4.3 Susunan Sistem Saraf, Fgs Sinaps & Substansi Transmitter

SUSUNAN
SISTEM SARAF,
FUNGSI SYNAPS
DAN
SUBSTANSI TRANSMITTER
Rahma5na B. Herman

Fakultas Kedokteran -‐ Unand
Introduc5on
!   Achieving homeostasis requires system for regula5on
and controlling:
nervous and endocrine systems
-‐ Nervous system: for rapid ac5vi5es
e.g.: -‐ muscle contrac5on
-‐ rate of glandular secre5on
-‐ Endocrine system for metabolic func5ons
e.g.: -‐ chemical reac5ons in cells
-‐ transport of substances through cell
membranes
Overview of Nervous System
!   Sensory division
-‐ Receive sensory input and transmit it into the CNS
!   Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of brain and
spinal cord
-‐ Sensory area
-‐ Associa5on area
-‐ Motor area
!   Motor division
-‐ Transmit motor output to the motor organ
Overview of Nervous System…..
In its func5on, nervous system requires:
!   Receiving sensory input (informa5on):
-‐ Receptor → Primary sensory cortex → Higher sensory
area (secondary sensory cortex) for further elabora5on
and processing of specific sensory input
!   Integra5on and associa5on of the informa5on for planning
of purposeful ac5on
-‐ Associa5on area
!   Providing response to informa5on as motor output
-‐ Higher motor area: programming of movement sequences
→ Primary motor cortex → Effector for ini5a5ng specific
voluntary movement
Neuron
!   Neuron is basic func5onal unit of nervous system
!   Nervous system contains > 100 billion neurons (nerve
cell) which are assembled into complex networks,
consis5ng of:
-‐ Afferent sensory neuron:
begin from the receptor in the sensory organ
-‐ Efferent motor neuron:
leading to effector in motor organ
-‐ Synapses:
anatomically linked of neurons
Neuron
!  Neuron is composed of 3 major parts:
-‐ Soma: main body of neuron
-‐ Axon:
> a single projec5on from soma
> has many separate branches into peripheral nerve
> transmit impulses to the next neuron
> synap5c knobs in the ending, contain vesicles of
transmi]er (synap5c-‐ /neuro-‐transmi]er)
-‐ Dendrite:
> branching projec5ons (extend outward of soma)
> receive impulses from the previous neuron
Neuron…..
!   The axons of neurons are:
-‐ myelinated → myelinated fiber (many neurons)
-‐ unmyelinated → unmyelinated fiber
!   The myelin sheath envelops the axon except at its
ending and at nodes of Ranvier
!   In central nervous system (CNS) most neurons are
myelinated
!   Lost of myelin (such as in mul5ple sclerosis) is
associated with delayed or blocked conduc5on in the
demyelinated axons
Structure of a large neuron in brain
Typical anterior motor neuron
Myelinated fiber
Func5onal Type of Neuron
1. Afferent neuron:
-‐ Without dendrites
-‐ Impuls only from the reseptor
2. Efferent neuron:
-‐ A complete neuron: soma, dendrites and axon
3. Interneuron:
-‐ Type of neurons in CNS (>99 % of neurons in CNS)
-‐ Integra5ng and changing (facilita5on or inhibi5on)
of the impulses or signal
Signal Transmission in Nerve Fiber
!  Unmyelinated fiber: small fibers
-‐ Through sodium ions flow along the fiber
!  Myelinated fiber: large fibers
Saltatory conduc5on: conduc5on from node of Ranvier
to node of Ranvier
-‐ No ions can flow through the thick myelin sheaths of
myelinated fiber
-‐ Ions can flow with ease through the nodes of Ranvier
→ ac5on poten5als are conducted from node to
node
Propaga5on of ac5on poten5als
Saltatory conduc5on
SYNAPTIC AND JUNCTIONAL
TRANSMISSION
Synapses
!   Impulses are transmi]ed from one neuron
(presynap5c neuron) to another neuron (postsynap5c
neuron) at synapses
Transmission of impulses from neuron to muscle cell at
neuromuscular junc5on
!   Essen5al in the homeostasis, since at synapses:
> integra5on and “filtering” of impulses
> excita5on/facilita5on or inhibi5on
!   Type of synapses:
-‐ axodendri5c
-‐ axosoma5c
-‐ axoaxonal
Type of Synapses
1.  Electrical synapse
-‐ Characterized by direct open fluid channels that
conduct electricity from one neuron to the next
-‐ Oien transmit signals in either direc5on
-‐ Most of these consist of small protein tubular
structures: gap junc5ons, that allow free movement
of ions from the anterior of one neuron to the next
-‐ By way of gap junc5ons that ac5on poten5als are
transmi]ed from one smooth muscle fiber to the
next, and from one cardiac muscle cell to the next
Type of Synapses…..
2.  Chemical synapse
-‐ The first neuron secretes at its nerve ending chemical
substance, neurotransmi]er, which in turn acts on
receptor proteins in membrane of the next neuron to
excite or inhibit it:
> excitatory: excitatory postsynap5c poten5al (EPSP)
> inhibitatory: inhibitory postsynap5c poten5al (IPSP)
-‐ “One-‐way” conduc5on at chemical synapses
Signals are transmi]ed from presynap5c neuron that
secretes neurotransmi]er to postsynap5c neuron on
which neurotransmi]er acts
Physiologic anatomy of synapse
Presynap5c Terminals
!   Presynap5c terminal is separated from postsynap5c
neuronal by synap5c clei, width of 200-‐300 angstroms
!   There are 2 internal structures important to func5on of
synapse:
-‐ Transmi]er vesicles contain neurotransmi]er, which
will be released into synap5c clei and in turn will
either excites or inhibits postsynap5c neuron
-‐ Mitochondria provide ATP which in turn supplies
energy for synthesizing new neurotransmi]er
Presynap5c Terminals…..
!   When an ac5on poten5al spreads over a presynap5c
terminal, depolariza5on of its membrane causes a
small number of vesicles to empty neurotransmi]er
into the clei
!   The released neurotransmi]er → immediate change in
permeability characteris5cs of the postsynap5c
neuronal membrane → excita5on or inhibi5on of the
postsynap5c neuron, depending on neuronal receptor
characteris5c
Transmi]er Ac5on on Postsynap5c Neuron
!   Postsynap5c membrane contains large number of
receptor proteins which have 2 important
components:
1. Binding component
2. Ionophore component:
-‐ ion channel:
> ca5on channel, or
> anion channel
-‐ second messenger ac5vator to increase or
decrease specific cellular func5on
> the most common types of second messenger
systems: G-‐proteins
Transmi]er Ac5on on Postsynap5c Neuron…..
!  Ca5on channel:
-‐ Most oien allowing Na ions to pass, also K ions
and/or Ca ions → excite the neuron
-‐ Transmi]er that opens ca5on channels is
excitatory transmi]er
!  Anion channels:
-‐ Allowing mainly Cl ions to pass, and minute
quan55es of other anion → inhibit the neuron
-‐ Transmi]er that opens anion channels is
inhibitory transmi]er
Simple nerve net. Neurons A, B, and C have excitatory endings
on neurons X, Y, and Z
Informa5on Transmission Through Synapse
!   Informa5on is transmi]ed in nervous system mainly in

the form of nerve ac5on poten5als / nerve impulses
!   Each impulse in its transmission may be:
-‐ facilitated or blocked from one neuron to the
next; or
-‐ changed from a single impulse into repe55ve
impulses; or
-‐ integrated with impulses from other neurons to
cause highly intricate pa]erns of impulses in
successive neurons
Synap5c Func5ons in Memory
!   Each 5me certain types of sensory signals pass through
sequences of synapses, then:
-‐ The synapses become more capable of transmimng the
same type of signal the next 5me (facilita5on)
-‐ Aier the large number of 5mes sensory signals passed
through → the synapses become so facilitated
-‐ The synapses can also cause transmission of impulses
through the same sequences of synapses even when
the sensory input is not excited → a percep5on of
experiencing the original sensa5ons, although the
percep5ons are only memories of the sensa5ons
!   Precise mechanisms by which long-‐term facilita5on of
synapses occurs in the memory process are not known
Synap5c Func5ons in Memory…..
!   In the process of memory, require prolonged changes
in neuron for seconds-‐months aier ini5al transmi]er
substance is gone
!   Second messenger causes prolonged effect as follow:
-‐ The ion channels are not suitable for causing
prolonged postsynap5c neuronal changes because
the channels close within milliseconds aier
transmi]er substance is no longer present
-‐ Prolonged postsynap5c neuronal excita5on or
inhibi5on is achieved by ac5va5ng a second
messenger inside postsynap5c neuronal cell itself
NEUROTRANSMITTER
Type of Transmi]er
Small molecule Neuropep5des
!   Rapidly ac5ng → acute !   More prolonged ac5ons
responses
!   Transmission of sensory !   Long-‐term changes in
signals → brain → motor numbers of neuronal
signals back receptors, long-‐term
opening or closure of
certain ion channels, long-‐
term changes in numbers
of synapses or size of
synapses
Table. Examples of co localiza5on of small-‐molecules transmi]ers with
neuropep5des
Small Molecule Transmi]er
!   Synthesized in cytosol of presynap5c terminal and are
absorbed by ac5ve transport into many transmi]er
vesicles in terminal
!   If ac5on poten5al reaches presynap5c terminal →
transmi]er released into synap5c clei → act on
postsynap5c neuron
!   The vesicles that store and release small-‐molecule
transmi]ers are con5nually recycled and used over
and over again
Small-‐Molecule Transmi]er…..
!   Acetylcholine
-‐ Secreted by neurons especially:
> terminals of large pyramidal cells from motor cortex
> neuron in basal ganglia
> motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles
> preganglionic neuron of autonomic nervous system
> postganglionic of parasympathe5c nervous system
> some of postganglionic sympathe5c nervous system
-‐ Most ACh has excitatory effect, however it has inhibitory
effects at some peripheral parasympathe5c nerve
endings such as inhibi5on of heart by nervus vagus
!   Norepinephrine
-‐ Secreted by terminals of many neurons whose cell
bodies are located in brain stem and hypothalamus
-‐ Specifically NE secre5ng neurons located in locus
cereleus in pons send nerve fibers to widespread areas
of brain to help control overall ac5vity and mood of
mind, such as increasing level of wakefulness
-‐ In most of these areas, NE probably ac5vates excitatory
receptors, but in a few area it ac5vates inhibitory
receptors
-‐ NE is also secreted by most postganglionic neurons of
sympathe5c nervous system
!   Dopamine
-‐ Secreted by neurons that originate in substan5a nigra
-‐ Effect of dopamine is usually inhibi5on
!   Glycine
-‐ Secreted mainly at synapses in spinal cord
-‐ It is believed to always act as an inhibitory transmi]er
!   GABA (gamma-‐aminobutyric acid)
-‐ Secreted by nerve terminals in spinal cord, cerebellum,
basal ganglia, and many areas of cortex
-‐ It is believed always to cause inhibi5on
!   Glutamate
-‐ Secreted by presynap5c terminals in many of sensory
pathways entering CNS, in many areas of cerebral cortex
-‐ Probably always causes excita5on
!   Serotonin
-‐ Secreted by nuclei that originate in brain stem and project
to many areas in brain and spinal cord, especially to
dorsal horns of spinal cord and to hypothalamus
-‐ Acts as an inhibitor of pain pathways in spinal cord
-‐ Inhibitor ac5on in higher regions of nervous system is
believed to help control mood, perhaps to cause sleep
!   Nitric oxide
-‐ Secreted by nerve terminals in areas of brain responsible
for long-‐term behavior and for memory
-‐ It is not performed and stored in vesicles
-‐ It is synthesized almost instantly as needed
-‐ It postsynap5c neuron, it is usually does not greatly alter
membrane poten5al, but changes intracellular metabolic
func5ons that modify neuronal excitability for seconds,
minutes, or perhaps even longer
Neuropep5des
!   Synthesized as integral parts of large-‐protein
molecules by ribosomes in neuron and transported in
vesicles
!   Aier releasing the transmi]er in response to ac5on
poten5al, the vesicle is autolyzed and not reused
!   The amount of transmi]er in each releasing much
smaller quan55es than small-‐molecule transmi]er
!   Generally ≥ 1000 more 5mes as potent as small-‐
molecule transmi]er and much prolonged ac5ons, last
for days, months or years
Fate of the Released Neurotransmi]er
!   Received by postsynap5c neuron → impulses
transmission
!   Re-‐transported or re-‐uptake into presynap5c neuron
that secreted the transmi]er neuron
!   Neurotransmi]er remaining in the synap5c clei
immediately destroyed by the enzyme (e.g.
acetylcholine destroyed by cholinesterase)
Biochemical events at cholinergic endings.
Ach, acetylcholine; ASE, acetylcholine esterase; X, receptor of neurotransmi]er

4.3 Susunan Sistem Saraf, Fgs Sinaps & Substansi Transmitter

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Descrição original:

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

4.3 Susunan Sistem Saraf, Fgs Sinaps & Substansi Transmitter

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

SUSUNAN

Rahma5na B. Herman

!   Informa5on is transmi]ed in nervous system mainly in

Você também pode gostar

4.3 Susunan Sistem Saraf, Fgs Sinaps &amp; Substansi Transmitter

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Descrição original:

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

4.3 Susunan Sistem Saraf, Fgs Sinaps &amp; Substansi Transmitter

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

SUSUNAN

Rahma5na B. Herman

! Informa5on is transmi]ed in nervous system mainly in

Você também pode gostar

4.3 Susunan Sistem Saraf, Fgs Sinaps & Substansi Transmitter

4.3 Susunan Sistem Saraf, Fgs Sinaps & Substansi Transmitter

!   Informa5on is transmi]ed in nervous system mainly in