TASK 01

Main features of Tourism Development Planning:

Various Approaches of Tourism Planning:
When we are thinking about planning we have to think about future
generation. Without thinking future generation planning will be a
poor planning. There are two types of approaches of Tourism
planning and development. Those are as follows:
(1) Proactive Planning:
This is a develop strategies to secure desired development path.
Generally this approaches of planning used in primary period of
planning. For the better implementation of this approach persons
need a profound knowledge of local economy, SWOT Analysis etc.
(2) Chaos Theory:
This is a reactive scheme to any unexpected events. Generally this
approaches used in the later part of planning.
For our Tourism Planning and development we need to adopt or
implement both approaches.

(3) Sustainable Development Planning:

This is such kinds of planning which looks for future generations as

well as the present development. Basically this is a very new idea in
tourism development planning. It becomes very popular day by
day.

Compare and contrast between various approaches:

(1) Proactive Planning:
• This is the primary planning approach.
• Needs a vast quantity of knowledge like; local economy,
structure, SWOT Analysis etc.
(2) Chaos theory:
• This is not the primary planning approach, it uses in later on.
If any unexpected situation will arise then we will use it.
• For applying this approaches vast knowledge is not essential.

(3) Sustainable development planning:

• This is such kind of planning where main consideration is
future generation. Its main view to keep the rights of future
generations.

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 • Profound knowledge in sustainable tourism development is
essential.
Consideration during Planning:

Environmental Planning:
o Our aim is to minimise the negative effects of tourism by
controlling the development.
o Similar facilities – we have to arrange similar facility that will
not affect the environment.
o Pedestrian zones – Don’t allow car in some specific area.
o Park and ride services – To avoid the traffic public can park
their car outside of the town and they can take shuttle train or
bus to come into the city. This practice is very popular in
London, UK.
o Drop-off points, coach parking – some specific coach service
are needs to be allowed.

Economical Planning:
o Our aim is to maximise the positive effects of tourism.
o To employ the local peoples as many as possible because
that’s the only way money goes to local peoples.
o Making product more affordable – this is a one way to attract
the customer, on the other hand they will buy some product
elsewhere and it helps to collect more revenues. Like – British
National Museums are free from 2001.

Social Planning:
o In our planning, we have to ensure money comes from
tourism will invest in the local community projects.
o Increase the standard of living of local community.
o Provide stuff training for the improvements of local peoples.
Like training for guides, receptionist, cashiers, catering etc.
o Provide Tourism education for the local community. In that
concern local government are responsible for that.
o Provide education for tourist. As a result tourist will be very
much conscious about their habit and activities. Tourist will
come to the destination and might not disturb the local
peoples but improve the local peoples.

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Different Development Planning Layers:

Tourism development planning can take place at international,

national and sub national levels.

International Tourism Planning:

o This level of planning is very weak in structure, lacks
enforcement.
o They can only provide the guideline or how to develop, but
the local
Govt. can take it or may be ignore it. They can’t impose rules
but only guideline for the local govt.
o Planning is in only national level but not global scale.

National Tourism Planning:

For tourism development, local government is the ultimate
responsible for tourism development. For tourism development they
have to the following things:
o Tourism Policy
o Marketing Strategies
o Taxation structure
o Incentives/Grants
o Legislation
o Infrastructure development
o Transport system
o Educational/Training programmes etc.

Regional Tourism Planning:

o This is more detailed and specific planning than the National
level. They work in harmony with the national objectives.
o Sometimes certain types of tourism in different specific
region.
o Like Kent Tourism policy: countryside rural tourism, festival,
Art Exhibitions etc.

Local Tourism Planning:

Local peoples have to provide the local all information to the tourist.
This can be done by following ways:
o Provide Brochures, Map, Magazine etc. to the tourist.
o Posters and Displays.
o Provide official guides to the tourist.

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Significance of interactive planning systems and processes in
tourism development:
⇒ In Tourism development planning, it is very important to
bring all the stakeholder altogether otherwise our planning
will not be successful. Before planning we have to listen and
respects the views from all the stakeholder. We our planning
participation of all peoples is very important.
⇒ In our planning we have to coordinate all the different layers
of tourism development.
⇒ We have to follow up the guidelines provided by international
organizations.
⇒ We have to provides/suggests guidelines for the local level
tourism planning.
⇒ In our planning we have to ensure the communication
between up to bottom and bottom to up.

Different methods of tourist impact measurement:

The impacts of tourism expenditure are generally consider under

three headings. Those are as follows:
♦ Direct Effects
♦ Indirect Effects
♦ Induced Effects

The direct effects of tourism arise from expenditure by tourists,

which immediately generate income for businesses and households,
employment and revenue from taxation.

The indirect effects arise as initial income received by households,

government and local businesses is re-spent on activities necessary
to provide the products and services purchased by tourists.

The induced effects arise in each stage where some tourism

expenditure is lost because it is used to purchase imported goods
and services. These losses from the system are generally referred
to as leakages.

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[Source: Professor Christine Ennew , Som Nath Chib Memorial
Lecture, Feb 14th 2003 and
Websites: http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/ttri/pdf/2003_5.pdf]

There are some methods available to measure tourists impact.

Those are as follows:
1) Traditional indicators (international arrivals spend figure).
2) Cambridge Economic Impact Model.
3) Environmental impact studies.
4) New approach to measure change over time.

(1) Traditional indicators (international arrivals spend

figure).
This is a traditional indicators method. In this methods there is
some indicators to measure the tourism impacts. These are the
total number of international tourists arrival and how much is their
spending figure. This is a very old methods to measure the impact
of tourism.

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(2) Cambridge Economic Impact Model:

This is a model which is used to calculate how tourism affects in

community. This is computer based spreadsheet model. It produces
estimates from existing national and local information of tourism
activities. It generates data on total amount spent by visitors,
income for local residents created by spending, number of jobs
supported by visitor spending.

Objectives:
Value of tourism spending and impact of this spending on different
sectors of the local economy in terms of jobs supported.
Uses:
It helps to provide data on accommodation stock ( how many
hotels/beds are in this area),local occupancy rates, population,
employment, local wage rates and visit to attractions.

(3) Environmental Impact Studies:

It helps the developer to evaluates overall effect of development
considering. Those are as follows:
♦ Development costs.
♦ All possible benefits and who will be benefited.
♦ Who might be adversely affected by development.
♦ Is there any different way of developing.
♦ How to minimise negative impacts of tourism.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA):

This is a multidisciplinary approach which combining evaluation of
economic aspects of a project (based on cost-benefit ratio) with
environmental consequences.
♦ It helps to find how much cost and how much benefits we are
getting from the cost. Generally benefits are greater than
cost.
♦ Prediction of the environmental impacts.
♦ Analysis of possible alternatives.
♦ It helps to define feasible remedial actions and minimizing
measures.

(4) New approach to measure changes over time:

Pro Poor Tourism:

This is a specific approach of tourism development. This is one kind
of tourism that results in increased net benefits for poor people. Its
main aims is to poor people will be benefited from whatever we
decided for tourism development.

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 ♦ It enhances the linkages between tourism businesses and
poor people.
♦ Any kind of development can be involved in pro-poor tourism
– a small lodge, an urban hotel etc.
♦ It helps to expansion of employment and local wages.
Training up the local peoples.
♦ It helps to expansion of business opportunity for local
peoples.
♦ It’s a more supportive policy and planning framework for
locals.
♦ It increased participation of poor local peoples in decision
making stage.
♦ It increased flow of information and communication among
local peoples by meetings, report backs, sharing news and
plans etc.

Responsible Tourism:
This is a one kind of tourism that making sure tourism organisations
look after the destinations and keep the resources and attractions
for local peoples or for future visitors. Basically it’s about moral
ethical tourism. It has some certain criteria. Those are as follows:
♦ Ensuring Tourism cares for the environment.
♦ Providing opportunities for local people.
♦ Education for tourists. Its helps the tourist to know how to
behave at tourism destination, how to take care of
environment etc.

Compare and contrast between different methods of tourism

impact measurement:

(1) Traditional indicators (international arrivals spend figure).

o In this there is some indicators that reflects the tourism
impacts. Those indicators are the total number of
international tourists arrival and how much is their spending
figure.
o This is a very old methods to measure the impact of tourism.
o This is not a popular method.

(2) Cambridge Economic Impact Model.

o This is computer based spreadsheet model.
o This is much more better than previous model.
o It produces data on total amount spent by visitors, income for
local residents created by spending, number of jobs supported
by visitor spending etc.

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 o This is the most popular model to measure the tourism
impacts.
o It does not cover the environmental impact of tourism.
(3) Environmental impact studies.
o This is a multidisciplinary approach which combining
evaluation of economic aspects of tourism (based on cost-
benefit ratio) with environmental consequences.
o This evaluates overall effects of development considering.

(4) New approach to measure change over time.

o This is one kind of tourism that results in increased net
benefits for poor people.
o Its main emphasis is the poor peoples of the society.
o It enhances the linkages between tourism business and poor
peoples.
o Day by day it becomes very popular.

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 TASK 02

Sustainable Tourism:
According to Bruntland Report (1987), “Sustainable tourism
development is a development which meets the needs of the
present generation without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs”.
According to World Tourism Organization (WTO), Sustainable
tourism development meets the needs of present tourists and host
regions while protecting and enhancing opportunity for the future. It
is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a
way that economic, social, and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while
maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, and
biological diversity, and life support systems.
The concept of sustainable development originated in the World
Conservation Strategy published by World Conservation Unit (IUCN)
in 1980. But it was popularised after 7 years in1987.

Planning for Sustainable Tourism:

In our planning the Triple Bottom Line concept is very important.
The Triple Bottom Line or 3BL is People, Planet and Profit. We cant
make any development without these three things. When we are
making our plan we have to consider these three things. The
concept of TBL demands responsibily to stakeholders rather than
shareholders.
WTTC (World Travel & Tourism Council) provides 10 principles as a
guidelines for the Sustainable tourism development planning.

When we are going to think any sort of tourism development we

have to follows these guidelines. In the development planning of
Suvalatu Island we have to consider or following these principles.

Factors that could be prevent the sustainable tourism

development:

⇒ Planner fails to co-ordinate or get altogether.

Planners experience is very important in planning. If the
planners are not well experienced then sometimes they fails
to co-ordinate all the things altogether.
⇒ Environment is constantly changing (out of control).

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 Environment is changing constantly, sometimes it beyond our
limits. That’s why sometimes our planning becomes failed.

⇒ Failure as a result of lack of experience.

Experience is very important for sustainable tourism
development. Sometimes due to lack of experiences we could
not take a proper decision for a sustainable tourism
development.
⇒ Caring capacity exceeded.
Every thing has a certain caring capacity. Sometimes our
destination crossed it limits. As a result it prevents the
sustainable tourism development.
⇒ Failed to market assessment.
In planning, market assessment carries a very important role.
Generally without market assessment planning will never get
a success. If the planner fails to assess the market then the
planning will never be good. In that case planners need some
expertise in market analysis.
⇒ Fails to implement the plans.
In implementation stage if the responsible authority fails to
implement the plan. In that case experiences is very
important.

Main stages in planning for sustainable tourism development

and apply in the case study (Suvalatu Island):
The concept of planning is concern with organising some future
events in order to achieve pre-specified objectives. Integrated
planning and development is a form of comprehensive planning:
comprehensive because it integrates all forms of planning-
economic, physical, social and cultural. The main stages in
sustainable tourism development planning are as follows:

1) Analysis – where are we now?

Firstly we have to analyse our current situation of Suvalatu Island
that will help us to find out where are we now. In that case SWOT
analysis of Suvalatu Island can help us to find out the present
situation of this island.

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If we go through the SWOT analysis of Suvalatu Island, we will find
out the following things:

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

• Natural and mixed forests • Infrastructural and

which are contain rich
biodiversity which are
virtually untouched.
• Diverse heritage and culture.
• Well-known for hospitality.
• Naturally resourceful.
• White sand beaches.
• “Suvalatu” can attract niche
markets.
superstructure deficiencies.
• Only entrance from “Tahiti”
by boat
• Few tourist facilities
• Low standards
communication vehicles
• Accommodation facility is
not good enough

OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

• Beach tourism. • Natural

• Swimming, Diving, Sailing,
Fishing, Snorkelling etc.
• Health Tourism.
• Adventure Tourism.
disasters/weather/typhoons
• Climate change rising sea
levels.
• Influx of tourism can lead to
demonstration effect on
small islands.

My findings for Suvalatu island are as follows:

 Suvalatu is a remote island.
 They have few tourist facility.
 Only entrance is from Tahiti by boat.
 Accomodation standard is very low.
 Insufficient communication vehicle.

2) Survey of resources and existing facilities

Before setting objectives it is vital to do a survey about what

resources do we have in our island. That will help us to get a
knowledge about the present resources and existing facilities of
Suvalatu island. In that case SWOT analysis will help to this
information.
My findings for Suvalatu island are as follows:
 Natural and mixed forests.

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  Diverse heritage and culture.
 Good hospitality of local peoples.
 White and sand beaches.
 Overall naturally resourceful

3) Market evaluation
Before setting an objective it is very important to do a market
evaluation of Suvalatu island. Now we find out what is the market
for suvalatu island.
In that case my findings for Suvalatu island are as follows:
 They have a good market for tourism especially the
beaches that can attract the tourist.
 They have natural forests and mountains that can be
attract the adventure lovers tourist.
 They have white sand beaches that is another attraction
for tourist.

4) Planning – where do we want to be?

The results from the analysis and survey data will help us to find
out a number of possibilities of development strategies. Then we
have to evaluate them in terms of their potential economic, physical
and socio-cultural coasts and benefits. Then we have to choose our
planning according to where do we want to be.

For Suvalatu Island, where we want to be:

 Development of infrastructure and superstructure of
Suvalatu island but in a certain level.
 Development should be sustainable.
 Quality with tourism not quantity.
 Development will not allow any sort of damage in any
natural resources.
 Living standard of local people should be increase.
From that point of view we have select which sector needs to be
develop and which way. And it is very important to make an
alternative plan in terms of our plan failure.

5) Setting of Objectives

In order to design a development plan successfully it is necessary to

have a clear understanding of the objectives that are to be achieved
by the development of this island.

For Suvalatu Island, our objectives are as follows:

 Increase employment Opportunity: We have to create job

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 opportunity for the local peoples of Suvalatu island. We have
to ensure easy accessibility of local peoples in job sector.

 Protection of Natural Resources: We have to concentrates in

our planning on the preservation and conservation of the
natural resources, culture, costume and hospitality they have.
We have to increase a awareness among the local peoples and
tourists about natural resources conservation. If needed, we
have to impose some law for the protection of natural
resources.

 Increase the life style: We have to concentrate ourselves in

our planning to increase the standard of Suvalatu Island
people’s life style. If we will be able to do that then peoples
will feel more attraction on tourism.
 Build up Educational institute and Hospital: We have to build
up school, training institute and hospital for the benefits of
local peoples of Suvalatu Island. It will help them to improve
themselves and a better living standards. As a result, they will
be able to do something for the welfare of themselves.

 Social and Cultural Development: We have to focus on their

cultural and social development through proper planning.

 Infrastructure Development: Finally, we have to concentrate

ourselves in the infrastructural development of Suvalatu
Island. Infrastructure development is the fundamental part of
a society development.

 Minimise negative impacts and maximise positive impact:

Tourism has some negative and positive impacts on the
society. In our planning we have to concentrates in
minimising the negative impacts and maximise the positive
for the all stakeholders of Suvalatu Island.

 Cultural and economical exchange: In our planning we have

to encourage the local peoples to use of tourism for both
cultural and ecomical exchange.

 Up-market tourist: In our planning we have to attract the high

spending up-market tourist.

6) Plan for issues relating to environmental and social

impacts as well as financial returns
In our planning we have to be very sincere about those issues
which are relating with the environment and social. There is no

13
compromise with those issues which are creating damage to the
environment and social life of Suvalatu Island. Moreover, We have
to be very careful about the financial return from the tourism sector
because if the financial return is not good enough compare to invest
In tourism sector then it will not bring a good sign for tourism
sector. So we have to be very careful about that in our planning
process of Suvalatu Island development.

7) Implementation – How can we get there? Or what we

will do?
In planning this is most important and critical part. So in
implementing stage we have to very careful for using our planning
method.
For the implementation of planning of Suvalatu Island, my
consideration are as follows:
 Action plan for quality tourism facility.
 Control and regulations over the use of land.
 All legislation needs to be implement in time.
 We have to coordinate among the private sector development
and public sector development.

8) Monitoring and plan reformulation.

Once the development plan has been implemented it must be
closely monitored in order to detect any deviations that may
occur from the projected path of development. Then we have
to analyse in order to assess how it will affect the development
plan and its objectives. Then we have to modify our planning
in order to stay on target.

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 TASK 03

Methods of resolving the conflict of interests:

In Tourism development planning there are some conflicts raise
between the public and private sector. So we have to take some
initiatives to minimise the rising conflict between these two sectors
to ensure the future well-being of a developing tourism destination.
In this case planning controls are essential to avoid the conflicts
between public and private sector. Sustainability means cooperation
between carriers and operators to ensure development brings long
terms for the local peoples of Suvalatu Island.
Here is some appropriate methods of resolving the conflict of
interests:

The Tourism Industry:

The target of sustainable development is to gain the satisfaction of
guests and tour operators. There will be some indicator to
maintenance of quality tourism and monitor the ecology.
Solution:
 Tourism Council introduce Green Globe award for meeting the
environmental standards.
 Green flag initiative, this is a responsible approach to
marketing and operation.
 AITO initiatives for sustainable development.
 Sometimes enforced to close of bad standard activities.

Examples:
 Cox and Kings British Tour Operator, their customer buying
“environmental journey holidays” and they bought one acre of
rainforest in Belize to kept in natural state.
 Some hotels in Hawaii installed flow regulators on showers to
control water wastage.
[Sources: Class note, Date 27.11.2007]

Tourist/Hotel Relationship:
The relationship between tourist and hotel is superficial, this is not a
natural relationship. The hotel representatives wants money from
tourists that involves financial transactions from tourist to hotel
owner. Relations are unequal due to differences in wealth and
status. Sometimes locals may be debarred from natural facilities
and local culture can be exploited.

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Solution:
Impose some law is the solution of this conflict.

Examples:
In Tongo tourists from cruise ships produced crowded conditions,
children beg from visitors.
In the Caribbean shop attendants serve tourists first and local later
on.
Mt Kilimanjaro(Tanzania), porters obliged to carry loads of up to 60
kg dressed in inadequate clothing.
[Sources: Class note, Date 27.11.2007]

Host community:
We need a develop forms of tourism which will be sympathetic to
the environment as well as it brings the economic benefits for the
local community.

Solution:
♦ Community participation in planning is very essential to minimize
the conflicts.
♦ Put some law.

Examples:
♦ Partnership of ABTA, voluntary service overseas and tourism
concern, produced in flight video highlighting social and cultural
concerns of Mass tourism in Gambia, Thailand, Kenya.
[Sources: Class note, Date 27.11.2007]

Implication of balancing supply and demand:

♦ We have to manage the over flow of visitor by imposing some

tactics. Like Tax impose, input some law etc.
♦ Some area which is over using need to be fencing with a view to
reduce the overuse.
♦ In some cases provide alternative routes or facilities.
♦ If possible dispersing the tourists to different areas.
♦ Zoning tourism will be very suitable in some cases.
♦ Provide education to the tourist and host community.
♦ We have encourage the local peoples for more positive activities.
♦ Government can control the entry of tourists.
Examples:

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 In Butan, limited number of foreign visitors to 15,000 per year;
charges $ 200 per day (with reductions off-season) to reduce
demand.
Mustang (on the border with china, part of Nepal from 1951) was
closed to tourists till 1992. Now 1,000 tourists per year allowed,
charges are $ 700 for 10 day visit.
[Sources: Class note, Date 27.11.2007]

For our future generation we have to adopt some new ideas

especially for developing country for balancing supply and demand
are as follows:
♦ Emphasise the importance of natural environment.
♦ Development planning need to be compatible with
surroundings.
♦ We have to use indigenous materials and labour.
♦ We have to design some new facilities that conserves
energy.
♦ Recycling practice increase.
♦ Ensure the multiple use of land.
♦ We have to use sustainable new/alternative technologies.

Enclave Tourism:
Enclave tourism means an area of a country, region or city that is
occupied by people ethnically or culturally distinct from their
neighbours.
In a word it can be say that separates tourists from community
residents.
It will be long debate that it is a good idea or bad idea. Now I am
going to discuss some points on favour and disfavour of Enclave
tourism.

Favour of Enclave Tourism:

♦ It reduces the chances of environmental damage occur.
♦ Some tourist especially who wants some silence place in his
holiday is very for them.
♦ In some cases this idea is very successful like Dubai.

Disfavour of Enclave Tourism:

♦ Local peoples are not treated equally.
♦ No benefits for the local peoples because tourist are not buying
anything from them.
♦ Make economical leakage- money goes back to its origin.
♦ Some tourist who wants to mix up with the local peoples, in that
case this is not a good idea.

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♦ Local peoples might not be happy on this kind of segregation.
♦ Flow of money in between social peoples reduces.
♦ Revenue earning reduces.

In my concern, This is not a very good idea for overall, but it is very
much effective in some specific places who have at least a certain
level of economic standard.

Methods of resolving a conflict of interests of Suvalatu

Island (Current case study):
For Suvalatu island, when we are going to planning, we have to give
more concentration on to minimise the growing conflicts between
the private and public sector. Private sectors wants money, on the
other hands we have to keep more concentration on to keep rights
of local peoples with a sustainable tourism development. In our
planning we have to avoid the conflict among the public and private
sector. To do this we have to make some law to preserve the all
stakeholders right. Controlling is the another important thing to
minimise the conflict. Here is some way to resolving the conflict of
interests among the stakeholders of Suvalatu Island:
⇒ All community participation in planning process is the best
way to resolving the conflicts.
⇒ Suvalatu Island has a vast natural resources, so we have to
keep them by making some natural resources protecting law.
⇒ We want a such kind of development which will be
sympathetic to the nature as well as bring the economical
benefit for the local peoples.
⇒ We have to make fence in some over uses area to keep those
area which will be overuse in Suvalatu island.
⇒ Good Tourism policy for Suvalatu island will help to minimise
the conflict between different stakeholders.
⇒ Community participation and economical flow in between the
local community is very important to minimise the conflict.
⇒ We have to make some law that will preserve the rights of
local community, like; presentation of their tradition and
culture in front of tourists etc.

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 References

Books

Bruntland Report. 1987. World Commission on Environment and

Development.

Cooper et al. 2005. Tourism Principles and Practice, Third edition, Pearson
Publishing Limited.

Holloway et al. 2005. BTEC Higher National in Travel and Tourism, First
edition, Pearson Publishing Limited.

Websites

http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/ttri/pdf/2003_5.pdf

http://www.sustainableliving.org

http://www.oceansatlas.com/servlet/CDSServlet

Class Notes
Class note, 27.11.2007. Prepared by Class teacher Lila Moshtael

Others
Professor Christine Ennew , Som Nath Chib Memorial Lecture, Feb
14th 2003

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