/144= (79*11400)/144=6254
psi
• Pcmin= P*Fc=6254*1.125= 7036
psi Req. at the bottom

Drilling Equipment
Available Grades
We will choose CSG from the table C75, 32# whose Pc=7200 psi

C75 32 7800 750000
C75 32 7200>7036 633000
C75 29 6110 562000
C75 26 4990 489000
C75 23 3910 416000
C75 20 2270 350000

Drilling Equipment
Design for collapse

resistance
• This 32 #/ft pipe could probably
run all the way to the surface
(would still have to check
tension), but there may be a
lower cost alternative.
• So we choose C-75, 29 #ft
above it with collapse
resistance=6110 psi

Drilling Equipment
Available Grades

C75 32 7800 750000
C75 32 7200>7036 633000
C75 29 6110 562000
C75 26 4990 489000
C75 23 3910 416000
C75 20 2270 350000

Drilling Equipment
Design for collapse

resistance
• To what depth might we be able
to run C-75, 29 #/ft? The
maximum annular pressure that
this pipe may be exposed to, is:
Collapse pressure of pipe 6110

Pc    5431 psi
design factor 1.125

Drilling Equipment
Design for collapse

resistance
• First Iteration
• At what depth do we see this
pressure (5431 psia) in a
column of 79 #/ft3 mud?
Pc  (1 / 144) * 79 * h1
144 * Pc 144 * 5431

 h1    9900 ft
79 79
Drilling Equipment
Design for collapse

resistance
• This is the depth to
which the pipe could 29#/ft
be run if there were 9900’
no axial stress in the 32#/ft
11400’
pipe…
• But at 9900’ we have
L1=H-h1= (11400 -
9900) = 1500’ of 32 #/ft
pipe below us.
Drilling Equipment
Design for collapse

resistance
• we choose C-75, 26 #ft above it with
collapse resistance=4990 psi
• To what depth might we be able to
run C-75, 26 #/ft? The maximum
annular pressure that this pipe may
be exposed to, is:

Pc    4436 psi
design factor 1.125

Drilling Equipment
Available Grades

C75 32 7800 750000
C75 32 7200>7036 633000
C75 29 6110 562000
C75 26 4990 489000
C75 23 3910 416000
C75 20 2270 350000

Drilling Equipment
Design for collapse

resistance
• Second Iteration
• At what depth do we see this 26#/ft
pressure (4436 psia) in a column of
79 #/ft3 mud? 8085’
Pc  (1 / 144) * 79 * h2
29#/ft
9900’
144 * Pc 144 * 4436
32#/ft
 h2    8085 ft 11400’
79 79
• This is the depth to which the pipe
could be run if there were no axial
stress in the pipe…
• But at 8085’ we have L2=H-L1-h2=
(11400 – 1500-7275) = 1815’ of 29
#/ft pipe below us.
Drilling Equipment
Design for collapse

resistance
• we choose C-75, 23 #ft above it with
collapse resistance=3910 psi
• To what depth might we be able to
run C-75, 23 #/ft? The maximum
annular pressure that this pipe may
be exposed to, is:

Pc    3476 psi
design factor 1.125

Drilling Equipment
Available Grades

C75 32 7800 750000
C75 32 7200>7036 633000
C75 29 6110 562000
C75 26 4990 489000
C75 23 3910 416000
C75 20 2270 350000

Drilling Equipment
Design for collapse

resistance 23#/ft
• Second Iteration
6335’
• At what depth do we see this
26#/ft
pressure (3476 psia) in a column of
79 #/ft3 mud? 8085’
Pc  (1 / 144) * 79 * h3
29#/ft
9900’
144 * Pc 144 * 3476
32#/ft
 h3    6335 ft 11400’
79 79
• This is the depth to which the pipe
could be run if there were no axial
stress in the pipe…
• But at 6335’ we have L3=H-L1-L2-
h3= (11400 – 1500-1815-6335) =
1750’ of 26 #/ft pipe below us. And
L4 of C75-23#ft will be 6335 ft
Drilling Equipment
Design for Tension Stress
• The weight on the top joint of

casing would be
• Wt=W1L1+W2L2+W3L3+W4L4
=32*1500+29*1815+26*1750+23*
6335=291840 lb
• From table Yield strength for
C75#23 which will carry this
weight=416000
Drilling Equipment
Available Grades

C75 32 7800 750000
C75 32 7200>7036 633000
C75 29 6110 562000
C75 26 4990 489000
C75 23 3910 416000
C75 20 2270 350000

Drilling Equipment
• Check for whether if this grade

of casing string will carry the
load or not by calculating the
safety factor
• Ft=416000/291840=1.43 <2
• Not withhold the total weight

Drilling Equipment

• So we choose a section of C-75,26#/ft
above it with yield of 489000 and 26#/ft
calculate safe length 3645
23#/ft
416000  (nwt1.L1  nwt 2 .L2  nwt3 .L3 )  f t 6335
L 
'
26#/ft
f t  nwt 4
4
416000  (1500  32  29 1815  26 1750)  2 8085

 29#/ft
2  23
 2690' 9900’
32#/ft
• So the length of this section will be 11400’
2690 ft to withstand the load and
below it so, length of C75, 26#/ft will
to surface L5=L4-L4’=6335-2690=3645
ft
Drilling Equipment

• The weight that grade C75, 26#/ft will
carry
• Wt=L1W1+L2W2+L3W3+L4'W4+L5W5
=1500*32+29*1815+26*1750+23*2690+
3654*26=302775 lb
• Check for whether if this grade of
casing string will carry the load or
not by calculating the safety factor
• Ft=489000/302773=1.615 <2

Drilling Equipment
Available Grades

C75 32 7800 750000
C75 32 7200>7036 633000
C75 29 6110 562000
C75 26 4990 489000
C75 23 3910 416000
C75 20 2270 350000

Drilling Equipment

29#/ft
• So we choose a section of C-75,29#/ft 2241’
calculate safe length 3645
489000  (nwt1.L1  nwt 2 .L2  nwt3 .L3  nwt 4 L'4 )  f t 23#/ft
L 
'
5
f t  nwt5 6335
489000  (1500  32  29 1815  26 1750  23  2690)  2 26#/ft

2  26 8085
 1404' 29#/ft
• So the length of this section will be 9900’
1404 ft to withstand the load and 32#/ft
below it so, length of C75, 29#/ft will 11400’
to surface L6=L5-L5'=3645-1404=2241'

Drilling Equipment

• The weight that grade C75, 29#/ft
will carry
• Wt=L1W1+L2W2+L3W3+L4'W4+L
5'W5+L6W6=309498 lb
casing string will carry the load
or not by calculating the safety
factor
• Ft=562000/309498=1.8 <2

Drilling Equipment
Available Grades

C75 32 7800 750000
C75 32 7200>7036 633000
C75 29 6110 562000
C75 26 4990 489000
C75 23 3910 416000
C75 20 2270 350000

Drilling Equipment

32#/ft
• So we choose a section of C-75,32#/ft 983’
calculate safe length 2241’
L 
' 562000  (nwt1.L1  nwt 2 .L2  nwt3 .L3  nwt 4 L'4  nwt5 L'5 )  f t 26#/ft
f t  nwt6
6
3645’
562000  (1500  32  29 1815  26 1750  23  2690  26 1404)  2
23#/ft

2  29 6335’
 1258'
26#/ft
8085’
• So the length of this section will be 29#/ft
1258 ft to withstand the load and
below it so, length of C75, 29#/ft will 9900’
to surface L7=L6-L6'=983'
32#/ft
11400’

Drilling Equipment

• The weight that grade C75, 32#/ft will
carry
• Wt=W1L1+W2L2+W3L3+W4L4'+W5L5
'+W6L6'+W7L7=312147 lb
casing string will carry the load or
not by calculating the safety factor
• Ft=633000/312147=2.03 >2
• Finally this section withhold the total
weight

Drilling Equipment
Finally Design will be

Depth Grade, weight Length
0-983 C75, 32# 983'
983-2241 C75, 29# 1258'
2241-3645 C75, 26# 1404'
3645-6335 C75, 23# 2690'
6335-8085 C75, 26# 1750'
8085-9900 C75, 29# 1815'
9900-11400 C75, 32# 1500'

Drilling Equipment
Exercise 6
• What are the conditions for a commercial
oil reservoir to occur?
• Define porosity.
• Porosity depends on _____ not _______
• Define permeability.
• How is permeability measured?
• What causes supernormal pressures?

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Drilling Equipment

Drilling and Completion

FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT HELP

1. To prevent the hole from caving in

FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT HELP

6. To control pressures during drilling

e.g., you need 14 ppg mud to control a lower zone, but

What do you do?

FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT HELP

Types of Strings of Casing

FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT HELP

Types of Strings of Casing

FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT HELP

Types of Strings of Casing

FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT HELP

Types of Strings of Casing

 x y  ρReturns   y  ρSea

Penetration = depth of shoe from seabed, feet

Types of Strings of Casing

FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT HELP

Types of Strings of Casing

FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT HELP

Types of Strings of Casing

FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT HELP

 Protects production casing from

 Cemented up to surface casing

 Common sizes and depths: 13

FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT HELP

 Isolates reservoir from other

 Cemented from intermediate

 Sizes ranging from 7”, 7

FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT HELP

FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT HELP

 Used when geological &

 Cemented along its length.

FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT HELP

Types of Strings of Casing

– Rig unable to lift long string

FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT HELP

Types of Strings of Casing

• Tie-Back (Liner Complement); STINGER WITH

– The integration of the liner

FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT HELP

Example Hole and String Sizes (in)

Hole: 26” Unconsolidated

Casing in exploration well

– Each casing string is run as deep as possible based on

FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT HELP

Casing in development well

– Each casing string is only set deep enough to enable

FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT HELP

Example of Casing Series

30” Conductor 20”

20” Surface casing 13-3/8”

9-5/8” Intermediate 9-5/8”

Casing vs. Bit Size (illustrative)

FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT HELP

FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT HELP

Running the casing

FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT HELP

FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT HELP

Casing tongues, elevator

FAQ REFERENCES ABOUT HELP