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Chloride XD1 Moderate All - - C40/50 C32/40 C28/35 <<<< <<<< <<<<
induced humidity 0.45, 340 0.55, 320 0.60, 300
corrosion XD2 Wet, rarely dry I, IIA, IIB-S, - - - C40/50 C32/40 C28/35 <<<< <<<<
excluding SRPC 0.40, 380 0.50, 340 0.55, 320
chlorides IIB-V, IIIA - - - C35/45 C28/35 C25/30 <<<< <<<<
from 0.40, 380 0.50, 340 0.55, 320
seawater IIIB, IVB - - - C32/40 C25/30 C20/25 <<<< <<<<
0.40, 380 0.50, 340 0.55, 320
XD3 Cyclic wet I, IIA, IIB-S, - - - - - C45/55 C40/50 C35/45
and dry SRPC 0.35, 380 0.40, 380 0.45, 360
IIB-V, IIIA - - - - - C35/45 C32/40 C28/35
0.40, 380 0.45, 360 0.50, 340
IIIB, IVB - - - - - C32/40 C28/35 C25/30
0.40, 380 0.45, 360 0.50, 340
Clause 4.4.1.2(2)P
ΔCdur,γ = 0 (additive safety element)
ΔCdur,st = 0 (stainless steel element)
ΔCdur,add = 0 (additional protection)
Clause 4.4.1.2 (2) P, Equation (4.2)
Clause 4.4.1.3(1)P
Allowance for deviation : ΔCdev, = 10 mm
Clause 4.4.1.2(2)P
ΔCdur,γ = 0 (additive safety element)
ΔCdur,st = 0 (stainless steel element)
ΔCdur,add = 0 (additional protection)
Clause 4.4.1.2 (2) P, Equation (4.2)
Clause 4.4.1.3(1)P
Allowance for deviation : ΔCdev, = 10 mm
One-way slabs
Simple span
Moment diagram
span span
span
Step 2: Bending
• Design as if they consists of a series of beam of 1 m breadth.
for beam,
As = M/0.87fykz
Step 3: Shear
• Need to check not to fail in shear
20 mm
c) At least 3 spans that not differ by more than 15% of the longest
span
• As max ≤ 0.04Ac
Step 5: Detailing
Bottom reinforcement is required within the span and top
reinforcement over the supports.
Example
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Step 7: Check deflection
Estimate the percentage of steel required in slab for
bending (generally will be lightly reinforced, i.e. < 0.5%)
Calculate the span/depth ratio using;
span
Design service stress, σs = 310/500 x fyk x Asreq/Asprov
= 5/8 x fyk x Asreq/Asprov
= 5/8 x 500 x 349/393
= 275.3 N/mm²
Modification factor = 310/ σs
= 310/275.3
= 1.12
ρ = Asreq/bd
= 349/1000 x 140
= 0.0025 < ρo = √fck x 10-³
= 0.0025 < ρo = √25 x 10-³
Use equation (7.16a) to calculate the basic span/effective depth ratio
K = 1.3 from Table NA-5 for end span of continuous slab
= 1.5 for interior span
l/d = 54.6
= 54.6 x 1.12
= 61.2
Actual deflection = l/d
= 4500/140
= 32 < 61.2
Therefore the deflection OK. The proposed slab thickness (170mm thick) is
sufficient.
TWO WAY SLAB
General Considerations
• Solid slab is classified as two way slab when the ratio of
Solid Slab
• Msx and Msy are the moments at mid-span on strip of unit width
with span Lx and Ly respectively
Asy
Asx
• The effective depth, d used in calculating Asy should be
less than that Asx because of the different depths of two
layers of reinforcement
dy
dx
Design Procedure for a solid slab :
Example :Simply Supported 2 Way Slab
A two way spanning slab, simply supported slab supports a
characteristic variable load of 10 KN/m² in addition to its
self-weight. Using the data given, determine the required
areas of main reinforcement
Data :
Slab thickness 220 mm
Characteristic concrete strength 25 N/mm²
Characteristic steel strength 500 N/mm²
Effective span in the x – direction 4.5 m
Effective span in the y – direction 6.3 m
Exposure condition XCI
Assuming cover 30 mm
Diameter of main & secondary bar 10 mm
Solution :
Unit weight of concrete = 25 KN/m³
1. Self weight of the slab = 0.22 x 25 = 5.5 KN/m²
2. Check whether 1 way or 2 way slab
Ly/Lx = 6.3/4.5 = 1.4 < 2 (therefore the slab is design as
2 way slab).
3. Using Table 3.13, Ly/Lx = 6.3/4.5 = 1.4
αsx = 0.099, αsy = 0.051
4. Ultimate design load n = 1.35gk + 1.5 qk
= 1.35 (5.5) + 1.5 (10)
= 22.43 KN/m²
5. Consider bending in the short span (Lx)
Msx = αxnlx² = 0.099 x 22.43 x 4.5²
= 45 KNm
6. Effective depth, d = 220 – 30 – 10/2 = 185 mm
7. K = M/bd²fck = 45 x 10³ x 10³/(1000 x 185 x 25)
= 0.053 < 0.167 (singly reinforced)
8. Z = d[0.5 + √(0.25 – K/1.134)]
= 185[0.5 + √(0.25 – 0.053/1.134)]
= 175.8 mm
Check Z not more than 0.95d = 0.95 x 185 = 175.8 mm
9. Area of steel As = M/0.87fykZ
= 45 x 10³ x 10³/(0.87 x 500 x 175.8)
= 588 mm²/m width
10. From Table A.3, Provide H12 bars @ 175 mm centres,
giving As = 646 mm²/m width
11.Check deflection
Estimate the percentage of steel required in slab for
bending (generally will be lightly reinforced, i.e. <
0.5%)
Calculate the span/depth ratio using;
Design service stress, σs = 310/500 x fyk x Asreq/Asprov
= 5/8 x fyk x Asreq/Asprov
= 5/8 x 500 x 588/646
= 284.4 N/mm²
Modification factor = 310/ σs
= 310/284.4
= 1.1
ρ = Asreq/bd
= 588/1000 x 185
= 0.0032 < ρo = √fck x 10-³
= 0.0032 < ρo = √25 x 10-³
Use equation (7.16a) to calculate the basic span/effective
depth ratio
K = 1.3 from Table NA-5 for end span of continuous slab
= 1.5 for interior span
= 1.0 for simply supported
l/d = 29.45
= 29.45 x 1.1
= 32.4
Actual deflection = l/d
= 4500/185
= 24 < 32.4
beams. The effective span is 3m and the rise of the stairs is 1.5m
with 260mm treads and 150mm risers. The variable load is 3.0 KN/m²
fyk = 500 N/mm². the thickness of waist is 140mm. The effective depth,
Bending
Shear
Deflection
K’= 0.167
Singly
reinforced
section
How to transfer load from slab to
beam?
Assumption Loading from Slab
ME,d = wul2/8
= 486 kNm
Reinforcement
K = M/(bd2fck)
= 486 x 106/(300 x 5402 x 30)
= 0.185 > K' = 0.167
Design as DRB
Take d' = 50 mm
d‘/d = 50/540 = 0.092 < 0.171
Therefore, fsc = 0.87 fy
Compression steel,
A’s = (K – K’)fckbd2/fsc(d-d’)
= (0.185-0.167)x30x300x5402/(0.87x500x(540-50))
= 222 mm2
= 2497 mm2
Take:
fyk = 500 N/mm2,
fck = 30 N/mm2,
d = 540 mm and b = 300 mm
Check maximum shear at face of support
Maximum design shear
= wu x effective span/2
= 108 x 6.0/2
= 324 kN
Design shear at face of support, VEd
= 324 – 108 x 0.15 (half bearing length)
= 308 kN
Crushing strength, VRd,max of diagonal strut, assuming
= 22o, cot = 2.5, is
Main Factors:
Concrete tensile strength
Creep
Elastic modulus
Deflection
• Deflection is estimated using span/depth ratio
• To determine the basic design of l/d ;
ρ = As1/bd
ρ’ = As2/bd
Note;
This table
assume steel
stress at critical
section
s = 310 Nmm2
COLUMN
Parameters Governing Column Design
• Bracing
If the column can sway, additional moments are generated.
This does not affect the braced column
• Slenderness ratio,
The effective length divided by the lateral dimension of column
= lo/i is low, indicate crushing failure
= lo/i is high denote buckling
EC2 suggests that the effective length of a braced member (lo) can vary
between half
and the full height of the member depending on the degree of rotational restraint
at Note :Column height can be found by
column ends. doing interpolation from table 9.1
(Reinforced concrete design – 255)
l/2 < lo < l
The actual value of effective length can be estimated using the following
expression
• In which,
Radius of gyration (i)
• where
Effective length, lo
4 6
Types :
• Strip Foundation
• Isolated or Pad Foundation
• Raft Foundation
• Piled Foundation
Typical Subsoil Bearing Capacity
Subsoil are the soils below the topsoil, The topsoil being about 300mm deep
Choice of Foundation Type
For small type of buildings, foundation depends on two factors:-
• Local knowledge
Loading effect
• The loading effects which occur in foundations are generally one or
Moments due to loading from columns and/or walls etc which are
N
P = Applied Load
Base area
B = N/BD
P P D
2. Varying pressure (compression throughout)
with a moment M acting as shown, the pressure are given by the axial and
bending.
e<D/6
M=Nxe
P = N/BD ± 6M/BD²
e
P2 P2
P1 P1
3. Varying pressure (compression over part of the base)
• When the eccentricity is > D/6, there is only a part of the positive
compressive pressure along D,
M=Nxe
e
M e>D/6
P = 2N
3B D -e
2
P1 P1
Y= 3 D -e
The centroid of the pressure y
2
diagram must coincide with e
Middle third rule: If the eccentricity e of the load lies within the middle third
of the base length, then there will be no tension under the base.
Design Procedure for Pad Footing
1.Size of pad footing
(i) Calculate the plan size of the footing using the permissible bearing
pressure and the critical loading arrangement for serviceability limit
state.
N = 1.0Gk + 1.0Qk
Area of pad footing = N
Permissible bearing pressure
(i) Calculate the bearing pressure associated with the critical loading
arrangement at the ultimate limit state.
N = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
Earth pressure = N
Area of pad footing
2.Bending
- The critical section of an isolated pad footing due to
moment is at the face of column or wall
- The reinforcement calculation same as beam
Critical section
for bending
3. Reinforcement area
(ii) As min
(iii) Max spacing and max bar size base on the stress level, fs.
4. Shear
EC 2 requirements must check the pad will not fail due to face,
transverse or punching shear.
where
Fcd= ccfck/c
Where; VEd applied shear force
Uo is the perimeter of the column
b) Transverse/maximum shear (vertical shear)[clause 6.4.4]
• Critical section for vertical shear is at 1.0d from the column
surface.
• Design shear force, VEd ≤ Design shear resistance, VRd,c
where
VRd ,c 0.12 k (100 t f ck )1/ 3 2d / a vmin x 2d / a
As
k 1
200
2.0 t 0.02 1.0d
d bw d
Max. shear
h d
Direct shear
1.0d
B
2.0d
punching shear
bending
perimeter = column
perimeter +4d
D
d) Punching shear
• No punching shear reinforcement is required if the applied
shear stress, ѵEd < design punching shear resistance of
concrete, ѵRd.
• Critical perimeter for punching shear is at 2.0d
• ѵEd = VEd
u1 d
4. Punching shear
The critical section for checking punching shear is at a distance 2d from
column face.
Critical perimeter = column perimeter + 4πd
= 4 x 400 + 4π x 520
= 8134 mm
Area within perimeter = (400 + 4d)² - (4 – π)(2.0d)²
= (400 + 2080)² - (4 – π)(1040)²
= 5.22 x 10⁶ mm²
Therefore
Punching shear force, VEd = 239(2.8² - 5.22) = 626 KN
Punching shear stress vEd = VEd/(perimeter x d)
= 626 x 1000/(8134 x 520)
= 0.15 N/mm² < 0.4 N/mm²
Therefore the 600 mm thick footing is sufficient.
5. Bending reinforcement
At the column face which is the critical section
MEd = (239 x 2.8 x 1.2) x 1.2/2 = 482 KNm
2.8/2 – 0.4/2 = 1.2
For the concrete
Mbal = 0.167fckbd²
= 0.167 x 30 x 2800 x 520² x 10-⁶
= 3793 KNm > 482 KNm or K = M/bd²fck
As = M/0.87fykZ
= 482 x 10⁶/0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 520
= 2243 mm²
provide 12H16 bars at 225 mm centres, As = 2412 mm²
100As/bd = 100 x 2412/2800 x 520 = 0.165 > 0.15 table 6.8, therefore
the minimum steel is satisfied.
6. Final check of punching shear
The shear resistance of the concrete without shear reinforcement can
be obtained from table 8.2 where
ρ1 = = As/bd = 2412/2800 x 520 = 0.0017 (= 0.17% < 2%)
Hence from table 8.2, vRd,c = 0.4 N/mm²
Therefore the shear resistance of the concrete, VRd,c given by:
VRd,c = vRdc ud = 0.4 x 8134 x 520 x 10-³ = 1691 KN > VEd = 626 KN
7. Maximum shear force
At critical section for shear, 1.0d from column face:
Design shear VEd = 239 x 2.8 x 0.68
= 455 KN
vRd,c = 0.4 N/mm² , therefore VRd,c = vRdc bd = 0.4 x 2800 x 520 x 10-³
= 582 KN > VEd = 455 KN
Therefore no shear reinforcement is required.
PILE CAP
PILE CAP (CL 9.8.1)
Introduction
End
Not less than twice the least width of the pile. The
Bearing minimum spacing is 750 mm.
Piles
Arrangement of the pile in pile caps
No. of piles
No. of piles use in a pile cap depending on the
capacity of the pile (or working load per pile).
Spacing of pile
VRd ,c 0.12 k (100 t f ck )1/ 3 bw d
A
Where
k
1
200
2
.0 and
t s
0
.02
d bw d
2. Where the spacing of the piles exceeds three times the pile diameter then
the pile cap should be checked for punching shear.
3. The shear force at the column face should be checked to ensure that it is
less than the max shear resistance;
f f ck
VRd m ax 0.5 1 ck ud where 1 0.61
1.5 250
and u is the perimeter of the column.
RETAINING WALL