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Find out how the right material choices can save enormous costs and accelerate your
business in the long run. See inspiring case studies from around the world.
What makes Outokumpu Duplex such a strong material? How to weld and form duplex?
See in-depth technical information and enjoy our tips for best results.
Chemical composition 14
Mechanical properties 15
Physical properties 17
Corrosion resistance in various environments 18
Advice for fabrication 20
Product assortment 23
• Pre-fabrication according
to your needs
• Suggestions for material
What’s your winning idea? replacements
• Computer simulations
and calculations to ease
design work
Case highlights Outokumpu is fast becoming the
• On-site testing options
undisputed number one in stainless. What
and administrative help
makes us special is total customer focus –
all the way, from R&D to delivery. You have
the idea. We offer you world-class stainless
steel, technical know-how and support.
Trend-setting Benefits in Reinforcing Building
duplex tank farm mass production the present the future
sustainable material with significantly longer service
Outokumpu Duplex – life in corrosive environments when the proper
See how Relisa S.A. managed Duplex is the material used for Brisbane’s six-lane Gateway The Marina Bay Pedestrian
to reduce construction material the water heaters of Kingspan Bridge is reinforced with Bridge in Singapore is stunning more strength, less material material selection is made.
by up to 50%. Hot Water Systems Ltd. making Outokumpu Duplex on its most in architectural design, taking
See page 9. them both easier to handle and critical parts, ensuring a design advantage of the possibilities of
Outokumpu Duplex allows you to realise your most
cheaper to produce. life of 300 years. Outokumpu Duplex. demanding projects: thanks to its superior strength, See interesting case studies and read all about material
See page 10. See page 11. See page 12. you can sometimes manage with even 50% less properties as well as fabrication hints for Outokumpu
material, which means considerable cost savings. Duplex. Together, let’s turn your winning ideas into a
Outokumpu Duplex is a highly environmentally successful project.
2 3
Cloud gate in Millenium Park in Chicago, USA.
Made out of Outokumpu stainless steel.
4 5
Great combination of both high
Positioning of Duplex grades strength and adequate corrosion
Proof stress resistance.
Duplex
2507
Put simply, the benefit of Outokumpu Duplex lies in weight reduction. You gain more strength 500
LDX 2101® 2205
with less material. Below, you can see an example of what happens when standard austenitic 2304 Austenitic
steel is substituted with Outokumpu Duplex.
254SmO®
250
4301 4404 904L
High strength
Corrosion Resistance
(Pitting and crevice corrosion)
Low nickel content Wide range
for price stability of applications
20%
10%
required 14
Pipe length = 1000 m 4301 LDX 2101® Carbon steel LDX 2101®
Required thickness Duplex
Min WT acc to en 13480-3: 12 Plate thickness 5-12 mm 5-7 mm Total initial cost* 125 kEUR 175 kEUR
Weld factor z = 0.7 Required thickness austenitic Surface protection cost 100 Euro/m2 No surface
10 Material cost* 144 kEUR 108 kEUR
1.4307 = 5.8 mm x 1000 m2 protection required!
ldx 2101® = 2.9 mm Welding cost** 55 kEUR 35 kEUR
8 Elapsed time between 15 years
Labour cost** 89 kEUR 49 kEUR maintenance events
6 (Welding and tank assembly)
Life cycle duration 30 years 30 years
Total manufacturing cost 144 kEUR 84 kEUR
4 Operating cost 64 kEUR 0 kEUR
Total initial cost 288 kEUR 192 kEUR Total LCC 189 kEUR 175 kEUR
2
6 7
Stainless racing motorcycle Trend-setting duplex tank farm –
up to 50% weight savings
Highland Group, Sweden
Tank farm Biofuel plant expansion
Oostwouder, the Netherlands Agroetanol, Sweden
Courtesy of Emypro
Duplex revolution – Relisa S.A. of Spain stores liquid foods and chemicals in a new tank farm at the Port
of Barcelona: Spanish storage-tank fabricator Emypro S.A. has built the entire farm,
examples of ideas in action consisting of 22 units, using Outokumpu Duplex LDX 2101® plate. When engineering
the first phase of the farm, Emypro could see the advantages of the duplex grade
Avesta Järnverk AB of Sweden, today part of Outokumpu, produced its first commercial and partnered with Outokumpu to convince Relisa.
duplex alloy in 1930. Avesta 453S, contained 26% Cr, 5% Ni and 1,5% Mo, and was
in the beginning used as acid proof material for roughly the same purposes as type 316. As Emypro was putting the finishing touches to the Technical highlights
tanks, Relisa ordered 9 more using the same grade. Outokumpu Duplex has good weldability, and the
However, its higher strength was immediately noticed and then tested with certain The grade selection has offered the fabricator and tank material supports most known welding techniques.
components that were subjected to wear, such as spindles, pumps and shafts. When owner major competitive advantages thanks to the See welding tips on page 20.
industries developed further, the possibilities of duplex truly opened up. qualities of LDX 2101®. The grade’s strength is almost
twice that of standard austenitic grades. This has al- Interesting facts
To date, Outokumpu Duplex has proven its worth around the world. We are proud lowed Emypro to achieve major reductions in material Emypro’s and Outokumpu’s pioneering development
of the masterpieces realised by our customers. quantities compared to the austenitic alternatives continues a history of milestones achieved together,
1.4301/1.4307 (304/304L). The total weight saving including the world’s largest duplex storage tank (22
is more than 20%, in some sections of tanks, even m in diameter and 25 m in height) fabricated using
up to 50%. Outokumpu Duplex grade 2304.
8 9
Built to last for 300 years
When your household needs easier to handle and cheaper to produce. The benefits
a water heater, it’s a question of multiply in mass production. Warm water in thousands
reliability, right? of households is ensured for years to come.
Manufacturers often want to give their products
warranties for longer periods even up to 30 years, so Technical highlights
it is understandable that they seek undisputed quality Outokumpu Duplex offers excellent resistance to stress
in their materials. Kingspan Hot Water Systems Ltd, corrosion cracking. Read more on page 18.
a long-term customer of Outokumpu, is a market
leader in high performance hot water storage solutions Interesting facts
throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland. Water quality differs around Europe, and Outokumpu
can offer grades to match Kingspan’s needs. LDX 2101 ®
Kingspan wanted to find a more cost efficient or 2304 are perfect for European water quality. For
alternative to mild carbon steel and copper, which more demanding environments, 2205 is recommended.
have been the industry standards for 50 years. The
answer was Outokumpu Duplex: it gives pioneering
manufacturers such as Kingspan a clear competitive
edge. The strength of the material allows at least a
30% wall thickness reduction, making the boiler both
Courtesy of Leighton Abigroup Joint Venture ABN.
10 11
Courtesy of Urban Redevelopment Authority, Singapore.
The Marina Bay Pedestrian Bridge in double-helix and support structures. In the hot and The more boxes you can check below, the more likely it is that
Singapore, stunning in architectural and humid, maritime climate of Singapore, this highly Outokumpu Duplex might be your material of choice.
engineering design, will both link key sites corrosion resistant grade ensures low maintenance
of development and be an attraction in costs and good appearance during a service life of at Demands for material No need for
itself, symbolising Singapore’s aspirations least 100 years. The high strength of duplex 2205 also
resistance to chemicals sharp bend radius
as a biomedical hub. Nearly 300 metres enables the development of a cost-efficient design.
resistance to uniform corrosion demanding forming techniques
long, the bridge is unique in many ways. This duplex contract follows a series of demanding
It is composed of two spiraling tubular bridge projects worldwide for which Outokumpu has resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion
stainless steel members, resembling supplied duplex stainless products in several different resistance to stress corrosion cracking and
the structure of DNA. According to grades. corrosion fatigue
the designers, the DNA-like structure high mechanical strength
symbolises “life and continuity, renewal Technical highlights good abrasion and erosion resistance
and growth”. With the right tools and parameters for equipment, good fatigue resistance
duplex grades can be shaped in to exciting and high energy absorption
The stainless double-helix structure takes bridge functional forms. Read more about forming of low thermal expansion
architecture and engineering to entirely new Outokumpu Duplex on page 22.
good weldability
directions. The inner spiral of the double helix is
Interesting facts within temperature range -40°C to +250°C
used to support fritted-glass and stainless-steel mesh
canopies to provide shading to pedestrians. The bridge The stainless steel surfaces will provide spectacular pressure vessel, beams
engineers selected Outokumpu Duplex 2205 (EN night-time illumination by reflecting a series of lights
1.4462) as the appropriate stainless grade for the programmed to enhance the design.
12 13
The recipe for success: Mechanical properties:
ingredients according to your needs superior strength
What makes Outokumpu Duplex such a strong material? The secret lies in connecting the The mechanical and physical properties are beneficial generally approved for use between -40°C to +250°C.
best of both microstructures: mixing austenite and ferrite. The result is two crystallographic characteristics of Outokumpu Duplex. The Work is in progress to get a European material
phases, each with a composition sufficient to make it corrosion resistant. The phases in mechanical strength is superior compared to austenitic ® ®
approval for LDX 2101 . (LDX 2101 . is partly
duplex grades are a body centered cubic phase (ferrite), and a face centered cubic phase or ferritic stainless steels, and the physical properties listed in EN 10088.)
(austenite). Favorable properties of both phases can be utilised in one alloy. offer new possibilities. The dual phase matrix with
very fine lamellae and the addition of nitrogen give ASME: In ASME II-D 2007 (Metric) edition grades
Outokumpu Duplex grades very high mechanical S31803 (1.4462), S32304 (1.4362) and S32750
The chemical composition of duplex grades gives Nitrogen adds strength and corrosion resistance strength at room temperature. This is a clear advantage (1.4410) are listed for general use between -30°C to
good corrosion resistance and desired mechanical Nitrogen is a very important addition as it gives a for structural applications, such as pressure vessels and ®
+325°C. Data for LDX 2101 can be found in ASME
and physical properties. Outokumpu can supply you substantial increase in strength and pitting corrosion beam constructions. code case 2418.
with stainless grades especially designed to meet your resistance. At the same time it strongly stabilises the
Pressure vessel approvals
needs. austenite phase. Furthermore, nitrogen improves
welding properties. European standards: All duplex grades, except for
Alloying elements and their purpose
Molybdenum improves corrosion resistance ®
LDX 2101 , are listed in EN 10028-7 and are
Chromium makes it stainless
Molybdenum improves corrosion resistance in most
At least about 11% chromium has to be added to a
environments, particularly in chloride-containing
steel to form the passive layer that makes it stainless.
environments.
These contents improve the corrosion and oxidation
resistance. Outokumpu Duplex steels have a high Table 2. Mechanical properties for flat products at room temperature.
chromium level, between 21.5 and 25%. Duplex microstructure.
Longitudinal cross section of
Minimum values, Outokumpu
Nickel adds ductility hot rolled plate, light phase
austenite, darker (blue) according to EN 10088 typical values
Nickel obtains the desired phase balance and provides phase ferrite.
ductility. Duplex steels contain a relatively small P H C P(15mm) H (4mm) C (1mm)
amount of nickel, between 1.5 and 7%. If corrosion LDX 2101 ®
initiates, a higher Ni level is beneficial for repassivation. Proof strength Rp0.2 MPa *450 *480 *530 480 570 600
Tensile strength Rm MPa *650 *680 *700 700 770 800
Elongation A5 % *30 *30 *30 38 38 35
Proof strength R p0.2 MPa 460 460 500 510 620 635
2205 1.4462 S32205* 0.02 0.17 22 5.7 3.1 – Tensile strength Rm MPa 640 700 700 750 820 835
4404 1.4404 316L 0.02 – 17.2 10.1 2.1 – Proof strength R p0.2 MPa 530 530 550 550 590 665
Tensile strength Rm MPa 730 750 750 820 900 895
904L 1.4539 N08904 0.01 – 20 25 4.3 1.5Cu
Elongation A5 % 20 20 20 35 30 33
254 SMO® 1.4547 S31254 0.01 0.20 20 18 6.1 Cu Hardness HB 250 265 255
*Also available as S31803 Table 2 summarises mechanical properties for flat rolled products, P = hot rolled plate and bar
(data according to EN 10088). The allowed design values may H = hot rolled strip
vary between product forms. The appropriate values are given in C = cold rolled coil and strip, cold drawn bar
the relevant specifications/design standards. Grade 4501 is only * Mechanical properties according to ASTM A240
produced as hot rolled plate by Outokumpu. and to internal standard, AM 611.
14 15
Temperature and embrittlement
Duplex steels are more prone to precipitation
applications like blast walls at oil rigs and car body
components. Physical properties:
of phases than austenitic stainless steels, causing
embrittlement and reduced corrosion resistance. Good fatigue strength in base material new opportunities
The formation of intermetallic phases such as sigma The high tensile strength of Outokumpu Duplex also
phase occurs in the temperature range 600-950°C implies high fatigue strength in the base material. The Easy to weld to carbon steel Table 4. Physical properties of duplex
and reformation of ferrite occurs in the range 350- fatigue strength of the duplex steels follows the proof stainless steels, according to EN 10088.
Outokumpu Duplex grades have a lower thermal
525°C (475°C embrittlement). Exposures at these strength of the material. Our research personnel can
expansion ratio (approximately 13 × 10-6/°C) Physical property 20°C 200°C
temperatures should therefore be avoided. In normal provide you with more detailed information, if needed.
and higher thermal conductivity than austenitic
welding and heat treatment the risk of embrittlement Density [g/cm3] 7.8 7.8
steels. This means that there are less problems with
is low. However, certain risks exist, for example at heat What comes to welds, the benefit of the high fatigue
temperature expansions caused by connecting Modulus of Elasticity [GPa] 200 186
treatment of thick sections, especially if the cooling strength of the parent or base material is limited.
Outokumpu Duplex with carbon steels. Duplex is a Poisson´s ratio [Dimensionless] 0.3 0.3
rate is low. The fatigue strength is reduced by unfavorable weld
good alternative for lining mild steel vessels that are
geometry, residual stresses, distortions and weld Linear expansion from
running with large cyclic temperature variations. - 13.5
Due to the risk of embrittlement, the duplex steels defects. 20°C to 200°C (x10-6/°C)
should not be used in applications above 250°C Magnetic properties Thermal conductivity [W/m°C] 15 17
for a longer period (See figure 1). The maximum
Duplex stainless steels are more magnetic than aus- Thermal capacity [J/kg°C] 500 560
temperature and strength value depends on grade and Table 3. Impact toughness. Minimum values
according to EN 10028-7 transverse direction. tenitic grades due to higher ferrite content. Magnets
the design rules being used. Electric resistivity [μΩ/m] 0.8 0.9
cannot, and must not be used to lift Duplex sheets.
LDX 2101 * ®
2304 2205 2507
High energy absorption
The combination of high strength and ductility 20°C 60 60 60 60
gives Outokumpu Duplex a very good ability to
-40°C 27 40 40 40
absorb energy. This makes it a perfect material for
*according to internal specification
16 17
Corrosion fatigue
Corrosion resistance and intergranular corrosion
rebars in concrete does not cause galvanic corrosion
of the carbon steel due to the high pH in concrete.
in a wide range of environments The combination of high mechanical strength and
very good resistance to corrosion gives duplex steels
Galvanic corrosion does not occur between different
grades of stainless steels as long as both grades are
superior corrosion fatigue strength. Due to the passive.
duplex microstructure and low carbon content, the
The corrosion resistance of Outokumpu Duplex is generally very good. Atmospheric corrosion
duplex grades have a good resistance to intergranular
The resistance is especially good in environments like halide-containing
(intercrystalline) corrosion. Atmospheric corrosion is not a unique form of cor-
media, oxidising acids, and hot alkaline solutions. This means that for
rosion, but a collective term to denote the corrosion
example, heat exchangers, water heaters, offshore equipment, storage Erosion corrosion of surfaces in the atmosphere. When stainless steel is
tanks, evaporators and flue gas cleaning equipment greatly benefit from
Stainless steel in general offers good resistance to exposed to an aggressive atmosphere it is primarily
the material properties of duplex steels greatly.
erosion corrosion. Duplex grades are especially good stained, this is sometimes referred to as tea staining,
due to their combination of high surface hardness and but it can also be attacked by localised corrosion with
good corrosion resistance. time, particularly at high chloride levels as in marine
Uniform corrosion atmospheres. Today there is a duplex grade available
The uniform corrosion resistance is generally consid- Galvanic corrosion for all types of atmospheres.
ered good if the corrosion rate is less than 0.1 mm/ Galvanic corrosion may occur when two dissimilar
year Due to their high chromium content, duplexes metals are electrically connected (as by welding) in The Outokumpu Corrosion Handbook
offer excellent corrosion resistance in many media, an electrolyte. Stainless steel is in most cases nobler For more information on corrosion and corrosion
®
especially in alkalic solutions. LDX 2101 has, in than other metallic materials. The most noble metal is resistance in different media is plural of medium,
most cases, a better resistance than 4307 and in some protected while the less noble metal is more severely please see the Outokumpu Corrosion Handbook. You
cases as good as 4404. Grade 2304 is in most cases attacked. Stainless steel in contact with carbon steel can obtain your own copy from your local sales office.
equivalent to 4404, while the other more highly-
alloyed duplex steels show even better resistance.
Table 5. shows PRE values for different grades. LDX 2101®
Pitting and crevice corrosion: heat Outokumpu steel name PRE has a higher pitting and crevice corrosion resistance than
4307. Grade 2304 is on the same level as the conventional
exchangers, water heaters, offshore 4307 18
molybdenum alloyed steel 4404, while 2205 is on a level with
equipment, storage tanks etc. LDX 2101 ®
26 904L. The duplex grade 2507 has a similar resistance as 254
SMO®.
The resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion is often 4404 24
illustrated by the pitting resistance equivalent (PRE) 2304 26
for the material. The most commonly used formula
904L 34
for PRE is:
2205 35
4307 ldx 2101® 4404 2304 4436 2205 904l 2507 254 SMO®
18 19
Table 6. Characteristic heat treatment temperatures, °C, for duplex stainless steels.
Hot forming 1100 - 900 1100 - 900 1150 - 950 1200 - 1025
Quench annealing 1020 - 1080 950 - 1050 1020 - 1100 1040 - 1120
Outokumpu Duplex offers excellent opportunities to constructing
challenging and durable structures. However, due to the high Stress relief annealing 1020 - 1080 950 - 1050 1020 - 1100 1040 - 1120
strength of the material, the working process is in some points
different than with austenitic or ferritic steels. Outokumpu is here
to help you with every possible technical detail. We can provide
you with necessary training, computer simulations and further Table 7. Welding consumables.
instructions.
Product form ISO Designation Typical composition, % Ferrite
C Cr Ni Mo N FN
Welding Welding of LDX 2101®
Outokumpu Duplex can be welded with most of the
Covered electrode 23 7 NL* 0.04 23.5 7.0 0.3 0.14 45
methods used for austenitic stainless steel:
• Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) Solid wire (MIG, TIG, SAW) 23 7 NL* 0.02 23.0 7.5 0.3 0.14 40
• Gas tungsten arc welding TIG (GTAW) Flux cored wire 23 7 NL* 0.03 24.0 9.0 0.3 0.14 35
• Gas metal arc welding MIG (GMAW)
Welding of 2304
• Flux-cored arc welding (FCAW)
• Plasma arc welding (PAW) Covered electrodes 23 7 NL* 0.02 24.5 9.0 0.2 0.12 30
• Submerged arc welding (SAW) Solid wire 23 7 NL* 0.02 23.5 7.5 0.3 0.14 40
• Others: Laser, resistance and high frequency (HF)
Flux cored wire 23 7 NL* 0.03 24.5 9.0 0.2 0.14 35
welding
Welding of 2205
In general, the biggest issue with welding Outokumpu
Duplex is to maintain the phase balance in the heat Covered electrodes (ISO 3581 22 9 3 NL 0.02 23.0 9.5 3.0 0.15 30
affected zone without precipitations. The chemical
Solid wire (ISO14343) 22 9 3 NL 0.02 23.0 8.5 3.1 0.17 45
composition balances the microstructure, and it is
important to have the right welding consumable and Flux cored wire (ISO 17633) 22 9 3 NL 0.03 23.0 9.0 3.2 0.13 45
the right procedure.
Welding of 2507
Different welding procedure: basic rules
Covered electrode (ISO 3581) 25 9 4 NL 0.03 25.5 10.0 3.6 0.23 30
1. weld without preheating
2. allow the material to cool between passes, Solid wire (ISO 14343) 25 9 4 NL 0.02 25.0 9.5 4.0 0.25 45
preferably to below 150°C. For 2507 ≤ 100°C
* Filler for 2205 can be used for most applications
3. duplex filler material is needed and recommended
with the exception for LDX 2101® which may be
welded without filler material in some cases
Welding to other steels including carbon steels Post Fabrication treatment
4. the arc energy recommended by Outokumpu Outokumpu Duplex can be easily welded to other In order to restore the stainless steel surface and
should be kept
steels including carbon steels. The filler type can be achieve good corrosion resistance, it is often necessary
5. the heat input should be adapted to the steel considered, e.g. for stress relieving, it should be car- of duplex. When duplex steels are welded to carbon to perform a post fabrication treatment. Outokumpu
grade and adjusted to the thickness of the welded ried out in accordance with the temperatures stated steels an alternative is to use a filler of 23Cr13Ni2Mo Duplex supports all different methods available, such
material in Table 6, but with the minimum temperature type. The risk of galvanic corrosion can be avoided by as brushing, blasting, grinding and pickling. Which
6. edge preparation angle should be about 10°C increased with 30-50°C, to secure full dissolution shielding the joints from moistening. In most cases method to apply depends on what type of imperfec-
greater and the land should be somewhat smaller of intermetallic phase in the weld metal. duplex filler offers more strength and better corrosion tions shall be removed, but also on needs to corrosion
compared to welding standard austenitics 8. GTAW and PAW methods: addition of resistance. When joining duplex to super austenitic resistance, hygiene and aesthetics.
7. if welded with filler, post-weld annealing is nitrogen (1-2%) in the shielding/purging gas steels, please contact Outokumpu for assistance. Filler
not necessary. In cases where heat treatment is is recommended metals for joining similar duplex steels, see table 7.
20 21
Forming Sharp Tools
Outokumpu Duplex is suitable for all forming
techniques. The higher strength and the lower
Use cutting tools with a positive geometry. The duplex
grades are very adaptive to work hardening. A dull
Product assortment and services
elongation compared to austenitic stainless steel geometry will generate a hard surface and decrease the
will however impose some differences in forming tool life.
behaviour: generally higher force is needed. On Outokumpu Duplex is available in various
the other hand, since duplex design often implies Avoid “build up edge” shapes and sizes to suit your needs.
downgauging, the force level can be similar to Stainless steels have a tendency to stick to the tool.
austenitics. If the forming technique is not already Problems occur when the cutting speed is too low. • HRP(P), Quarto Plate
decided, we recommend to choose the most The biggest difference between carbon steel and • CPP(H), coil and plate
appropriate one for duplex stainless steels. stainless steels when machining is that you face into • CR (C), coil and sheet
problems if you are running too slow. The result will
Machining • Billet, wire rod, bar and rebar
be bad surface finish and short tool life. The problem
• Welded tube, pipe, fittings and threaded fittings
The high strength will of course effect the is solved by increasing the cutting speed.
machinability, but not as much as expected. • Structural sections, DUPROFTM
• Fasteners and fittings
Some information, good to have in mind when LDX 2101 ®
machining duplex, is given below: ®
The lean duplex grade LDX 2101 have superior
Our Added value services ease your project and offer
machinability compared to other duplex grades.
Stable setup Even if you compare with the low alloyed standard ways to save expenses at critical points
Due to the higher strength the cutting forces will be ®
austenitic grades LDX 2101 , is easier to machine.
• Edge preparation
higher. That will increase the risk of vibrations. The
trick is to have a stable setup. Use the shortest possible For more information on various topics, • Cut to shape
tool extension good and rigid clamping. please contact us. • Bending
• Surface finishing: 2B, 2E, 1D
• Polishing
Table 8. • Construction kits
• Prefabrication
Things to consider • Modified chemical analysis
• Slitted coils
Cutting, Maximum thickness for shearing and punching is 80-85% of that • Package solutions
shearing of austenitic steel
• Welding advice
• Technical support/Project administration
Roll bending More bending force will be needed compared to other stainless
steels. Through the downgauging, this effect will however be
smaller than anticipated. The springback due to the higher strength ‘2B’ surface finish – perfect for surface finish in duplex stainless steels, which most
is large when roll bending.
food & health sectors often fulfills the industry surface requirements
Surface finish characteristics are not merely a question without any further surface treatment – saving both
Break Avoid sharp bending radius. Minimum ratio between inner radius Cane Creek’s World Bicycle of appearance. The quality affects to the corrosion time and money.
bending to sheet thickness should not be less than 2. Relief Reserve Headset made resistance as well as cleansability of dirt and bacteria,
out of LDX 2101®.
which is paramount in the food industry and health See our product programme at
sector. Outokumpu can additionally offer a ‘2B’ www.outokumpu.com/prodprog
Deep If drawing is dominant, formability is comparable to austenitic
drawing stainless steel. If stretching is dominant, formability is closer to
ferritic steels.
Table 9.
Roll forming The high strength of the sheet has to be considered in the design
of the rolls. If this is made properly there are no problems in roll Product Type of process route Surface finish
forming Duplex.
1D Hot rolled, heat treated, pickled. Rough and dull. Standard for the most steel types to ensure good
corrosion resistance; also common finish for further
Tooling use Strong, durable tools (hardness, HRC larger than 500, Ra-value processing.
preferably lower than 0.2 micrometers).
2E Cold rolled, heat treated, mechanically descaled Rough and dull. Light cold rolling can be carried out
followed by pickling. for thin hot rolled strips
Lubrication Because of the high strength of Outokumpu Duplex and extreme
pressure additives are useful in complex forming operations. 2B Cold rolled, heat treated, pickled, skin passed or by Smooth surface with low lustre
levelling (as in Avesta Works).
22 23
This document does not constitute a recommendation or a contractual commitment on the part of Outokumpu.
What makes Outokumpu special is total customer focus – all the way, from R&D to delivery. You have the idea.
We offer world-class stainless steel, technical know-how and support. We activate your ideas.
www.outokumpu.com