Heat Transfer (Continued)

1. Forced Convection
2. Natural Convection
3. Boiling
4. Condensation
Principles of Free Convection

As the temperature of the

fluid increases, the density
of the fluid will drop

Buoyancy force move the

fluid
 NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
VERTICAL PLANES & CYLINDERS
Length L  1 m

 L3ρ 2gβT c μ 
m
N  hL  a
 P 
 a(N N )m

Nu k 
 μ2 k  Gr Pr

where
NGr = Grashof number
∆T = ( Tw – Tbmean) = positive temp. difference (K)
 = volumetric coefficient of expansion of the fluid in
1/K (for gases  is 1/(TfK)
g = 9.80665 (m/s2)
æç T + T ö÷
All physical properties at T = è w bø
f 2
 NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
VERTICAL PLANES & CYLINDERS

L3ρ 2gβT c μ 

m
N  hL a  P   a(N N )m
 
Nu k 
 μ2 k  Gr Pr

Values of m & a from Table 4.7-1

 EXAMPLE 4.7-1

A heated vertical wall 0.305 m high of an oven for baking food with the surface at
505.4K is in contact with air at 311 K. Calculate the heat-transfer coefficient and the
heat transfer/ 0.305 m width of wall. Note the heat transfer for radiation will not be
considered.
Answer: 7.03 W/m2.K,127.1 W
 NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
HORIZONTAL CYLINDERS
hDo  Do3ρ2gβT cPμ 
m
N   a   a(N N )m NGrNPr = 104 - 109
Nu k 

μ 2 k  Gr Pr
 EXAMPLE

A 6-m long section of an 8-cm-diameter horizontal hot-water pipe passes through a

large room whose temperature is 20oC. If the outer surface temperature of the pipe
is 70oC, determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe by natural convection.
Answer: 498 W
 NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
HORIZONTAL PLATES
hL  3 2 c μ m
 L ρ gβT P 
N   a   a(N N )m
Nu k 

μ 2 k  Gr Pr
L = length of a side of a square plate, linear mean of the 2 dimensions for a
rectangle or 0.9 Dcircular disc

Upper surface
Hot Plate of heated or
(Ts > T ) lower surface
of cooled
plates

Cold Plate Upper surface of

(Ts < T ) Cooled or lower
surface of
heated plates
http://slideplayer.com/slide/5133305/
 NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
HORIZONTAL PLATES
3ρ 2gβT c μ 
m

N  hL  a L P   a(N N )m

Nu k 

μ2 k  Gr Pr

L = length of a side of a square plate, linear mean of the 2

dimensions for a rectangle or 0.9 Dcircular disc
 NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT
TRANSFER: SIMPLIFIED EQUATIONS

Holds for
104 < NGrNPr < 109
L3ΔT < 4.7 m3.K
 NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER

At pressures other than 1 atm, the heat transfer coefficients are multiplied by a correction
factor:
For N Gr N Pr from 10 4 to 109 multiply by P1/ 2
For N Gr N Pr > 109 multiply by P 2 / 3
kN/m2 or atm abs pressure
where P is in atmospheres.
 EXAMPLE 4.7-2

Repeat example 4.7-1 but use the simplified equation.

Answer:6.88 W/m2.K ,124.4 W
NATURAL CONVECTION IN ENCLOSED SPACES :
SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTOR
Natural Convection in Enclosed Spaces
1. Gases enclosed between Vertical Plates
2. Liquids in Vertical Plates
3. Gases/ Liquid in Vertical Annulus
4. Liquid Horizontal Plate-lower hotter than
upper
5. Gas Horizontal Plate-lower hotter than upper
 NATURAL CONVECTION IN ENCLOSED SPACES
GASES ENCLOSED BETWEEN VERTICAL PLATES
For NGrNPr < 2 x 103 : N = hd =1
Nu k

For 6 x 103 < NGrNPr < 2 x 105 :

14
  3 ρ 2 gβT c P μ 
  (N N )1 4
μ 2
 h  0.2 
k 
N  0.2 Gr Pr
Nu k  L  
19
 L  
19
   

For 2 x 105 < NGrNPr < 2 x 107 :

13
  3 ρ 2 gβT c P μ 
  (N N )1 3
μ 2
 h  0.073 
k 
N  0.073 Gr Pr
Nu k  L  
19
 L  
19
   

T1  T2 

All physical properties at Tm  
Ld3 2
 NATURAL CONVECTION IN ENCLOSED SPACES
LIQUID ENCLOSED BETWEEN VERTICAL PLATES

For NGrNPr < 1 x 103 :

N = hd =1
Nu k

For 1 x 103 < NGrNPr < 1 x 107 :

14
  3 ρ 2 gβT c P μ 
Ld3   (N N )1 4
μ 2
 h  0.28 
k 
N  0.28 Gr Pr
Nu k  L  
14
 L  
14
   

T +T2ö÷ø
æç
All physical properties at Tm = è 1
2
 EXAMPLE 4.7-3

Air at 1 atm abs pressure is enclosed between two vertical plates where L = 0.6 m
and δ = 30 mm. The plates are 0.4 m wide. The plate temperatures are T1 = 394.3
K and T2 = 366.5 K. Calculate the heat-transfer rate across the air gap.
Answer: 12.74 W
 NATURAL CONVECTION IN ENCLOSED SPACES
LIQUID OR GASES IN A VERTICAL ANNULUS

T1 D2 - D1ö÷ø
æç

D1 d= è
2
D2 T2
Same equations as for vertical plates

Ao  A i
Cylindrical annulus: Am 
Ao
ln
Ai

Spherical annulus: Am  A o A
i
 NATURAL CONVECTION IN ENCLOSED SPACES
GASES IN HORIZONTAL PLATES L T
c
Lower plate hotter than the upper : 
For 7 x 103 < NGrNPr < 3 x 105 : 14
 3 2 μ
  ρ gβT P 
 T
 h  0.2
c 14 h
N   0.2(N N )
Nu k 
μ2 k 
Gr Pr
 
For NGrNPr >3 x 105 :
13
h 
ρ gβT c P μ 
3 2
13
N   0.061    0.061(NGrN Pr )
Nu k 
μ 2
k 


LIQUID IN HORIZONTAL PLATES

Lower plate hotter than the upper :
For 1.5 x 103 < NGrNPr < 1x 109 :
13
h  ρ gβT c P μ 


3 2
13
N   0.069   N 0.074  0.069(N N ) N Pr 0.074
Nu k 
μ 2
k 
Pr Gr Pr

 BOILING
Evaporation - at liquid–vapor interface
Boiling – at solid–liquid interface when a liquid is brought into contact with a
surface maintained at a temperature sufficiently above the saturation
temperature of the liquid.

Boiling takes different forms, depending on the ΔTexcess=Tw- Tsat

BOILING

nucleate boiling

transition boiling

film boiling
 NUCLEATE BOILING

Water boiling on the outside of submerged surfaces at 1 atm abs pressure :

HORIZONTAL SURFACE
h  1043  T
13 q
 16 and 0  T  7.76
A
h  5 T q
 240 and 7.32  T  14.4
3
16 
A
VERTICAL SURFACE
q
h  5 T
17
3 and 0  T  4.51
A
h  7 T
3
3  q  63 and 4.41  T  9.43
A
where : T = Tw – Tsat. K
When pressure = p atm, h x p 0.4
FORCED CONVECTION
p
BOILING INSIDE TUBES
h  2 T e where p in kPa
3
1551
 FILM BOILING

HORIZONTAL TUBE 
 3   
k ν ρ ρ l  ρ g h fg  0.4c p T



14
   
 ν ν
h  0.62

 ν 


 Dμ ν T 

 
where T = (Tw – Tsat. )K (Tsat = temperature of sat. vapor)
kv = thermal conductivity of vapour (W/m.K)
v = density of vapour (kg/m3)
l = density of liquid (kg/m3)
hfg= latent heat of vapourization at Tsat. (J/kg)
D = outside tube diameter (m)
v =viscosity of vapour (Pa.s)
g = acceleration of gravity (m/s2)
Tw  Tsat 
All physical properties of vapour at Tf 
2
 EXAMPLE

Water is to be boiled at atmospheric pressure in a

mechanically polished stainless steel pan placed on top of a
heating unit. The inner surface of the bottom of the pan is
maintained at 108oC. If the diameter of the bottom of the pan
is 30 cm, determine
a) the rate of heat transfer to the water and
b) the rate of evaporation of water.
Answer: 1610 W, 7.133 x 10-4 kg/s
 CONDENSATION

Saturated vapour comes in contact with a solid whose surface temperature is

below the saturation temperature
1) film-type condensation
Film of condensate on the surface –
main resistance to heat transfer
More common

2) Dropwise condensation

Small droplets on surface, grow and coalesce, slide down

Large area devoid of any liquid, exposed directly to vapour
On contaminated surfaces & when impurities are present
 CONDENSATION
VERTICAL SURFACE (LAMINAR NRe  1800 ):
 3 1 4
hL ρ ρ l  ρ gh fg L



 
N Nu   1.13

l ν 
 Eq. 4.8-20
kl  μ l k l T 
 
where T = (Tsat –Tw. )K (Tsat = temperature of sat. liquid)
kl = thermal conductivity of liquid (W/m.K)
v = density of vapour (kg/m3)
l = density of liquid (kg/m3)
hfg= latent heat of condensation at Tsat. (J/kg)
L = vertical height of surface or tube (m)
l =viscosity of liquid (Pa.s)
g = acceleration of gravity (m/s2) = 9.8066
Tw  Tsat 
All physical properties of vapour at Tf 
2
 CONDENSATION
LONG VERTICAL SURFACE (TURBULENT AT BOTTOM):
13

hL  gρ l 2 L3 
N Nu   0.0077
0.4
  N 
   
kl μ l 2   Re 

 
where m = total mass of condensate at tube or plate bottom (kg/s)
kl = thermal conductivity of liquid (W/m.K)
4m 4Γ
NRe = Reynolds number = πDμ  μ (substitute D for W for plate)
l l
= m/D or m/W (W = width).
l =viscosity of liquid (Pa.s)
L = vertical height of surface or tube (m)
l = density of liquid (kg/m3)
g = acceleration of gravity (m/s2) = 9.8066
Tf 
Tw  Tsat 
All physical properties of vapour at
2
 EXAMPLE

Saturated steam at atmospheric pressure condenses on a 2-

m-high and 3-m-wide vertical plate that is maintained at 80oC
by circulating cooling water through the other side. Determine
a) the rate of heat transfer by condensation to the plate and
b) the rate at which the condensate drips off the plate at the
bottom
Answer: 0.282 kg/s,6.45 x 105 W