Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Prepared by:
Hawraz Faris Saadi
BSN, Master Student
Introduction
1. Ischemic stroke
2. Hemorrhagic stroke
11/9/2017 3
Ischemic stroke
11/9/2017 4
Ischemic stroke Cont.
11/9/2017 5
Hemorrhagic stroke
11/9/2017 6
Types of hemorrhagic stroke
11/9/2017 7
Signs and symptoms
11/9/2017 8
11/9/2017 9
1. Early recognition
11/9/2017 10
2. Subtypes
11/9/2017 11
2. Subtypes Cont.
a) Loss of consciousness
b) Headache
c) vomiting usually occur more often in hemorrhagic stroke
than in thrombosis because of the increased intracranial
pressure from the leaking blood compressing the brain.
d) If symptoms are maximal at onset, the cause is more
likely to be a subarachnoid hemorrhage or an embolic
stroke
11/9/2017 13
Risk Factors
11/9/2017 15
1. RISK ASSESSMENT
11/9/2017 16
A. Risk factor screening
11/9/2017 17
A. Risk factor screening Cont.
11/9/2017 18
B. Global risk estimation
11/9/2017 20
2. RISK INTERVENTION
11/9/2017 21
A. SMOKING
Goal:
Complete cessation. No exposure to environmental tobacco
smoke.
Recommendations :
1) Ask about tobacco use status at every visit.
2) In a clear, strong, and personalized manner, advise every
tobacco user to quit.
11/9/2017 22
A. SMOKING Cont.
11/9/2017 23
B. BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL
Goal:
I. <140/90 mm Hg
II. <130/85 mm Hg if renal insufficiency or heart failure is
present
III. <130/80 mm Hg if diabetes is present
11/9/2017 24
B. BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL Cont.
Recommendations :
1) Promote healthy lifestyle modification. Advocate weight
reduction; reduction of sodium intake; consumption of
fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products; moderation
of alcohol intake; and physical activity in persons with BP
of >130 mm Hg systolic or 80 mm Hg diastolic.
2) For persons with renal insufficiency or heart failure,
initiate drug therapy if BP is > 130 mm Hg systolic or 85 mm
Hg diastolic (>80 mm Hg diastolic for patients with
diabetes).
11/9/2017 25
B. BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL Cont.
11/9/2017 26
C. DIETARY INTAKE
11/9/2017 27
C. DIETARY INTAKE Cont.
11/9/2017 28
D. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
11/9/2017 29
D. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Cont.
Goal:
Achieve and maintain desirable weight (body mass index 18.5–
24.9 kg/m2). When body mass index is >25 kg/m2, waist
circumference at iliac crest level < 40 inches in men, < 35
inches in women.
11/9/2017 31
E. WEIGHT MANAGEMENT Cont.
Recommendations :
Initiate weight-management program through caloric
restriction and increased caloric expenditure as appropriate.
For overweight/obese persons, reduce body weight by 10% in
first year of therapy.
11/9/2017 32
F. DIABETES MANAGEMENT
Goal: Normal fasting plasma glucose (< 110 mg/dL) and near
normal HbA1c (< 7%).
Recommendations :
1) Initiate appropriate hypoglycemic therapy to achieve near-
normal fasting plasma glucose or as indicated by near-
normal HbA1c.
2) First step is diet and exercise.
3) Second-step therapy is usually oral hypoglycemic drugs.
4) Third-step therapy is insulin.
11/9/2017 33
Secondary prevention
1) Secondary prevention must be seen as a continuation of
primordial prevention and primary prevention, It forms
an important part of an overall strategy.
2) The aim of secondary prevention is to prevent the
recurrence and progression of Stroke.
3) Despite advances in treatment
11/9/2017 34
Tertiary prevention
1. To prevent complication
2. Rehabilitations
a) Motor-skill exercises. These exercises can
help improve your muscle strength and
coordination. You might have therapy to
strengthen your swallowing
11/9/2017 35
Tertiary prevention Cont.
b) Mobility training :You might learn to use
mobility aids, such as a walker, canes,
wheelchair or ankle brace
c) Constraint-induced therapy. An unaffected
limb is restrained while you practice moving
the affected limb to help improve its
function.
11/9/2017 36
Tertiary prevention Cont.
d) Range-of-motion therapy. Certain exercises
and treatments can ease muscle tension
(spasticity) and help you regain range of
motion.
e) Functional electrical stimulation. Electricity
is applied to weakened muscles, causing them
to contract.
11/9/2017 37
Tertiary prevention Cont.
f) Robotic technology. Robotic devices can
assist impaired limbs with performing
repetitive motions,
g) Therapy for cognitive disorders.
Occupational therapy and speech therapy can
help you with lost cognitive abilities, such as
memory, processing, problem-solving, social
skills, judgment and safety awareness.
11/9/2017 38
Tertiary prevention Cont.
h) Therapy for communication disorders.
Speech therapy can help you regain lost
abilities in speaking, listening, writing and
comprehension.
i) Alternative medicine. Treatments such as
massage, herbal therapy, acupuncture and
oxygen therapy are being
11/9/2017 39
References
1. Nicki R., Brian R., Stuart H., (2010) Davidson’s Principles and Practice of
Medicine.
2. Park K. (2015) Park’s textbook of preventive and social medicine.
3. http://professional.heart.org/professional/index.jsp
4. http://www.strokesocietyphil.org/files/chapter-3.pdf
5. http://www.stroke.org/understand-stroke/what-stroke
6. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stroke/in-depth/stroke-
rehabilitation/art-20045172